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Colonial Zimbabwe's Tobacco Industry: Global, Regional

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Colonial Zimbabwe's Tobacco Industry: Global, Regional COLONIAL ZIMBABWE’S TOBACCO INDUSTRY: GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL RELATIONS, 1947-1979 SIBANENGI NCUBE SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DOCTORAL DEGREE QUALIFICATION IN AFRICA STUDIES IN THE CENTRE FOR AFRICA STUDIES, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE, BLOEMFONTEIN SUPERVISOR: DR. RORY PILOSSOF CO-SUPERVISORS: PROF. IAN PHIMISTER DR. IVO MHIKE NOVEMBER 2018 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation is my own independent work and has not been previously submitted by me at another university or institution for any degree, diploma, or other qualification. I furthermore cede copyright of the dissertation in favour of the University of the Free State. Signed: ___________________ Sibanengi Ncube Bloemfontein Dedication For my brother, Posi, who watered the dream, and to the memory of my late parents – Mtshiza Simon Masalethulini and Grace Sophia Mapiye – who unfortunately did not live long enough to witness this achievement. ‘It would be a foolish man who planned the future of Rhodesia, and who felt he could leave ... above all the European tobacco farmer ... out of his calculations.’ (F. Clements & E. Harben, Leaf of Gold, p.188) . Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i Opsomming ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iii Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables and Figures ..................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 COLONIAL ZIMBABWE’S TOBACCO INDUSTRY: GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL RELATIONS, 1947-1979 ............................................................................................ 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Why tobacco? Rationale and Justification of the Study .......................................... 2 The Development of Settler Agriculture in Colonial Zimbabwe to the 1940s: Historiographical Reflections ................................................................................................. 5 From A Most Promising Weed to Leaf of Gold: Second World War and the Consolidation of Colonial Zimbabwe’s Tobacco Industry ........................................................ 8 UDI, Sanctions and War .................................................................................. 12 Objectives and Research Questions ......................................................................... 14 Researching the Tobacco Industry: Sources and Methods .................................... 16 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................. 19 CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 22 POST-WAR BRITAIN, COLONIAL ZIMBABWE’S TOBACCO INDUSTRY AND BRITISH AGRO-INDUSTRIAL CAPITAL, 1947-1956 ....................................................... 22 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 22 A Potpourri of Interests: Post-war Britain, the Colonial State and Colonial Zimbabwe’s Tobacco Growers ................................................................................. 24 The 1947 Debacle, London Talks, and the Segmentation of Tobacco Markets ... 27 The London Talks ............................................................................................. 28 The 1949 Australian Agreement ...................................................................... 34 The Union of South Africa Market ................................................................... 35 The Export Control Permit System and Non-Priority Markets ....................... 38 Beyond the Boardroom: The London Agreement and Ordinary Growers’ Voices ........................................................................................................................... 41 From a Seller’s to a Buyer’s Market: Towards the 1956 Crisis ............................ 46 Deepening Power Asymmetries and Calls for Government intervention............. 53 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 55 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 57 ‘THE RELENTLESS BATTLE FOR MARKETS’: FEDERAL TOBACCO PROSPECTS IN A CHANGING GLOBAL MARKETING LANDSCAPE, 1957-1962 .................................. 57 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 57 Captured State? Unpacking Grower -State Relations ..................................... 59 Tobacco in the Federal Economy .................................................................... 60 The Global Context: Liberalisation, the European Common Market and the American Threat ........................................................................................................ 63 Liberalisation and the Struggle for Commonwealth Preference Retention ..... 63 The American Threat ....................................................................................... 69 The European Common Market ....................................................................... 75 ‘For the sake of Neighbourly Trade Relations?’ Federal Tobacco in the South African Market........................................................................................................... 78 South Africa’s Tobacco Policy ......................................................................... 78 The 1960 Trade Agreement Deliberations ....................................................... 80 Local Initiatives in ‘The Relentless and Unceasing Battle for Markets.’ ............. 82 TEPCOR and ‘the Most Energetic Campaign Abroad.’ .................................. 82 The Blowing Winds of Change? Tobacco and Federal Politics. ............................ 89 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 93 UDI, INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS AND THE RE-ORGANISATION OF COLONIAL ZIMBABWE’S TOBACCO INDUSTRY, 1963-1972............................................................ 93 Introduction .................................................................................................... 93 Sanctions or Black Rule? The Politics of the Tobacco Industry in the Build-up to UDI .............................................................................................................................. 94 ‘Britain was not Bluffing’: Rhodesia’s Tobacco Industry Under Sanctions, 1966- 72................................................................................................................................ 107 Muzzled or Toothless Barking Dogs? Tobacco Growers-State Relations under Sanctions ................................................................................................................... 123 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 136 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 138 GLOBAL RECESSION, SANCTIONS, WAR, AND THE RHODESIAN TOBACCO INDUSTRY’S SURVIVAL BATTLES, 1973-1979. ............................................................ 138 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 138 The Global Context .................................................................................................. 139 Local Production and Marketing Dynamics ......................................................... 144 ‘Under the shadow of terrorism’: The unbearable burden of farming and fighting, and farming as fighting ............................................................................ 155 ‘We must adapt to survive’: Agriculture’s ‘New Deal’ and the Politics of Compromise.............................................................................................................. 165 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 174 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 175 GOVERNMENT, GROWERS AND THE GLOBAL CONTEXT. ...................................... 175 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 186 Abstract The tobacco industry’s centrality to colonial Zimbabwe’s economic and social history is beyond contestation. Scholars converge in acknowledging
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