News, Vol. 10, No. 1

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Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Maputo, ) Date 1978-01-00 - 1978-02-00 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, South Africa, United Kingdom, Germany Coverage (temporal) 1978 Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.9-10 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description Editorial and Letters: Year of the People. Letter from the Editor. Letter to the Editor. . The Nation: Mugabe: To Arms, all you brothers and sisters. Mugabe: Imperialists plotting neo-colonial Zimbabwe. The War: Whole Country a Battlefield. We have the initiative White settlers are snakes. Confessions of Johanne Kaodza. Teurai Ropa: "Our women are women of action." Emancipation of women. Diplomatic Struggle: Malta Conference and beyond. The Tripoli Ministerial Conference. The Polana Declaration. Patriotic Front at the Security Council. Security Council Resolution on . Patriotic Front at the World Conference on Apartheid. International Solidarity: West Germany seizes ZANU Funds and declares support for . National Enemies: How the Puppets have tried to sell the 7 million Zimbabweans. Canon Carr: Internal Settlement "Cynical and demonic.' A South African Lawyer looks at Internal Settlement. Those who bought Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau. British Companies looting in Zimbabwe. Ideological and Revolutionary Education: Ideological and Revolutionary Education in ZANU: A Political Commissariat Presentation. ZANU needs Books. National Enemies: (cont.): Those who died in vain.

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ZANU FOREIGN MISSIONS MOZAMBIQUE Headquarters Zimbabwe African National Union C.P. 743 Maputo People's Republic of Mozambique EAST AFRICA The Chief Representative Zimbabwe African National Union P.O. Box 20762 Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania The Chief Representative Zimbabwe African National Union P.O. Box 2331 Lusaka Republic of Zambia NORTH AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST The Chief Representative Zimbabwe African National Union 3 Ahmed Hishmat Street Zamalek Cairo Arab Republic of Egypt BOTSWANA The Chief Representative P.O. Box 813 Francistown Botswana WEST AFRICA The Representative Zimbabwe African National Union 4 Balewa Hall University Hall University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria UNITED KINGDOM The Acting Representative Zimbabwe African National Union 8 Grange Rd West Molesy Surrey United Kingdom CANADA The Chief Representative in Canada Zimbabwe African National Union P.O. Box 415 Cote des Neiges Station Montreal H3S 2S7 Canada AUSTRALIA AND FAR EAST The Representative Zimbabwe African National Union 51 Beddon Avenue Clayton Victoria Australia SCANDINAVIA The Chief Representative Zimbabwe African National Union (PF) Tulegatan 49 P.O. Box 19553 10432 Stockholm Sweden UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The Chief Representative Zimbabwe African National Union Office 2 11 East 43rd Street 902 New York, N.Y. 10017 United States of America Zimbabwe News Contents Vol. 10 No. 1 I. Editorial & Letters .... 2. The Nation ...... 3. The W ar ...... 4. Diplomatic Struggle ... 5. International Solidarity ...... 6. National Enemies ..... 7. Ideological and Revolutionary Education ...... 8. National Enemies (cont.) ...... January- February 1978 1 ..... Year of the People 1 ..... Letter from the Editor 2 ..... Letter to the Editor 3 ..... Mugabe: To Arms, all you brothers and sisters 6 ..... Mugabe: Imperialists plotting neo-colonial Zimbwe 8 ..... Whole Country a Battlefield 14 ..... We have the initiative 17 ..... White settlers are snakes 19 ..... Confessions of Johanne Kaodza 21 ..... Teurai Ropa: "Our women are women of action" 23 ..... Emacipation of women 25 ..... Malta Conference and beyond 26 ..... The Tripoli Ministerial Conference 28 ..... The Polana Declaration 29 ..... Patriotic Front at the Security Council 32 ..... Security Council Resolution on Internal Settlement 33 ..... Patriotic Front at the World Conference on Apartheid 34 ..... West Germany seizes ZANU Funds and declares support for Rhodesia 38 ..... How the Puppets have tried to sell the 7 million Zimbabweans 42 ..... Canon Carr: Internal Settlement "Cynical and demonic" 45 . A South African Lawyer looks at Internal Settlement 47 ..... Those who bought Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau 47 ..... British Companies looting in Zimbabwe 53 ..... Ideological and Revolutionary Education in ZANU: A Political Commissariat Presentation 60 ..... ZANU needs Books 61 ..... Those who died in vain ZIMBABWE NEWS is the OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ZIMBABWE AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION (ZANU), component of the Patriotic Front, and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, ZANU Headquarters, Caixa Postal 743, Maputo, People's Republic of Mozambique ,c 1978 - World Copyright, Central Committee, ZANU VOICE OF ZIMBABWE VOICE OF ZIMBABWE is a special programme presented by the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) from Maputo on behalf of the Patriotic Front and the Zimbabwe People's Army. The broadcast is aired every night starting at 8 o'clock on 25, 31, 41, 49, 60 and 90 metres on short wafe and 407 metres on medium wave. Listen to your programme - VOICE OF ZIMBABWE.

Editorial 1978: THE YEAR OF THE PEOPLE In his 1978 New Year message to the Zimbabwe Nation broadcast over radio Maputo on the 1st January, Comrade President said, in part, "Now that we have encompassed the whole country with our operations, the basic power to our revolutionary struggle must be vigorously and systematically cultivated. The basic power of any revolutionary armed struggle is the People. A struggle which enjoys the support of the struggling masses can never fail no matter how protracted it may be." Pointedly challenging the entire Zimbabwean nation, ZANU's helmsman went on: "Let us therefore, in every sense of the phrase make 1978 the People's Year, the year the broad masses have been totally and affectively mobilized in every village, district, province, city, town, mine or farm into supporting the war. The people are the best instrument for achieving true victory over the enemy." Comrade Mugabe's Presidential charge and challenge has been embraced by the Central Committee, the High Command, the General Staff and the entire family of ZANLA forces. Seizing on this theme, Comrade Tekere, ZANU's Secretary-General, and Comrade Josiah Magamha Tongogara, Secretary for Defence, stumped every ZANLA hide-out in all the three provinces of the war, recently, spreading and explaining to the forces the gravity and implications of Comrade President Mugabe's tiommand. It means, they told jubilant ZANLA rallies, that every fighter fit enough to carry his or her gun, must aim high this year. ZANLA must move into the Country in increased numbers. The ideal is to have everyone in ZANLA inside Zimbabwe at the earliest possible time. The Year of the People means that ZANLA must transform entirely and speedily into a People's Army. An army that protects the people, defends the people and engages in production with the people, among the people, throughout Zimbabwe. This transformation, already widely underway inside Zimbabwe, must be consolidated and extended until it encompasses, in the words of Comrade President Mugabe, "every village, district, province, city, town, mine or farm." The Year of the People must witness the spreading of ZANU's revolutionary culture: styles of work, modes of intercomrade relations, discipline, vigillance, unity, study of scientific socialism - the whole works. Without this solid base, there can be no new society in Zimbabwe. Already, vultures in the shape of Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau are circling over the Zimbabwe skies, propelled by capitalist greed, wishing death to the seven million so they and their ilk can descend on the people like locusts and eat them. In the Year of the People, every ZANU member must be his or her comrade's keeper. As separate fingures we must each do what has to be done to vanguish our enemies and confound our adversaries. As a mailed fist, the separate fingures must come together, be welded in revolutionary unity to hold firm to the gains we have made on the ground and from there advance in unity to realize the dream of our forefathers -the Liberation of Zimbabwe. Enemies will abound in the Year of the People. Some among us will go astray - remembering the 'flesh-pots of Egypt' as the hazards of revolution, exceed the york of 's slavery at home. Some will suddenly propound left wing-cum- right wing-cum tribalist adventurist theories. Let us beware of them all. There can be no shortcut to revolution. There can be no baby unless the mother will bear the pain. Comrade President Mugabe's Challenge is now with us. Let us overfulfil his expectations. Pamberi Nechimurenga. Letter from the Editor Dear: Tondekai Muzorewa Ndabaningi Sithole Jeremiah Chirau c/o Ian Smith Salisbury We have never found it necessary in the past to issue an Open letter when a Rhodesian White Settler, drunk with his racism, has taken a stand adverse to our African masses inZimbabwe. We expected it and shrugged it off. It is in the nature of imperialism and colonialism to disease otherwise healthy minds. The three of you are not settlers, nor are you "Rhodesians". None of you has' any relationship with Cecil John Rhodes. You are Zimabweans - An African people. We therefore feel you ought to be more circumspect in your actions as regards the fortunes, lives and future of our seven million masses. When the three of you knelt before - a racist settler, whose hands drip with the innocent blood of your brothers and sisters, mothers and fathers, sons and daughters - to take an. "oath" of Office as Ministers (or whatever you call yourselves!), could you sleep afterwards? Maybe Ndabaningi Sithole and Jeremiah Chirau could sleep soundly since their own conscience appears to have slept a long time ago, but how could you Tondekai, a Bishop, and generally a decent Zimbabwean, sleep? You have all been at pains - particularly you, Tondekai Muzorewa and Ndabaningi Sithole, who should know better (Jeremiah Chirau is obviously going to remain perpetually a child) that the sell-out deal you concluded with murderer Ian Smith represents freedom for our people. All Africa (with few exceptions) has denounced you; the United Nations have spurned you and as you should know (though you may not admit it), Zimbabweans (with very few exceptions who don't know any better) loathe your stand. Why should they not? You tell the world that you achieved One Man - One Vote as the basis for independence. Why do you have to lie? You know you did not. If 3 % of the population enjoy, by constitutional entrenchment 28% representation in Parliament, where is your One-man-one-vote? You tell the world that you have made concessions - mere concessions to "inspire" white confidence. "Concessions" are sometimes made during a negotiation. They are concessions as long as they don't destroy the substance of the baric issue in contention. That is where Zimbabwe News 1 yotr betrayed your people and became traitors. You know, or should know, that land has been and continues to be a sore issue along side the major goal of true and genuine independence. Our people were robbed of their land. You never saw a white man arrive from London carrying a piece of land on his head to come and build on. They used brutal force to disposess our people of their land. How can you call it. a "concession" when you allow 3 % of foreigners to continue to posess 50% of our land? You know, or should know, that the Ian Smith Army is a bunch of bloodthirsty murderers who have maimed, tortured and killed our people. You, Ndabaningi Sithole, used to say so when we were at Whawha, Sikombela and Salisbury Prison, during those bleak days of detentions and imprisonment. How can you call it a "concession" to let them remain in control? You know that graves of young men a nd young women are strewn all over Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique. You know, that even the Catholic Church has adduced irrefutable, evi-.: dence of genocide, torture and so on. How can you sit on the same table for tea with those bandits? How about the Police, Ndabaningi? Muzorewa and Chirau never went through the mill because in a sense they have always collaborated with the illegal regime under cover of their other professions. You were brutalized once, or so you said in 1969.'If that was a lie, then ask thousands of Zimbabweans. Dear Comrade Editor, The "World Population Data Sheet" for 1971 published by the United Nations Population Reference Bureau claimed that the world population reached 3,706 million by mid-1971, and is expected to double by the year 2000 to 6,494 million. It is now estimated that between 300 and 500 million people, particularly in the Third World, are starving or undernourished, and hence to feed the population of the year 2000, the volume of food production must increase threefold. The neo- Malthusians claim that population increases by geometric progression whilst the means of subsistence The Rhodesian courts to your knowledge are kangaroo courts. If this is contested because they follow prescribed procedures 7- ask yourselves if you know of another bench of Justice who have been more steadfast in their enforcement of immoral, unjust and brutal laws (outside South Africa). How can you call it a concession to retain in your courts such evil racists? Ask them how many of your people they have hanged and how many theirs? We could go on and on, but we have run out of space. If we had the time and more space we could ask you about your claim to controlling guerillas. We suppose since you, Sithole and Muzorewa, are clerics,' you could conjure some from heaven for your mercenary purposes. We know, you know and the world knows you have no army. Who 'are you cheating? You are just eunuchs, hoping (as Chikerema certainly does) to inherit and command Ian Smith's forces. You can all wait till hell freezes! Last but not least, the two of you are, religious men. The bible says "Thou shall not reap where thou did not sow." We will smash you. That is certain. Victory is certain. Information and Publicity Secretary The Zimbabwe News Zimbabwe African National Union Caixa Postal 743 Maputo People's Republic of Mozambique 30th March, 1978 by arithmetic progression. What they are actually saying is that the most pressing problem confronting mankind, and especially the Third World countries, is population increase. They assert that population increase is responsible for the absorption of "large amounts of resources" which could otherwise be better utilised for development.'The neo-Malthusian demographers and economists further insist that matters are made worse by the "poor quality" of the population in terms of productivity per capital due to malnutrition, poor health etc. Neo-Malthusians: Prophets of doom The prophets of doom who view the world, thus present the panacea for this "problem" as sterilisation,,abortion and vasectomy. In view of the fact that Africa is a continent rich with natural resources and with a very low population density, a pertinent.question arises. What should family planning mean to the African Woman? Population control measures are most unjust. Historically, population increase has always acted as a stimulus to the development and improvement of production in order to sustain and develop society. It is how the society is politically and socially organised,-and the political and social relations within it that constitute the problem. .Thus, to absorb the population increase and improve the well-being of the society's members the old relations have to be changed. These neo-Malthusian arguments, however, are nofvalid for Africa-where the ratio of population to natural resources is not as that suggested by the prophets of doom. Historically,, man'y regions of Africa had a larger population in the remote past than they.haOe today. Their depopulation as a result of slave trade, amongst other things, has in many cases led to a regression in agricultural techniques and productivity. Plundering of Africa continues The slave trade was by no means the end of the plundering of Africa - colonization continued the infamous process. According to the eminent African economist, Samir Amin, there are about 1,400 million hectares of arable land in Africa south of the Sahara. But lands actually under cultivation do not exceed 170 million hectares. In other words. about one hectare per rural inhabitant, the rural population of Africa south of the Sahara being roughly 180 million. Thus only. 12 per cent of all arable lands are actually under cultivation. Hence, concludes Dr. Samir Amin, there is a very large amount of potential agricultural land in Africa. This very low rural population density is therefore a serious drawback in raising agricultural productivity. It has been proved a favourable and decisive element in the intensification of agricultural productivity. While the neo-Malthusian argument does not stand up to a close scrutiny of the facts with regard to agriculture, it is equally of no value in explaining urban unemployment. 2 Zimbabwe News Letter to the Editor "Family Planning and Africa: Masses are the Main Force in Production and Development"

Africa's Population too low With the above in the mind, is the goal of reducing the number of African children justified? Should African mothers be forced to adopt the panacea of the "Overpopulation fear", i.e. sterilisation, abortion and vasectomy? Since Africa is a continent rich with natural resou 'rces and with a very low population density, should African women agree to family planning? In Zimbabwe alone the population of the whole country is 6 million 310 thousand and yet Zimbabwe is 3 times bigger than Britain (the Greater London Population is 7 million 110 thousand). In Africa we have a problem of parental pressures. One should be able to convince the eligible couple and the in- laws (a subtle approach is needed) of how to plan their family, but family planning should not be a way of persuading any eligible couple to cut down the number of children they would like to have. Population increase should not be the result of a higher birth rate but should be the result of effectiveness of the curative and preventive health services. There is also a tendency of neglecting unmarried mothers. Culturally, if a single girl found herself pregnant, every help should be rendered. Abortion should not be allowed, unless the pregnancy has a detrimental effect on the mother's health. There are also those people who have strong religious beliefs. In the Islamic faith, contraception is very much discouraged. The Roman Catholic Church ru- les out contraception as a way of eliminating life. The birth control campaign in Africa, and in the whole of the Third World, expresses the fear of the "developed world" in the face of the danger of a radical challenge to the international order by the people who are its first victims. Birth control should not however, be confused with family planning: the latter which is the regulation of birth control can be an effective means for the liberation of the female; half on mankind; in all societies, developed as well as under-developed. It does not necessarily imply birth control in anyway. The sooner the promoters of family planning break away from the neo-Malthusian trend of a birth control, the better for Africa and mankind. Mabel Mundondo ZANU, London National Affairs "To Arms, all of you Brothers and Sisters, to Arms all you Fathers and Mothers" Comrade President Mugabe in New Year's Message The year 1977 has closed and the year 1978 has set in. Revolutionary New Year greetings to you all and best wishes for even greater victories this year than in 1977. Our revolutionary armed struggle .has, but for external constraints of 1975, continuously and progressively spun time and the Zimbabwean territorial space from 1966 to 1977. Since January 1976, we have succesfully maintained the offensive and vastly expanded our operational zones. By December 1977, the whole country had been turned into one vast military operational zone. Now, we feel proud, that our Zimbabwe National Liberation Forces can be encountered anywhere and everywhere in full force. Every district in the country has become a hot bed for the enemy and a favourable operational zone for us. The year 1977, in particular, has been one of remarkable military achievements which speak for themselves: (a) The enemy has been decimated in hundreds and put to flight in vast zones in which our fighting forces have been consolidating our position and creating with the masses and out of the masses revolutionary base areas. (b) The enemy's strategic military air bases and several police stations have been razed to the ground with many enemy air craft destroyed beyond repair. The latest such assault by our forces was that directed at Grand Reef, near Umtali, where we thoroughly "blessed" the enemy with heavy mortar and rocket fire. (c) We have hit and dislocated the enemy's lines of communication causing an effective disruption of the inflow and outflow of his goods, thus affecting adversely his trade. Hence his continous unfavourable trade balance and the recent devaluation of his currency. (d) The launching of urban guerilla warfare has spread panic hitherto confined to the rural settler community to the urban settler bourgeois and comprador class. Our double strategy of combining rural operations with urban attacks has mainly been responsible for the emigration stampede which has driven over 2,000 frightened settlers from the country every month. (e) The enemy has, according to plan, by us, been fully stretched and reduced to thin and most vulnerable military units which have daily fallen prey to our direct attacks, ambushes and landmines. (f) The enemy's losses in terms of both personnel and military equipment have risen so sharply, that coupled with his other military expenditure he has been forced to devote as much as 600,000 Rhodesian dollars a day, 1.2 million dollars every two days or 18 million dollars a month, or approximately 200 million dollars a year, to the war alone. (g) We have destroyed several of his concentration camps, the keeps or socalled protected villages, freeing thousands of our people who are now being effectively organised into administrative units and mobilised into defending themselves and carrying on self-reliance projects in education, production and construction and in other allied fields. Zimbabiwe News 3

1' 4 Gallant ZANLA forces in the Year of the People (h) The enemy's oppressive civil administrative machinery has been destroyed in vast rural areas and our peasant population in these areas can now live without the burden of taxes and school fees which their own meagre incomes can ill afford. (i) We have captured many weapons and transport-vehicles from the enemy which have been of great assistance in our efforts to step up the war. These are remarkable achievements. And I wish to say to all our gallant Fighting Forces; to our Party and to all Zimbabwean revolutionary masses who have supported the war, "Congratulations upon these victories and the telling blows which you have been dealing upon the enemy. 1977 has been a good year, a very good year for us and our struggle. You have done well. Maintain the offensive and for ever force the ever-retreating enemy into a worse defensive position. Continue our tactics of harrassing him, hounding and pounding him from every corner, every position until he is completely annihilated." Having said this, may I now draw your attention to the requirements - political and military - of 1978. They are the following: Now that we have encompassed the whole country with our operations, the basic power to our revolutionary 4 Zimbabwe News struggle must be vigorously and systematically cultivated. The basic power to any revolutionary armed struggle is the People. A struggle which enjoys the full support of the struggling masses can never fail, no matter how protracted it may be. Let us, therefore, in every sense of the phrase make 1978 the People's Year, the year the broad oppressed masses have been totally and effectively mobilised in every village, district, province, city, town, mine or farm into supporting the war as their war. The people are the surest instrument for achieving true victory over the enemy. As we move amongst them, like fish in water, let us constantly bear in mind that this massive water maintains its smooth kindness to the fish in feeding, hiding and facilitating their sometimes sleek and gentle, but often swift tactical movements. But the organisation of. the masses must conform to Party directives. The Party line is the only correct line for the mobilisation and organisation of the masses. The people must thus be rallied behind the Party and the armed struggle. II. 1978 must equally be the year in which our Party, as the vanguard of the armed struggle, has also grown firm and, has deep roots everywhere in the coun- try. Again the strength and viability of any Party derives from the people. The roots of our Party are in our people. These roots must spread deep, wide and solid in 1978. The Party and the People and the People and the Party must have one and the same meaning. Organise the Party in the name of the People and the People in the name of the Party. Make 1978, therefore, the Year of the Party and the People so that we can also fully transform our struggle in both theory and practice into the People's struggle. III. Our Revolutionary fighting forces must always make a judicious and most economic use of our fire power so that maximum results are achieved by minimum resources. For the loss of one weapon let us seize two, better still four, of the enemy's weapons. Our principle of self-reliance must accordingly be fully invoked so that we can use the enemy's resources in destroying him. IV. In as much as our war must continue to be fought on the basis of the principle of the full mobilisation and unity of the people, our Party will, and indeed, must continue in its revolutionary task of winning over and aligning itself with any democratic forces committed to the total over-throw of British imperialism and colonialism, and its settlerist regime together with its physical instruments of National Affairs capital domination and mass oppression. Unity on the basis of the armed struggle, that is, revolutionary unity, is the only form of unity that we hold dear. V. The Unity of national democratic forces is a phenomenon of a national character, an event within national boundaries. Our war being a just cause and by virtue of its revolutionary nature, draws into its orbit the support of pro: gressive and revolutionary countries, organisations and forces the world over. Accordingly, apart from the dimension of national unity which it must assume, r it must also acquire consistently an international dimension, but only to the extent of deriving material, political, diplomatic and moral support of the progressive and socialist international community, and not in respect of manpower. Therefore we must needs cultivate and maintain our solidarity with our natural friends and allies. ZANLA forces listening to the address on the Year of the People In this regard our alliance and solidarity within the Patriotic Front and our solidarity with the Front Line States, with : OAU countries, with socialist countries, with other progressive countries and socialist and progressive organisations in r non-socialist countries and with other liberation movements - such as SWAPO, PAC, ANC-SA, POLISARIO, FRETILIN, the PLO - must continue. In the context of this international solidarity and the support we are enjoying, the year 1978 must, if our own fighting and organisational efforts double, be the decisive year. Remember, as the new year has opened, a most favourable terrain has emerged, with the new season. The enemy is frightened, he is in disarray and completely resigned to defeat. This is no moment to slacken our ef- Answering the call in the Year of the People forts. Let us hammer him to defeat. Let us blow up his citadel. Let us give him no time to rest. Let us chase him in every comer. Let us rid our home of this settler vermin. Zimbabwe must be free now. The people are anxiously awaiting a new and independent state. To arms, all you ' brothers and sisters, to arms all you fathers and mothers: yes, everyone of you, comrades workers and peasants, students and everyone, join on and fight on, bash the enemy for victory is in sight. Victory is certain. Let us say in 1978: Pamberi- mberi Ne Chimurenga. A Luta Continua! i/1/78 Department of Information and Publicity. Maputo The Zimbabwe masses continue to swell ZANU ranks in the Year of the People National Affairs Zimbabwe News

"Imperialists Plotting to Create a Neo-colonialist Buffer Zone in Zimbabwe" Comrade President Mugabe On the 24th February, 1978, upon his return from the Malta Constitutional Conference, Comrade Robert G. Mugabe, President of ZANU and Connander-in- Chief of ZANLA, addressed the Zimbabwe Nation over Radio Maputo's Voice of Zimbabwe Programme. In a hard hitting, highly analytical address, Comrade President Mugabe called upon the nation "to wage a relentless armed struggleforfreedom and independence in order to attain political, social and economic justice." In the historic address the Comrade President said: Revolutionary greetings to you all the struggling oppressed masses of Zimbabwe and to you all our ever-advancing and ever-offensive fighting forces. Congratulations upon the telling victories scored successively against the panicking, thoroughly demoralised, ever retreating and ever defensive racist settler forces. Congratulations upon the most effective use of the gun to uphold the justice of our cause. The justice of our gun is the justice of our cause, and the justice of our cause is the justice of our gun. Our fight is just because our cause is just. Equally because our cause is just, our fight is just. It is indeed our right, nay our duty, to wage a relentless armed struggle for freedom and independence in order to attain political, social and economic justice. These are the ideals for which we are sacrificing our lives, for only their attainment can truly transform us into a society vested with dignity and respect. While successful battles have been successively raging at our military fronts, the British Government have, as usual, been playing their double game of running with the hares and hunting with the hounds - a duplicity verging on utter dishonesty. As they confer with me and Comrade Nkomo, they are also, sometimes openly, but at other times furtively, deliberating with racist rebel Smith and the treacherous threesome of renegade and quisling Sithole, stooge Muzorewa and puppet Chirau. We met the British and Americans at Malta from 30th January to 1st of February. We submitted to them our own proposals for unfettered independence, that is an independence in which we shall be our own masters, and for a transitional process which would equally ensure that, that type of independence would be attainable. We insist that during the transitional period which is to last only six months, effective power must be in our hands. To this effect we proposed at Malta, to the British, that there should be a governing council in which we would play a predominant role and assume the powers of defence and law and order, while the British Resident Commissioner acted in a mere supervisory capacity. The British, who want to play the role of the imperialist lion, rejected this proposal and wanted the portfolios of defence and law and order to be assumed by them. The British also wanted racist murderer Smith, Muzorewa and Sithole to be included as equal partners with us in the Governing Council we proposed. At the same time, they seek to confound and neutralige and indeed extinguish our fighting forces and the dedicated 6 Zimbabwe News National Affairs and ideologically conscious cadreship which we have built over years, by a devilish scheme which, as it is, in one way purports to remove some of the Rhodesian fascist forces, while in another way, in fact does rebuild them. Thus we envisaged total effect of the Anglo-American settlement strategy is to achieve the following anti-revolutionary objectives: 1. The seizure of political and military institutions by Britain, during the transitional stage as weaponry for the manipulation of the situation in a direction sustaining imperialism and colonialism in their neo-colonialist form. 2. The effective destruction of our army under the guise of creating a new army with a purportedly national appellation. 3. Having destroyed our armed forces, they would like to proceed to demolish our Party and its very political image through the manipulation of the instruments of internal security (the military and the police), the existing laws and the racist administrative machinery. 4. The sponsoring and promotion of reactionary forces comprised of Smith, Muzorewa, Chirau and Sithole in an-unholy solidarity against our revolutionary leadership and the forces behind us in a bid to foist upon the toiling masses a neo- colonialist regime inimical to their social interests but promotive of rampant individualism and capitalism. 5. The defeat of the revolutionary process now rapidly unfolding in the country. The overall strategy is naturally to erect, out of our country, not only a buffer zone to prevent the revolution catching on in South Africa but also a solid economic and political if not military, base for an imperialist and capitalist counter offensive against the socialist revolution in Mozambique. What is imperialist strategy for Zimbabwe vis-avis Mozambique is also imperialist strategy for Namibia vis-a-vis Angola. We have seen through this strategy and have decided to resist it. Malta was therefore, a failure, because the British, aided and abetted by their American fnends, are determined to work for the defeat of our aspirations - the aspirations of the oppressed masses of Zimbabwe. We reject out-of-hand the British dictatorship and manipulative schemes because they are designed to block our revolution and to benefit the fascist and counter-revolutionary ele- Let us in every sense of the phrase make 1978 the People's Year, the year the broad oppressed masses have been totally and effectively mobilised in every village, district, province, city, town, mine or farm into supporting the war as their war. The people are the surest instrument for achieving true victory over the enemy. ments in the country at the expense of the people. We cannot allow acquiescent stooges to be made our rulers. Those who don't fight, neither shall they rule! We firmly stand by our revolutionary principles which alone have to this day given us and our struggle the correct direction. The game of chicanery, guises and.disguises, which the British play in their dishonest policies towards Zimbabwe and its people can never succeed against those principles. It is for the sustenance and indeed victory of these principle that we have presented to the British and American teams at Malta our very clear proposals reaffirming what we, in 1976 at Geneva, affirmed, namely: 1. That independence is a sovereign right of the people of Zimbabwe and cannot be negotiated nor qualified. 2. That total power must transfer to the people of Zimbabwe through their revolutionary leadership. Power transfer requires that both political and military instruments be jointly placed in our hands. Our army remains the bulwark of our political power. If the vote is the product of the gun, then the gun which has created it must continue to protect and secure it. Guns and votes are inseperable partners. Accordingly we insist that enemy forces must go out and our forces take over. If Britain does not accept this, then our war continues. 3. That the enemy police force which is both political and para-military should be dismantled and the only acceptable elements be integrated into our own police force. We must remove the bad policemen and only keep the good as defined by us. We have asked the British and their American friends to reconsider their position. Britain and her settler kith and kin being responsible for the oppression, suppression and repression of our people and our country, have a duty, a compelling obligation to make concessions. Surely, we, the slaves and serfs in our own country who have chosen to take to arms in order to overthrow the slave- masters cannot be expected to make any concessions. We enjoy no rights and privileges and have therefore absolutly no concessions left to offer to our slave- masters in quest for our freedom. The only offer we can give is that of war. Our war must thus remain hot. It must grow hotter, nay hottest. The people are fully behind us. Now is the time, therefore, to punch the enemy hardest. Smith must be blown to smithereens. Our just cause will win if we continue to trust that power can only come trom the barrel of the gun and not from Genevas or Maltas. Pamberi ne Chimurenga Pamben ne Mhomho ye Zimbabwe Pamberi ne ZANLA Forces A Luta Continua Zimbabwe News 7 National Affairs

The War Whole Country a Battlefield Communique" No. 15 In an interview with foreign journa- now operating in all provinces of the lists recently, ZANU's President, Coin- country. The main task for 1978 is to rade Robert Mugabe, Commander- build political bases within the country in-Chief of the Zimbabwe African Na- which will act as pivotal units for defentional Liberation Army, recounted the ding the masses and consolidating their glorious victories of Zimbabwe's gallant gains. Urban guerilla warfare has starfighters. Estimating that over 750,000 ted. It now needs to be intensified, hithad been liberated from concentration ting at major targets and strategic areas. camps euphemistically called Protected Indeed, the pattern that is unfolding in Villages and were now laying down new the country is a gradual but effective ensocio-economic organs free from explo- circlement of the enemy. Tightening the itation by the colonialists and their run- noose every month around the neck of ning-dogs. The President underlined the beleagured Smith regime. This is the fact that ZANLA combatants were what has forced Ian Smith to engage in the gigantic farce of appearing to be transferring'power to the three black puppets - Sithole, Chirau and Muzorewa. War Communique Number 15 covers the period between October 1977 and January 1978. During this period when ZANLA forces kept the initiative on all battlefronts, 381 enemy troops were wiped out, 36 enemy vehicles destroyed, 4 fighter planes and 4 helicopters gunned down, 8 trains derailed and 9 racist settler white farms devastated. Stikking firmly to the ZANLA principles of dynamism, initiative, mobility and rapidity of decision in face of new situations, coupled with large scale co-ordination of sections and platoons throughout the war-zones, the ZANLA guerillas enganged the enemy in 39 ambushes and effected 27 acts of sabotage. Manica province (Middle area of Zimbabwe) The racist settler white and colonialist administration has collapsed in all the Comrade Josiah Magama Tongogara, Secretary of Defence: shouldering the burdens of the Year of the People 8 Zimbabwe News The War tribal trust lands and districts in the region. Unable to re-impose control, the oppressive rebels announced the stiffest and most barbarous curfew regulations in the 88 year history of colonialism in our country. They said no one was allowed out of his hut, from dusk to midday the following day. Stores and grinding mills have, except for those running under the direct control and defence of the people's militia und forces (ZANLA), been closed down. The enemy's strategy being aimed at pouring napalm bombs on the villagers' huts in the early hours of the morning and massacrering them in revenge for ground that he is losing inch by inch every day. However, as the ZANLA forces wrest the land from the enemy, they are also destroying his airstrips and narrowing down his air-space, the only area where he still has some superiority. On the 2nd of October, 1977, a reinforced section of 17 ZANLA combatants operating in Maregera area, around Silveira Mission, in Bikita district captured a truck belonging to the Castle Breweries, 150 crates of beer in the truck were seized and distributed to the local population. The truck was destroyed. On the same day within the same area, a Crystal Sweets van was captured and about 1,000 packets of sweets in it handed over to the areas' people's Logistics and Supplies Committee, for distribution. The van was also burnt. Sithole Quislings captured The 14th of October, 1977, saw the capture of Allen Dube and John Dumazi, two of reactionary Ndabaningi Sithole's agents. Their effort to infiltrate into the semi- liberated zones through Nyahunda Purchase Area was thwarted by the local people. Observing the President's directives for increased vigilance and closer collaboration with the ZANLA forces, the local people in the area identified the two agents, quickly informed the ZANLA.liberation forces and they were captured in no time. Action in Wedza. On the 27th of October, 1977, in the evening, a ZANLA section operating in Godzi area, Wedza, annihilated 9 enemy troops in a swooping surprise attack. The enemy reinforced two days later, dropping parachute troops in a bid to reoccupy the area. Our fighters smashed the plan and A strong rear area, decisive factor for victory in a revolutionary war All for the front, all for victory ZANLA - an impregnable fortress of People's Power Zimbabwe News 9 The War the enemy suffered heavier losses. Braddley Railway Line severed. Around the same time, a special unit for sabotage wiped out important enemy forces around Rusape, and proceeded to Braddley Railway Station lying between Rusape and Headlands where they daringly destroyed 57 metres of rail line. In a campaign to desrupt the enemy's Comrade Rex Nhongo, Deputy Secretary of Defence: surveying the landscape in light of the challenges in the Year of the People communication lines and strangle the economic Life-line of the rebel racist regime, the ZANLA went on to lay an ambush nearby and destroyed three trucks belonging to Clan Transport Company. The trucks were loaded with domestic appliances. Ambush at Nyakwina. On the 5th of November, 1977, three of four enemy troops were killed by a ZANLA reinforced section in an ambush in the Nyakwina area, Makoni Tribal Trust Land. The fourth, who fled with slight injuries, was later captured by the local people when he went to a village asking for water. The militia did not spare him! Two enemy sections wiped out. Meanwhile, in another part of Makoni Tribal Trust Land - Nyakurima - another unit of ZANLA guerillas ambushed two sections of enemy troops and killed several of them. The following day, in retaliation, the terrorist troops of the Smith regime came and destroyed the an offensive in the Wedza area, swept away important enemy forces, threatened the Salisbury - Umtali railway line and advanced to storm Mukamba enemy military base on the 12th. Many enemy troops were killed. The base was mostly used by district assistants notorious for stealing the local people's goats, raping young and old women and forcing the Zimbabwe peasants in the area to pay taxes. Chikuku rest camp attacked. On the 24th of November, ZANLA forces pounded Chikuku enemy rest camp in Bikita, with mortar and sub-machine gun fire and killed several enemy troops. Enemy agent sentenced to death. And on the same day, a ZANLA unit operating in the Makoni district was informed by the local people of the presence of a strange man in the area. He was arrested by the people and handed over to the ZANLA fighters for interrogation. He property of the local population. Surprise attack at Mtema TTL. In a counter surprise attack, ZANLA forces killed 8 enemy troops in Mtema TTL. This victory was scored on the 6th of November 1977. Mukamba military base destroyed. In November last year, a heavily armed detachment of ZANLA fighters launched 10 Zimbabwe News revealed that he was an agent of'the Rhodesian regime serving in the murderous . He was then tried by the people's court, found guilty and sentenced to death for working against the just cause of Chimurenga. "Zimbabwe pct.?toes" explode. On November 26, 1977, an enemy truck loaded with enemy reinforcement detonated a ZANLA landmine at Gwindingwi, Mutema reserve. Several enemy troops were killed. On the 1st of December, 1977, in theevening, an enemy truck equiped with landmine detectors was itself blown up by a ZANLA landmine along the Mtsago road, Masvaure area. All 7 occupants were killed. Five enemy helicopters came the following day with the aim of dropping para-troopers to harass the masses and pick any survivors. Our guns downed one, and fighting with the militia repulsed the enemy. The battle of Shire Mine. Shire mine was closed after a fierce battle between the liberation forces and the enemy troops on the 2nd of December, 1977. Workers at the mine were herded into a keep at Manganese. ZANLA forces in the area have vowed to destroy the con*centration camp and liberate the workers. (At the time of going to press, reports of heavy fighting in the area were pouring in.) Death at Mutsvangwa. On the 3rd of December, 1977, a section of the nationil liberation forces operating in Mutema TTL, surprise attacked 5 enemy troops at Mutsvangwa kraal. 4 of the enemy troops were killed and one captured. Action in Chisumbanje. On the same day, a ZANLA landmine succesfully exploded in the Chisumbanje area destroying an enemy truck and killing most of the enemy troops on board. Those that survived the explosion were mowed down by the ZANLA machine-gun and rifle fire from a strategic position. Ambush in Marange. On December 4, 1977, ZANLA forces operating in the Munhu area Marange, ambushed a section of enemy terrorist troops which was on its way to a nearby village to harass the local people for cooperating with the liberation forces. In the ensuing pitched battle, the 8 terrorists were wiped out. On hearing the news, the peasants rejoiced and helped enthusiastically to heap the dead bodies and burn them. After the annihilation of this enemy section, no other enemy unit has dared set its foot in the area. The- Wat

Comrade , Secretary General: flanked by members of the Central Committee and ZANLA High Command on the stump among the forces spreading the gospel of the Year of the People On the morning of December 7th, 1977, an enemy bedford truck with a few enemy troops on board detonated a landmine on the Basil road, Duru, Marange district. Three enemy troops died on the spot and the others were seriously injured. The lorry was shattered to pieces in the blast. Action in Mutambara. At 9 a.m. on December 9th, 1977, a ZANLA commando group launched a surprise attack on camped enemy troops in Chiramba area, Mutambara Tribal Trust Land. Three enemy troops were killed and others fatally wounded. An earlier effort by the enemy to return fire was silenced by well calculated, effective mortar fire. Earlier on during the same morning at 6.45, 21 ZANLA combatants ambushed a lorry carrying enemy troops at Mtsago, along the Makomwe road, in a different district called Marange. 7 enemy troops were killed. This attack, which was virtually directed by the local people, strengthened the oneness of spirit between the ZANLA forces and the struggling and toiling workers and peasants. This very section of the enemy troops was notorious for harassing the local population. Thus this victory was a combination of technique with the heroism and hard-working and fighting spirit of a people's army. It was a victory scored on the direct involvement of the masses. ZANLA visits Zona Tea Estate. On the l1th December, 1977, a ZANLA unit raided Zona Tea Estate shop and liberated the sum of 158 dollars and several tons of food. The money and food were distributed to the local people. Death of a comrade in accident. The following day, 12th December, 1977, was noted by the ZANLA forces and the local population as a day we lost a civilian member of the revolutionary and toiling Zimbabwe nation, when he by mistake, detonated a landmine near Zona Estate. In spite of that, the liberation forces carried out another successfull assault on an enemy position nearby and captured an enemy high-frequency radio communication system. ZANLA ambush at Makichi. At 5 p.m. on December 25th, 1977, an enemy truck carrying 30 enemy troops was ambushed at Makichi kraal, along the road which passes through Madzure School. The crack ZANLA unit 20 - 25 Smith terrorists and the truck was completely wrecked. Blankets and shoes. On the 28th of December, 1977, two vehicles were captured, 238 blankets and 30 pairs of bed sheets liberated and distributed to the local masses. The vehicles were taken to the liberated zones. Due to other on-going operations, we cannot publish the locality where the incident took place. On the 31st of December, 1977, a reinforced section of ZANLA combatants ambushed an enemy land-rover along the Umtali-Birchenough Bridge road. The land-rover was riddled with ZANLA bullets and five enemy troops killed. Pamphlets left on the scene read: Vigillance in the Year of the People Zimbabwe News 11 The War

Day and night ZANLA combatants are advancing into the interior wresting land inch by inch and consolidating People's Power "Those that fight for an unjust cause fal road, on its way to reinforce the other daring broad day-light attack, a by the wayside. ZANLA" terrorists in the area was picked up by ced ZANLA section razed Tete province (northern Region) The North Eastern War zones have seen drastic intensification of the war by the ZANLA forces over the October 1977 to January 1978 period. The glorious victories scored over this period in the province have accelerated desruption of the enemy's economy and communications system in those pockets where he was still holding on turning the whole region into an ever-stronger base for the consolidation of people's power. Striking to win, striking only when success was certain, each wave of attacks created conditions for greater successes signalling the imminence of a resounding victory for the people's forces. Ambush on Pfungwe Road. On October 13, 1977, a 13 man ZANLA unit struck the enemy in an ambush along the main Pfungwe road. Several enemy troops loaded into three bedford trucks in convoy were killed, many of the remainder seriously wounded. Information of enemy movement along this the local people and delivered to the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army by word of mouth. Liquidation of racist at Chiendambuya. On the 7th of November, 1977, in a reinforto the ground the buildings of a racist white farmer in the Chiendambuya area near Headlands. Two fuel tanks and agricultural equipment were destroyed. Rolls of time fuses, 3 LMG's (NATO) and a ,& ;1101 .... -i Strategy session in the operational areas 12 Zimbabwe News The War land-mine detector were captured. The farm was with immediate effect taken over by the oppressed and toiling farm workers who in turn put into effecitive controll their administration which had all along been operating on the farm from under- ground. Defence for the people is being provided by ZANLA. The battle of Mutavatava. On the 10th of November, 1977, twenty ZANLA combatants filled with a high determination to annihilate the enemy, enganged the enemy in a fierce broad daylight battle at Mutavatava enemy military base and defeated him. The Zimbabwe freedom fighters advanced on to a nearby nazi type concentration camp and liberated the masses. Air Bombardment nullified. On the following day, 11th November, 1977, over fifty enemy soldiers covered by three mirage jets, which dropped bombs sporadically and strategically, two hunters and four helicopters, were put into action in the area. However, the enemy's intention to concentrate his forces in the area with a view to retrieving the initiative was foiled because the ZANLA forces, through iron determination and heroic courage, coupled with careful deployment of forces, forced the Smith tropps, jets and choppers to scatter and take measures to protect themselves. The two helicopters and a hunter fighter were gunned down. The enemy was successfully repulsed. Three souls at "All Souls". On the 12th of November, 1977, in the morning, 3 D.A.'s bowels and pieces of flesh were scattered all over the ground and splushed on the poles and gate of a keep when they were caught in a ZANLA boobie trap. A guerilla sapper unit had set the boobie trap on the gate of a nazitype concentration camp near All Souls Mission in Mtoko. The aim was to deal a telling blow to the enemy by demobilising the D.A.'s whose duty was to search for landmines every morning along the road leading to the keep, clearing the way for Smith's terrorist troops who regularly arrived at the keep about midday to harass the imprisoned civilian population. Heroic running battles. Another remarkable battle was fought on the 14th of November, 1977. In a fierce exchange of fire that developed in two stages from ground to air attacks, ZANLA forces annihilated 44 enemy troops. Here is the story. 12 ZANLA commandos camped near Nyamukusi concentration camp in the North Eastern war zone on the night of November 13th. Information was relayed to them that an enemy truck full of Smith's terrorists had arrived at the camp and left. However, the enemy troops had not gone. Their truck took them a short distance from the keep and they came back on foot. From reports which were made later by patriotic Zimbabweans in the keep, the enemy operated on information given to him by an agent planted within the imprisoned peasants. On arrival, the muderers failed to locate the exact position of the guerilla base. Once again depending on information supplied by the black traitor, they picked on two female patriots who were tortured and the whole night under duress, lead the racist settlerist fascists to the guerilla base. But the ZANLA fighter's vigilance had already been heightened by an observation plane which had started to hover in the morning of the following day. The freedom fighters surprise attakked the enemy infantry. They were locked in battle until towards dusk and 12 terrorists were killed. As the ZANLA fighters were preparing to retreat, the sound of machine-gun fire from paratroopers who were being dropped by a dakota airbus ripped through the air. Two helicopters appeared from nowhere and started pouring out heavy machine-gun fire. Another enemy fighter-plane suddenly appeared and started to drop bombs indiscriminately. However, in the confusion that followed, as the enemy aimed for a quick victory, 32 enemy troops were killed, some by the guerilla fire and others by enemy fire itself. In the meantime at the same day, the enemy lost another 5 terrorists when 10 members of the people's forces caught an enemy section in a surprise attack that was described by one Zimbabwean eye-witness from the Dhuku area in Mtoko as "dynamic".. Action in Macheke. On the 15th of November, 1977, 10 ZANLA freedom fighters destroyed a racist settler white owned homestead, in the Macheke area. Two enemy troops who were stationed there were killed. All farming equipment was handed over to the local people. Action in Tanda. On the 19th of November, 1977, a reinforced ZANLA platoon attacked an enemy rest camp in Tanda. A number of enemy troops were killed and several wounded some seriously. The attack, which was reported on the enemy's radio, announced the dead as "five corporals". "Kurimika Keep". On the 23rd of November, 1977, all D.A.'s at Kuri- mika "keep" were wiped out by a 9 men ZANLA unit. This victory was scored in an operation that was prosecuted with close collaboration with the Zimbabwean people imprisoned in the nazitype concentration camp. They were all liberated and are now settled in the semi-liberated zone. Chingwena Keep. And on the 30th of November, 1977, the people's forces razed to the ground Chingwena keep. The misguided district assistants tried to return fire with their 303 British rifles, but the fire-power of the ZANLA combatants coupled the fury of the improsoned Zimbabweans who rose up enmasse in support of the guerillas, engulfed them in no time. Other heroic actions. On the 17th of January, 1978, a ZANLA landmine exploded successfully along the road between Morris's Farm and Masarakufa concentration camp. The two enemy bedfords involved were destroyed and most of the enemy troops killed instantly. On the 24th of January, 1978, a ZANLA demolition squad destroyed the bridge between the enemy's military base at Kotwa and Goronga keep. With the enemy strategically cut off, our armymen advanced towards the keep and liberated the people. Summary Those were some of the many glorious victories scored by the ZANLA forces between October 1977 and January 1978. From the war communique, it is clear that ZANLA is indeed a National Army. In its ranks are the finest sons and daughters of Zimbabwe, the most sincere patriots from all revolutionary classes, from all parts of Zimbabwe. It symbolises the irresistible rise of the national conscience, the union of the intire Zimbabwe people in the fight against imperialism an its running-dogs, to save the country. ZANLA is a people's army. Constantly taking care to strengthen the monolithic unity between the army and the people. The army and the people are of the same heart, they are like fish and water. ZANLA has no other interests than those of the people, of the toiling people and the worker-peasant masses. Through ZANLA, the undaunted spirit of the nation, the indomitable fighting spirit is being raised higher and higher everyday as our bitter heroic nation follows the bitter but correct revolutionary process to certain victory. Gaza Province to be covered ini the next issue of the Zimbabwe News.1 Zimbabwe News 13 The War

"We Have the Initiative" Interview with a ZANLA-Commander in the Field Early in March, Zimbabwe News went into the Tete (Northeastern Region) Operational Area to conduct one of the most fascinating interviews in the field to date. The Tete Province (see The War section) has largely been written off as lost by the enemy. Here follows the interview. Zimbabwe News: Comrade Perence Shiri, the year 1978 opened with a bang! The Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army has scored victories against the racist troops of the terrorist Smith regime. Now basing ourselves on the past months performance of the Zimbabwe Guerillas and taking into full account our performance over the past fourteen years - what are the results of the war up to the present? ters are now running the administration of these areas. Our operational zones have greatly expanded. And the enemy is finding it very difficult to contain us in all these areas. Most of Smith's forces and economy have been completely shattered due to our activities. These are some of the things that are reflecting the inevitable supercession of the Smith army by the fighting forces of ZANU the ZANLA FORCES! Zimbabwe News: In an interview broadcast on the revolutionary Voice of -Zimbabwe on the tenth of January this year, the Chief-of-Defence, Comrade Josiah Magama Tongogara stated that the fascist settlerist troops in Zimbabwe had lost the initiative and the strategic superiority that they once had. Would 'J , I People's Administration discussing tasks in the Liberated areas Comrade Perence Shir: I think you have heard the information that the enemy is just about five kilometres away, so my answers will have to be short. I must contain the enemy as soon as possible. Our war against the settlerist Smith regime has taken a historical trend. There has been many changes of course during the last fourteen years. We have been able to establish semi-liberated zones, in Zimbabwe. Our figh- you, Comrade Shiri, elaborate on that statement. Comrade Perence Shiri: What COD-Comrade Tongogara said was absolutely correct. As a man who spends most of his time in the field with the forces which he commands he knows the day to day activities of his forces, he reads the enemy activities very well and his analysis of our war situation is right on target. A protracted war such as the -1978 must -equally be the year in which our Party, as the vanguard of the armed struggle has also grown firm and has deep roots everywhere in the country. The roots of our Party are in our people. These roots must spread deep, wide and solid in 1978. The party and the People, the People and the party must have the same meaning. Organize the Party in the name of the People and the People in the name of the party. Make 1978 therefore, the year of the Party and the People so that we can also fully transform our struggle in both theory and practice into the People's struggle." Comrade Mugabe war we are now waging in Zimbabwe passes through three major stages. During the first stage, the enemy will be militarilly superior to the peoples liberation forces. In our case it's ZANLA. And the peoples forces will still be very weak. However the enemy, as any imperialist forces do, prepared a long time ago for new developments in our war. The imperialists knew very well that the people of Zimbabwe, through Chimurenig. were waging a revolutionary war j overthrow the yoke of imperialism. So they prepared. But unfortunately we the exploited people had no time as such to' prepare. So we cannot naturally be superior to the colonialist, capitalist terrorists. Then during the second stage, the peoples liberation forces will have developed themselves on the one hand, and weakened the enemy on the other hand to an extent that the two opposite sides are almost on par. By this time the enemy will no more be on the offensive. As is our experience - the ZANLA guerillas have developed to a stage where they are above that of the enemy. What I mean is that because the enemy was more developed and ready for such an event, his weakness becomes apparent through reduction in his economy. A direct result of our victories on the battle front. That's the second stage. So this stage when the enemy is no longer on the offensive and we, the guerillas are no more on the defensive is what we term a strategic stalemate. Why do we say so? Because it's still a luta continua. The contradiction is still there. The war rages on. The justiceness is of our war and the massive peoples support begins to be more defined. The final stage, the, third stage, is the total defeat or the total annihilation of the enemy by ZANLA. Having covered 9/10 of the country prosecuting the people's war, I can sa- 14 Zimbabie Nesis The War 7W' Ak k41 j; Sectorial Field Commander explains a victorious operation in which the enemy- truck was destroyed and enemy-weapons captured fely say the ground for the final stage has been set. By that I mean Chimurenga in Zimbabwe is now at the second stage. Smith is no more superior and has, as Comrade COD said "lost his initiative". ZANLA has indeed gained superiority and continues to take the upper hand. A very important factor in any type of war. Initiative. It is very decisive. We have got it in our grips. Zimbabwe News: Many people are now interested in the activities of the Zimbabwe National Liberation Army, would you, Comrade Shint, tell me about its strategy and tactics, its political work and also give me an analysis of the strategy and tactics being applied by the enemy in its bid to hold on to power for a little longer? Comrade Perence Shiri: I am not in a position to expose our deep military tactics but all I can say is that, our task, as directed by our President Comrade Robert Mugabe, is to create political power all over the country. Thus following the wheels of history. We have vast areas in- side Zimbabwe where the enemy cannot move. What strongholds he had we destroyed. For example you heard of our gallant victories at Grand Reef and Nyamaropa enemy military bases. What we must do now is to consolidate the areas we have in hand, strengthen our administration and at the same time ad- Under the deluge of bombs from the enemy air-force. ZANLA combattants valiantly defend the semi-liberated areas Zimbabiwe News 15 The War

Socialist production will forever stay in Zimbabwe vance into new areas which are now only semi-Liberated and completely drive the enemy out. This process has to continue until the whole of Zimbabwe is completely in our control. Regarding part two of your question - Smith is using some puppets such as Sithole, Muzorewa, Chikerema and Chirau to hold on to power for a little longer. His aim is to try and use these running dogs of capitalism to try and turn back the wheels of history. He would like to neutralise the revolutionary ZANLA forces of ZANU! But in the end if he were to succeed which is of course impossible -, he will then turn against these puppets and maintain his oppression and suppression of the Zimbabwe nation. Militarilly the enemy is now relying on mercenaries who are dying in dozens daily. He is now resorting to the tactic of concentrating his forces around areas that are still under his control, that is, mostly towns, farms belonging to bourgeoisie like and some mines near towns and maybe one or two major camps once again close to the cities. Smith and his puppets are behaving like a man who tries to hold back a strong wind with his bare arms. Look, recently he came and massacred hundreds of kids, old men and women and started shouting to the whole world that "he had broken ZANLA's back". What a shame. That was just a propaganda gimmick aimed at laying the ground for his talks with the sellouts inside Zimbabwe. But whenever he attacks Zimbabweans who have run away from oppression in racist Rhodesia - we hit back! And we hit hard! This will be done until Zimbabwe is totally liberated. Zimbabwe News: In his new year message, the President Comrade Robert Mugabe called for the consolidation of people's power within our semi liberated zones - how far have we gone in this direction. Comrade Perence Shiri: You met me yesterday when I was just arriving from another part of Zimbabwe. The masses from the area I have come from and the one you met here yesterday and can see right now are liberated. The enemy has no control of these areas. The masses are well organized under the guidance of ZANLA. Our concern now is the well being of the masses in these areas. Indeed we have food problems, health problems which were all due to enemy attrocities but we are going to overcome them. For example, I have here a report which states clearly that on the 21st of September the sum of 1,150 dollars was used in the purchase of maize seeds in preparation for the ploughing season. Ploughing being carried out by the very masses we freed from Smith's vicious, diabolic concentration camps - the so called protected villages which we are pulling down. And here I have a list of names - these are the administrators working hand in hand with ZANLA to run these areas. They are all members of our nascent militia. Zimbabwe News: The Rhodesian terrorist army's descipline being what it is, will not our policy of giving lenient treatment to prisoners of war prove ineffective? For instance, the Smith terrorists are busy murdering political prisoners in their fascist prisons, they shoot on sight unarmed African civilians and latter claim either they were freedom fighters, people running with and aiding guerillas or that they were caught in crossfire. Won't this make the Zimbabwean masses, through fear, collaborate with the enemy rather than with the freedom fighters, especially in these liberated and semi liberated zones? Comrade Perence Shint: We are progressive forces. We are not going to change our policy at any cost. If we were to do that we would be no more respecting the essence of mankind. We are not terrorists but freedom fighters. We want to free mankind. So the more the enemy murders the struggling and toiling masses of Zimbabwe, the more support we enjoy. The masses have realised the need for a revolution in order to end oppression and suppression. In short, I can say, the masses support us not because of our colour but because they are now politically conscious. They have realised the need, the necessity for doing so. The realisation of true, genuine freedom and independence through the barrel of the gun. The only people Smith can have collaborating with him are the Muzorewas, Chiraus, Sitholes, Chikeremas and Nyandoros. The avowed traitors to the Zimbabwe revolution - no more! "The unity of national democratic forces is a phonomenon of a national character, an event within national boundaries. Our war being a just cause and by virtue of its revolutionary nature draws into its orbit the support of progressive and revolutionary countries, organizations and forces the world over. Accordingly, apart from the demension of national unity which it must assume, it must also acquire consistently an international dimension but only to the extend of deriving material, political, diplomatic and moral support of the progressive and socialist international community but not in respect of manpower. Therefore we must needs cultivate and maintain our solidarity with our natural friends and allies." Comrade Mugabe 16 Zimbabwie News The War

"White Settlers are Snakes" Declares Veteran Comrade on Visit to Map uto Comrade Rekayi Tangwena has been the traditional leader of the Tangwena people in the Inyanga District of Zimbabwe since February 1964. The Tangwena are a large tribe that has inhabited large areas of the Eastern province of Zimbabwe for generations. His father, Dzeka Chigumira, was Chief of the Tangwena people before the time of European settler regimes. As a result of Tangwena's defiance of the white settler regime's order that would have removed his people from their traditional home to go and settle in new land in Gokwe, he was arrested, and the villages of his people demolished with bulldozers. In this interview with The Zimbabwe News in Maputo, Mozambique on January 9, 1978, Comrade Tangwena describes the ruling white settlers as the snake that bit his people and Britain as the big black mamba that is striking at 7 million Zimbabwe people. Zimbabwe News (Z. N.): Why have you visited Maputo at this time? Comrade R. Tangwena: I have come to express my grief and personal condolence for the massacre of so many Zimbabwe children and women at Chimoio in particular and other camps too by the on November 23- 27,1977. I also wanted to talk to President Mugabe about the humanitarian and material needs of my people. For the last three years my people and I have been living in a remote area of Mozambique, across the border from our traditional lands in Zimbabwe. We do not have adequate supplies of clothes, medicines, and farm implements, although we are now self-sufficient in food. Zimbabwe News: What precisely is the historical origin of your confrontation with the illegal Rhodesian regime before you had to leave the country in 1975? Comrade R. Tangwena: It began in June 1964 when I was told by the Di- Tangwena Comrade Rekayi Tangwena: defiant as ever strict Commissioner of Inyanga that I should prepare to move my people to Muchena because the land on which we were living had been bought by white farmers. I flatly refused for the simple reason that our ancestral graves and shrines, and in fact our whole cultural history as a people is wrapped up in this land. They then offered me a salary of 60 pounds per month provided I signed a labour agreement which required my people to work for neighbouring white farmers certain times of the year. I flatly refused that offer and the condition of labour enslavement. The white regime then tried to remove me from office by getting me convicted by the law courts for refusing to obey a regime's order. I lost the case in Inyanga and Umtali, but when we went to the High Court in Salisbury in 1968, I won the appeal on the ground that the Land Annortionment Act reserved certain parts of the country for African settlement, and ours was one such area. We thought the matter was finally settled. In 1969 the illegal Smith regime passed the iniquitous Land Tenure Act which superceded the Land Apportionment Act, the settlers gave themselves power to remove any African from any land. Once they had Zimbabwe News 17 The War

Comrade Sheba Tavarwisa, Deupty Secretary for Education (extreme right), Comrade Tangwena (wearing hat), Comrade Mayor Vurimbo, Chief Political Commissar, Comrade Edgar Tekere, Secretary General with Comrade facing camera armed themselves with this new diabolical legislation, they came to arrest us and to bull-doze our huts and homes. Police set on fire any new houses we built to replace the ones they had pulled down. At that point we made contact with Frelimo comrades and they allowed us to cross the border and settle in free Mozambique until Zimbabwe was also free. Zimbabwe News: Comment on the role being played by the 620 Traditional Chiefs in Zimbabwe in the present people's struggle for liberation? Comrade R. Tangwena: The Chiefs in Zimbabwe are asleep. They are concerned with their own selfish interests, and not the welfare and well being of their people as a whole. Excepting one or two, the chiefs did not respond to my call for solidarity and struggle against the diabolic actions of the regime towards me and my people. The Chiefs are so docile to the illegal regime that the role they are playing now is one of delaying and preventing our legitimate independence. Chief Jeremiah Chirau and those Chiefs in Parliament, Senate and in the Chiefs' Council are selling the birthright of their own people. They cannot voice any opposition to the gross injustices committed against their own people and even against fellow Chiefs who may confront the regime in the way I did. He warned the Chiefs to heed the cries and sufferings of their own people. Zimbabwe News: What role is being played by the peasants who live in Tribal report the presence of freedom-fighters to the regime are in fact cutting their own noses to spite their faces. How and why should you sell to the enemy, soldiers who are fighting for your own survival and liberation? We should contribute money, food, transport and shelter to our sons who are fighting for us, for our own salvation. A man who is hungry cannot lift a gun to fire a single shot that may decide your freedom and mine. As far as I am concerned the white settlers or the foreigners are like a snake that has entered the house, and wants to bite the occupants and their children. They have taken .our cattle, our land and our nationhood which we are now fighting for. You should also be vigilant on the activities of Missionaries in rural areas. Some of them are good people, but most are thieves who support Smith. They attacked our religious institutions, made us loose our culture and traditions. Zimbabwe News: What kind of land policy do you want to see in a free Zimbabwe? Comrade Rekayi Tangwena (right), Comrade Chief Chiweshe (center) and Comrade Herbert Ushewokunze Trust Lands in the current armed struggle for National Liberation? Comrade R. Tangwena: They are defying their Chiefs and of course the District Commissioners, and giving their unstinting support to the armed struggle. They provide food, shelter and information to the fighters. I urge them to collect all their registration certificates (zvitupa or passes) and hand them back to the District Commissioners or Chiefs. The regime can not imprison the whole nation. Popular and massive defiance of this kind would lead to the collapse of the administration of the colonial white settlers. Those Africans and Chiefs who Comrade R. Tangwena: The Land Tenure Act should be scrapped. We should return to the land tenure systems of our forefathers when anyone was free to farm where he liked and keep as many cattle as he liked. Land hunger is the central feature of our struggle. We should take all the land reserved for the foreign white settlers in the present system and give it back to our people so that they can farm it as before. We were self sufficient in food, clothing, and shelter, before the Europeans set foot in this country. We were a contented and prosperous people before our land was robbed. 18 Zimbabwe News The War

Zimbabwe News: Are you a member and supporter of ZANU and our President Comrade Robert Mugabe? Comrade R. Tangwena: Of course I support ZANU and President Mugabe because they are fighting against our common and immediate enemy, the white settlers led by Ian Smith. I helped Comrade Mugabe to come to Mozambique in April 1975 and I have always supported his firm stand against Smith and other Europeans like Major MacLiwane who say that Africans are like spanners that must be used to produce whatever they want in order to enrich the whitemen. However, the day ZANU and Comrade Mugabe leave their policy and support Smith, I will resign. Zimbabwe News: What is your comment on Muzorewa's UANC and Shitoles ANC? Comrade R. Tangwena: I reffered earlier to Smith as a snake that is bitting the 7 million Africans. Muzorewa and Shitole are sleeping with the snake and using it as a pillow. How can we trust them to fight against our common enemy? They have sold our national rights to the enemy. Zimbabwe News: What is your political attitude to imperialism? Comrade R. Tangwena: I have already told you that Smith was a snake in the grass of our community, but he is onlyan agent. Britain, America and South Africa are the black mambas, the big snake that sucks and exploits our country and his people. South Africa is the mother of Smith but Britain is the father. I asked the British Government why they armed Smith and not us and they do not arrest Smith for all his subversive activities, but they are continually arresting and detaining our leaders. That is what we mean by racialism which is practised by Britain but to save the interests of imperialism, headed by the USA. I must also ask Britain why Smith is leaving the guerillas inside Zimbabwe and comes to Mozambique to attack and kill small children who are attending school, and women. Is it the policy of the British Government to kill children? What would thay say if ZANU killed white children attending schools in Zimbabwe? Confession of Johanne Kambanje Kaodza The lan Smith regime has murdered rists". Quite a number are murdered in and maimed thousands of innocent the "process of interrogation". unarmed civilians in the various tribal The bandit regime normally uses moTrust Lands since ZANU launched its ney to buy information on the movewar of Liberation in 1972. Many are kil- ments of ZANLA guerillas. But, since led for "breaking curfews". Others are ZANU's political education in the opemurdered for "running with the terro- rational areas and the so-called protec- Johanne Kambanje The War ted villages became intensified alongside the intensification of the armed struggle - the regime now can no longer buy information. An example is comrade Johanne Kambanje Kaodza of Chief Nyamukoho's area in the Mtoko District whose confession here is illuminating. My name is Johanne Kambanje Kaodza of Chief Nyamukoho's area, Mtoko District. My kraalhead was Herekete in Mudzi area. I am the brother of Kenias Kambanje. On Friday, January the 20th, my brother and I left Morris keep, in Chima area, Mukota district. My brother was going fishing and I was on my way to the fields. When we got to the main gate of the concentration camp, a certain Ngoma, whose duties were to issue rations to the people in this keep, stopped me. In a whisper he asked me if I wanted to make a quick ten pounds. I told him that I did. He then proceeded to instruct me to go into the surrounding mountaneous area and spy on the many peasants who had collaborated with the freedom fighters and destroyed Shinga keep. Ngoma emphasized that this was necessary because the area where they were staying was now impossible for the Smith troops to patrol. And he was worried that more and more people were also running away from Morris keep. He said that if this goes on, Morris keep would also be attacked by the guerillas and we would all be "killed". I ran and caught up with my brother, Kenias. I did not tell him what I had discussed with Ngoma. After a short distance we parted ways. Kenias took a little path leading to Nyagoko river where he was going fishing. And I, car- Zimbabwe News 19 rying my small axe, pretended to be taking the path to the fields. As soon as I noticed that Kenias was out of sight, I diverted, rushed through the bush and crossed Nyamunyu river. I then followed a path which after about an hour's walk, got me to the home of an old man called Munyoro. His place marked the beginning of the area occupied by fellow peasants who decided to live under the administration of the "boys". After the usual customary greetings, he asked me for something to smoke. I gave him some and also rolled a cigarette for myself. In our discussion, I tried to quiz him on the whereabouts and activities of the guerillas and the peasants in general, but in vain. Then, suddenly, some local people, whom I knew, arrived. They inquired as to whether I had decided to move out of the keep and join them or not. I tried to get out of it all by giving the excuse that I had just come for a visit to the area. They did not, and rightly so, believe me. Eventually I told them the truth. I was taken to where the people's main administrative center is. After long discussions with the authorities (mostly villagers I knew) I was given the choice to either go back to the keep or stay in the semi-liberated zone. I chose the latter. I realised that what I had tried to do was wrong. Instead of working for the liberation of the Zimbabwe nation, I had agreed to be used for their pro-longed bondage. I was going to contribute towards forcing people into a situation of death. For, in the overcrowded, disease infested concentration keep, where food is a rare commodity, five to seven people die almost everyday. The whole family life has been disrupted. Father, mother, and child share the same room - a thing never heard of in our culture. I had agreed to serve the interests of Ngoma. This man was an agent of the Smith regime. He was working for the Smith regime. Before, they used to pay him regularly in broad day light. Now, due to the presence of the "boys" he had to travel a long distance to go and collect the money. Wbich meant, if the guerillas wanted to come and collect him, they could do so because his masters could not now offer him protection. I could now understand his fear. He was not with the people. The people were busy re-building their homes and not accepting to live as prisoners in a keep. I am now busy building a new home for my family and myself. The people's administration notified me that soon my family will be collected from the keep by the ZANLA forces, working hand in hand with the people's militia as soon as possible. This in itself opened my eyes to the reality that no matter what Smith does, he will not defeat the "boys". Tortured! Philip Chasakara (45) Chief. Nyamukoho - Mtoko District Kraal head: Kamurere in Mudzi One of the hundreds of Zimbabwean civilians who were and are being tortured and maimed for life everyday by the Smith regime for refusing to accept to live under oppression. He was arresteat gun point on the 15th of January, 1978, by two misguided African D.A.'s and one racist settler white terrorist. He was tortured severely in connection with the destruction of Shinga concentration camp. However he is now safely in the hands of ZANLA and is already engaged in the just struggle of the Zimbabwe people against imperialism, colonialism, neo- colonialism and capitalism. Captured District Assistants of the racist regime: Undergoing Political education now 20 Zimbabwe News The War

"Our Women are Women of Action" Comrade Teurai Ropa, ZANU's Secretary for Women-Affairs Comrade Teurai Ropa (her name means "Spill blood"), 23, ZANU's fire-eating Secretary for Women Affairs and in her own right a seasoned guerilla, symbolizes the level of ideological and revolutionary development that has taken place in ZANU during the 15 years of the party's history. As a member of the National Executive and The Central Committee of ZANU - the highest Policy Organs directing the Zimbabwe Revolution, she articulates the role of Women in the revolution more effectively than anybody can. Recently, Zimbabwe News sought an interview with the young chief of all Zimbabwean Women and elicited the following highly explosive comments. Zimbabwe News: What kind of Zimbabwean women are joining the struggle for the liberation of their motherland? Why do they join? Comrade Teurai Ropa: The women who have joined the struggle represent the groups from young girls to grandmothers. We have women who have little education to women who studied at the University. Like our menfolk, the women who join come from all walks of life. Because our Party is a Party with a mass following, our membership is representative of the masses from whom we come. One thing all these women have in common is the desire to liberate their motherland, because they know that only through true liberation can the condition of women improve in Zimbabwe. At present women in Zimbabwe suffer many disadvantages like all Zimbabweans, they suffer because they are exploited by the imperialist-backed settler regime. This means shortage of land, extremely low wages (as low as ten dollars per month), back-breaking working conditions, very bad living conditions, few opportunities for educational improvement, few medical facilities, malnutrition etc. Women also suffer from the added disadvantages of being a symbol of prestige and are often treated The War by men as little better than a commodity. This is a problem faced by women in all capitalist countries and Zimbabwean women are fighting hard to be treated as full human beings rather than objects of pleasure or tools for labour. A further problem faced by Zimbabwean women is that of feudal oppression where women are subjected to the authority of their husbands and are hardly ever free people in their rights. In all these ways women are fighting to liberate themselves and to improve their condition. It is for this reason that they joined the revolutionary struggle for the total liberation of Zimbabwe, for only in the struggle do they see the chance of achieving their aims. Zimbabwe News: Is the concept of women's liberation in Zimbabwe in par- ZANU's Secretary for Women Affairs, Comrade Teurai Ropa: New Woman, tempered by armed struggle, will rebuild Zimbabwe Zimbabwe News 21

Revolution liberates men and women's minds ticular and in Africa in general different from the concept of women's liberation in the USA and in the West? Comrade Teurai Ropa: The women's liberation movement in the West differs in many ways from our own. In the West, women's liberation is closely associated with educated middle class women rather than with the masses. In Zimbabwe our liberation struggle by its nature starts from grassroots with a strong foundation among peasants and working class women. This difference in class base naturally means fundamental difference in ideological orientations. Our struggle therefore is different and definitely linked with the overall struggle to eliminate the capitalist system of exploitation. However the Women's Liberation Movement in the West has been more activated and published, whilst our movement is less well known. This is because our women are women of action, deeply involved in the struggle and so have less time to project their image overseas. This is perhaps a mistake so little is known about this aspect of our struggle. Zimbabwe News: What about the role of women in politicizing the masses in the Zimbabwe struggle? Comrade Teurai Ropa: Women have played a key role in mobilising the masses in Zimbabwe. At first our Party had problems convincing the masses that we could win against the settler regime with their seemingly all powerful Nazi army and police everywhere ready to crush the slightest sign of revolution. But once we had won the confidence of womenfolk it became much easier to win support from the masses. Menfolk were ashamed to see women fight against the Nazi regime of Ian Smith when they themselves were too afraid to take up the gun against the enemy. Thus the mobilisation of women into our struggle as soldiers, leaders, social workers and medical personnel has furthered our struggle tremendously. Zimbabwe News: The enemy has often accused freedom fighters of exploiting their women folk: What are your comments on this? Comrade Teurai Ropa: Because we come from a capitalist society where exploitation is the way of life. It would be surprising if we were not infected by the sort of mental and emotional state of mind which is formed by exploitation. Exploitation in all its forms is not only the exploitation of the labour of the masses to create surplus value to enrich the few capitalists, but also includes the exploitation and manipulation of people for the benefit of the few. This later includes sexual exploitation where women are used and manipulated and are treated as property. Naturally we are also struggling to free ourselves from this aspect of exploitation. This is part of our own mental and emotional liberation which forms a part of the total struggle to liberate Zimbabwe. So we can say that the foundation of our struggle is the armed struggle, we expect to free our country primarily by force of arms because we know that without the armed struggle we can never be free. In addition to the same armed struggle we have the economic and ideological struggles, both of which are indispensible to true liberation. We can see the question of the exploitation of women as part of the armed struggle, the economic and ideological struggle. As women participate in military warfare to free themselves they will cease to 'allow themselves to be exploited. As they participate in economic liberation they will win the economic liberation and will win the economic independence to make it unnecessary for them to depend on the whims of others for a livelihood. And most important of all the ideological struggle will enable women to understand their situation and how to improve it. "Remember, as the new year has opened, a most favourable terrain has emerged with the new season. The enemy is frightened, he is in disarray and completely resigned to defeat. This is no moment to slacken our efforts. Let us hammer him to defeat. Let us blow up his citadel. Let us give him no rest. Let us chase him in every corner. Let us rid our home of this settler Vermin." Mugabe 22 Zimbabwe News The War

The Emancipation of Women and their Role towards Liberation Struggle In recent years "womens emancipation" has been very much in vogue in the Western world and with it the role that women can play in society. Though sometimes the talk of the emancipation of women is no more than a jeu d'esprit, for those waging wars of liberation in colonized and oppressed societies, "emancipation of women" and the role that emancipated women should play in their society are questions of fundamental importance. No revolution can claim to be successful if more than half of the exploited and oppressed people, i.e. women are not liberated. Indeed for it to be victorious the revolution must of necessity involve the women. A thorough analysis of the position of women in colonised and oppressed societies will show that the starting point of the exploitation of women and their consequent oppression lies in the system of private ownership of the means of production. From the time of primitive communalism when the prevailing mode of production changed and early man started to produce more than he consumed conditions were laid for the emergence of a class of a handful of people in society who would appropriate the fruits of the majority's labour. Already at that time in an agrarian economy men ceased to be the main productive forces and the dominant labour force in the productive process was women who tilled the land and looked after the household chores while men were released from their main occupation - that of hunting. In such an economy the possession of women meant the possession of unpaid workers, who apart from producing.free labour were also a source of pleasure and producers of more workers. Excessive emphasis was placed on womens fertility; a husband has a right to disown his wife if he thought she was barren. The woman was fetishised like any other instrument - to be bought with a 'dowry' (lobola) and to be used according to the whims of her buyer, the husband. This exploitative man / woman relationship is still rampant today in many areas of Africa. Women do the heaviest work, they cultivate the land, carry water from long distances, carry produce to markets look after the cattle as well as bring up their families and produce handicrafts. The dominant ideology and culture in society, that is the ideology and culture of the ruling class, obscurantism, superstition and ignorance are used to stifle womens initiative and reduce them to passivity and servility. This treatment is also meted out to the workers and peasants - which means that apart from the specificity of the womens situation, the antagonistic contradiction is not between women and men, but between women and the rest of the workers, on the one hand, and the private ownership of the means of production on the other. As Samora Machel, President of Mozambique said "Men and women are products and victims of the exploitative Young women and young men have taken to arms Public Health clinics have sprung-up everywhere in ZANU's operational areas Zimbabwe News 23 The War society, which has created and formed them". This antagonistic contradiction can only be solved by revolutionary means - for the revolution to triumph in its totality, there must be emancipation of women. Women will never be emancipated without a victorious working class led revolution. How can the transition from "enslavement" to "emancipation" be effected? Some have vulgarised the concept of women's emancipation by seing it as a mere mechanical equality between men and women. But the concept of women's liberation rests on a number of precepts, which require women to enter the political milieu and mobilise their grievances into political struggle. By releasing the productive forces and raising scientific and cultural education women can destroy the myths nurtured by obscurantism. Women will only be emancipated when they can participate at all levels of planning and decision- making. The realization of this objective will depend on the linking of womens struggle with wars of liberation. The relationship between men and women should cease to be based on the supposed superiority of man, a myth aimed at satisfying the male ego. The love between the sexes must be a love between free and equal people with the same aspirations of serving the toiling masses. Today, Chimurenga (the liberation war) prosecuted by ZANU has seen the emergence of a new type of Zimbabwean woman, free from the servant mentality of the communal / feudal society and from the slave mentality of colonialism. The new Zimbabwean woman would have to liberate herself entirely from the chains which bound her to life of depravity and degradation. Through her part in the struggle, fighting with the bazooka in her hand, working side by side sharing the burden of labour equally with her man, the Zimbabwean woman of today would have transformed herself from a slave to a free woman who can hold her head up proudly. Her influence in society will be constructive, creative and beautiful. For the Zimbabwean woman abroad, who claim to be the educated elite, must first of all be freed from the beaureaucratic 'anti-traditional' thinking inherited from a colonial situation in which administrators from a foreign and bourgeois culture tried to come to terms with African society. Their lack of aspiration of serving the toiling masses is unbelievable and yet emancipated women should have a role to play in anything pertaining to liberation struggle. Emancipated women, mothers and even grandmothers, have a role to play side by side with young women and men in liberation struggles. With the sharpening of the liberation struggle, Frelimo in Mozambique mobilised and organised Mozambican women, involving them in the midst of their struggle, instead of just leaving them on the periphery. By so doing the revolution has resulted in the liberation of women. 'Chimurenga' (the liberation war) has brought a dramatic and exciting change in the role of women in Zimbabwe. Since the formation of a womens wing of ZANLA, resulting in the full and active participation of women in the struggle, there has been a noticeable change in the Revolution. The ordinary workers and peasants of Zimbabwe have been inspired to greater commitment to Chimurenga by the great sacrifices made by our women comrades. Young peasant girls, school girls, women from all walks of life have rushed to join ZANLA. This wonderful phenomenon has been whole heartedly welcomed by all revolutio/ t nary comrades and the revolutionary masses of Zimbabwe and marks a great victory for the revolution. It is only through the revolution that they will be able to liberate themselves completely. In Zimbabwe, both black women and men are employed skilfully to propagate anti-guerilla activities. Zimbabwe is heavily bombarded and blitzed with differing ideologies, propaganda, opinions, viewpoints advice and all the universal rubbish. Zimbabweans should refuse to be used as uncle toms for the Smith regime. Women should concentrate on helping the full mobilization of resources within the country for the purpose of training themselves, not only in their role as mothers, responsible for child bearing, but also in their role in various fields. As history enters the era of the 1980s our liberation struggle will be more pronounced and in the process more women will inevitably become emancipated. M.M. ZANU London "We have said, we are committed to "Yes, we are Marxist/Leninists. The scientific socialism, but of course, we main principles of socialism do not also accept that the application of vary but the application varies. In our scientific socialism depends on the hi- particular circumstances you have storical circumstances and the actual about five million people in the rural existing situation in any particular areas. They constitute the peasantry country. I mean our country has its and about one million in urban and own history, it has got its own peculiar other areas and you have got to take circumstances which make it different into account their own customs, the from any other and these have got to economic situation which has been be taken into account in the applica- established by the settlers of the countion of any principles of scientific so- try and you can't over night you see, cialism!" Comrade Mugabe bring an overhand to the situation." 24 Zimbabwe News The War

Diplomatic Struggle Malta- Conference and beyond Following diplomatic negotiations spanning over three months, the long adjourned Geneva Constitutional Conference of November - December 1976, finally resumed on January 30th 1978. The venue this time was Malta. The British side was headed by the Foreign Secretary Dr. David Owen while the American side was headed by Andrew Young, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. The Patriotic Front delegation was headed by the co-leaders, Comrade President Robert Mugabe of ZANU and Comrade President of ZAPU. Absent this time but present at Geneva were the delegations of Smith, Muzorewa and Sithole. They had abandoned the search for a solution within "the Anglo- American Proposals" framework preferring to stage their own bogus Conference for the purposes of perpetuating minority, racist rule in Zimbabwe. It soon became clear just after the first formal session that the British side was no longer seriously comitted to their own proposals in the wake of the rump "Internal Conference". They would neither condemn it nor make a commitment to ignore its results whatever they might be. The American delegation appeared to be the more serious of the two. Notwithstanding the British attitude, the Patriotic Front Presidents seized the initiative from the start by tabling their own Proposals which contrasted sharply to the Anglo-American Plan. The co-leaders emphasized from the start that any search for a peaceful settlement must start from the recognition that there was a war being waged in Zimbabwe. Any solution in these circumstances must assure that movement from war to peace, once commended, could not be reversed. In the view of the P.F., only the Parties locked in combat (the P.F. on the one side and the British Government, fighting through its agents, the settlers, on the other) could conclude such an agreement and so initiate the movement from war to peace. Any transitional arrangement, therefore, to be acceptable, would have to Diplomatic Struggle enshrine certain bed-rock guarantees of irreversibility. The P.F. would need to have an effective role in that transitional arrangement. In this regard, the Smith Regime and all its supporters (army, police and Civil Service) would have to be dismantled prior to the installation of the transisional government; the PF forces would have to be charged with the responsibility of assuring peace, law and order; the powers of the resident commissioner (omnipotent as proposed by the Anglo- Americans) would have to be drastically curtailed in order to make him a mortal man, and finally, the United Nations would have to bear witness to the fairness of the pre-independence elections favoured by the Patriotic Front. The Patriotic Front's initiative caught the Anglo-Americans unprepared. It was obvious that they had not anticipated the PF's reasonable and just stand. The British delegation tried not to face the issues by introducing irrelevant issues - such as the desirability of having Muzorewa and Sithole participate in the Conference proceedings. The P.F. leaders repeatedly pointed out that those two puppets had not been excluded from attending by the PF. They had excluded themselves. In any event, they argued, the puppet African leaders had, for their own reasons, decided to join the enemy side. During the last two full days of the Conference, both sides settled down to serious discussions of the Patriotic Front's Proposals. It became clear that while a deeper understanding of each other's side had been achieved it was necessary to adjourn the Conference sine die to allow time for reflection before resuming negotiations at some other site on some future date. The Patriotic Front Leaders had wanted to continue the Conference, but Dr. Owen pleaded other pressing concerns in London. The British and Americans hosted their own Press Conferences while the Patriotic Front its own. The text appears in these columns. From Malta, the Patriotic Front proceeded to the Ministerial Council Council Conference of the Organization of African Unity held in Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah Republic, on February 20-28, 1978. Comrade President Robert Mugabe and Comrade Vice President , of ZANU, led the Patriotic Front delegation. The Patriotic Front made two serious presentations to the Conference the texts of which appear elsewhere in these columns. Then it was back to war until the Co-Leaders, once again, journeyed abroad, this time to attend the special United Nations Security Council debate on Zimbabwe. Malta Press-Conference The Patriotic Front MALTA DECLARATION 1. The discussions between the Anglo-American and the Patriotic Front delegation held in Malta were substantive, frank, comprehensive and conducted in an atmosphere of seriousness. Both sides achieved a high-level understanding of each other's position. 2. The Patriotic Front presented its proposals on the principles governing the transitional and independence constitution. Both parties accepted that agreement on the transitional arrangements was central and crucial to the whole movement of Zimbabwe to independence. 3. Both parties accepted that the structure of the transitional administration must guarantee the ir versibility of the process of the transfer of power to the people of Zimbabwe. The British accepted the Patriotic Front proposal that there should be an governing council during the transitional period. Discussions on the powers of the resident commissioner were inconclusive. However, discussions on these matters will be the subject of further meetings. The Patriotic Front stands by its principles that the sole guarantor of the independence shall be the Patriotic Front Liberition Forces. 4. Both parties agreed on some role for the United Nations. 5. The Patriotic Front re-affirms its commitment to the intensification of the armed struggle notwithstanding its willingness to participate in further negotiations. Zimbabwe News 25

The Tripoli Conference THE PATRIOTIC FRONT STATEMENT TO TRIPOLI CONFERENCE The Patriotic Front STATEMENT TO THE MINISTERIAL COUNCIL CONFERENCE TRIPOLI,LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYAH Feb. 20 - 28, 1978 Comrade Chairman, Honourable Ministers, Distinguished Delegates and Fellow- Freedom-Fighters, We wish to convey our deeply felt gratitude for the opportunity and the honour extended to us to address this important meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Organisation for African Unity. This Conference is being held at a most crucial and appropriate time when imperialist powers are engaged in frantic actions to frustrate and sabotage the aims and objects of the liberation and revolutionary forces in Southern Africa and in Palestine. It is also being held in a most appropriate City, Tripoli, Capital of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah, which is an inspiring and proud product of the Great September Revolution. It behoves us to invite this august conference to look at events in Southern Africa in their true perspective. The imperialist machinations and manouevres in Zimbabwe, Namibia and S. Africa have the same evil goal: to pre-empt the revolutionary struggle by the creation of puppet regimes that are imperialist in everything, except their black faces. Supplementary to this new strategy of imperialism are the concerted efforts to destabilise and disrupt the political and economic structures of brotherly countries neighbouring our embattled country, and these are the Frontline States of Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. The OAU, collectively and individually, have the sacred duty, not only to help the liberation movements by giving increased aid, but also to defend the independent Peoples of Africa against the re-colonisation schemes of the imperia- lists. The Patriotic Front, therefore, urges the OAU to reflect seriously on the new developments in Southern Africa and their serious consequences for the entire continent. The imperialist forces in Southern Africa have taken and are taking a heavy pounding from the liberation forces; and they clearly read the writing on the wall. But, true to their character, they will not surrender to the inevitable. They have decided to change only the colour of their faces, while retaining their imperialist bodies intact and unimpaired. But we can clearly see the evil imperialist body, and we shall continue to pound it until we crush and destroy it completely. In Namibia the imperialists want to create Bantustans using puppet chiefs of the ilk of Kapuvo as their instruments and cover. In South Africa itself Bantustans have been created and others are in the process of being created, using puppet chiefs like Matanzinia, Buthelezi, Mangope and others as instruments. In Zimbabwe the same pattern and process is observable. The imperialist forces, intent upon establishing a similar Bantustan are using chiefs like Chirau and former African nationalists like Rev. Sithole, Bishop Muzorewa and James Chikerema, betrayers of the armed struggle, who defected and joined the ranks of Ian Smith and the chiefs and are now willing agents in the service of imperialism. The Patriotic Front has long realised that only the armed struggle, as the principal instrument of liberation, can bring genuine freedom and independence to Zimbabwe. This conclusion was born of practical experience and a realistic assessment of the imperialist situation in our country. To the end of achieving a genuine independence of their country, the masses of Zimbabwe have rallied to the banner of the Patriotic Front to a man. As a result, tens of thousands have streamed out of Zimbabwe to seek military training and arms to fight and to die for the motherland; thousands have been and are being executed for revolutionary activities; tens of thousands have been imprisoned or politically detained for aiding the revolution: and millions have been 26 Zimbabwe News herded into concentration camps, euphemistically called "protected villages" for their support of the revolution and revolutionaries. We make special mention of this to show the popularity of the revolution and the depth of the involvement of the masses in the revolution in our country, as well as to show that the masses of Zimbabwe, like their revolutionary vanguard of the Patriotic Front, have arrived at the conclusion that only the armed struggle can truly liberate them and give them genuine independence. Comrade Chairman, Your Excellencies and Distinguished Delegates, lest we are misunderstood, we hasten to add that we have not taken to arms lightly, nor do we believe in fighting for the sake of fighting. We were compelled to take to arms; there was no alternative to the retrieval of our human dignity and heritage but to fight. It is necessary also to point out here that we are always willing to talk to solve the problem of our country, believing that talking and fighting are not incompatible, but complementary. It is in this spirit and for this reason that since last year we have been engaged in negotiations with the British Government; and about two weeks ago (January 30 - February 1, 1978) these negotiations which centered on the British proposals, were continued in Malta. Important clarifications of the proposals were made to the mutual benefit of both parties, and the conference ended with plans to meet again in the nearest future. The Patriotic Front still awaits the convening, of another conference by the British Government. But it is not our policy to talk for the sake of talking, nor shall we engage in talks that we see to be designed to hoodwink the international community, or to retain and entrench white minority rule in a disguised form. In this connection we totally and unreservedly condemn and reject the socalled internal talks that racist Ian Smith has been holding with his hand-picked African quislings, Bishop Muzorewa, Chief Chirau and Rev. Sithole. We also reject totally and unreservedly the expectedly diabolical results of the talks. Racist Smith has no status to convene a conference to decolonise our country; the plain fact is that he is incapable of decolonising our country. It is Britain that has the status to convene such a conference and which has the capability to decolonise our country. The results so far of the so-called internal talks prove beyond any doubt Diplomatic Struggle that Ian Smith has no intention whatsoever to hand over real power to the Africans, but is intent on manipulating his African puppets by devising a scheme whereby he puts them in the fore-front while he pulls the strings of power from behind. According to the agreement between Ian Smith and the African puppets, there will be 28 whites and 72 Africans in a House of 100 members of Parliament. The whites are grossly over-represented when account is taken of the fact that the black-white pupulation ratio in the country is 25 to 1. This shows that the whites are over-represented to the tune of seven times more than their real ratio. In addition, Smith has the highest number of seats (28), because if the 72 African seats are shared equally between the three African parties each one will get 24 seats. It is still possible for Smith to form the government by aligning with one of the African parties - for example, ZUPO of Chirau, which is his personal creation. What is worse, these 28 whites have the power to veto any legislation that they regard as against their interests, or that they regard as detrimental to any of the numerous artificial privileges that they presently enjoy by virtue of their colour They will wield this veto for the next ten years. It means that for the next ten years the so-called African parliament will be unable to remove or amend the notorious Land Tenure Act which divides land equally between 250,000 whites and 7,000,000 Africans. It also means that for the next ten years Africans will continue to suffer human degradation imposed by racial segregation in schools, in hospitals, in residential areas, in restaurants, in civil service jobs, as well as in several other spheres of employment, because the white settlers will use their "blocking 28" to veto any legislation to remove any of these evils. The sum total of the whole agreement is that the evil status quo under which the African people have suffered and are suffering untold hardships and humiliations will remain almost intact and will be perpetuated for the next ten years. Indeed, is this what the African people are suffering and sacrificing for in political prisons, detention camps and concentration camps? Indeed, is this what the African young men and women, the very flower of our land, are bleeding and dying for on the battlefields in Zimbabwe? The Patriotic Front says: No! Kwete! Hatshi! As if this is not enough, the agreement also gives the white minority settlers numerous guarantees. Amongst these is the retention of the present exclusively white civil service as it is for the next ten years; the white judiciary as it is; the white police force as it is; and the white prison service as it is. To crown it all, the present fascist army of Ian Smith which has butchered and is butchering thousands of unarmed, defenceless and innocent women, children and old men, will remain as it is for the next ten years. Are we expected to accept this? Further according to this agreement, the freedom-fighters, the very people, the very instruments of liberation, that have defeated Smith and are directly responsible for the cunningly designed and manipulated changes that he is conceding, are at best being thrown into the cold and at worst being treated as criminals who can come on "safe return" and kneel before such traitors as Muzorewa, Sithole, Smith and Chirau to beg for mercy and to be forgiven for the "crime" of fighting for the liberation of their country, indeed, for the liberation of the traitors themselves. Comrade Chairman and Honourable Ministers, it is ne,-dless for me to state that no injustice could be greater or worse, and no injustice could deserve more sacrifice for its total elimination. The Patriotic Front shall fight this imperialism which is painting itself black for camouflage with greater determination and ruthlessness and will nip it in the very bud. The agreement leaves the instruments of power, the army and the police, in the hands of Ian Smith and his fellow bandits. For the information of this Conference we would like to put it on record that it is our considered opinion that the British Government, the colonial power, is not interested in bringing about genuine independence to our country on the basis of truly democratic principles, but in manipulating the situation in the interest of her neo-colonialist objectives. The reason why we say so is not far to seek. For the last 87 years a white settler minority of about 1 % of the country's population has suppressed and oppressed 7,000,000 Africans while Britain did absolutely nothing to bring about democratic changes. And yet now that the African people have taken up arms and have fought, suffered and died for the sake of democracy and ar. defeating the white settlers, it is only then that Britain comes rushing on the scene with a bag of complex proposals designed to retrieve her colonial powers, using the Patriotic Front as her instrument. It should be common sense that we have not fought and died in order to restore British colonialism. Rather we have fought and died to remove British imperialism. We have fought and are fighting to wrest power from the British white settlers and give it, not to the British Government, but to ourselves. We have fought and are fighting for democracy. We are the people who know the value of democracy and not Britain, because we are fighting and dying for it. We are the people capable and willing to give democracy to our people, and not Britain which did nothing to bring it about for the last 88 years, and which connived at the white settler illegal declaration of independence which was designed to entrech white minority rule for all time. Indeed, we shall negotiate with Britain, but we shall not allow her to reap the fruits of our sweat and blood; we shall not allow her to reap where she has not sown; we shall not allow her to manipulate us. This, our stand, is fair and just. Comrade Chairman, our Excellencies and Distinguished Delegates, the Patriotic Front is poised for victory. Its successes on the battlefield are visible and tangible. They are your successes the successes of the material and financial aid that come from the OAU member-states through the noble committee, the Co-Ordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa. Your aid is invaluable and indispensable, and gratitude for this aid is deep and boundless. For the completion of the sacred task reposed upon us and for the final blow, we need more material and financial aid. We have the men; we need money and materials. We cannot over-emphasis this. In this connection, Comrade Chairman, allow me to quote the words of the Administrative Secretary-General of the OAU, His Excellency, Mr. William Eteki Mboumou, at the opening session of the 30th Session of the Liberation Committee in Tripoli, on 13th February, 1978. I quote the words for their aptness and incisiveness: "Our duty (OAU duty), therefore, in the face of the Colonialist manoeuvres of Ian Smith is to reaffirm our support to the Patriotic Front which is the hope of those that stand against the betrayal of the finality of the struggle of the people of Zimbabwe incarnate." In conclusion, we would like to ex- Diplomatic Struggle Zimbabwe News 27 tend our hertfelt gratitude to the Frontline States - Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia whose willing and active support and sacrifice are so material and so indispensable to the effective prosecution of the war for the liberation of our country. Their dedicated support to the armed struggle has been invaluable for the progress which we have so achieved. Ever in the face of the deaths of their people, the destruction of their economies and the infrastructure they have remained steadfastly committed to the armed struggle. Men and women of these countries have, indeed, shed their tears and blood with us. Long live African Unity! Forward with the revolution! 20.2.78 "Unity on the basis of the armed struggle, that is, revolutionary unity, is the only form of unity that we hold clear." Comrade Mugabe: The Polana Declaration Patriotic Front Co-Leaders on Anglo-American Manoeuvres Comrade Presidents Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo: Imperialists have failed to break the Patriotic Front! 28 Zimbabwe News 25th February 1978 We met here in MAPUTO yesterday, the 24th of February, and this morning to review and assess the current political and militarv situation in Zimbabwe vis-a- vis the Anglo-American manoeuvres. we now wish to express and affirm our position as follows. 1. We are resolved in our total condemnation of the sell-out agreement reached in Salisbury between the black puppets and the rebel fascist settler regime. We are fully aware that this treacherous deal was reached with the connivance and assistance of the British and American imperialists. 2. British complicity in a deal, the effect of which is to validate Smiths unilateral independence, lends full weight to our criticism that in her approach to our problem she is guided by her racial attitude rather than by principle and objectivity. It is quite clear from Dr. Owen's recent statement in the House of Commons on the 16th February, 1978, in which he gave his full backing to the internal agreement, that the man he originally set out to remove under his proposals is now the very man to whom he seeks to give his full blessing on no other basis than that of colour. 3. In his aformentioned statement made to the House of Commons, Dr. Owen virtually appealed to Smith to involve us in his illicit talks when he unashamedly stated "or at least he Smith must give them an offer or involve them in an ar- Diplomatic Struggle rangement which they can honourably come inside and be involved in". What nonsense! Only yesterday, Owen was vowing that given American support, the support of the United Nations, the OAU and the Front Line states he would remove Smith for his removal was a prerequisite to the establishment of an irreversible process. Now, having won that support, he has dishonourably changed posture, completely unmindful of the commitment in which he has involved honourable organisations and Presidents of the Frontline States. 4. We hereby wish to expressly state to both the British and Americans that, committed to principle, honour and dignity as we are, we cannot entertain their dream to be drawn into being party to the evil deal just struck or to the continuing sell-out talks in Salisbury. Our emphatic position has always been that the only valid and meaningful discussions capable of yielding a valid agreement are those between Britain as the colonial power and the Patriotic Front as the authentic representative of the people of Zimbabwe. We remain open for this kind of negotiations. 5. We wish to point out that our earlier fears about the involvement of the United States are now being proved correct. When we objected to the involvement of the United States in our constitutional negotiations we had foreseen the danger of her throwing her full weight behind Britain in a bid to install a puppet regime in Zimbabwe. The recent statements by the USA Departihent supporting the agreement reached in Salisbury clearly demonstrate United States bias against us and naturally invoke us into re-examining the whole question of their participation in our negotiations. Their demonstrable partiality cannot be left unchallenged. 6. The Salisbury internal agreement has now clearly drawn a line of demarcation between the peoples enemies and the peoples allies. The gang of four - Bishop Muzorewa, Chief Jeremiah Chirau, Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole and James Chikerema - having joined forces with fascist Ian Smith now constitute together our principal enemy whom our forces have vowed to crush. Indeed, we have fully noted that Bishop Muzorewa is now treacherously calling upon volunteers to join Smiths forces as he himself has done. This is a call to join forces to maim, suppress and oppress the masses in order to have their gang installed in power. 7. We, the leaders of the Patriotic Front and its liberation forces call upon all the people of Zimbabwe, wherever they may be, to close ranks and rally behind the intensified armed struggle spearheaded by the Patriotic Front. 8. We are firmly resolved and more determined than ever before to continue our bitter struggle for the attainment of true freedom and genuine independence, and accordingly it is our common bond to ensure the immediate intensification of our war effort to defeat the fascist Smith, the collaborator gang of four, and the evil Anglo-American machinations. Signed by R. MUGABE J. NKOMO The Patriotic Front Address to the Security Council of the United Nations Following the concluding of the socalled "internal settlement" the African members at the United Nations called for a special Security Council debate on The Rhodesian Situation in order to afford the World Peace Keeping body an opportunity to "denounce and reject" the bogus Smith tactic of concluding a deal with three hapless puppets- Muzorewa, Sithole, and Chiran. The Patriotic Front, the sole and authentic voice of the Zimbabwe Nation was invited to the Special Session. The PF delegation was led by the P.F.'s joint leaders, Comrade President Robert Mugabe, President of ZANU and Comrade President Joshua Nkomo, President of ZAPU. The Joint Presidents, appearing together before the Security Council, made a devastating presentation, which exposed the so-called "Internal Settlement" as an imperialist trick. The result of the Joint Leaders' appearance was that Bishop Muzorewa who had travelled to the United States as a guest of Union Carbide, Foote Minerals and Allegheny Ludlum corporations, and who sought to speak at the Security Coundl was forbidden to appear on the sound basis that he was in truth a spokesman of the Ian Smith regime and the white settlers. The Security Council voted to reject 'he Internal Settlement - thereby dashing to the ground the hopes of the three African traitors - Muzorewa, Sithole, and Chirau. For the record, here follows the text of the Joint Statement of the Patriotic Front presented by Comrade Presidents Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo on the 9th of March, 1978. Comrade President Mugabe: Mr. President, on behalf of the struggling people of Zimbabwe and the Patriotic Front, the spearhead of our people's revolution, we wish to express our appreciation to you and members of the Security Council for permitting us to address you on this occasion in the his:tory of our country. Today. we appear before this august body to discuss the deteriorating situation in our country. Mr. President, the coincidence of your presidency over this august body and your country's colonial responsibilities over our country, makes this session of Diplomatic Struggle Zimbabwve News 29

/t /W 4~m the Security Council a special one, par- "Rhodesia" for too long now to respond ticularly considering the fact that your emotionally to Rhodesian acts of barbaperson has had the opportunity to direct rism. After so many years in hard efforts to find a negotiated settlement to struggle, we have come to appreciate the problem of our country. We hope the fact that any struggle whose principthat your own experience with the Smith les are based on emotional responses to regime and its agents will help this ses- the evils that it seeks to correct, cannot sion to find means of averting the cata- succeed. Hence our position that armed strophe that hangs ominously over the struggle is the only effective means of heads of our people. bringing about meaningful changes is a well considered position. This is a position that we hold firmly and consistent- Smith's regime barbarous and genocidal Mr. President, members of the Security Council, despite the violence terror, and brutality that we daily experience from the terroristic despotism that is "Rhodesia', we appear before you in a constructive spirit and frame of mind. Yes, Mr. President, wanton mass killings of our people by the racist Rhodesian regime have reached genocidal proportions. Yes, men and women, the young and the aged, in fact, whole families are being daily uprooted from their homes into concentration camps which have neither sufficient food nor sanitation facilities. This barabarous treatment of our people by the racist white minority regime threatens to destroy completely any chance for racial harmony in our country. Despite this racist wrecklessness of the Smith regime against our poor people, we continue to maintain the progressive position that in Zimbabwe we are not fighting white people but a racist system whose continued existence poses a serious threat to the security of Africa as a whole. On our part as leaders of the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe, we have been involved in this tough struggle against the evil that is ly. British responsibility and complicity Since we first brought the colonial problem of Zimbabwe to the attention of the United Nations two decades ago, this problem has continued to exercise the minds of the international commu- nity. At the beginning of our international campaign, particularly before 1965, our efforts to make the international community appreciate the gravity of the problem posed by minority rule in Zimbabwe were sabotaged by the British, who then argued that was a self-governing colony whose decolonization fell outside the normal United Nations Trusteeship frame of reference. Encouraged by this attitude of Britain, Rhodesian settlers under the leadership of Ian D. Smith seized power in 1965 and declared themselves unilaterally independent of Britain. Since then the efforts of Britain in the United Nations attempts to end minority rule in our country have taken the form of seeking to return the Rhodesian regime to legality, a position that is not the same as the liberation movement's objective of liberating the country from minority. rule. Mr. President and Members of the Security Council, we wish to stress the fact that the liberation mqvement of Zimbabwe has never questioned Britain's constitutional authority over the colony of Southern Rhodesia. However,. it is also true that Britain's objective of returning the regime to legality (particularly when the administering power begins to act as if she wants to bring about this through the efforts of the liberation movement) has flown in the face of the main objective of the liberation movement, namely total liberation from minority rule. The difference between Britain's tactics and our stand It is against this background that today the Patriotic Front's interpretation The co-leaders of the Patriotic Front, Comrade President Robert Mugabe and Comrade President Joshua Nkomo, with United Nations' Secretary General Kurt Waldheim 30 Zimbabwe News Diplomatic Strwggle

President Mugabe, talking to Ivor Richards during Security Council Meeting in New York of the results of the so-called "internal settlement" differs fundamentally with that of the British government who seem more interested in returning Smith to legality than in removing him. Hence in 1966 Britain and the illegal regime held what are known as the Tiger talks near Gibraltar. The British had two objectives in these talks, namely (a) to get Smith to promise not to declare Rhodesia a Republic; (b) to ask Smith not to impede progress toward majority rule. The following year in 1967, Britain and the regime again met in what are called Fearless Talks. In both these encounters with the regime, the British government was more interested in returning the regime to some form of legality. Here lies the difference in principle between us and those that have been telling the world that the results of the so- called "internal" settlement represent "a step in the right direction". The Geneva debacle Mr. President, Members of the Security Council, as you all know, even these British half measures to deal with the problem and other subsequent attempts to transfer power to the majority of the people of Zimbabwe have failed because the Smith regime would not contemplate any arrangement that sought to alter its institutions of power. All these pointless attempts foundered on the same rock - which is foxy and racist Smith. Although the Patriotic Front and Diplomatic Struggle the British Government may disagree on exactly why the Geneva Conference failed, there is no blinking to the fact that in Geneva, Smith's contempt for Africans was unmistakenly clear. After the Geneva fiasco, the British and the Americans put together what some people call the Anglo-American plan for Zimbabwe. While the Patriotic Front agreed to consider the proposals as a basis for negotiations the Smith regime rejected these proposals outright, and opted for negotiations with African elements opposed to the liberation movement. We give this brief' resum6 of Smith's prevarications and deceitful tactics not because we want to express any preference between the Anglo-American plan and the so- called "internal" settlement, but to underline the fact that the Smith regime has never conceded the possibility of handing over power to Zimbabwean majority. Smith and African traitors Understandably, the fraud that the Smith regime has been able to draw with the assistance of African stooges and traitors has received a great deal of attention in certain western circles. This support for the so-called "internal" settlement by western reactionary elements does not surprise us because these are the same forces that have kept the Smith regime afloat in flagrant violation of United Nations sanctions against that regime. At no stage in the history of our struggle, have these forces given us encouragement, let alone support. Internal settlement, a conspiracy What is the nature of the "settlement" conspiracy of the Smith regime? As can be expected from professional racists, the "settlement" conspirators have predicted a settlement of the country's problems upon the principle that blacks and whites in Zimbabwe shall remain separate communities. Hence the whole scheme seeks to divide power to the Zimbabwean community through racial channels. This can be seen from the text of the eight point agreement signed by ]an Smith and the three black puppets, namely: 1. Bill of Rights There must be a justiciable Declaration of Rights to protect the rights and freedom of the individual. This must provide in particular protection from deprivation of property unless adequate compensation is paid promptly. This in truth is a Bill of Race, not of Rights. "Britain and her settler Kith and Kin being responsible for the oppression, suppression and repression of our people and our countrv, have a duty, a compelling obligation to make concessions. Surely, we, the slaves and serfs in or oWln country who have chosen to take to arms in order to overthrow the slave masters cannot be expected to make concessions. We enjoy no rights and privi'eges and have therefore absohtely ,io concessions left to offer to our slave- ,nasters in quest for our freedom. The only offer we can give is that of war.o" Comrade Mugabe 2. The Judicature To make the Bill of Rights effective, there must be an independent judiciary free from political influence. To ensure a competent bench there must be high qualifications for the appointment of judges. 3. Public Service Board To maintain the confidence of the public service and also to maintain the confidence of the public service and also to maintain the confidence of the people in the professional neutrality of the public service, the Public Service Board (or commission) must be established as an Zimbabe News 31 independent body, whose composition and functions should be entrenched. 4. Retention of Administration In order to provide a smooth transition and to ensure the continued efficient administration of the country, the civil service, the Police, the defense forces, and prison services should be retained in a high state of efficiency and free from political interference. 5. Pensions This is a most important aspect for the retention of white confidence. Pensions payable from the Consolidated Revenue Fund must be guaranteed and freely remittable outside the country. With regard to private pensions funds, the rights of employees and other persons who are members of private pension funds must be guaranteed. 6. Citizenship In order to encourage whites to remain, provision for dual citizenship must be retained. 7. Entrenchment of Constitutional Provisions The above provisions must be entrenched so that the majority of two-thirds plus six of the membership of Parliament is required for their emendment. 8. White Representation in Parliament To retain the confidence of the whites in regard to the entrenched safeguards in the Constitution, one-third of the seats in Parliament should be reserved for direct election by white voters. In short, the eight points agreement speaks for itself with respect to how Smith and his puppets have sought to entrench white privilege in our country. If we consider the fact that the present war in Zimbabwe is the culmination of a crisis built upon institutionalized racial separation, then we can see that the creation of an apartheid franchise cannot solve the problems of our country. It is for that reason that the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe has maintained the position that it is fighting fora non-racial society because we do believe that any solution based on racial lines is no solution. "Internal Settlement" does not end the War Mr. President, we believe that those who have found South Africa's apart- United Nations Security Council Resolutions on Internal Settlement United Nations Document 423 of 1978 Resolution Recalling its resolutions on the question of Southern Rhodesia and on particular, resolution 415 (1977) of 29 September 1977, Affirming that the continued existence of the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia is a source of insecurity and instability in the region and constitutes a serious threat to international peace and security, Gravely concerned over continued military operations by the illegal regime including its acts of aggression against neighbouring independent states, Indignant at the continued executions of freedom fighters by the illegal regime, Considering the need for urgent measures to terminate the illegal regime and establish a governement based on majority rule, 1. Condemn all attempts in the maneuvres by the illegal regime aimed at the retention of power by a racist minority and at preventing the achievement of independence by Zimbabwe, 2. Declare as illegal and unacceptable an internal settlement under the auspices of the illegal regime and calls upon all States not to accord any recognition to such settlement, 3. Further declares that speedy termination of the illegal regime and the heid policies morally indefensible and intellectually grotesque, cannot characterize Smith's creation of a constitutional homeland as "a step in the right direction" because there is no qualitative difference between South Africa's constitutional homelands and Smith's constitutional homeland solution to our problem. According to the eight-point agreement signed in Salisbury, the socalled "internal" settlement does not address the transfer of power to the majority with respect to the institutions of power that are the linchpin of the racist colonial system of the Rhodesian minority regime. For a fascist and colonialist regime, these strategic institutions of power as the civil service the judiciary and security forces are central to the ef- replacement of to military and police forces is the first prerequisite for the restoration of legality in Southern Rhodesia so that arrangement may be made for peaceful and democratic transition to genuine majority rule and independence. 4. Declare also that such arrangements as envisaged in paragraph (3) including the holding of free and fair elections on the basis of universal adult suffrage under United Nations supervision, 5. Calls upon the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to take all measures necessary to bring to an end the illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia and to effect the genuine decolonization of the territory in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) and other United Nations resolutions. 6. Consider that with the assistance of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the United Kingdom as the administering power should enter into immediate consultation with the parties concerned in order to attain the objective of genuine decolonization of territory through the implementation of paragraphs 3,4 and 5, 7. Request the Secretary-General to report not later than april 15 1978 on the results of the implementation of the resolution sponsored by Bolivia, Gabon, India, Kuwait, Mauritius, Nigeria and Venezuela. fectiveness of the regime. In the so-called "internal" settlement these institutions will remain as they presently stand. If you accept the centrality of these institutions for any government to function effectively and if you consider the fact that 100 per cent of the Rhodesian judiciary is white, 99,9 per cent of their civil service is white, and the whole leadership of the security forces is completely white, then you understand the fact that in terms of real power, this agreement does not settle anything. The agreement does not constitute a settlement because it cannot end the war raging in the country. The situation in Zimbabwe is a war situation. No agreement that does not take into account the realities of this war situation can pro- 32 Zimbabie News Diplomatic Struggle duce a settlement. The reality is that only those locked in combat are capable of bringing about a settlement. Similarly, the composition of the future army of Zimbabwe is a matter for those in control of the fighting. It is only the Patriotic Front liberation forces that can guarantee the irreversibility of majority rule and independence. To the masses of Zimbabwe who actively support armed struggle and form its rock base, the agreement is a betrayal of the struggle. These masses continue to pay heavily at the hands of Smith's terroristic assassins who shoot them as "curfew-breakers" or summarily execute for collaborating with freedom fighters. The sacred duty of the Security Council Mr. President, Members of the Security Council, we know that this august body as the guardian of international peace and security must, needs take a serious view of attempts by the Smith regime to concoct a "settlement" which is bound to deepen the conflict. The Patriotic Front totally rejects the so-called "internal" settlement by the illegal, racist regime and its African puppets. This means that as far as we are concerned armed struggle continues until our people's demand for a complete transfer of power are met, and we shall work for the complete overthrow of the existing colonial regime, now joined by a small clique of black puppets. In this regard, the Security Council should follow the example of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) ministerial council which meeting in Tripoli repudiated the Salisbury agreement as a fraud designed to protect guarantees of privilege for the white minoritv. Mr. President, as we have already noted above, the so-called settlement is conceived within the framework of South Africa's definition of African self- determIination as exemplified in the obscene creation of the Transkei and Bophutatswana homelands. In this connection, members of the Security Council should take note of the fact that Mr. Smith and Mr. Vorster have designed a common strategy to concoct similar "settlement" in Zimbabwe and Namibia. This is to say that the agreement between Smith and black puppets in Salisbury immediately encourages South Africa to move in the same direcetion in Namibia. Shall members of the Security Council permit the creation of a belt of puppet regimes across Southern Africa, Diplomatic Struggle On current British strategy "The overall strategy is naturally to erect, out of our country, not only a buffer zone to prevent the revolution catching on in South Africa, but also a solid economic and political, if not military base for an imperialist and capitalist counter-offensive against the socialist revolution in Mozambique. What is imperialist strategy for Zimbabwe vis-a-vis Mozambique is also imperialist strategy for Namibia vis-a-vis Angola." Comrade Mugabe the chief purpose of which is to make the world safe for apartheid? Mr. President, Members of the Security Council, we call upon the United Nations Security Council to repudiate the so-called Salisbury agreement in the name of peace and justice, and reaffirm its condemnation and isolation of the illegal regime of Rhodesia. In the meantime, Mr. President, we want to reaffirm our position, namely that any attempt to find a negotiated settlement to the problem of our country by by- passing the liberation forces of the Patriotic Front which now controls more than two thirds of the country will not solve anything. The masses of Zimbabwe are solidly behind us, hence our capability to sustain the war despite the Salisbury fraud." The Patriotic Front at World Anti-Apartheid- Conference The Continuation Committee of the World Conference Against Apartheid, Racism and Colonialism in Southern Africa held its Inaugural Meeting in London on March 21 - 23, 1978. The Continuation Commitee was established by the Lisbon Conference of 1977 attended by Comrades Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo and other heads of Liberation movements and African states. At the London Conference the Patriotic Front was represented by Comrade Eddison Zvobgo, member of the Central Comittee of ZANU and deputy Publicity Secretary (representing Comrade President Robert Mugabe) and Comrade T.G. Silundika, member of the Central Comittee of ZAPU and ZAPU's Publicity Secretary (representing Comrade President Joshua Nkomo). In a strong statement, the Patriotic Front drew the attention of the conference to the fact that the Swearing-in of Bishop Muzorewa, Ndabangingi Sithole and Jeremiah Chirau as Ministers of the Ian Smith regime by racist, murderer Wrathall - self styled "President of Rhodesia" marked a new development in the imperialist camp. It meant that the racist, Colonial regime of Ian Smith now had three offices in London (Muzo- rewa's office, Sithole's office and Chirau's office). This situation, where Cabinet Ministers of the illegal regime maintained offices in London, New York and everywhere meant that the Ian Smith regime was maintaining diplomatic offices in these countries despite the universal sanctions still in force against the regime. This was intolerable. The Patriotic Front made an impressive presentation at the Conference. For the record, below follows the text: The war situation in Zimbabwe is and continues to be grave. The Ian Smith- Sithole-Muzorewa and Chirau regime continues to commit atrocities on the civilian Zimbabwe population. Mercenaries and other hirelings continue to carry out tortures and massacres on unarmed people in several areas. Concentration camps nicknamed "Protected Villages" continue to hold hundreds of thousands of Zimbabwe masses. On the other hand, the Patriotic Front forces continue to win victories over the Smith-Sithole-Muzorewa and Chirau mercenary forces. The ZIPA Patriotic Front Forces now control over two-thirds of Zimbabwe and are now escalating their armed struggle in the remaining third where all urban areas are situated. The Patriotic Front has vowed to continue Zimbabwe News 33 the armed struggle until total victory is achieved and genuine independence achieved. Thereafter, the Zimbabwean population will be free to transform their political, social and economic system according to their rights. They are determined to establish true democracy and as all genuinely independent and sovereign people, to exercise sovereignity over their natural resources. The Smith regime continues to stand condemned and rejected by the world community. Its recent tactic of including three black puppets-Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau among its ranks--must be rejected resolutely. Consequently, the Patriotic Front calls upon all progressive organizations around the world to: (1) Redouble their efforts in extending all material, humanitarian and diplomatic support to the Patriotic Front in or- der to strengthen the military escalation programme. (2) Send solidarity messages to the Front Line States of Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Botswana, Angola and the OAU congratulating them on their correct and just stand in supporting the Patriotic Front and rejecting the Smith-Sithole- Muzorewa and Chirau regime. (3) Draw the attention of the International Community to the fact that the British Government, in breach of its own laws and the United Nations Sanctions, has allowed the Smith regime to maintain three official offices in London - run and maintained by his Ministers Muzorewa, Sithole, and Chirau. (4) Support the Patriotic Front's just and correct stand in relation to the ongoing negotiations based on the Anglo-American Proposals. In particular, to support the Patritotic Front's demands that: (a) The Patriotic Front should have an effective voice in any transitional arrangement to assure irreversibility of the process to true majority rule and independence. (b) The Patriotic Front forces superintend the transitional machinery to secure the irreverseability of the march to genuine independence. (c) The elections, when held, be supervised by the United Nations. (d) The independence constitution shall be non-racial, and the rights of all Zimbabweans shall be the same regardless of race, colour, creed or sex. E.J. Zvobgo Publicity Secretary PF (ZANU) T.G. Silundika Publicity Secretary PF (ZAPU) West German Government Seizes ZANU Funds Over the years, the Zimbabwe African National Union has forged strong bonds of solidarity in struggle with the West-German working class. That revolutionary unity has begun to threaten the capitalist class in West Germany. During March 1978, an administrative (therefore political) tribunal in West Germany decided to impound funds collected from German workers by KBW for the express purpose of supporting ZANU's armed struggle for the national liberation in Zimbabwe. The intriguing thing is that the tribunal declared that to allow the money to go to ZANLA would disturb the good relations between West Germany and the State of Rhodesia. Below we publish three major documents on this matter. They are all selfexplanatory. In the light of this, we draw the attention of the Frontline States, the O.A.U., the United Nations and the Commonwealth Sanctions Committee to ponder the implications of the West German Court. Appeal of Kommunistischer Bund West Germany to the West German Working Class and the People in Support of Chimurenga: "We demand the immediate Recognition of the Patriotic Front by the Federal Government" The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and its President Robert Mugabe have proclaimed 1978 year of the masses, year of the people, in order to stress the significance of this year for the liberation war of the Zimbabwean people protracted for decades. By armed struggle the people of Zimbabwe are reconquerring their liberty and their country of which they have violently been deprived by the colonialists and British imperialism. The forces of the colonial regime are being encircled in the cities and garrisons. In some areas the people of Zimbabwe have already established their political power and driven away the colonial troops. The colonial regime is trembling, and it's a Residence of Govemment District President, Tfibingen, Es $ was sprayed with E ZANU-supporting slogans by unknown supporters of the struggle for the national liberation of Zimbabwe, led by ZANU matter of time when the people of Zimbabwe will completely have thrown off the imperialist yoke. The imperialists want 1978 to enter the history of colonialism and imperialism as a year of fraud. Hit by the armed liberation struggle of the people of Zimbabwe, the imperialists are desperately looking for an expedient which might preserve their colonial regime for some time. They hope to divide the people of Zimbabwe and isolate ZANU, which is leading the people's war of liberation. For that purpose the imperialists have made their governor Smith bring up the "internal settlement". The Smith regime was born out of a coup when, in 1964, the imperialists couldn't defend themselves by any other means against the poeple's growing demand for self-determination. In a surprise raid the chief racist declared the 34 Zimbabwve News International Solidarity

REQIERJNQSPRASIDIUM TQBINQEN Regieninnsprasidium TUbinpn. Nauklerstta c 47 7400 TUbinten I Thbingenden 7. M~rz 1978 Decree of Confiscation Governmental District Presidency Tibingen March 7, 1978 Sign 64 002 - 20 Concerning: Collections here: Appeal for donations for the equipment of a company of the so-called Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) in Rhodesia Based on section 9 paragraphs 2 and 4 and section 10 of the Collection Law for Baden-Wuirrtemberg of january 13, 1969 (published in Ges. BI. S. 1) read together with section 4 of the Second Law on Functional Reform of March 3, 1976 (published Ges. Bl. p. 235) the following decree is issued. 1. It is prohibited to the KBW, the KPD and the Speaker Councils of the Soldiers and Reservist Days, to collect in Baden-Wirttemberg for the equipment ofa companyof the "Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA)" by the means of donation appeal or donation letters; the continuation of the already commenced collection is prohibited. 2, The amount of donations which is already arrived on the donation account No. 10 683 26, catchword "equipment for a ZANLA company", with the Volksbank Mannheim 1, 4, 9b, is put to the disposal of the German Red Cross, General Secretary, in Bonn, Telephone 02221 / 5411, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 71, for humanitarian measures in favour of the native population in Rhodesia. 3. For the administration of the collection's returns, as trustee is appointed. Mr. Otto Schenk, Stadtamtmann 6800 Mannheim 1, Ordnungsamt der Stadt Mannheim - K 7, Postfach 18. 4. The immidiate execution of the decree is disposed. 5. The fee for this decision is fixed to the amount of 200 German marks. 1. Grounds Since approximately the middle of december, 1977, the Communist League of West Germany (KBW), the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Speakers Councils North, Center, South of the Soldiers and Reservists Day appeal publicity for donations to equip a companie of ZANLA, the so-called Liberation Army of the people of Zimbabwe (Rhodesia.). The appeals for donations have been published in the "Kommunistische Volkszeitung", central organ of KBW - southern edition - of december 19, 1977, the "Volksmiliz", paper of the so-called Speakers Council of the Soldiers and Reservist Day, First quarter, 1978, and in "KBW-Kommentar", Mannheim, of december 21, 1977. Moreover, leaflets with donation appeals have been passed out in a series of cities within and without Baden-Wilrtemberg, As results from the appeals, the donations are intended to serve to the purpose to equip a ZANLA company and to "arm it up to the teeth". Among other things, it shall be procured: weapons and ammunition, trucks, uniforms and boots, clocks and radio sets. In support of the "liberation army" of Zimbabwe in their armed struggle against the Rhodesian government, up to may 1, 1978, at least half a million German marks shall be raised. Payments are to be made to the ZANU donation account: Volksbank Mannheim 10 683 26, catchword: "equipment of a ZANLA company". 11. 1. The appeals for donations which have been published in the periodicals are not collections needing previous permission in the sense of section 9 paragraph I Collection Law (SammIG). According to section 9 paragraph 2 No. I Collection Law the competent authority can prohibit the collection or its continuation in the case of danger, that law and order are violated by the use made of the collection's returns. Competent authority in the sense of section 9 Collection Law is the authority which would be competent as permitting authority, ifa collection in the same district needing previous permission would be concerned (Section 10 paragraph 2 Collection Law). The appeals for donations have been published in periodicals distributed in the whole region ("Land") and beyond it; consequently readers from all over the region were adressed. Because the Governmental District President Tiibingen as "Vorortprasidium" is permitting authority for collections extended beyond one governmental district (Section 4 Second Law on Functional Reform of March 3, 1976) in the present case it is competend for the decision according to section 9 paragraph 2 Collection Law. The presuppositions of a prohibition of the collection according to section 9 paragraph 2 Collection Law are given because the intended use of the collections return infringes valid law. The term "law" in the sense of section 9 paragraph 2 No. I Collection Law must not only be interpreted as a valid police law, but as any provision belonging to the constitutional order, and beyond that, any formally and materially constitutional law. The use of the collection's returns as intended by the organizers would infringe the Constitution (Basic Law). The regulation and care of relations to other states is, according to the distribution of state tasks made in the constitution, exclusively matter of the federation ("Bund") (cf. section 73 No. 1 Constitution and section 59 Constitution). Because of their duty of loyalty to the federation the regions are obliged to take action against actions of internal groups which tend to disturb gravely the relations of the federation to other states. The equipment of a ZANLA company with weapons and other war material represents a massive interference in the internal affairs of Rhodesia, It must be reckoned that the intended support of the armed resistance movement finding itself in a military conflict with the Rhodesian government, would lead to difficulties in foreign affairs with Rhodesia, In order to prevent the imminent interference into the federal competence of foreign affairs, it was necessary to prohibit the collection according to section 9 paragraph 2 Collection Law. The intended use of the collection's returns infringes section 26 of the constitution, too. According to this provision all actions are unconstitutional which tend to and are intended to disturb the peaceful living together of peoples, in particular, to prepare offensive wars. The shipment of weapons into regions where armed conflicts take place tends to disturb the peaceful living together of peoples. A collection whose returns are intended to be used to these purposes, is serving martial aims. (cf, VGH Bad. Wdrtt., sentence of june 6, 1976, No. X 975/75) The prohibition of actions which disturb peace, pronounced by the constitution, applies as well to state organs as to private persons. According to the object in view expressed in the preamble and sections 24, 25, and 26 Constitution, in principle any participation in peace-disturbing actions is unconstitutional. This applies also for the participation in internal violent conflicts in other countries (sentence VGH Bad. Wiirtt., l.c.). Therefore it was necessary to prohibit the continuation of the collection also in order to prevent an infringement of section 26 of the Constitution. 2. Donations that already have arrived are to be used by the Red Cross for humanitarian measures in favour of the aborigine population of Rhodesia. This determination of purpose is based on section 9 paragraph 3 Collection Law. 3. In order to guarantee that the money now on the donation account is used according to this determination of purpose, it was necessary to appoint, according to section 9 paragraph 4 and section 7 Collection Law, a trustee. The organizers of the collection thereby have lost competence to dispose of the collection's returns. (Section 7 paragraph 2 phrase 4 Collection La.). The rights of the trustee result in detail from section 7 paragraph 2 phrases I through 3 Collection Law. 4. In order not to jeopardize the success of these measures, in particular, to prevent the purchase of arms from the collection's returns, in public interest it was necessary to dispose the immediate possibility of execution ot the present decision. (Section 80 paragraph 2 No. 4 Code of Administration Courts of january 21, 1960) 5. The decision on costs is based on sections 2 and 4 of the Regional Fees Law (LGebG) of march 21, 1961, read together with No. 4 Fees Tarriff. The fee is due on the notification about this decision. It is payable within one month after being due to the Main Regional Cashier in Metzingen. After the expiration of this time interests must be raised, according to section 28 Regional Fees Law. Ill. Information on legal remedies Against this decision, contradiction is possible between one month after delivery. The Contradiction has to be lodged with the Governmental District Presidency Tiibingen, NauklerstraBe 47, Tijbingen, in written form or on record. Hint: The continuation of a collection prohibited according to section 9 paragraph 2 Collection Law c3mnstitutes. according to section I I Collection Law, an action contrary to order which can be punished with a fine of up to 10,000 German Marks. Fee: 200 German Marks according to No. 4 of the Fee! list to the Regional Fees Law Nr. 85/1978 of the Due fees list By proxy of the Government District Vice President (signed) Dr. Kruming International Solidarity Zimbabwe News 35

"Independence" of Rhodesia, as the imperialists call Zimbabwe according to the blood-sucking . At the origin of this "independent Rhodesia" which is condemned in all the world as a racist regime there were some of the biggest American, British and West German trusts, which, with Ian Smith's help, settled down in Zimbabwe where they found riches of raw materials, in order to exploit the people of Zimbabwe like slaves. Enthusiastically the West German press then did celebrate the surpise raid of Ian Smith against the right of self-determination of the people of Zimbabwe. "Here finally a white dite is determined" (the West German newspaper "Industriekurier" wrote in 1965) not to resign and not to strike sails in the view of the black flood, and not to let themselves intimidated by the threats of neighbouring black states and United Nations resolutions written on paper". The people of Zimbabwe have long since abandoned hope that "resolutions written on paper" would be sufficient against exploitation and oppression by the imperialists. They have taken up arms and set against the conterrevolutionary violence of the imperialists the revolutionary violence of the people's liberation struggle. One wave after another they are attacking imperialism. The Smith regime is at its end. Only direct military intervention by the imperialists could preserve the colonial regime for some time. For the sake of preparing such an intervention the "internal settlement" was created which covers the Smith regime with a black coat in order to raise hue and cry about an alleged civil war in Zimbabwe and interyen. The guarantee against these plans is the armed struggle and the unity of the Patriotic Front. The US imperialists wanted to involve Joshua Nkomo and ZAPU into the "internal settlement". They failed. The armed struggle and the unity of the Patriotic Front equally are the guarantee against the attempts of intervention made by the other super power, the Soviet socialimperialim. "We are our own liberators", says ZANU, and the Patriotic Front is sticking to this line. Franz-Josef Strauss who is frequently hanging around in Salisbury called the formation of an Executive Council between Smith and the traitors Muzorewa, Sithole, and Chirau a "historic moment"l Indeed, a "historic moment" was the surprise raid of Ian Smith and the declaration of independence of Rhodesia. The hopes which the impe- rialists cherished about the Smith regime have been smashed. The new edition of this regime will not save colonialism, either. The course of history is against the imperialists. The peoples of the world support the armed liberation struggle of the people of Zimbabwe. By the votes of the Third World the "internal settlement" has been rejected by the United Nations Security Council. But these can't set right the imperialists. Never did they resign voluntarily from their domination. Supporting the armed liberation struggle of the people of Zimbabwe presently is the most decisive thing. ZANU has appealed to the West German working class to equip a fully motorized.ZANLA company, and this campaign is making headway. It drives the imperialists mad when the workers in West Germany unite with the oppressed peoples. The RegierungsprAsidium Tfibingen has now, in the name of the constitution and of the imperialist rich, seized the 105,000 marks deposited in the central account in Mannheim that KBW had opened for the ZANU funds. The collection is prohibited, it says. It is necessary to continue it. The seized ZANU funds, which have been collected by the masses in West Germany, can be reconquerred. Therefore we keep on counting them among the 400,000 marks that have been collected during the campaign. But above all we understand these seized funds as a pr~oof for the gloomy intentions of West German imperialism against the people of Zimbabwe. In Parliament Genscher said that the Federal Republic practised an "active African policy". "One should not say more about that item". Which imperialist would openly confess his aggressive intentions? But by the means of NATO the preparations for aggression are already under way. The aggression must be attacked even while it is being prepared. Therefore we call for regional demonstrations and rallies in West Berlin, Hannover, Cologne, Munich and Frankfurt on the days from April 27 thru May 1. A delegation of the Central Committee of ZANU will address the rallies. The slogans are: Equipment of a fully motorized ZANLA company by May 1st! Long live the armed liberation struggle of the people of Zimbabwe! Long live ZANU! Workers of all countries unite! Workers of all countries and oppressed peoples unite! Defeat imperialism! We demand: End the preparations for aggression against the people of Zimbabwe! Unconditional delivery of the seized ZANU funds! Immediate Recognition of the Patriotic Front by the federal government! Out of NATO! Frankfurt, March 24, 1978 Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland Central Committee ZANU Statement on West German Decision The Zimbabwe African National Union Caixa Postal 743 Maputo Mozambique The decision handed down by the Regierungsprasidium Tubingen on the 7th March, 1978, impounding the funds collected from West German working class by KBW and deposited in a bank for equipping a fully mororized ZANLA company of ZANU engaged in armed struggle against the illegal Smith regime in Rhodesia represents a major "victory" by West German imperialists over international law and the United Nations. In the past, West German imperialists alon2 with other imperialist powers, had been forced by the struggling peoples of the world, to concede the inherent right for the self-determination of peoples and their right to engage in armed struggle to vindicate their liberty. Now, the decision of the Regierungspriisidium must be seen as an attempt to renage from this stand. It is a futile attempt at turning back the clock of history. The decision of the RegierungsprAsidium highlights the schizophrenic behavior or contradiction inherent in the West German capitalist system. It also demonstrates that for the West German legal system international law is merely a tool for the capitalists - to be raised high or pulled down at their convenience. Had the decision of the Regierungsprisidium Tiibingen been purely a matter of law before a purely judicial officer - ZANU's funds would never have been International Solidarity 36 Zimbabwe News impounded. For while section 9 paragraph 2 of the Collection Law (SammIG) of Baden- Wurttemberg of 1969 as amended on March 3, 1976, entitles a competent authority to prohibit the collection of money or its continuation in the case of danger that Law and Order are violated by the use of the collection's returns, it is clear that this law. to the knowledge of the Regierungspriisidium Ttibingen, or of anybody else, could not and cannot apply to this case where an African Liberation Moverment (ZANU) through its military wing (ZANLA) receives the proceeds of a collection for the purposes of waging a war of national liberation against the illegal Ian Smith regime in Rhodesia. What interests all concerned is that this decision was made by an administrative board and turns out to be in contradiction with international law and so outrageous in its politics apart from being so morally unsound. It was a political decision reflective of Western Germany's imperialist determination to oppose the liberation of colonial countries and oppressed peoples around the world. It is a negation of the inherent right of oppressed peoples to take-up arms against their social and capitalist oppressors. It demonstrates how West Germany imperialism is prepared even to violate its own domestic laws and Constitution in order to defend and protect the economic interests of its small cliques of bankers, brokers, manufacturers and other blood-suckers. In the case of Rhodesia, the decision demonstrates how West German imperialists are prepared, aggressively, to violate the laws of an ally - the United Kingdom, as well as ride rough-shod over the wishes and desires of the O.A.U. and the United Nations in order to assure the survival of racist privilege and capital expoitation. This crisis among West German imperialists has been brought about as a result of the Victories of the African Liberation Moverment in close solidarity with the workers of all countries around the world. The West German working class is in the forefront of that struggle. Let us analyze the schizophrenia or contradictions manifested in the decision to impound ZANLA funds. The decision of the Regierungsprasidium is based on the assertion that Rhodesia is a "state". Even Kindergarten children know that Rhodesia is not a state. At least those with progressive parents do. Certainly, many secondary school students know that when in 1965 Smith de- dared independence unilaterally and illegally, his regime was dismissed by the Queen of England. What is worse, the West German government along with every sovereign state in the world was forced by us to refuse to recognize the "state" of Rhodesia and imposed economic sanctions against the rebel regime on the orders of the United Nations Security Council. The Regierungsprisidium Tiibingen knows all this. That is why it avoided the entire question. It could not have been ignorance of the law. It was propounding government policy, not law. For when the question whether a foreign country is a state or not, arises every administrative board is bound to ask the Foreign Ministry in Bonn for a definitive statement on the matter. It was a political decision against ZANU and ZANLA. The Regierungsprisidium Tuibingen also knows that the Highest Court of appeal for the British Empire (The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) decided in 1968 in Madzimbamuto vs. Lardner Burke that Rhodesia was not a state and that the Ian Smith regime is not a government. That decision still stands. Are we to believe that the West German government does not know that ZANU and ZAPU - joint partners in the Patriotic Front - have been declared the sole and authentic representatives of the people of Zimbabwe by the Organization of African Unity? Have the United States and Britain along with all members of the United Nations not recognized The Patriotic Front of ZANU and ZAPU and called upon all states to give them all humanitarian, material and moral support in their armed struggle against the illegal capitalist regime of !an Smith? No, the Bonn gevernment knows all this well and more. The West German government by its decision to seize ZANLA funds stands alone. The collection of funds by KBW from German workers for the use by ZANU and ZANLA is not as the Regierungsprisidium Tuibingen asserts "peace- disturbing". It is peace-restoring in that ZANU and ZANLA Want to put an end to the slavery of the Zimbabwean masses in the hands of a white, racist minority in the pay of Western capitalist monopolies. Resolutions of the U.N. Security Council and General Assembly - many of which the Federal Republic has voted for show that ZANU and ZANLA are not, as the Regierungspriisidium says, waging an "offensive war". On the contrary, they are exercising, with the support of KBW and other pro- gressive movements championing the cause of the working class, the right of self- determination by means of armed struggle. It is a just war - a war of selfdefence against capitalist, imperialist aggression in accordance with the U.N. General Assembly Resolution 15 (xiv) of 1960. The seizure of ZANLA funds is a crude robbery of the property of the struggling masses of Zimbabwe engaged in armed struggle under the leadership of ZANU and ZANLA. It is a challenge to the West German working class who donated the money. It is an attempt by West German imperialists to recognise the Internal Settlement of Ian Smith and his three African puppets - Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau who have been declared traitors by the Zimbabwe people, denounced and rejected by the whole of Africa and rejected by the United Nations Security Council only two weeks ago in New York. By supporting the illegal internal settlement, the West German capitalists hope to get a headstart over other Western capitalists by plundering and looting the resources of Zimbabwe. Towards this end, they are willing to violate the decisions of the United Nations. Fortunately, ZANU and ZANLA who lead the Zimbabwe armed struggle remain resolute in their determination to achieve victory over Smith and his puppets. Fortunately, too, the West German workers realize that ZANU needs to be supported because its war is their war. The campaign to equip a fully motorized company of ZANLA up to the teeth should continue with greater struggle. It is the only answer to West German im,nerialists and the Rhodesian agents of imperialists. ZANU looks forward with pleasure to the five meetings and demonstrations scheduled for end of April up to the 1st of May. Those meetings and demonstrations, in which three ZANU cnetral committee members will participate will further strengthen the bonds of unity between the Zimbabwean struggling masses and the German Working class. Victory over capitalism and imperialism is certain. Pamberi ne chimurenga Comrade E.J.M. Zvobgo Information Publicity Secretary. ZANU. on behalf of the Central Committee "The justice of our gun is the justice of our cause, and the justice of our cause is the justice of our gun. Ourfight is just because our cause is just. Equally, because our cause is just, our fight is just." In ternadonal Solidarity Zimbabwe News 37

National Enemies How the Puppets Tried to Sell the Birthright of 7 Million Zimbabweans from the Verbatim Record The verbatim record and the minutes of the fifteen meetings held in Salisbury, racist Rhodesia, last December and January between the terrorist Rhodesian regime and the so-called African nationalist delegates of Chief Jeremiah Chirau's ZUPO, Bishop 's United African National Council, and Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole's African National Council, show clearly the determination of the colonialists to maintain their interests, and to prevent the emergence of a free, democratic, and independent state of Zimbabwe. The four delegates seating round the table at the Civil Service Training Centre in Salisbury, represented one colonialist interest or another. From the verbatim record and the minutes, no delegation re1 'I 1 presented or spoke for the interests of the seven million Africans, let alone the toiling peasants and workers of our country. Dominating and Overlapping Colonial Interests There are two dominating and overlapping colonial interests in racist Rhodesia. There are the economic interests of British investors and the British government in mining and manufacturing industries that are strongly reinforced by Britain's overall economic, military, and strategic interests in South Africa. The British interests are the overwhelming external and imperial interests. Then there are the interests of the 268 000 white settlers in racist Rhodesia, largely stemming from their seizure of land and other natural resources, and seizure of state power to manage the exploitation of African Labour to the benefit of both the settlers and the British investors. The settlers internal colonialism is reinforced by the presence of the most powerful settler state on the border., the fascist ruled South Africa. But there are secondary contradictions between the British colonial interests and the settler colonialist interests, especially over the transfer of power to an indigenous elite. Since the 1960's British imperialism has no hesitation in transferring power to a local elite, as long as there would be no change to the economic order, and no threat to the inLEGEND OF THE MAP 0 Anrno.l Chmlal thd. Me*l A oer M. Meanlt. Wuitting Coe h * Food Production OO Pe.t. n & Tex oled. a TO-.E~o iaond IM Building mai.ltdI ,o , TMb er Ind. 0 - IA*a nowly.um n Sog.r, efning *. Pottoe Chrom Leather Ind. 0 Monlok n M gnese ] IMtaldul Gold Walu Inrtiona lAirprofl t Coal Ap.,oC lho ...... The rich Zimbabwe ZANLA has turned into a vast graveyard for capitalists and imperialists 38 Zimbabwe News National Enemies ternational balance of forces. The settlers, at least until these meetings started, never wanted to transfer power to an indigenous elite, because they feared that even a neo-colonialist government would remove the edifice of racist structures and institutions they had set up. That was the reason for the terrorist Smith's unilateral declaration of independence. Puppets stood for settler and British interests only Although four delegations attended the meeting in Salisbury in December and January, in actual fact there were only two delegations according to the interests they represented - the settler interest first, and British interest second. The first delegation consisted of the all white terrorists led by Ian Smith, and the conservative traditional chiefs in ZUPO led by Chief Jeremiah Chirau formely a cabinet minister in the Rhodesian Front terrorist Party. The delegates were, in the Rhodesian Front: Ian Smith, so-called Prime Minister, his deputy David Smith, P.K. Van der Byl, so-called minister of foreign affairs, H.G. Squires, the chief murderer, so called minister of law and order, J.G. Gaylard, the cabinet secretary,, and advisers: P. Claypole, L.C. Smith, G.H. Bryan, and J.W.M. Snell. All the proposals of this delegation were supported by ZUPO's delegation consisting of Chirau the leader, Ndiweni the deputy, G. Magaramombe, publicity secretary, B. Musomi legal adviser and advisers Badza the research officer, Chirenda National chairman and Hungwe, the secretary general. "We cannot allow acquiescent stooges to be our rulers. Those who don't fight, neither shall they rule!" Comrade Mugabe Muzorewa's gang of traitors The second delegation consisted of the two factions of the puppet organisation, ANC led by the two priests, Bishop Abel Muzorewa and Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole. They were Bishop Muzorewa the leader, KRD Chikerema first deputy, E. Bulle second deputy, E. Mazaiwana, general secretary, Zindoga vice chairman; advisers STJ Samukanga, secretary for education, S. Nenguwo administrative secretary, Ahrn Palley legal adviser, and Enoch Dumbuchena legal Exploitation and blood-sucking of Africans by mult Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau Internal Settlement Chirambaguyo African Township on the outskirts of Salisbury. No hope for the struggling and toiling Zimbabweans under the Internal Settlement adviser. The other one was Reverend Sithole, the leader, Elliot Gabella second deputy, ZTC Chigumira national chairman, Noel Mukono, secretary for foreign affairs, PF Sithole acting general secretary: Advisers S. Mucharanga, national organising secretary, A.G. Rumano, secretary for information. E. Chitate, secretary for health and J.M. Gopo, secretary for education. ZUPO: black Whites The first delegation of the terrorist Rhodesia Front and ZUPO modelled the independent state of Zimbabwe on the Bantustans of apartheid ruled South Africa, where colonial authority continues to have substantive power after so- called independence has been granted. Their proposals contained in an eight point memorandum submitted to the second meeting on Friday the 9th of December last year, left the economic and all the effective instruments of power like the police, the army, the civil service and prisons in the hands of the 268 000 white settlers. The eight yokes of slavery The eight points total effect of implementation would be the retention of structure of white domination. The se- Zimbabwe News 39

The fascist bourgeois culture Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau seek to perpetuate in Zimbabwe cond delegation of Muzorewa and Sithole criticised the memorandum but not on the ground that it would not decolonise the system, but that it would make it difficult for them to sell the agreement to freedom figthers, the frontline states, the OAU, the British and the American governments and the United Nations. Their model of an independent Zimbabwe was Kenya. All the delegations agreed that they did not want the kind of popular governments that had emerged in Mozambique, Angola, Tanzania and Zambia. Bishop Muzorewa was conscious of the British interest throughout the meetings. He had suggested that the meetings be chaired by a representative of the British government, but Smith refused. On the judiciary, Muzorewa suggested that there be an appeal to the British Privy Council from the courts of an independent Zimbabwe. In general he argued that the discussions should take place in the context of the Anglo-American proposals. His refusal to sign the agreed settlement proposals in February may be partly a strategy to remain neutral in the internal and external talks, but also a reflection of his long standing alliance with British colonialists in opposition to settler supremacists. After all, the Pearce Commission which brought him to fame in 1972 was a stark repudation of settler supremacists by British colonialists, using the Bishop's ANC. Why American and British Exploiters must smile What must please the British and American investors, the fascist South Africans that dominate the Rhodesian economy and the business community among the racist Rhodesian settlers, is that no one in the second delegation of Muzorewa and Sithole raised any question about the colonial capitalist system. There was no mention of the word capitalism or its opposite socialism in any of the fifteen meetings, nor was there any discussion of the exploitative system of colonialism that has oppressed our people for the past 88 years. The favourable references made to Kenya and Malawi indicate that the participants wanted to maintain the system as it was, but merely change the colour of the rulers from white to black. In this case, they were not even changing the nationality of the rulers because they had agreed to Smith defining himself as a white Rhodesian, and not a European. Concession to racism They spent a lot of time on terminology, and finally agreed that they would describe themselves as white and black Rhodesians only, not Europeans and Africans, with the word white including Indians, and coloureds. Africans not represented at aD The verbatim record and the minutes showed clearly that the interests of the 7 million Africans, especially the toiling peasants and workers, were not represented at all. No one ever spoke about unalienable rights and duties to control the political and socio-economic institutions of the country in which they live and work. No one there gave a model of a state in which the masses participate fully in the system. Their models were those of African states in which the workers and peasants have been alienated and continue to labour for the profits of a foreign bourgeoisie, with some side benefits to a bureacratic local bourgeoisie, but nothing at all for the peasants and workers, not a single fruit of the much-cherished goal of independence. The shadow of the Patriotic Front The strongest delegation at the meetings, and the one that spoke for the oppressed Zimbabweans was the one which could not be present at such a gathering, namely the Patriotic Front of ZANU and ZAPU. The reason he announced his so-called one man one vote which made the Zengeza Township near Salisbury 40 Zimbabwe News

The puppets echo their boss Referred to as "Protected Villages" Salisbury meetings possible was the deteriorating security and economic situation in the country. The growing number of casualties which has caused the flight of thousands of white settlers, and the high cost of the war now running into three-quarters of a million dollars a day, has taken a heavy toll of money and men from the racist and settler regime. This war was launched by the Zimbabwe national liberation forces in December 1972, and has been intensified every year, and its political basis has broadened in the country. Internal settlement: a military tactic It was ironic that at the first meeting on December 2nd 1977, the terrorist Ian Smith, who had just sent hordes of fighter-bombers across the Mocambican border to kill women and children in a refugee camp should lament that his objective was to stop the war in which, in his own words: "Thousands of our people have died." On the 9th of December, the murderer Ian Smith said: "I am prepared to meet daily. Let us strive to arrive at a solution so we can stop the war and prevent the ever-escalating unemployment which affects most Africans." Still on the 20th, the terrorist Rhodesian Front leader returned to the same theme. "I want to stop this war. When I think of what we could do if we worked together, then I want to find a solution because it is the right thing to do." Smith's puppets joined in this chorus. The traitor Sithole, said on the 9th of December, "This is a life and death issue to prevent the loss of human life". When the talks were about to break down, Sithole made an emotional appeal, almost in tears, saying, "my people are dying, and your people are dying too". The irony of the whole affair is that if the purpose is to stop the revolutionary armed struggle, why make the effort to reach a settlement with persons and organisations that never organised the war and therefore cannot stop it. The revolutionary armed struggle in Zimbabwe today is being waged by the ZIPA Forces of the Patritotic Front, with the active participation of the struggling masses of Zimbabwe. The front, led by comrades Robert Mugabe, the President of ZANU and Joshua Nkomo, of ZAPU, is the only movement which can stop the war, and will not do so until what the people of Zimbabwe have been fighting for has been achieved, the handing over of power from the colonial power to the people themselves. Comrade Mugabe's unshakable stand Comrade Mugabe has always made it clear that the people of Zimbabwe want a complete transformation of the present colonial capitalist system, and that if the colonialists put the puppets in power, then the war will continue as it has been doing all along. The whole so-called internal settlement exercise is aimed at the preservation of settler minority interests in the racist ruled British colony. Land cannot be sold: Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau are determinded to sell 50% of Zimbabwe to settlers The Eight-point Bill of Sale The eight-point memorandum presented by the racist Ian Smith demanded the following: 1. Bill of rights: There must be a justifiable Declaration of rights to protect the rights and freedom of individuals. This must be provided in particular for protection from deprivation of property unless adequate compensation is paid promptly. 2. The Judicature: To make the bill of rights effective there must be independent judiciary free from political influence. To ensure a competent bunch there must be high qualifications for the appointment of judges. Zimbabwe News 41

3. Public Service Board: To maintain the confidence of the public services and also to maintain the confidence of the people in the professional neutrality of the public service, the Public Service Board (or Commission) must be established as an independent body, whose composition and functions should be entrenched. 4. Retention of Administration: In order to provide a smooth transition and to ensure the continued efficient administration of the country the civil service, the police, defence forces and prisons services should be retained in a high state of efficiency and free from political interference. Pensions: This is a most important aspect for the retention of white confidence. Pensions payable from the Consolidated Revenue Fund must be guaranteed and freely remittable outside the country. With regard to private pension funds, the right of employees and other persons who are members of private pensions funds must be guaranteed. Citizenship: In order to encourage whites to remain, provisions for dual citizenship must be retained. 7. Entrenchment of Constitutional Provisions: The above provisions must be entrenched so that a majority of two-thirds plus one of the membership of Parliament is required for their amendment. 8. White Reprdsentation in Parliament: To retain the confidence of the whites in regard to the entrechment safeguards in the Constitution, one third of the seats in Parliament should be reserved for direct election by white voters. In one of the many sessions, the following conversation took place. Chirau: Are the safeguards for whites as well as for Asians and Coloureds? Smith: We define whites or Europeans, as in the recent Constitution which is whites, Asians, and Coloureds. Sithole: Are the civil services open to all? Smith: No. We talked about that before Lord Carver ever came on the scene. Sithole: What about the question of the British Administration is that out as well? Smith: Yes - Let this be a Rhodesian solution. The three submissive puppets, Sithole, Muzorewa, and Chirau quickly agreed to items 1 -7, but there was considerable disagreement and debate on point 8, which involves settler representation in the projected puppet parliament. Zimbabwe as Bantustan If this super-Bantustan were to be established in Zimbabwe, the property rights of the racist settlers who own half the total land, and all the property in the cities, will have it entreched in a Bill of Rights, justifiable by an independent court manned by terrorist settlers and Judges for the most part, and possibly with a protracted appeal system to the British Privy Council. The racist administrative structure and the terrorist troops that have been the instruments of colonial oppression and brutal repression before and during the last 12 years of guerilla warfare will be retained entirely as they are. All the terrorist troops who have murdered hundreds of Zimbabweans during the war of liberation, the racist prison officers who have been hanging Zimbabweans in prison, beginning with comrades Dhlamini and Mlambo in 1965, will have fat pensions sent to their homes or holiday resorts by a projected Zimbabwe government until they die. White settlers emigrating to South Africa, Australia, or Argentina can have dual citizenship that enables them to retain their property in racist Rhodesia, and to add final insult to injury a mere 5 % of the population will elect a third of the members of Parliament of a so-called independent Zimbabwe, who shall have the right to block any legislation that touches on the privileges of the whites as defined by the racist Ian Smith. In fact, the three African puppet groups would scramble for the 67 seats, and possibly emerge without a clear majority, while the whites who represent less than 5% of the whole population would have 33 seats guaranteed for themselves. The discussion on racist settler white representation was long and acrimonious, and centred on the question of settler confidence raised earlier by Ian Smith himself and the puppet Chief Jeremiah Chirau. Perpetuation of white domination Not surprisingly, the puppet groups of Sithole, and Muzorewa accepted terrorist Smith's arguments about the need to retain settler confidence, but they could not reconcile it with Britain's and their own desire to hijack the revolutionary armed struggle. Sithole expressed this dilemma at the meeting of Wednesday, December the 14th 1977, when he said: "In the state of genuine independence, the whites want to retain settler confidence for economic reasons. We should be careful not to do something that wil cause us not to stop that war. We should do something that will stop that war; whatever we should do should, at the same time, not undermine white confidence because the state will need the skills of the whites." Muzorewa expressed similar sentiments, adding that the revolutionary armed struggle in Zimbabwe should stop, even before the aims of the people have been achieved, so that foreign investors can have renewed confidence in the economy of the country, and intensify their exploitation of the people of Zimbabwe. The puppets become enemies of the people Finally, we should point out that the consequences of the activities of the puppet organisations of ZUPO, UANC, and ANC and their puppet leaders Chirau, Muzorewa, and Sithole, by their agreement to the 8 points in terrorist Smith's memorandum with some minor amendments, they have demonstrated that they do not care a brass farthing for the interests of the 7 million struggling people of Zimbabwe. These puppets are prepared to protect and entrench the "While successful battles have been successively raging at our military fronts, the British Government have as usual, been playing their double game of running with the hares and hunting with the hounds - a duplicity verging on utter dishonesty. As they confer with me and Comrade Nkomo, they are also, sometimes openly, but at other times furtively deliberating with racist rebel Smith and the treacherous threesome of renegade and quisling Sithole, stooge Muzorewa and puppet Chirau." Comrade Mugabe rights of colonisers and racists who have been responsible for all the oppression and misery of the masses of Zimbabwe. The very idea of permitting Smith, a man who has committed the most heinous crimes against Zimbabweans to determine the structure and form of an independent Zimbabwe constitution and government is the highest form of treachery. The colonisers and the criminai agent of colonialism cannot determine how freedom and power, that has been acquired after so much sacrifice, can be enjoyed by the people. 42 Zimbabwe News National Enemy

If the activities of the puppet organisations led by Muzorewa, Sithole, and Chirau were allowed to continue and by some miracle they succeeded in implementing the diabolical agreement that has been agreed upon, the people's long and bitter struggle for independence, self-determination, and freedom would have been betrayed completely in many ways. Pensions a property for whites, non for Africans To cite just two of them, the entrenchment of pensions, property rights, and dual citizenship for the settlers entails close and harmonious relationship with the fascist South African regime, where most of the settlers from fascist Rhodesia go for retirement, medical treatment, or education. British and American imperialism has a high stake in fascist ruled South Africa in terms of economic, strategic, and military interests. It serves the interests of imperialism - and their African puppets of course - to keep a so-called independent Zimbabwe and Namibia with puppet regimes in the orbit of Fascist South Africa in the region of Southern Africa. A neo-colonial regime in Salisbury that was friendly to apartheid South Africa is a major imperialist interest. Secondly, the bankrupt strategy of trying to bring the revolutionary armed struggle to an end without achieving the objectives of the struggle is aimed at demoralising Zimbabweans and all the African people who have supported it and paid heavy sacrifices. So-called one man one vote of two-thirds of the members of parliament that will be handstrung by the colonisers and their agents who will be in that puppet parliament, is not the freedom and independence that the people of Zimbabwe their national liberation movement and national liberation fighters have been fighting for. The oppressed and resisting masses of Zimbabwe want untainted physical and political power transfered to them, and of this power they are determined to get and are certain of getting it, even if it entails for the turning of Zimbabwe into a blood pool. Armed struggle continues Because of the treacherous course that the puppets Sithole, Muzorewa and Chirau have taken, they are posing a serious threat to the peace, freedom and independence of not only Zimbabwe, but Africa and the world at large. As such then, they have strongly identified themselves with the terrorist Ian Smith. Identifying themselves with this murderer and his fascist and imperialist master, means that they deserve the same treatment that Ian Smith deserves. That is complete destruction. The destruction of Ian Smith, his regime, and his African puppets, is one which the oppressed and resisting masses are going to accomplish before they begin to rebuild their nation. Internal Settlement is "Cynical and Demonical" Rev. Canon B. Carr, Secretary General of All Africa Conference of Churches, Tells the UN Security Council - Statement by the Reverend Canon Burgess Carr, General Secretary of the All African Conference of Churches During the United Nations Security Debate on Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). Mr. President: Allow me to thank you for the honour and privilege accorded me to participate in this historic debate at this critical moment in the , and indeed of Southern Africa as a whole. I extend to you, Mr. President, the congratulations and best wishes of the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC). We in the AACC are fully aware of your own personal commitment to human dignity, justice and peace in Africa, and of your untiring endeavour to assist in resolving the unfinished business of liberation from ra- cism, minority rule and exploitation on our continent. That youshould be presiding over this debate on Southern Rhodesia at this time is providential. We ask God to grant you the discernment and wisdom as well as the courage, that this moment demands. AACC'S Committment Mr. President, over the last six years the AACC has followed closely events in Zimbabwe and endeavoured where possible to assist every legitimate effort to achieve a peaceful and just solution to the problem of minority rule in that country. When this Council met in Addis Ababa in 1972, I had the privilege then of stating our outright rejection of the Reverend Canon Burgess Carr finds Internal Settlement evil and diabolical Smith-Home proposals, and of pledging our fullest support to the then current efforts to prove their unacceptability "to the people of Rhodesia as a whole". The right to take-up arms Later we were involved in efforts to reconcile the leaders of the nationalist !actions waging the armed struggle against Smith and his racist clique. All along we have sought to provide material and moral assistance to those who, by no choice of their own, have been Zimbabwe News 43 National Enemy forced to abandon the joys and privileges of adolescence; the warms of family; the thirst for learning; the joys of frolicking - and to take up arms; indeed, to lay down their lives in defence of the invisibility of human freedom and dignity. Consequently, the AACC has and continues to give its unequivocal support to the liberation movements waging the armed struggle in Southern Africa. In our view the armed liberation struggle in Southern Africa represents a sign of hope: hope that the expectations of political independence through majority rule brought to Africans a decade ago may yet be fullfilled. The armed struggle is a moral issue not only because it challenges the immorality of systemic violence and repression, but because it affords opportunity for a new solidarity in suffering among all those who find slavery, racial bigotry and the egotism that fosters repression reprehensible. The Confession of Alexandria Two years ago the AACC General Committee, during its meetings in Egypt, gave theological meaning to its support for the liberation movements in the historic Confession of Alexandria. Let me cite a relevant section: "Our current concern with issues related to: - economic justice - the total liberation of men and women from oppression and explotation, and - peace in Africa ... have led us to a deeper understanding of the heritage delivered to us by the Fathers of the Early Church in North Africa. Our commitment to the struggle for human liberation is one of the ways we confess our faith in an Incarnate God... Through the continuing work of Christ, God is charting His Highway of Freedom from Alexandria to the Cape of Good Hope." Internal Settlement "cynical and diabolical" Mr. President, I am taking part in this debate today, because we detect in the recent "internal settlement" signed in Salisbury last week a cynical and demonic attempt to supplant God's work of building this "Highway of freedom". We are not here to condemn anyone. We are here to denounce the diabolical intrigues of the illegal racist regime in Salisbury, and especially the insiduous strategy of beguiling Africans -some of whom may have no less of a commitment to the freedom and dignity of the people of Zimbabwe than anyone else into becoming co-conspirators in a cruel and costly farce that only entrenches illegality. We also cannot avoid underlining our total and complete abhorrence and dread at the potential for violence and fratricidal ethnic conflict this so-called "internal settlement" will unleach upon the peoples of Southern Africa in general and in the very first instance on the people of Zimbabwe. Mr. President, it is beyond the borders of our competence to comment meaningfully upon the details of the "internal agreement". We must leave that to distinguished representatives of Member States and of the Liberation Movements. Our task is to associate the' member churches of the All African Conference of Churches with the moral indignation that has been evoked throughout the African continent by this latest contrivance of Mr. Smith to delay the liberation of our peoples in Zimbabwe, to plant the seeds on perennial civil war in that country, and to create conditions that will further destabilize the independence of the Frontline States. Smith's tricks evil This trick must be condemned. because it is patently evil. We would urge that the Security Council should be wary of aligning the United Nations Organization with this evil trick. For more than a decade the peoples of Zimbabwe have -ndured the brutalities of Mr. Smith's usurped, illegal rule. Throughout this period some of the churches in Rhodesia, notably the Roman Catholic Church and leaders of some of the Protestant Churches through the Christian Council of Rhodesia have consistently taken clear and forthright position against any accomodation with Mr. Smith's illegal and repressive regime. The AACC views the internal settlement as nothing less than appeasement. The Security Council must reject this internal agreement because it isself-serving, and those who claim to live by the ethics of Jesus Christ should not be involved in schemes that are self-serving. Half measures unacceptable The AACC recognizes the earnest desire of all of the Zimbabwean leaders to rid their country of domination by National Enemies and dependence upon an alien minority. That is not a matter at issue in this debate. What is at issue is the relevance or even the appropriatness of half- measures that are in essence retrogressive at this point in time. No one will deny that this internal agreement stands no chance whatsoever as long as the Patriotic Front and its fighting forces are left out. It is also illusory to belive that the Freedom Fighters will acquiesce to an arrengement in which the primary instruments of power continue to be weilded by a tiny priviledged racist minority. We must not deceive ourselves. Power shaving with whites ludicrous To claim majority rule on the basis of parity in power-sharing between Africans and Europeans in Zimbabwe is ludicrous. The matter is only rendered infinitely more indefensible when that minority not only controls all of the state apparatus but also exercises an entrenched veto even in the parliament where Africans have a numeral majority. We cannot indulge in such selfdeception when innocent men, women and children, young and old are every day brutalized, terrorized and murdered by atrocious regimes, particularly in Southern Africa. Tired of puppets and hirelings We are tired of civil strife in Africa. We are tired of one group of Africans being used against other Africans for the benefit of aliens. We are tired of running away from our homes to seek refuge in foreign lands. We are tired of it all. So - I would urge this appeal upon the United Nations: - Let us not be diverted from the work of building "God's Highway of Freedom"; even if the terrains is intractable - it is God's work we are doing and not our own. So we must not abandon it too readily: The Bible urges us to "seek peace and pursue it" - Let us strive to build the unity of all the Zimbabwean people first by strengthening the solidarity already achieved in the Patriotic Front. It is the Patriotic Front that controls the men and women who are waging war. Unless they are involved, no peace can come to Zimbabwe. - Let us strive also to broaden the measure of unity that has been achieved. Zimbabweans of every political, ideological and ethnic background owe a solemn obligation to their country, to Zimbabwe News 44 the remainder of Southern Africa, to all of Africa and to the world as a whole to call a halt to the animosities of the past in order to build structures of mutual confidence, unity, justice and peace in the future. And finally - Let us intensify the pressures that forced Mr. Smith to the negotiating table. We cannot and we must not diminish our support to the Patriotic Front. You must not lift the mandatory sanctions. Not yet. You must refuse to bestow international recognition upon this conspiracy to further entrench minority rule in Zimbabwe. Armed struggle must continue The struggle must continue until all of the people of Zimbabwe - not just a few - and indeed all of the peoples of the United Nations have their share in the victory for decency, human dignity, justice and peace that must inevitably be won in Zimbabwe. Thank you, Mr. President 8 March, 1978 A South African Looks at the Smith, Muzorewa, Sithole, Chirau Charade As the revolution in Zimbabwe has intensified, transforming the ZANLA and ZANU as a whole into a new revolutionary consciousness, the drive towards ideological cohesiveness has become marked. Comrade Samora Machel has often said "Revolution is the greatest teacher". We agree. The duty of a revolutionary is to make revolution. This means that in the case of the oppressed and colonized peoples of Southern Africa, their primary task is to achieve national Liberation through armed struggle. Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau, the three traitors who attempted in vain to auction the seven million Zimbabweans for 21,000 Pounds "Prime Minister's" Salary per year have tried to argue that loss is gain, slavery is freedom, mortgage is freehold, reigning is ruling - all in vain. The international community and the Patriotic Front have correctly identified that the three black puppets are sick. They suffer from ideological Kwashiokor, an extreme form of ideological malnutrition. They cannot tell North from South. The Voice of Zimbabwe, a Patriotic Front Radio Program over Radio Mozambique interviewed Comrade Alby Sykes, a South African white Lawyer resident in Maputo on the meaning of the internal Settlement. We commend Comrade Sykes' analysis to Muzorewa, National Enemies Sithole and Chirau. It goes without saying that Comrade Sykes' views are not necessarily those of ZANU or the Zimbabwe News. (Editor) Interview with Alby Sykes broadcast on The Voice of Zimbabwe VOZ: In the so called agreement entered into between the racist settler whites and the black puppets in Zimbabwe, the claim is that the principle of one man, one vote has been granted. As someone who has been an active supporter of the African National Congress of South Africa for a long time now, and which organisation has been calling for one man, one vote, could you comment on this? SYKES: Well, at one level it is a tremendous victory for the liberation struggle in the sense that for decades now, for generations, our people have been struggling for the rights of full self-determination which, in political terms, has been embodied in the principle of one man, one vote. So in that sense, when even the ultra-racists have to start using that language, it shows that things are changing. But the pressures are really very, very powerful. And these are pressures that come from inside the struggle. There is no change of mind, no change of consciousness on the "As we move amongst the People. like fish in water, let us constanly bear in mind that this massive water maintains its smooth kindness to the fish in feeding, hiding, and facilitating their sometimes sleek and gentle, but often swift tactical movements." Comrade Mugabe: "The people are the best instrument for achieving true victory over the enemy. Comrade Mugabe part of the racists. Its concession that they are making in order to find new means of being able to maintain their position inside the society. But its a concession that has been wrung in by the struggle. What is really required is to make that outward form of words have reality. To give real independence to the people, real souvereignity, real right to determine their own future. I am afraid, as far as this agreement is concerned, it is a thousand miles away from that. It does not even come close to representing the true content of one person, one vote. For example, it got built into it clauses which protect the position of the minority and the minority defined on racial terms. What's real mearnt by one man, one vote is that the people must decide their own future, the kind of society they are going to live in, the kind of government they are going to have: the policies, the principles of their society. That can't be decided round a table in the office of Mr. Smith in Rhodesia today. Nobody has got the right in advance to sign an agreement which signs away the future of the people. The whole point of having elections is to decide exactly theses sorts of issues. That is point number one. Point number two: By one person, one vote, we really mearnt and understood it to mean the free exercise of self-determination. Conditions of freedom means the power of the racist, the power of the white minority regime's state has been destroyed. Otherwise they are there to intimidate, to terrify, to frighten, to bribe, to corrupt, to utilize their positions, entrenched positions as the owners of the farms, as the employers, as the bosses, as the policemen, as the administration, as the clerks, as the people who control the lives and destinies of the people in their day-to-day activities. They will be there to manipulate, to form the results of the elections in a way which will be contrary to the in- Zimbabwe News 45

Comrade Alby Sykes: angry at Internal Settlement terests of the people. I think that this is an absolute disaster because what is going to be achieved in fact is entrechement of the features of colonialism -in the society. What has the struggle been for? The heavy cost in the people executed, the people tortured, the loss in terms of blood, the people who have been mutilated and maimed for life, the people who have been driven off their land. If you are going to say in advance the future of Zimbabwe is signed, sealed and delivered, the position of the minority is protected as an exploitative minority, then its exploitation that has been protected and not the whites as individuals. Its the system of exploitation thats protected. Now, these are the issues the people have a right to decide. Nobody can decide in advance by signing a document on questions of that kind. That is why I feel the real meaning of one person, one vote is not a shadow of that kind, that is in this document, it's just a kind of outward form and not in the direction of it. The reality, the substance is continued power for a minority in racial terms. VOZ: There is a bill of rights that guarantees private property and retains all economic and legal institutions in the country especially the plantations and factories which use a lot of African labour, in the so called agreement. What is your view? SYKES: Well, in that to me its a real prostitution of the term, rights, bill of rights. The people have been struggling for real rights. The right to move freely in their country. The right to be protec46 Zimbabwe News ted against torture, arbitrary abuse, violence. The right to dignity, the right to work. The right to education. These are the things that the bill of rights should embody, should incorporate. But do we find it in reality? The essence of the bill of rights is protection of exploitation. Its just the opposite, its protecting oppression. This is really turning upside down the whole concept of real rights. Its saying that the people who have appropriated the land, who have exploited the labour for generations of ordinary Africans, working people on the land in the countryside, in the factories and so on, must continue forever more. Its entrenching a system of economic and social exploitation. And that is a disaster. Tying it further more with a racist system, its going to be a disaster not only for the black but even for the white too. Its a disaster because its telling the people, the poor people who are going to be continuing to be poor in this society, that your bosses forever more are going to be the whites. Its identifying economic domination with skin colour and that is wrong. The only, the real and secure hope for the whites in Southern Africa is to cease to be oppressors and exploiters and become ordinary citizens with no special privileges, special rights. To stop being bosses anymore and to become ordinary people who must accept they are living in Africa, in Southern Africa and contribute their skills, which they have. They have very real and positive contributions to make it if they do so as citizens, as equals and not as a group separated out. And that is what they are going to. Imagine having for all time to come, nearly 50 per cent of the land in the hands of this tiny minority of four to five per cent. These are not serious constitutional proposals and its really incredible-to believe that anybody takes this kind of thing seriously. VOZ: Taking a much more international angle to the same issue. There is and will be considerable pressures from the Conservative Party in Britain and the Christian Democratic Parties in Europe for the recognition of the so called internal agreement. What will be your comment and advice to progressive parties in Western Europe? SYKES: I think the Front Line States have come out with a very clear and very firm principle on this issue. And anybody outside of Africa or for that matter inside Africa, who claims to be a true supporter of the principles of democracy, of independence, freedom, of social progress must follow the line that has been given by the Front Line States. That is, recognition of the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe as the authentic representative of the People of Zimbabwe, point number one. Point number two, the real question is the question of the transfer power. Its a question of dismantling colonial type state, a state with a kind of internal colonialists, a built in colonialism and replacing it with a state based on the principles of popular power, of people really deciding their fate. These are the real issues. Its not a question of this clause, that clause and other clauses in the constitution. Its not a question of slogans.., like Mr. Smith thinks. Anybody can go around saying yes, suddenly I have seen the light, all of a sudden I have seen the light.., one man, one vote. That is a bluff, that is not serious politics. If people are serious about the situation in Southern Africa, if they really want to see social advance, if they really want to see an end to the whole system of racial domination then they must take a serious position. They must acknoweledge that there is war on: that the war will continue and that this constitutional plan, this so called agreement does nothing to stop the war in Zimbabwe. It does not even touch that at all. The executions, the traitors, the hangings, burning of villages, all this continues. This system of informers, assassinations, all that continues. None of that is touched and thats the thing that has to be destroyed. And that's what progressive people throughout the world, elswhere in Africa have to focus their attention on. National Enemies

Those who Bought Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau The Zimbabwe News considers it in the public interest to reveal in detail the chicanery behind the Internal Settlement. There is now no doubt that the three African traitors - Bishop Muzorewa, Ndabaningi Sithole and Jeremiah Chirau are in the pay of American, British and West German multi-national Corporations. Details of how this bunch of Zimbabwean gangsters are managed by their foreign bosses were published in The Washington Post on Sunday, March 12, 1978. In the Washington Post article David B. Ottaway, writing from Salisbury said: "At least two Americans helped bring about the 'internal' settlement signed here March 3 that is to result in black majority rule in Rhodesia by the end of the year, according to sources here. U.S. business interests, moreover, are now joining forces with influential members of Congress in an effort to get the Carter administration to support the settlement. One of the prime objectives of the campaign is to remove the economic sanctions imposed on Rhodesia by the United Nations in 1966. If that is done, American companies could once again import high quality Rhodesian chrome and ferrochrome. But the larger goal of some of these Americans is to prevent the takeover of the Salisbury government by the Marxist-leaning Patriotic Front, which would appear much less likely to give a free rein to U.S. business than the three African leaders based inside Rhodesia who signed the settlement. Chief among the American legislators supporting the recent Salisbury accord are Republican Party members who are searching for issues with which to take on the Carter administration and believe Rhodesia is a particularly good one. At least two Americans - one a top official of Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc., of Pittsburgh, the other an aggressive entrepreneur and selfmade lobbyist - were actively involved in facilitating National Enemies last week's agreement between Prime Minister Ian Smith and the three black moderates. One of them, E. F. (Andy) Andrews, a vice president of Allegheny, is reported here to have personally intervened on behalf of Smith to help persuade Bishop Abel Muzorewa to drop his opposition to the one remaining point holding up an agreement over constitutional safeguards for Rhodesia's 270,000 whites. The 6.8 million blacks now have practically no voice in the government. The other, Neville Romain, has become the chief American lobbyist for Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole, leader of another African nationalist faction. Romain has drawn up for Sithole a 'GI bill' patterned after the American model designed to lure Rhodesian nationalist guerillas away from the Patriotic Front. Romain is now en route back to Washington where he is setting up a headquarters at 1000 connecticut Ave., from which he will conduct his lobbying activities. Interviewed here in Salisbury shortly before his departure, Romain was upbeat about the chances of pressuring the Carter administration into backing the internal settlement. He pointed out that the growing Soviet-Cuban activities throughout Africa, including their expanding support for the Patriotic Front, were creating a favorable atmosphere. Romain also listed half a dozen influential senators, led by Sen. Robert Dole (R- Kan.), who he said were already on the side of supporters of the internal settlement. Andrews is no stranger to the Rhodesian lobby in Washington. He played a key role in helping it get the so-called Byrd amendment, specifically allowing American companies to violate U.N. sanctions and import Rhodesian chrome, passed by Congress in 1971. Allegheny Ludlum, together with Union Carbide and Foote Minerals, were then the main American buyers or producers of Rhodesian chrome as well as the prime lobbyists for the amendment named after Sen. Harry F. Byrd (Ind.- Va.). Union Carbide still has important mining interests here. Following their successful 1971 campaign, the Rhodesian lobbyists wrote a song celebrating the occasion in which Andrews is mentioned by name and thanked for his efforts on their behalf. The Byrd amendment was finally repealed last year after the Carter Administration took office and energetically campaigned against it. Andrews made a quiet visit to Salisbury Feb. 11-15, and according to some nationalist sources, he came here at the specific request of the Prime Minister. Reached in Key West, Fla., where he was on a fishing holiday, Andrews denied that he had been asked to come to Rhodesia by Smith. 'Nobody asked me to come,' he said. 'I've been down there every February for the past five or six years.' But John D. Paulus, vice president for public affairs of Allegheny Ludlum, said Andrews had not gone to Salisbury uninvited. 'it was at the invitation of the parties,' Paulus said. 'Either Mr. Smith asked him to go, or one of the other parties asked him."' Appendices British Companies Looting in Zimbabwe When Dr. David Owen, British Foreign Secretary, sulks, struts, fumes and ducks each time the reality of the Zimbabwe war situation is raised, it is the British Capitalist investment in our country that worries him most. To exploit or not to exploit Zimbabweans. that is the question. On the one hand he knows that ZANU is sworn to amputate the capitalist tentacles that stretch into Zimbabwe and introduce a radical socialist development model based on scientific socialism - thereby placing the people of 'The justice of our gun is the justice of our cause, and the justice of our cause is the justice of our gun. Our fight is just because our cause is just. Equally, because our cause is just, our fight is just. IComrade Mugabe Zimbabwe News 47

Zimbabwe in control over their economy and natural resources to their immense benefit. On the other, he knows that Bishop Muzorewa, Pastor Shitole and Feudal Lord Chief Chirau will leak the boots of British Capitalism and permit their people to be looted, kicked around, bashed and plundered to the benefit of board- room monsters in London. David Owen knows that he is only a representative - in fact - a delegate of the capitalist class. He must therefore play to their tune no matter how evil it is for masses of Zimbabwe. No wonder David Owen could agree with the Patriotic Front at Malta to keep the negotiations secret and then proceed to divulge them to Smith, Muzorewa, Sithole, Vorster and their ilk. No wonder David Owen is now pandering towards the Internal Settlement despite his co-authorship of the Anglo-American proposals which the Patriotic Front agreed to make the basis for negotiations. No wonder he has lied to the Americans that the Patriotic Front was invited to resume negotiations in New York on February 10th but declined. It is British Corporate interests that are more important to him than the lives, fortunes and future of seven million Zimbabweans as a self-determining, sovereign nation. As a Public Service, the Zimbabwe News publishes here a comprehensive study of British Companies and subsidiaries currently looting and exploiting Zimbabweans. ZANU's message to them is - we know who you are, where you are, what you are the for. Should you elect to be our adversary, you will be welcome. On the other hand, if you will be our partners in building a new socialist Zimbabwe, time for proof has arrived. This list has been compiled from the 1977-8 edition of Who Owns Whom (U.K. and Republic of Ireland edition), compiled and published by Who Owns Whom Ltd., 24 Tufton Stree, London SWIP BRA. The U.K. parent company is shown in capital letters. Where the parent company is in turn controlled by an overseas company, or a less well-known U.K. Holding a nominee company, the latter is shown in brackets. Where the U.K. parent company is an associate of another company (i.e. where the latter holds a substantial interest of between 10% 50% in nominal value of the equity share capital of the former) this is also shown in brackets. An asterisk (*) against the name of the U.K. parent company indicates that this company also has subsidiary/associate companies in South Africa. Details of these arc available in a separate AAM publication, List of British Companies with subsidiaries or associate Companies in South Africa, Third edition, June 1977. Subsidiary and associate companies registered in Rhodesia are listed in alphabetical order. (A subsidiary is a company in which the U.K. parent company either holds over 50 % in nominal value of the equity share capital or is a member of, and controls the composition of, the board of directors. An associate is a company in which the U.K. parent company holds between 10% and 50% in nominal value of the equity share capital. Associates are indicated by the code (A).) Identation indicates that these companies are subsidiary or associate companies of those listed alphabetically immediately above them. Rhodesian subsidiary/associate companies are in many cases controlled indirectly through other subsidiary/associate companies of the U.K. parent, sometimes based in South Africa. These are shown, in italics and in brackets, immediately after the name of the subsidiary/associate, followed by the country of registration. The code (d) after the name of a subsidiary/associate company indicates that it is now dormant. Dormant companies are retained by a parent company in order to protect trade names. * ABERFOYLE PLANTATIONS LTD. Waterford, Eire Aberfoyle Plantations (Rhodesia) (Pvt.) Ltd * ACROW LTD. London W 2 Acrow (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd (A) * EDGAR ALLEN BALFOUR LTD Sheffield 59 IRA Edgar Allen & Co (Rhodesia) Rhoforge (Pvt.) Ltd. * AMALGAMATED METAL CORPORATION LTD London E C. 3 (Controlled by PATINO N.V., Holland) The British Metal Corporation (Central Africa) (Pvt.) Ltd. (held through The British Metal Corporation Ltd, U.K.) Dakins Plant & Machinery (Pvt) Lrd Rhonda Chrome Mines (Pvt) Ltd * ASPRO-NICHOLAS LTD (Controlled by NICHOLAS INTERNATIONAL LTD, Australia) Nicholas Products (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd (held through Nicholas Overseas Investments Ltd., U.K.) * ASSOCIATED BRITISH FOODS LTD London W.I. (Controlled by WlTI'NGTON INVESTMENTS LTD, U.K.) Aroma Bakeries (Pvt) Ltd Cobbans Bakery (Pvt) Ltd Impala Milling Co. (Pvt) Ltd Panas Investments (Pvt.) Ltd. Pharmaceutical Products (Pvt) Ltd. Shabani Millers (Pvt.) Ltd. Wightman & Co. (Agencies & Properties) (Pvt.) Ltd. Wightman & Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. * THE ASSOCIATED PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURERS LTD. London S.W.I. J. Clark & Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. (held through Hubert Davies & Co. Ltd., South Africa) Lightweight Concrete Processes (Pvt.) Ltd. (held through Associated International Cement Ltd., U.K.) Robinson Sacks (Pvt.) Ltd. (A) (held through Blue Circle Cement Ltd., South Africa) The Salisbury Portland Cement Co. Ltd. (held through Associated International Cement Ltd.. U.K.) Arcturus Aggregate Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. * B.A.T. INDUSTRIES LTD., London S.W.I. (Associate of the Imperial Group Ltd.) B.A.T. Central Africa Ltd. B.A.T. Rhodesia Ltd. Carlton Cigarette Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. Export Leaf Tobacco Co. of Africa (Pvt.) Ltd. Wiggins Teape (Central Africa) (Pvt.) Ltd. (held through Wiggins Teape Ltd., U.K.) BICC LTD. London W.C.I. (Associate of the General Cable Corporation U.S.A.) BICC (Central Africa) (Pvt) W.T. Glover & Co. (C.A.) (Pvt.) Ltd. (d) Rhodesian Cables Ltd. The Salisbury Portland Cement Co. Ltd. (held through Associated International Cement Ltd., U.K.) Arcturus Aggregate Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. * B.A.T. INDUSTRIES LTD., London S.W.I. (Associate of the Imperial Group Ltd.) 48 Zimbabwe News National Enemies

B.A.T. Central Africa Ltd. B.A.T. Rhodesia Ltd. Carlton Cigarette Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. 'Export Leaf Tobacco Co. of Africa (Pvt.) Ltd. Wiggins Teape (Central Africa) (Pvt.) Ltd. (held through Wiggins Teape Ltd., U.K.) BICC LTD. London W.C.I. (Associate of the General Cable Corporation U.S.A.) BICC (Central Africa) (Pvt) W.T. Glover & Co. (C.A.) (Pvt.) Ltd. (d) Rhodesian Cables Ltd. * BOC INTERNATIONAL LTD., London W 6 Rhodesia Oxygen (Pvt) Ltd. * BPB INDUSTRIES LTD., London N.W.I. Allied Rhodesian Manufacturers (Pvt) Ltd. Gypsum Industries Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Salisbury Waste Paper Salvage Co (Pvt) Ltd. Umtali Board Paper Mills (Pvt) Ltd. WILLIAM BAIN & CO LTD. Caorbridge, Lancashire William Bain & Co (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * WILLIAM BAIRD & CO LTD. London E.C.I. Rex Asbestos Mines Ltd. (held through Darchem Ltd., UK.) * BEECHMANN GROUP LTD. Blentford, Middlesex Dermacult Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. Hill & Murray (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * BESTOBELL LTD. Slough, Bucks Bestobell (Rhodesia) Ltd. * BIRMID QUALCAST LTD. Smethwick, Warley, West Midlands Wright Rain Africa (Pvt) Ltd. * BLACKWOOD HODGE LTD: London W.I. Blackwood Hodge (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. ALFRED BOOTH & CO LTD. London S.W.I Booth Cubitt Engineering Ltd. * THE BOOTS COMPANY LTD. Nottingham NG2 3AA The Boots Co (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) * C.T. BOWRING & CO LTD. London E.C.3. Bowmaker (C.A.) (Pvt) Ltd. (A) (held through Bowmaker Ltd., Vic) C.T. Bowring & Associates Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. (A) (held through C.T. Bowring (Insurance) Holdings Ltd., Vic) Clusader Insurance Co (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * THE BRITISH & COMMONWEALTH SHIPPING CO. LTD. London E.C.3 (Associate of Caledonia Investments Ltd., which is in turn an associate of The Cayzer Trust Co Ltd.) Air Carriers Ltd. (held through Air Holdings Ltd., UK.) Commercial Air Services (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) Rhodesia United Air Carriers (Pvt) Ltd. Victoria Falls Airways (Pvt) Ltd. (d) Zambezi Air Services Ltd. (d) * THE BRITISH ELECTRIC TRACTION CO LTD. London W.I. Air Carriers Ltd. (A) Bulwart Transport (C.A.) Ltd. Central Park Holdings (Pvt) Ltd. Express Motorways Africa (Central) Ltd. General Transport Co. Ltd. Kariba Transport Ltd. Overland Co. (1964) (Pvt) Ltd. Pan African Roadways Ltd. Rhodesian Omnibus Co. Ltd. Rhodesia Towing Co. Ltd. Salisbury United Omnibus Co. Ltd. Swift Transport Services (Pvt) Ltd. Swift Properties (Salisbury) (Pvt) Ltd. Thornton's Transportation Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. United Bus Services Ltd. United Touring Co. Ltd. Wankie Safaries (Pvt) Ltd. United Transport Properties (Pvt) Ltd. World Travel Bureau (Pvt) Ltd. (all these companies are held through United Transport Co. Ltd. or United Transport Overseas Ltd. U.K.) * THE BRITISH PETROLEUM CO. LTD. London E.C.2 (Associate of the British government & the Bank of England) BP Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Central African Petroleum Refineries (Pte) Ltd. (A) * THE BRITISH PRINTING CORPORATION LTD. London W.C.2 International Learning Systems (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * BRITISH STEEL CORPORATION London S.W.I. (Controled by the British government) Lancashire Steel (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through British Steel Corporation (international) Ltd.) The Rhodesian Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. (a) (held ditto) United Steel of Africa (Pvt) Ltd. (held ditto) * BROCKHOUSE LTD. West Bromwich B70. OSN J. Brockhouse (Rhodesia) Ltd. " BROOKEBOND LIEBIG LTD. London EC4 Brooke Bond (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Lyons Brooke Bond (Pvt) Ltd. (A) National Canners Ltd. (held through Liebig's Extract of Meat Co. Ltd., Vic.) Sunino Ltd. (d) (held through Liebig's Extract of Meat Co. Ltd., Vic.) * JOHN BROWN AND COMPANY LTD. London.S.W.I. F. Issels & Son Ltd. (A) Rhodesian Alloys Ltd. (A) Drury Wickman (Central Africa) Ltd. (held through Drury Wickman Ltd., South Africa) Wickman (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Wickman Machine Tools (Overseas) Ltd., U.K.) * THE BURMAG OK CO. LTD. Glasgow G2 STW Expandite (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Burman Industrial Products Ltd., U.K.) Higginson & Turnball (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Higginson &Turnball (Pty) Ltd., South Africa) * CABLE TRUST LTD. London WC2 Electra Investments (Rhodesia) Ltd. (A) * CADBURY-SCHWEPPES LTD. London W2 Schweppes (Central Africa) Ltd. (held through Cadbury Schweppes Overseas Ltd., U.K.) Beverage Bottling Co. (Pvt) Ltd. * CARAVANS INTERNATIONAL LTD. Saffron Walden, Essex Caravans International (Rhodesia) Ltd. (A) (held through Caravans International (S.A.) (Pty) Ltd.,South Africa) CESSNOCK HOLDINGS LTD. Glasgow G2 2E Z Eastern Highlands Tea Estates (Pvt) Ltd. (A) ANDREW CHALMERS INTERNATIONAL LTD. Icings Langley. Herts Andrew Chalmers (Africa) (Pvt) Ltd British-Africa Trading Co. (Pvt) Ltd. Tobacco Co. (Pvt) Ltd. * CHARTER CONSOLIDATED LTD. LONDON E.C.I. (Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa Ltd. is a major associate) Anglo-American Corporation Rhodesia Ltd. (A) Jameson Development Holding (Ivt) Ltd. (d) * CHLORIDE GROUP LTD. London S.W.I. Chloride Rhodesia (Private) Ltd. CHOBB & SON LTD. London W.I. Burgot Automatic Alarms (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Chubb Holdings (Pvt) Ltd., South Africa ) Chubb Holdings (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held ditto) The Chubb Lock & Safe Co. of Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. (held ditto) Josiah Partes & Sons (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. National Enemies Zimbabwe News 49

* COATES BROTHERS & CO. LTD. London W.C.I. Coates Brothers (Central Africa)( ) Ltd. * A. COMEN & CO. LTD. London S.W.I. Metal Sales Co. (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (hel throigh A. Colhen & C6. (Great Britain) Ltd.. U.K.) COMMERCIAL UNION ASSURANCE CO. LTD. London EC3 (associate of the National Westminster Bank) Commercial Union Assurance Co. of Rhodesia (Pte) Ltd. Commercial Union of Rhodesia Property Holdings (Pte) Ltd. Inside Stand (Ptc) Ltd. Progress Industrial Site (Pte) Ltd. COMMONWEALTH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION London W.I. CDC Rhodesian (Pvt) Ltd. * COMPAIR LTD. Slough, Bucks A.M. Properties (Pvt) Ltd. (A) * CONSOLIDATED PNEUMATICTOOL CO. LTD. London W.5 (controlled by CHICAGO PNEUMATIC TOOL CO., USA) Consolidated Pneumatic Tool Co. of Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. RICHARD COSTAIN LTD. London S.E.I. Richard C'ostain (Africa) Ltd. * COURT HOTELS (LONDON) LTD. London S.W.7 Trafalgar Travel (Pvt) Ltd. (d) * COURTAULDS LTD. London W.l. Cellophane Packaging (Pvt) Ltd. Meridian (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) (held through Meridian Ltd. (d). U.K.) * CRODA INTERNATIONAL LTD. Goole, North Humberside Croda Rhodesia (Private) Ltd. Croda Chemicals Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. * DAVY INTERNATIONAL LTD. London W.I. Davy-Ashmore Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. * DELTA METAL CO. LTD. London WC2 Amalqamated Electrical Services Ltd. Enfield Cables (Pvt) Ltd. Enfield Cables (Rhodesia) Ltd. (hel through Delta Enfield Cables (Holdings) Ltd., U.K.) Curling and Co. (Pvt) Ltd. Electrical Contracting and Winding (Rhodesia) Ltd. Arnot Brothers (Rhodesia)(Pvt) Ltd. Electrical and General Engineering Co. (Pvt) Ltd. Founders Electric Ltd. Power Constructions and Repair Co. (Pvt) Ltd. Refrigeration, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Co. (Pvt) Ltd. Bruce Webb (Pvt) Ltd. Rhodesia Enfield Holdings Ltd. * DERBY & CO. LTD. London E.C.2 (controlled by ENGELHARD MINERALS AND CHEMICALS CORPORATION, USA) Derby & Co. Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. Rutala Mines (Pvt) Ltd. * THE DICKINSON ROBINSON GROUP LTD. Bristol BS997QY Paper Industries (1955) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) (held through Rock Holdings Ltd., South Africa) E.S.A. Robinson (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held ditto) Robinson Sacks (Pvt) Ltd. (held ditto) * DRAKE & SCULL HOLDINGS LTD. Bristol BS3 4AU Drake & Gorham (Contractors) (Rhodesia) (Pit) Ltd. (d) (hel through Drake & Scull Engineering Ltd., U.K.) * DUNLOP HOLDINGS LTD. London S.W.I. George Angus (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through George Angus & Co. Ltd.. U.K.) Dunlop Rhodesia Ltd. Art Flooring Company (Private) Ltd. Uanum Properties (Private) Ltd. India Tyres Rhodesia (Private) Ltd. Modern Furniture Works Ltd. Timbercraft (Private) Ltd. * EAGLE STAR INSURANCE CO. LTD. London EC2 Rhodesia Eagle Insurance Co. Ltd. (held through South African Eagle Insurance Co. Ltd., South Afica. * EAST RAND CONSOLIDATION LTD. London E.C.I. Olympus Consolidated Mines Ltd. (A) Rhodesian Corporation Ltd. (A) * ELECTRA INVESTMENT TRUST LTD. London WC2 (Associate of the Globe Investment Trust Ltd. & Cable Trust Ltd.) Electra Investments (Rhodesia) Ltd. (A) FAIREY CO. LTD. Heston, Middlesex Fairey Air Services of Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. FALCON MINES LTD. London E.C.I. (see also East- Rand Cons. Ltd.) Olympus Consolidated Mines Ltd. (A) JAMES FINLAY & CO. LTD. Glasgow G2 2EZ (Associate of John Swire & Sons Ltd.) James Frilay & Co (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * FISONS LTD. London W.I. Aff Holdings Ltd. Fisons Pest Control (Central Africa) (Pvt) Ltd. Rhodesia Fertilizer Corporation Ltd. (A) FRIENDS' PROVIDENT LIFE OFFICE Daking, Surrey Albany Buildings (Pvt) Ltd. Century House (Bulawayo) (Pvt) Ltd. Century House (1973) (Pvt) Ltd. Dayrise Investments (Pvt) Ltd. Friends' Provident Holdings Ltd. Interim Holdings (Pvt) Ltd. Javian Holdings (Pvt) Ltd. Kingnan Holdings (Pvt) Ltd. Linden Investments (Pvt) Ltd. Montague Place (Pvt) Ltd. Prompt Investments (Pvt) Ltd. * THE GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. LTD. London W.I. Associated Electrical Industries Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Associated Electrical Industries Ltd., U.K. (A El)) The British General Electric Co. of Central Africa (1966) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through a subsidiary) The British Thomson-Houston Co. Central Africa (Pvt) (held through A El) The English Electric Co. (Central Africa) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through The English Electric Co. Ltd., U.K.) GEC Cables (Pvt) Ltd. (held through a subsidiary) GEC Fans (Pvt) Ltd. (held through a subsidiary) GEC Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. Grand Parade Associated Mines (Pvt) Ltd. (heldthrougha subsidiary of AEI)" Hackbridge Electrical Construction Co. (Pvt) Ltd. (held through A El) Hackbridge Overseas (Pvt) Ltd. (held through AEI) Metropolitan-Vickers Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. (held through A El) Rhodesia Mica Mining Co. (Pvt) Ltd. (held through a subsidiarv of A El) ouds Fans (P't) Ltd. (held through a subsidiary) ANTHONY GIBBS HOLDINGS LTD. London EC2 Gibbs & Co. (Central Africa) (Pvt) Ltd. GILLETT BROTHERS DISCOUNT CO. LTD. London EC3 (Associate of Britannic Assurance Co. Ltd.) The Discount Co. of Rhodesia Ltd. (A)(heldthrough Gillett Investments Ltd. U.K.) Natimml Enemies 50 Zinbabwe News

* GLAXO HOLDINGS LTD. London W.I. Geddes Ltd. (A) * GLOBE INVESTMENT TRUST LTD. (Associate of Cable Trust Ltd.) Electra Investments (Rhodesia) Ltd. (A) * GOODE DURRANT & MURRAY GROUP London ECI (Controlled by PAISLEY Ltd. Cayman Islands) T.I.R. Ltd. (held through British Overseas Stores Ltd., U.K.) Thaine Buildings (Pvt) Ltd. (held ditto) E. Whiteaway and Co. (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Whiteaway, Bickley & Bell Ltd., U.K.) * GRAND METROPOLITAN LTD. London W.I. Rhodesian Wines (Pvt) Ltd. (A) (held through International Distillers & Vintners Ltd., U.K.) GRINDLAYS HOLDINGS LTD London EC3 (Associate of Lloyds Band Ltd.) British & Rhodesian Discount House Ltd. (A) The Discount Co. of Rhodesia Ltd. (A) Glyburn (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Grindlays Executor & Trustee Co. (Pvt) Ltd. (d) Grindlays International Finance (Rhodesia) Ltd. Grindlays Nominees (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. National and Grindlays Nominees (Pvt) Ltd. Von Seidel Grindlays Trust Co. Ltd. (A) GUARDIAN ROYAL EXCHANGE ASSURANCE LTD. London EC3 Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Rhodesia Ltd. THE GUTHRIE CORPORATION LTD. London EC3 Guthrie & Co. (Rhodesia) (Pte) Ltd. (held through Guthrie & Co. (U.K.) Ltd. U.K.) Harrington & Co. (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. Kintyre Estates (Pvt) Ltd. HALL ENGINEERING (HOLDINGS) LTD. Shrewsbury, Salop B.R.C. Weldmesh (Rhodesia) (Pvt) (d) (held through Hall A.G., Switzerland) Hall Engineering (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) HARRIS & SHELDON GROUP LTD. Packington Park, Nr. Memden, Warwicks Harris & Sheldon (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) * HAWKER SIDDELEY GROUP LTD., London S.W.I. Crompton Parkinson (Central Africa) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) Hawker Siddeley Electric (Pvt) Ltd. Electric Motor Rewinding (Pvt) Ltd. Hawker Siddeley International (Pvt) Ltd. South Wales Electric Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. * HIGHAMS LTD. Accrington, Lancs (Associate of Courtaulds Ltd.) Highams (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (A) PHILIP HILL INVESTMENT TRUST LTD. London S.W.I. (Associate of Eagle Star Insurance Co. Ltd.) Merchant Bank of Central Africa Ltd. (A) HILL SAMUEL GROUP LTD. London EC2 (Associate of Philip Hill Investment Trust Ltd, which is turn an associate of Eagle Star Insurance Co. Ltd.) Heywood Investments Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Hill Samuels & Co. Ltd., U.K.) Ardennie Finance (Pvt) Ltd. Noble Lowndes Finance of Rhodesia (held through Lowndes Lambert Overseas Holdings Ltd., U.K.) * HOGG ROBINSON GROUP LTD. London EC3 Hogg Robinson Capel-Cure (Pvt) Ltd. Hogg Robinson & Gardner Mountain (Pvt) Ltd. Hutchinson & Poole (Pvt) Ltd. * HOOVER LTD. Greenford, Middlesex (Associate of The Hoover Co., USA) Hoover (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * JOHN HOWARD & CO. LTD. Chatham, Kent (Associate of Pearl Assurance Co. Ltd.) Marine Construction (Pvt) Ltd. (A) * HUNTING ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES LTD. London W.I. (Associate of Huntings Holding Ltd.) Agric-Air (Pvt) Ltd. Field Aircraft Services Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. Field Industries Rhodesia Ltd. * ICL LTD. London SW 15 International Computers (Central Africa)(Pvt) Ltd. * ILLINGWORTH, MORRIS & CO. LTD. Shipley, Yorks (Associate of the Lothbury Investment Corporation Ltd.) Joshua Hoyle & Sons Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. IMPERIAL GROUP LTD. London SWI Imperial Tobacco-Leaf Organization (managed by Imperial Tobacco Ltd., U.K.) KENNING MOTOR GROUP LTD. Clay Cross, Derby Car Mart (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Kenning (London) Ltd., U.K.) LAMBERTON HOLDING LTD. Coatbridge, Scotland Lamberton & Co (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * LAMSON INDUSTRIES LTD. London S.E.I. (Subsidiary of MOORE CORPORATION LTD., Canada) Caribonum (Central Africa) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Lamson Industries Southern Africa (Pvt) Ltd., South Africa) Lamson Paragon Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Lamson Paragon South Africa (Pvt) Ltd., South Africa). " LEAD INDUSTRIES GROUP LTD. London EC2 Fry)s Metals (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd.(d) " LONRHO LTD. London EC2 Corsyn Consolidated Mines Ltd. Lonrho Investment Co. Ltd. Lonrho Finance Co. Ltd. North Chart Investments Ltd. Nyaschere Copper (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Rhodesian Spinners Ltd. (held through David Whitehead &Sons (Holdings) Ltd., U.K.) Rhodesian Wattle Co. Ltd. Zambezi Coachworks Ltd. * LOPEX LTD. London WC2 Market Research Africa (Rhodesia) (Pty) Ltd. (held through Lopex International Ltd., U.K.) * LUCAS INDUSTRIES LTD. Birmingham B19 2XF Joseph Lucas C.A. (Pvt) Ltd. * J. LYONS & CO. LTD. London W14 Lyons Brooke Bond (Pvt) Ltd. MEPC LTD. London W.I. London County Properties of Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. Dolphin House (Pvt) Ltd. Jarian Holdings (Pvt) Ltd. (all held through London County Freehold and Leasehold Properties Ltd., U.K.) * Mc KECHNIE BROTHERS LTD Walsall, West Midlands WS9 8DS Eachairn Investments Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. McKechnie Brothers C.A. (Pvt) Ltd. (held through McKechnie Brothers South Africa (Pty) Ltd., South Afri. ca). * MANDERS (HOLDINGS) LTD. Wolverhampton, Staffs Mander-Kidd (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * MARCHWIEL HOLDINGS LTD. London W.I. Sir Alfred McAlpine & Son (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. Zimbabwe News 51 National Enemies

MARDON PACKAGING INTERNATIONAL LTD., Bristol BS8 3MJ (owned jointly by B.A.T. INDUSTRIES LTD (formerly British American Tobacco Co. Ltd.) and IMPERIAL GROUP) Mardon Printers (Pvt) Ltd. " MARLEY LTD. Sevenoaks, Kent Apollo Homes (Pvt) Ltd. Marley (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. " MATTHEWS WRIGHTSON HOLDINGS LTD. London EC3 Stewart Wrightson (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Stewart Wrightson (Pvt) Ltd., South Africa) * MAY & HASSELL LTD. Bristol BS 99 7PH John Bishop (Africa) (Pvt) Ltd. May & Hassell (Pvt) Ltd. Plumstedt Farm (Pvt) Ltd. * METAL BOX LTD. Reading Metal Box Central Africa Ltd. (held through Metal Box Overseas Ltd., U.K.) " MITCHELL COTTS GROUP LTD. London EC 3 Datsun Distributors (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Carruthers, Spence (P't) Ltd., South Africa) Miller Weedon & Carruthers (CA) (Pvt) Ltd. (A) (held through Carruthers, Spence (Pty) Ltd, South Africa) Watson's Shipping (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Watson's Shipping (Pty) Ltd., South Africa) " OCEAN TRANSPORT AND TRADING LTD. Liverpool 2 ORB Mann George Properties (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Cory Mann George Ltd. UK) " OFREX GROUP LTD. London W.L. Ellams (Pvt) Ltd. " SAMUEL OSBORN & CO. LTD. Sheffield 530 3TR Samuel Osborn (Rhodesia) Ltd. (held through Samuel Osborn (South Africa) Ltd. South Africa * OZALID HOLDINGS LTD. Loughton, Essex, (Controlled by OCE VAN DER GRINTEN N.V., Holland and an associate of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.) Ozalid Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd.(held through Ozalid South Africa (Prv) Ltd. South Africa PEARL ASSURANCE CO. LTD. London W.C.I. . Beverly Building Society (A) *S. PEARSON & CO. LTD. London S.W.I. Longman Rhodesia (Pte) Ltd. (held through Longman Group (Overseas Holdings) Ltd. UK) *THE PANINSULAR AND ORIENTAL STEAM NAVIGATION CO. London E.C. 3 Pages Hats (Ptv) Ltd. (held through Bovis Ltd. UK) * PHILIPS ELECTRONIC AND ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES LTD. London W.I. (controlled by GEMEENSCHAPPELIJK BEZIT VAN AANDELEN PHILIPS' GLOEILAMPEN AABRIEKEN N.V. Holland Central African Radio & Electrical (Southern Rhodesia) (Pvt) (held through Pye of Cambridge Ltd. UK) 'PHOENIX ASSURANCE CO. LTD. London E.C. 4 (associate of The Contriental Corp, USA, & of friends Provident Life Office) Rhodesian Century Insurance Co. Ltd. (held through The Century Insurance Co. Ltd. UK) " PILKINGTON BROTHE=RS LTD. St. Helens, Meseyside Rhodesian Safety Gass (Pvt) Ltd. " THE PLESSEY CO. LTD. Ilford Essex Communication Systems of Rhodesia (1966) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) (held through Plessey South Africa Holdings (Pty) Ltd. South Africa) Plessey Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Plessey South Africa Ltd. South Africa) Wychforde (Pvt) Ltd. 'PROVINCIAL INSURANCE CO. LTD. Kendal, Cumbria Rhodesian Assets Investment Co. Ltd. (A) *RANDALLS GROUP LTD. Bedford Randalls (Rhodesia) Ltd. 'RECKI1T & COLMAN LTD. London W.H. Reckitt & Colman (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. Frankel (Pvt) Ltd. 'REDIFFUSION LTD. London S.W.I. (controlled by THE BRITISH ELECTRIC TRACTION CO. LTD.) Rediffusion Relays (Pvt) Ltd. (d) ' REDLAND LTD. Reigate, Surrey Redland Tiles of Rhodesia Ltd. (A) ' REED INTERNATIONAL LTD. London W.I. Consolidated Industries Rhodesia Holdings (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Reed Financial (Pry) Ltd. South Africa) Nedlaw Investment & Trust Corp. Ltd. (A) Smith & Walton (Pvt) Ltd. Spicers (C.A.) (Pvt) Ltd. ' REYROLLE PARSONS LTD. Newcastle-upon-Tyne C.A. Parsons & Co. (Rhodesia) (Pty) Ltd. A. Reyrolle 5 Co. (Rhodesia) Ltd. (d) ' SAGIT TRUST CO. LTD. London W.I. (Subsidiary of CENTRAL ACCEPTANCES LTD. South Africa) The Salisbury Board of Executors Ltd. (held through Sagit Ltd. UK) African Housing Development (Pvt) Ltd. (A) BR Bentall Ltd. (A) Executors Trust-Co. (Pvt) Ltd. Manor Close (Pvt) Ltd. Manor (Pvt) Ltd. Morayshite Investments (Pvt) Ltd. Mutual Credit Protection Society (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Rhodesian Brickand Potteries Co. Ltd. (A) Sagit Nominees (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. Sagit Trusts Co. of Rhodesia Ltd. Second African Housing Development (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Trust Nominees (Pvt) Ltd. Trustee House (Pvt) Ltd. SAMUEL PROPERTIES LTD. London W. 2 Raffinepra Estates Ltd. (A) SEDDON DIESEL VEHICLES LTD. Clanam Lancs (controlled by INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER CO., U.S.A.) Seddon Diesel of Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. (d) ' SEDGWICK FORBES HOLDINGS LTD. London E.C.3. Rhodesian Insurance Brokers (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Price Forbes Sedgick (Africa) Ltd.. South Africa) ' SELECTION TRUST LTD. London E.C. 2 (Associate of Charter Consolidated Ltd.) Bikita Minerals (Pvt) Ltd. (A) 'THE "SHELL" TRANSPORT AND TRADING CO. LTD. Shell Centre, London S.E. I (The assets of this company are substantially in the form of investments, direct and indirect in a large number of companies collectively known as the Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies. "Shell" Transport has a 40% interest and N.V. Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Mij (Royal Dutch) has a 60% interest. The holdings of these two parent companies consist mainly of shaves in The Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd. (A) and Shell Petroleum N.V. (A) These two principal Holding Companies in their two own shaves, directly or indirectly in a large number of companies including those listed above, right, as Rhodesian subsidiaries) Central African Petroleum Refineries (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Shell Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. (A) SIEMSSEN, HUNTER LTD. London E.C.I. Siemssen, Maunder (Pvt) Ltd. SPILLERS LTD. London E.C.4 Farivia Secwithes (Pvt) Ltd. National Food Holdings Ltd. (A) 52 Zimbabwe News National Enemies

Rhodesian Milling Co. (Pvt) Ltd. (A South African subsidiary of hi6 Group, Square Grip. ReinftrceRhanil Holdings Ltd. (Pvt) (A) metal Co. (South Africa; (Ply) Ltd. is held through tie above Rhode* STANDARD CHARTERED BANK LTD. London E.C. 4 (Asso- sianstlbsidiary ciate of Midland Bank Ltd.) British and Rhodesian Discount House Ltd.* Discount Co. of Rhodesia Ltd. (A)* Export Credit Insurance Corporation of Rhodesia Ltd. (A)* Glyburn (Pvt) Ltd. (A)* Industrial Development Corporation of Rhodesia Ltd. (A)* Industrial Promotion Corporation of Central Africa Ltd. (IPCORN) (A)* New Horizons Holdings Rhodesian Breweries Ltd. Standard Trust Ltd. RIB Holdings (Pvt) Ltd. (A)* Standard Finance Ltd.* Standard Merchant Bank Rhodesia Ltd.* Tweeddale Properties Ltd.* (* All held throngh Tihe Standaurd Batik Ltd., UK) *STANDARD TELEPHONES AND CABLES LTD. London W.C.2 (controlled by INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORE, U.S.A.) Standard Telephones and Cables (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (hehl through Ashe Laboratories Ltd., UK) * STENHOUSE HOLDINGS LTD. Glasgow G2 5NX Ralphs Harris (Insurances) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Stenhouse Reed Shaw International Ltd.. UK) Stenhouse Reed Shaw (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held the through Stenhouse Reed Shan, Africa Ply) Ltd. South Afrira) Stenhouse-CIM (Pvt) Ltd. STOCKLAKE HOLDINGS LTD. London E.C.2 (Associate of the Scottish and Mercantile Investment Co. Ltd.) British Rhodesian Steel Co. (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Adam & Harvey Ltd., UK) * TANGANYI KA CONCESSIONS LTD. London W.C.I (Registered in the U.K., but head office is in Nassau, Bahamas) (Associate of Elbar Industrial Ltd. UK, of General de Belgique SA, Ste, Bekjum) Tanganyika Properties (Pty) Ltd. TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT GROUP LTD. London S.W.I. The Square Grip Reinforcement Co. (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (held through Square Grip Ltd. UK) * TUBE INVESTMENTS LTD Birmingham B 16 (Associate of the British Steel Corporation) Allen West Rhod. (Pvt) Ltd. (he/l through Allen West Holding Co. Ltd., UK) * TURNER & NEMANN LTD. Manchester M3 2NL African Associated Mines (Pvt) Ltd. Bailey's Roofing (Pvt) Ltd. (A) Rhodesian and General Asbestos Corporation (Pvt) Ltd. Rhodesian Asbestos (1959) (Pvt) Ltd. Turners Asbestos Products (Pvt) Ltd. (this has a South African registered subsidiary, Dublin Consolidated Asbestos Mines (Pty) Ltd. held throngh Turuer & Neswall Investments Ltd., UK) * UNILEVER LTD. London E.C.H. (Unilever comprises Unilver Ltd. London and Unilever N.V.. Rotterdam, respective subsidiary companies. Unilever N.V. administers subsidiaries in Continental Europe, the Americas & Asia) Lever Brothers (Pvt) Ltd. Plantes & importers (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. * UNITED DOMINIONS TRUST LTD. London E.C.3 (Associate of Eagle Star Insurance Co. Ltd. & The Lindenhal Assurance Co. Ltd.) United Dominions Corporation (Rhodesia) Ltd. (held through UDT International Ltd. UK) UDC Rhodesia Ltd. WARD & GOLDSTONE LTD. Salford M6 6AP Ward & Goldstone (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. (d) * THE WELLCOME FOUNDATION LTD. London N.W.I. (ained by the WELLCOME TRUST) Wellcome Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. Cooper Rhodesia Ltd. WESTERN SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. London E.C.l. (Associate of East Rand Consolidated Ltd.) Rhodesian Corporation Ltd. (A) * WILKINSON MATCH LTD. London W.I. Lion Match (Rhodesia) Ltd. (held through The Lion Match Co. Ltd. South Africa) F.W. WOOLWORTH AND CO. LTD. London N.W.I. (controlled by F.W. WOLLWORTH Co. U.S.A.) F.W. Woolworth & Co. (Southern Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. The character of the enemy Political Education in ZANU: Abridged Commissariat Lectures Ideological and Revolutionary Education The Zimbabwe News is privileged to publish, for the benefit of ZANU members abroad (and those in circumstances where they cannot attend ZANU camp lessons), support and solidarity groups, sympathizers etc., the first abridged series of Lectures given to every ZANLA comrade before he can have the honour to wield the gun. We will never be able to publish the entire set of Lectures extenso. We are indebted to Comrade Mayor Vurimbo, ZANU's Chief Politi- cal Commissar who prepared the abridged forms and authorized publication. As we have repeatedly asserted in these columns, liberation, genuine liberation, does not mean mere physical absence of an oppressor. In our context, liberation represents the crowning point in a revolutionary process. It is a state of human existence when man has become triumphant, by armed struggle, over all artificial shackles imposed by Imperialism. These must indude political, social, cultural, economic, personal liberation. No society can achieve it without a revolutionary and scientific education. (Editor) The main historical consequence of colonial occupation was the establishment of capitalism in the colonies, which is the principle enemy of our people and our movement. Essentially, the system was based on British and South African capital which came into our country in search of the rich raw materials we had, especially minerals. The establishment of large mining operations created even more exacting demands for land and labour. Within a few years of occupation and conquest, half the land surface of Zimbabwe had been taken by the invading white settlers, all mineral deposits pegged and claimed, and our forefathers forced to provide the much-needed labour for the new mines and plantations. Their cattle - the mainstay of their traditional economy - were also taken to Ideological and Revolutionary Education Zimbabwe News 53 provide meat for the miners and wealth for the colonisers. Beginning from this base of mining and agriculture, rapid industrialisation started during the second world war when Britain established the giant Commonwealth Air Training Scheme. It created new demands for agricultural products and established an infrastructure for industrial growth. The post-war period saw the development of manufacturing industries especially in the new cities. This exploitative system of colonial capitalism benefited the white settlers in Rhodesia in that they could live a very high standard of living - infact higher than their counterparts in Europe - and the shareholders in South African, British, and American companies, that invested capital there. These companies realized higher profits for their investment in Rhodesia than they would normally get in Britain or Europe. These multinational companies are an integral part of the world capitalist economic system. It is this system, and its agents in Rhodesia, that is our principal enemy. The agents of colonial capitalism in Rhodesia are the white settlers who seized political control of the vital governmental apparatus as far back as 1923. They have used this power to organize the economy in such a manner as to provide maximum material benefits to the white minority and maximum hardship and suffering for the african majority. Control and manipulation of the administrative apparatus was decisive in building up the economy of the white racist state of Rhodesia. If the enemy is this global chain of imperialism, at what point do we confront the enemy in Zimbabwe? We have to resolve three interlocking but major contradictions. The first is the presence of a foreign element of 270,000 white settlers who have accumulated political, military, and economic power over the years. They are the agents of the world capitalist system referred to above. This system forms part of the global conflict between capitalism as a world economic system, and socialism as an alternative and higher form of social organization. Our experience with capitalism in the last 88 years, and our study and search for a new and better system has convinced us that socialism is the best system for the free, independent state of Zimbabwe. The second contradiction is the competition for power between the white settlers and the indigenous Africans in which cultural and racial differences, the pigmentation of the skir, and different patterns of civilisation, are used to the limit in order to exclude other competitors. Under the extreme racial doctrine of Apartheid enacted in South Africa and to a lesser extent in Rhodesia, being born black was sufficient to be disqualified as a competitor for power before the race started. This is also part of the global racial conflict in plural societies that have feudal or capitalist systems of organization. The third is the existence of the regions of world, or simply the "haves" and the "havenots". In countries like Zimbabwe, in addition to the material difference engendered by racist policies of the go- Defence and Commissariat regular contact to strengthen the monolithic unity of ZANLA vernment, there is a dual economy of a prosperous commercial-urban sector, and an empoverished subsistence-rural sector. This too is part of the global conflict between the industrial North and the agrarian South which has been the subject of a world-wide debate for a new international economic order. The indigenous Africans are the poor and the under-privileged both as a class and as a race. They are the "have-nots", the blacks, and the colonized. As these issues are inextricably interlinked, the struggle has to be fought on all of them, with the emphasis on the system of colonial capitalism which makes manifestations of racism and duality more pronounced. The Driving Force The driving force behind the revolutionary movement in Zimbabwe has been the broad front of workers, peasants, soldiers, and students, and the lumpen proletariat in both ZANU and ZAPU, the two organizations constituting the liberation movement which have now joined in an even broader anti-imperialist Patriotic Front. At this national democratic phase, all elements of the oppressed and colonized people have to be mobilized to fight against the common enemy in Zimbabwe, and diplomatic isolation in the international community. At this stage, even the petit bourgeoisie and traditional chiefs and headmen who are opposed to the enemy can and should join the struggle. A tactiful alliance with organizations representing the petit bourgeoisie discussed as above cannot be ruled out. In fact, several patriotic elements from these classes have already joined the struggle. The menacing problem at present is the large element of these compromising classes that has adopted a favourable and friendly posture to imperialism and colonialism in the so-called internal settlement talks. The second state of the socialist revolution will be undertaken by a movement with a proletarian ideology after political independence has been won. But, the success of this process in the second stage, depends on the emergence of the working class movement with a proletarian ideology during the first phase. It is extremely important, therefore, that in the entire revolutionary process covering the two, three, or even four stages, leadership be in the hands of the proletariat, or representative of the proletariat. ZANU ensured this process Ideological and Revolutionary Education .54 Zimbabwe News by breaking away from the nationalist leadership'of the 1960's in the first place, and by removing its former President, Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole, who had these tendencies. Continuing with a socialist revolution that will benefit the' toiling masses - the workers and the peasants - does entail crushing internal reactionaries, and taking vigorious-steps to prevent the emergence of a class of new exploiters of whatever colour, race, or creed. Class Structure of Zimbabwe Sodety* The European settler community is by no means a homogenous society. It consists of social groups that have marked differences of occupation and roles within the colonial society, but they are generally agreed in their opposition to a take over of the government by the Africans. However, these differences may still be important for the kind of alliances that may emerge with certain African social groups. We have representatives of and managers of the 350 multinational companies operating in Rhodesia, especially in mining and manufacturing. They formed and financed the first United Party which ruled the country under different names from 1923 to 1962. They were liberal racists. We then have the 7,000 landowners and farmers' who want a tight control on labour supplies and competitive production. They formed a coalition with white trade unions representing 120,000 white workers in. 1962, and formed the Rhodesian Front which won the general election of thatyear and formed the government.up to the present time. White workers fear the competition of black workers so much that they have played a negative and reactionary role in the broad coalition of the white ruling class. The 24,000 white civil servants and professional men and women play an important part in a small electorate of only 100,000 voters. They supported, the United Party for many years, but at the break-up of the Central African Federation, they swung to the side of agrarian-worker alliance of the Rhodesian Front in an attempt to secure their employment in Rhodesia. For, us the differences which are important for the struggle before and after independence occur in the African community itself, as would be expected the motive force for change and revolution has been.provided by the alliance of peasants and, workers. In a country with a broad industrial base such as Zimbab- we, the. one million African workers .'who depend on wage-income are bound ,to be the leading force in the revolutionary process. The. dual economy has dispossessed.them of the means of livelihood in the subsistence sector, and denied them any democratic or trade union rights in the commercial and industrial sector. Under the colonial system the black worker was never paid a living wage, nor provided with adequate housing and social amenities. He was compelled to leave his wife and family in the Tribal Trust Lands, while he oscillated between the town and the reserve to seek out a precarious existence and pay his taxes. This process has proletarianized even the peasantry. -There are 217,000 migrant workers from countries neighbouring Rhodesia who work mainly in agriculture and domestic employment, and generally do not join in the political activities of the workers. The strikes organized since the war and especially during the hearings of the Pearce Commission in 1972, and the genereal character of the nationalist movements, has shown the workers to be a leading force. Although the peasantry has declined in numbers because of the on-going process of proletarianization under colonial capitalism, it is still the largest single class numbering about 3.4 million people (about 40% of the population are young children below 15). The combined effects of dispossession of the land, forced reduction of the number of cattle, and the deteriorating fertility of the land, has put the bulk of the peasantry on the verge of starvation. In spite of and maybe because of the desperate economic situation in which they find themselves, the peasants have played an increasingly important part in the war of national liberation. Much of the fighting has taken place in the rural areas where the peasants live. Showing a great sense of patriotism, they have provided the freedom-fighters with food, shelter, and vital information. Their own sons and daughters have swelled the ranks of the freedom-fighters as the war has developed. As the basic classes of the coloni'zed and oppressed peoples, the basic objective of our revolution is to wrest power from the colonialists and transfer it to the worker-peasant alliance under the leadership of ZANU. . Soliders and students are not a class of themselves, but during this anti-colonial struggle they have been identified with and led the working class and the pea.sants against the common enemy. In the important task of waging armed strugg- le, the decisive factor has been ZANLA (the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army). It started as a small army of stone-throwers 15 years ago, but it has now become a political-military machine more powerful than the regular Rhodesian army, Air-Force and the police put together. As a people's army with three distinct functions - fighting, politicisation, and production - it has deepened the identification and integrated the party with peasants, migrant labourers, workers and students. Students have left primary and secondary schools, and universities, in large numbers to join the ZANLA forces. In as far as they have advanced the mass line, they have contributed significantly to the liberatory process. Zimbabwe has a fairly large petit bourgeoisie consisting of purchase area farmers, petty traders, self-employed artisans, priests, professional men and women and compradors of multinational corporations. Their total number is no more than 8% of the population, but they could expand rapidly in the wake of independence to replace the colonialists as the new masters or exploiters. They are opposed to the colonial system because it denied them opportunities of accumulating capital and property, but they are willing to compromise with it once independence has been achieved. The two factions of the United African National Council led by the two Priests - Bishop Abel Muzorewa and Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole - represent this petit bourgeois class. Essentially. this class wants to be the new exploiters of an independent Zimbabwe. They have already guaranteed continuation of the system of colonial capitalism in commercial agriculture and industry with a few exceptions the desires of the new exploiters are also shared by the 620 traditional Chiefs and Headmen who "While successful battles have been successively raging at our military fronts, the British Government have as usual, been playing their double game of running with the hares and hunting with the hounds - a duplicit, verging on utter dishonesty. As they confer with me and Comrade Nkomo, they are also, sometimes openly. but at other times furtively deliberating with racist rebel Smith and the treacherous threesome of renegade and quisling Sithole stooge Muzorewa and puppet Chirau." Comrade Mugabe Ideological a,.d Revolutiona * Education Zmaw es 5 Zinsbabwve News 55 aepena on annquatea ieuoai ano nereditary structures, and the tribute they receive from colonisers, rich merchants who want to exploit the peasants, and gifts from the exploited peasantry itself. The interests of the neo-colonialists who control economic power are best served in Zimbabwe by this class. Britain's and America's frustration with Ian Smith's regime in the last 12 years was the latter's refusal to accomodate this class. Finally we have a lumpen proletariat consisting of about 110,000 unemployed school-leavers, a prison-population of about 16,000 and other elements of the alienated population. Of the 40,000 Africans in secondary schools this year, only 10,000 at the maximum can expect to be employed after they complete their studies, or find opportunities to carry on studying. Even university students have problems in finding jobs because of white racially discriminatory practices. Clearly, the task and strategy of our revolutionary movement is to wipe out all vestiges, of colonialism and practices of differentiation on grounds of race, colour, religion, or any other social or economic barrier, that encourages the growth of a lumpen proletariat in our cities. On the contrary, Government will be charged with the national duty of providing education, full employment, and basic amenities to all its citizens. Consequences and prospects of a policy of confrontation The history and experiences of ZANU since the launching of the armed struggle in 1966 has been varied. In the early stages not all members and supporters were convinced that we could launch and sustain a protracted armed struggle. Some thought a few skirmishes in the bush would bring the British Royal Air Force like a thunderbolt through the Rhodesian sky to remove white settler power. Others thought that African states would mount irresistable diplomatic pressure at the United Nations and in the British Commonwealth of Nations. This view was shared by the petit bourgeois elements outside the party which never wanted to disrupt the economic system from which they had slight benefits. The position of the compromisers and would-be exploiters in Rhodesia, and the British Government which had its eyes open for any European or African governments it could support, was severly weakened by the Rhodesia Front's insistence that it would never negotiate with African nationalists. The position remained stalemated until September 1972 when African masses rejected the Pearce Commission proposals, and more importantly in December 1972 ZANU launched the armed struggle in the north-eastern districts of Rhodesia. The northeastern operation was the single and the most serious blow suffered by colonial capitalism and imperialism in Zimbabwe since the 1896 war. It changed all the calculations and upset the balance of forces in the country. The victories of Frelimo in Mozambique in 1974, and the MPLA in Angola in 1976, further upset the balance of forces in the whole region, strengthening the revolutionary forces and weakening the colonialists and their potential allies. The success of the north- eastern operation, coupled with the collapse of the Portuguese fascist dictatorship and the attainment of independence by FRELIMO in Mozambique, alarmed the weakened colonialists. They quickly changed their posture to the one of dialogue with African nationalists. African leaders were released from detention and sent to Lusaka Zambia, to form one united A.N.C. in preparation for constitutional talks. "Power transfer requires that both political and military instruments be jointly placed in our hands. Our army remains the bulwark of our political power. If the vote is the product of the gun, then the gun which has created it must continue to protect and secure it. Guns and votes are inseparable partners. Accordingly we insist that enemy forces must go out and our forces take over. If Britain does not accept this, then our war continues." Comrade Mugabe Ideological and Revolutionary Education 56 Zimbabwe News

As far back as April 1969, the leaders of fifteen African states had written "The Lusaka Manifesto" which committed them to a policy of peaceful negotiations first and fighting when all doors were firmly closed. When Vorster did open the door in 1974, detente started. The objectives of detente were to defeat the revolutionary process that / ANU had started in the north-eastcrn district, first by destroying ZANU and disrupting ZANLA, and secondly by reaching out for the so-called moderates and accomodating them in a new neocolonial system. International capitalists who managed the largest multinational companies with interests in Rhodesia, notably LONRHO, the Ango-American Corporation, and Rio Tinto, convinced some African leaders of independent African states especially Zambia on the one side and Smith and Vorster on the other, of the efficacy of the detente exercise. An internal coup was attempted within ZANU at the same time that ZANU, ZAPU, FROLIZI, and the ANC under one umbrella of the enlarged ANC. A few months after the signing thousands of ZANLA men were killed, including our illustratious national chairman Herbert Chitepo, in circumstances that have not yet been explained satisfactorily. Despite this tragedy that befell ZANU, the detente exercise did not achieve its objectives of a constitutional settlement between the colonialists and the compromisers. The second detente exercise launched by Dr. Henry Kissinger then American Secretary of State, failed at the Geneva Conference in December 1976. The third detente exercise launched by Dr. Owen, British Foreign Secretary, and Rev. Andrew Young, the U.S.A. Ambassador to the United Nations in 1977, were stalled although the Governor-Designate had been appointed and the United Nations had already named a Commander for its peace- keeping forces. The lesson to be drawn from these bizarre events is an obvious one. A thorough- going revolutionary process in Zimbabwe is against the best interests of the white settlers, the Republic of South Africa which has a direct interest in Rhodesia, the petit bourgeoisie ruling independent African states, the local reactionaries within the liberation movements of Zimbabwe itself, and of course imperialism in general as represented by Britain, the USA, and multinational corporations. The detente exercise brought to life again all the petit bourgeois elements Production strengthening principle of self-reliance of the people's army that had shunned the hard fighting within the African community of Zimbabwe, including those leaders who belonged to the class of the petit bourgeoisie. Ndabaningi Sithole who had been deposed as the president by his national executive in prison because of his insistance at compromise in order to secure his release, the Malianga brothers, and others left the party to join the compromisers. The leadership was assumed by Robert Mugabe President, Simon Mzenda Vice- President, and Edgar Tekere, general secretary with a clear mandate from members and supporters of ZANU for a re-affirmation of the Gwelo Congress policy of armed struggle and confrontation. The newlyindependent state of Mozambique, governed by a Marxist-Leninist party, FRELIMO, was more than read to back up the generalised guerilla war that started in January 1976, and has now liberated a third of the colony. The Party is now in a position to reconstruct the new Zimbabwe society it wants to see in the liberated areas, and to resolve contradictions they may arise there as FRELIMO did during its own struggle. Economic objectives The crucial issues in the attainment of genuine political independence is the question of the control of the national economy. All the means of production, distribution and exchange have to be under the control of the national government, and its people. The salutary experience of the independence granted to African states in 1960 is that the new government did not control its economy; inherited the military structures stock and barrel, thereby paving the way for military take-overs; and abolished the political structures left by colonialists. Without controlling the economy, most of the governments have found that their dependence on the metropolitan economy has continued or even increased. Therefore, the control of the Zimbabwe economy from the very beginning of the independence period is a central objective of ZANU. Consequently the major means of production will be nationalised in the interests of the workers and the peasants. A self-reliant socialist economy will be created as the surest guarantee against external domination. Rapid industrialisation will be encouraged and basic industries will be developed to facilitate technological and scientific advancement. In this development Zimbabwe will call upon the assistance of friendly socialist countries that have had similar experiences of development. Self-reliant projects have started in our refugee camps by the encouragement of manufacturing basic commodities on small-scale industries. This policy will be continued in the initial period when the new government may face hostility from capitalist countries. On the land of question, ZANU has stated repeatedly that all natural resources - land, mineral, water, flora, and fauna - belong to the people of Zimbabwe as a whole in perpetuity. No person has right of private ownership of land and of minerals. Land hunger was one of the main objectives for the freedom struggle, and certainly is the inspiration of peasants who have rallied behind the movement. The needs of the peasants should be assessed accurately and the land of Zimbabwe made availa- Ideological and Revolutionary Education Zimbabwe News 57 ble to them for use on a cooperatives. They will need assistance from Government in providing vital extension services, and subsidies for machinery fertilisers, and farm equipment in the initial period. In the light of the statements made by the ANC boot-lickers at their internal settlement talks with the Smith regime in January 1978, that they would keep their farms and produce more food, the 7000 white farmers, we are compelled to state categorically that ZANU would dismantle the white farms and bas its effort for increased production on an entirely new socialist arrangement. An economic institution such as the white- owned plantations and their Native compounds could not be sustained in an independent African state, even of the neo-colonial variety. The goals of self-reliance and equality among citizens must be sought at all times. All ZANU cadres practise complete equality in their style and methods of work in the party. It is realised that equality would be achieved in circumstances where the possibility of one class exploiting another has been removed. Not only should there be equality between citizens but also between regions and between the urban-rural areas. The dual economy referred to earlier should be minimised and finally removed. One of the important ways of achieving this objective is to ensure that the industries established under rapid industrialisation programme referred to above, are integrated into the agrarian system. In other words, the raw materials of the industries should come essentially from the agricultural sector, and ancillary industries. An integrated economic plan and programme with inter- linkages between industry and agriculture, and some industries established in farming communes and cooperatives, is the surest way to maximum development. Workers and peasants must participate fully in the economic institution in which they work and get their existence. ZANU does not regard a vote cast by a citizen once in five years for one or two candidates, important as that exercise may be, as adequate participation. Our view of democracy is a system in which managers and workers in a factory discuss all issues related to the product they are producting and the organisation of their factory, and then take decisions through properly constituted committees in which the workers have a decisive voice. Similarly, peasants must have a decisive voice in the cooperatives and communes which manage their production. For this system of management to work satisfactorily, the leaders of the party, government, and the managers of agro-economic institutions must accept criticism and self-criticism as on operative principle. On the side of the workers and the peasants the new system does demand a high level of national consciousness and self-discipline. The party should take as its responsibility to mobilise the workers and peasants and to raise their national consciousness. This work was started several years ago and is continuing throughout the country as ZANLA mobilises the toiling masses for the current phase of the revolution. Several problems encountered in the first few years have been resolved, and solid progress is now being made. The success of a post- independence programme of economic development does depend on the success of the mobilisation work now and in the future. The party must teach the masses to consolidate their revolution by waging the class struggle in the economic and other spheres so that they can defeat their class enemies. Political objectives The main political objectives of ZANU is to smash the army, Police, and the administrative apparatus of the minority white settlers, and replace them with an army and an administration of the people, and thereby liberate the toiling masses from the state of fear and moral degradation to which they have been subjected for 88 years. The revolu, tionary armed struggle of all the people is the only way to crush the capitalist state. ZIPA forces are currently dismantling the settler colonialist state bit by bit in many parts of the country. In about half of the 51 magestrial districts, the administrative offices are no longer able to impose the obnoxious laws and regulations regarding land utiisation, destocking of livestock, nor to run schools and clinics. ZIPA forces are establishing the people's own schools, and district courts in some districts. Enemy troops are being killed in growing numbers; a thousand white settlers have been leaving the country every month for the last year (1977), communications systems have been disrupted, installations blown up, and several military camps and police stations damaged beyond repair. While a lot of dismantling still has to be done before the colonialist state is finally crushed, the work that has been started will be completed under ZANU's leadership. Even if independence is achieved through constitutional negotiations at a certain stage, ZANU and its partner in the Patriotic Front, ZAPU, will insist, indeed as they did at the Geneva Conference in 1976, and the Malta talks in 1978, that all the armed forces of the Rhodesian regime must be disbanded and replaced by ZIPA, to pave way for truly democratic and free elections, and the attaintment of genuine independence after that. On no account will the Patriotic Front share power with the armed forces that have been brutalising and killing our people under settler colonialism and fascism. How can fascist elements be mixed with freedom-fighter who have fought so gallantly to end fascism? The fascist and colonialist forces are only -acceptable to belly- crawling and boot-licking petit bourgeois nationalists who want office for the sake of'office, have no concern. for the interests of peasants and workers, and want oppression to continue under the guise of the so-called internal settlement. The internal settlement embarked upon in 1978 is an exercise, in slurring over or pasting over settler colonialism. Ideological and Revolutionary Education 58 Zimbabw~e News The second objective is, the enjoyment of freedom and exercise of real democracy. The freedom and democracy levels by the mass of the people of Zimbabwe - at the factory floor in the village at district, regional and national levels. Zimbabwean democracy will rest squarely on three pillars. Unfittered discussion of all the issues by all concerned until a general consensus has emerged, when a decision has been taken by the central organs of the party, it will be incumbent on all members to abide by that decision; and criticism and self- criticism of the leaders by the members and masses,. and between the leaders themselves. These pillars are summarised in the term "democratic centralism" meaning combination of broad discussion of issues, and centralised decision- making once a consensus has emerged. ZANU has practised this system by critising and expelling its first president Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole, and suspending and expelling several officials who deviated from the agreed revolutionary line and practices. ZANU fully supports the principle and practices of general elections from time, to time in a free and independent Zimbabwe, without restrictions on the number of candidates that want to contest the elections as long as they accept the basic constitution of the Republic which will adumbrate the national ethic. ZANU will go further than the usual concept of democracy to enshrine the rights of the people to public ownership and participation in socio- economic institutions of their own. The basic rights of the people will also be safeguarded by the absence of the exploiting classes in the free, democratic,.socialist, and independent Republic of Zimbabwe. The colonialists will be defeated in the curent war, and the compradorial elements will not be given the opportunity to become the new exploiters. The third political objective is to achieve national unity and establish a national ethos. Cognisant of the fact that Zimbabwe has a plural society with two main tribes and sub-tribes and conscious of the attempts of backward nationalist elements that want to stir up tribal and regional feelings for personal political gain, and may even dream of dividing up an independent Zimbabwe into tribal or regional chiefdoms, ZANU is determined to crush dangerous influences of this kind whenever they raise their ugly heads within or without its own ranks. All Zimbabwe's tribes, sub-tribes, and regions have lost sons and daughters in glorious national :.'war of independence; and several .,non-Zimbabweans in the neighbouring ,African states and in other liberation )povements have died and will continue to die in the cause of Zimbabwe. The Wir effect is building a solid national .and pan-African rock on which we are determined to build the new and one Zimbabwe nation. The existing tribal, ethnic, and regional divisions are the work of the imperialists who want to benefit from the chaos emanating from 'this division. ZANU has exposed tribalists and regionalists within its ranks and urges cadres and party supporters to be vigilant in detecting any of these tendencies from mealy-mouthed and disgruntled leaders. Cultural or religious organisations of the kind that sprung in Zimbabwe in 1976, fermenting tribal discord, or spreading backward or even the evil plan of regional and tribal balances produced by Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole's faction of the ANC, are diametrically opposed to ZANU's fundamental policy on national unity, and are regarded as inimical to the national interest. These organisations and these plans are as dead as a doornail, as instruments of practical politics in Zimbabwe. "Britain and her settler Kith and Kin being responsible for the oppression, suppression and repression of our people and our country, have a duty, a compelling obligation to make concessions. Surely, we, the slaves and serfs in our own country who have chosen to take to arms in order to overthrow the slave masters cannot be expected to make concessions. We enjoy no rights and privileges and have therefore absolutely no concessions left to offer to our slave- masters in quest for our freedom. The only offer we can give is that of war." Mugabe International solidarity The Zimbabwe struggle cannot be waged in isolation from trends and forces at work in the rest of the world. Indeed, because of ferocity and brutality of the enemy, it has been necessary for the liberation movement to do most of its diplomatic and military work from neighbouring African states and diplomatic support at international conferences. The first and the most important rear-base for the armed forces of the Patriotic Front is provided by the progressive African states. We single out the progressive states because other Afri- can states have found common cause with imperialism and South Africa in particular. The second line in the rearbase. is formed by socialist countries in Eastern Europe, Asia, and elsewhere, which are fighting for the same objective. They" provide both military and ideological weapons for the struggle. The third, line is formed by radical solidarity groups and individuals within Western Europe, and the Scandinavian countries, who have provided material and financial assistance to those who are fighting for freedom and independence. The countries and support. groups that form out rear-base are aware that the Zimbabwe is an internal part of the broader Southern African problem. In particular Zimbabwe has been virtually a sub-colony of South Africa, and therefore the problem of its liberation is inextricably interlinked with the survival of the Republic of South Africa itself. The economies of America, Britain, France, West Germany, Switzerland, Japan, the entire capitalist world are linked with South Africa as the world's largest producer of diamonds, and gold and a vital strategic link on the Cape sea route to the Indian ocean. In recent years NATO has undertaken defence operations in Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans in order to defend operations interests in South Africa and its periphery and to back up the white minority regimes against the encroaching frontiers of liberated territories. NATO powers have taken an aaoreqsive posture in South Africa in particular and Southern Africa as a whole, against liberation forces, after the victory of the MPLA and tme defeat of UNITA in Angola. The South African state machinery has to be smashed and destroyed like Nazi Germany or Fascist Italy and the entire economic network of exploiting labour and raw materials from neighbouring African states in the region; removed and destroyed, root and branch, if the 50 million indigenous peoples of Southern Africa are to be truly liberated. The Western powers and all capitalist countries will neither approve nor acquire in this process. We have to fight for ihis total liberation ourselves. While we may use the minor contradictions between the imperialist countries and Rhodesia as shown in the United Nations sanctions programme in order to achieve our objective of smashing the state machinery of the Rhodesian Front, we are aware that a revolutionary movement like ours is definitely on a collusion course with capitalist countries, especially NATO powers. Ideological and Revolutionary Education Zimbabwe News 59

ZANU Needs Books Continued Education for the people intensified in the Year of the People 6. Annie L. Butler, Early Childhood Education: Planning and Administering Programs. Van Nostrand. N.Y., London, 1974. 3.50 7. Arthur B. Carin and Robert B. Sund. Teaching Modern Science. Charles Merrill, 1974. 8.28 8. Arthur B. Carin and Robert B. Sund. Discovery Teaching in Science. Charles Merrill, 1966. 4.35 9. Alan Cohen and Norman Garner. A Student's Guide to Teaching Practice. Hodder and Staughton, 1976 .85 10. R.F. Dearden, Problems in Primary Education. Routledge, Kagan Paul, London, 1976. 1.50 11. Edward de Bono. Teaching Thinking. London, Temple Smith. 4.50 12. Charles H. D'Augustine, Multiple Methods of Teaching Mathematics in the Elementary School. Harper and Row. N.Y., London, 1973. 5.40 13. Dept. of Education and Science, A Handbook of Health Education. HMGO. .82 14. William K. Ealer, Teaching Elementary Science. Wadsworth ph. Co., Belmont, California, 1973. 10.20 15. Doris E. Falk, Biology Teaching Methods. John Wiley, N.Y., London, 1971. 8.45 16. Harold Fletcher, Mathematics for Schools, Level I and Level II, Teacher's Resource Books. Addison Wesley Press. london. 3.50 each 17. Harold Fletcher and Arnold H. Howell, Mathematics with understanding. Book 2. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1972. 5.00 18. Alexander Frazier, Teaching Children Today, An Informal Approach. Harper and Row, N.Y., London, 1976. 7.45 19. ed. K.L. Gardner, J.A. Glenn and A.I.G. Renton, Children Using Mathematics. OUP, 1973. 1.50 20. William Glasser, Schools without Failure. 1-arper and Row, 1975. 1.90 21. Denis Gleeason and Geoff Whitley, Developments in Social Studies Teaching. Open Books, 1976. 1.75 22. Nora L. Goddard, Reading in the Modern Infants' School. University of London Press, 1974. 1.95 23. Jean Durgin Harlan, Science Experiences for the Early Childhood Years. Charles Merrill, Columbus, Ohio, 1976. 7.10 24. T.J. Harvey, Exploring Science. Heinemann, 1975. 1.08 25. J.B. Hilton, Language Teaching, a Systems Approach. Methuin, 1974. 1.50 26. Eric Hoyle,The Role of the Teacher. Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1975. 1.25 27. D.E. James, A Student's Guide to Efficient Study. Pergamon Press, London, N.Y., 1967. 0.85 28. Hilda Jarecki, Playgroups, A Practical Approach. Faber, 1975. 3.25 29. John Jarolimek, Clifford Foster, Teaching and Learning in the Elementary School. MacMillan, 1976. 6.50 30. Janet Lancaster and Joan Gaunt, Developments in Early Childhood Education. Open Books. 1.75 31. Richard L. Larsen, Children and Writing in the Elementary School: Theories and Techniques. OUP, 1975. 3.75 33. ad. George C. Martin and Keith Wheeler, Insights into Environmental Education. Oliver and Bond, Longmans, 1975. 2.50 34. Mathematics Eleven to Sixteen: A Report Prepared for the Mathematical Association. London. G. Bell and Sons. 1.85 35. Mathematics in Secondary Modern Schools: A Report Prepared for the Mathematical Association. London. 0. Bell and Sons, 1968. 0.75 36. Pamela Mays, Why Teach History? University of London Press, 1974. 2.35 60 Zimbabwe News 37. Sean Healy, Ideas for Teaching History. Batsford, London, 1974. 2.50 38. Marion Monroe and Bernie Rogers, Foundations for Teaching, Onformal Pre- Reading Procdures. Scott Foresmen and Co., 1974. 3.00 39. Dr. Joyce M. Morris, Language in Action Resaorce Book, a practical manual for teachers. MacMillan, 1975. 1.70 40. Donald and Louise M. Moyle, Modern Innovations in the Teaching of Reading. University of London Press, 1974. 1.50 41. John Gabriel Nawarra, Joseph Zafforoni, Science in the Elementary School, Content and Methods. Charles Merrill, 1975. 14.14. 42. Graham Owen and Michael Marland, The Practice of English Teaching, Blacie, 1970. 2.20 43. Wilga M. Rivers, Teaching Foreign Language Skills. University of Chicago Press, 1968. 8.25 44. Michael Saunders, Developments in English Teaching. Open Books. 1.75 45. James A. Smith, Creative Teaching of Reading in the Elementary School. Allyn Bacon Co., London, 1975. 5.30 46. Patrick C. Souper, About to Teach, An Introduction to Method in Teaching. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. 1.95 47. Ian Steel, Developments in History Teaching. Open Books. 1.75 48. Lillian S. Stephens, The Teachers' Guide to Open Education. Holt Rinehart Winston, 1974. 6.75 49. H.H. Stem, Foreign Languages in Pri Education. OUP, 1974. r2.00 50. Leslie Strata, John Dixon and Andrew Wlkenson. Patterns of Language. Exploration of the Teaching of English. Heinemann, 1976. 2.20 51. A.E. Tansley, Reading and Remedial Reading. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967. 1967 52. Joy Taylor, Reading and Writing in the First School. Unwin, 1973. 2.95 53. B.J.K. Tricker, Exploration for Young Scieaists. Mills and Boon, London, 1976. 3.50 54. M.D. Vernon, Reading and its Difficulties. Cambridge University Press, 1976. 6.50 55. F.R. Watson, Developments in Mathematics Teaching. Open Books. 1.75 56. Ed. David Whitehead, Curriculum Development in Economics. Heinemann, 1974. 1.50 57. R.L. Wilder, Evolution of Mathematical Concepts. Open University Set Book. Transworld Pb., 1974. .85 58. Terence Woof, Developments in Art Teaching. Open Books. 1.75 59. Colin Wrigne, Developments in Modem Language Teaching. Open Books, 1976. 1.50 b)Fychology and-Philosophy of Eduction 1. Benjamin Bloom, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Books 1 and 2. Longmans, 1974. 2.50 each 2. Lee J. Cronbach, Educational Psychology. Hart Davis, London, 1963. 3.95 3. John Dewey, Interest and Effort in Education. S. Illinois U. Press, 1975. 2.00 4. John Dewey, The Child and the Curriculum, the School and Society. University of Chicago Preh, 1974. 1.70 5. John Dewey, The Experience and Education. Collier MacMillan, 1975. 1.50 6. Hans 0. Furth, Piaget for Teachers. Prentice Hall, 1970. 3.95 7. Ernest R. Hilgard and Gordon H. Bower, Theories of Learning. Prentice Hall, 1975. 11.15 8. P.H. Hirst and R.S. Peters, The Logic of Education. Routledge and Kagan Paul, 1975. 1.50 9. ad. D.I. Lloyd, Philosophy and the Teacher. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1076. 1.60 10. Jean Piaget, The Child's Conception of Number. Routiedge, 1969. 2.50 11. Jean Piaget, The Language and Thought of the Child. Routledge, 1971. 1.95 12. John L Phillips Jr., The Origins of Intellect. Piget's Theory. Freeman, San Francisco, 1975. 3.50 13. ad. Milton Schwebel and Jane Raph, Piaget in the Classroom. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. 2.50 14. Robert B. Sund, Piaget for Educators. Charles Merrill, Columbus, Ohio, 1976. 4.75 IS. Vygotsky, Thought and Language. MIT Press. 1975. 2.25 IX. Heinemnan's African Writers' Series (200 copits of each - or sets of 40) 1. Peter Abrahams, Mine Boy. 2. Chinsa Achebe, Things Fail Apart. 3. Chinu Achebe, No Longer at Ease. 4. Chinut Achebe, Arrow of God. S. Chinu Achebe, A Man of the People. 6. Chinus Achebe, Girls at War. 7. Chinus Achebe. Beware Soul Brother. 8. Tewfik Al Hakim, Fate of a Cockroach. 9. T.M. Aluko, One Man, One Matchet. 10. T.M. Aluko, One Man, One Wife. It. TM. Aluko, Kinsmen and Foreman. 12. T.M. Aluko, Chief the Honourable Minister. 13. T.M. Aluko, His Worshipful Majesty. 14. Ayi Kwe Armah, The Beautiful Ons Are Not Yet Born. IS. Kofi Awoonor, This Earth My Brother. 16. Okot p'Bitek, The Horn of My Love. 17. Alex La Gums, A Walk in the Night. 18. Alex La Guna, In the Fog of the Season's End. 19. Alex La Gums. The Stone Country. 20. Doris Lessing. The Grass Is Singing. 21. Nelson Mandela, No Easy Walk to Freedom. 22. Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, Weep Not Child. 23. Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, The River Between. 24, Ngui Wa Thiong'o A Grain of Wheat. 25. Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, The Black Hermit. 26. Ngugi Wa Thioug'o, Secret Lives. 27. Arthur Nortie, Dead Roots. 28. Oginga Odinga, Not Yet Uhur. 29. Gabriel Okra, The Voice. 30. Sembene Ousmane, God's Bits of Wood. 31. Sembene Ousmane, The Money Order with White Genesis. 32. Sembene Ousanae, Tribal Scars. 33. Yambo Ouologuem, Bound to Violence. 34, Ferdinand Oyono, Houseboy. 35. Ferdinand Oyono, The Old Man and the Medal. 36. Tayeb Salih, The Wedding of Zein. 37. Tayeb Salih, Season of Misration to the North. 38. Stanlake Samkange, On Trial for My Country. 39. Robert Serumaga, Return to the Shadows. 40. Can Themba, The Will to Die. 41. D.M. Zvelonke, Robben Island. 42. ed. Richard Rive, Modern African Prose. 43. Richard Rive, Alex La Gums, et a., Quartet. 44. e. David Cook, Origin East Afica. 45. ad. Ulli Beier, The Origin of Life and Death. 46. ed. Bakara Gbadamoi and Ulli Beier, Not Even God is Ripe Enough. 47. ed. Ulli Beier, Political Spider. 48. Len Ortzen, North African Writing. 49. ed. Jan Knappert, Myths and Legends of the Swahili. 50. ed. Jan Knappert, Myths and Legends of the Congo. 51. ed. E.N. Obiechia, Onitah Market Literature. (10 copia) 52. ad. GuIla Keel and Ronald Moddy, Amadu's Bundle. 53. ad. Lalaji Bowen, 2 Centuries of African E. lish. The Roil of Dishonour Honest observers have long observed and concluded that Ian Smith and his lackeys (Muzorewa, Sithole, and Chirau) have, in practical terms, lost the war in the face of the determined attacks by ZANLA forces. Since 1972 thousands of enemy forces have been vanquished on the battle field. As we have entered 1978, the Year of the People, ZANU commissioned a special research project to identify at least some of the enemy forces who have died for a stupid cause. The results have been staggering. At the time of going to press Zimbabwe News had collected a formidable list of 2,500 enemy killed. It has not been possible to identify in every case all the necessary information such as army registration number, rank, unit. date of liquidation, etc. In cases where these details were unavailable at the present time, the Zimbabwe News decided not to publish the names at the present time. Nor has it been possible to publish the full list of the available enemy casualties within the space available. However, we think it is important and in the public interest, to publish here below, at least half of the enemy killed for whom data is available. We do so, not out of joy. Indeed, we extend our sincere condolences to their families and loved ones. There was nothing personal about the liquidations. Our c9untry just has to be liberated. We publish this list because Ian Smith cannot deny it. Our research on such matters as Army Number, Rank, Unit, Date of death and cause of death have been based largely on regime sources and materials. We leave it to the reader to assess and analyze the regimes own 54. ad. John Reed and Clive Wake, A Book of African Verse. 55. ed. Cosmo Piertese, 7 S. African Poets. 56. ed. Robert Royston, Black Poets in S. Africa. 57. Luis Bernardo Homwans, We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Mozambique Stories. 58. Laurence Vambe, An Ill Fated People, Zimbabwe Before and After Rhodes. X. Penguin Books (10 Copies of each unless otherwise stated.) a) Fiction, Non-Fiction and Humour 1. 00.3566 4 Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness. .50 2. 00.2061 6 Joseph Conrad, Nigger of the Narcissus, Typhoon and Other Stories. .80 3.00.2674 6 Frantz Fanon, Wretched of the Earth. .60 4. 00.3966 X Maxim Gorky, Fragments from My Diary. .75 5. 00.3459 5 Maxim Gorky, Life of a Useless Man. .75 6. 00.3568 0 Good Soldier Svejk and His Fortunes in the World War. 1.75 7. 00.2938 9 V.S. Naipaul, Suffrage of Elvira..60 8. 00.0838 1 George Orwell, Animal Farm. .50 9.00.0972 8 George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty Four. .60 10. 00.2433 6 John Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World. 1.00 11. 00.2961 3 Jean Rys, Good Morning Midnight. .50 12. 00.2960.5 Jean Rhys, Voyage in the Dark. .50 13. 00.2878 1 Jean Rhys, Wild Sargasso Sea. 60 14. 00.3846 9 Wole Soyinka, Man Died. .80 b) Penguin Modern Stories 1.00.3082 4.3: Philip Roth, Margaret Drabble, Jay Neugebroen, Giles Gordon. .20 2. 00.3113 8 4: Sean O'Falolain, Nadine Gordimer, Shiva Naipaul, Isaac Babel. .25 materials as set-out below. You will notice that Smith's army holds the world highest "death by accident" record. We have left the materials to speak for themselves. These men died invain. They made the roll of dishonour. They died in the service of multinational corporations, bankers, manufacturers and other blood- sucking capitalist conglomerates headquartered in West Germany, United Kingdom, United States. France, and elsewhere. They died in defence of racism and minority rule. They died because they became instruments to deny Zimbabweans their birthright of independence and self-determination. Now, more will die because imperialism and capitalism have changed tactics in the face of ZANLA blows. Bishop Muzorewa, Ndabaningi Sithole, and Jeremiah Chirau, who have now joined Ian Smith for the sole purpose of murdering Zimbabweans will themselves soon face the same just fate. If you are a settler or if you are an African foolish enough to believe that white minority rule will thrive, read this list and think again: Zimbabwe News 61

Acc: Accident ADF: African Development Fund Agri Dem: Agricultural Demonstrator Air Sub Lt: Air Sub Lieutenant Act L Cpl: Acting Lance Corporal A (NS) Coy AR: A (National Service) Company APA: African Purchase Area AHO: Army Headquarters APAR: Army Pay and Records Bde: Brigade Bde ST Coy: Brigade Supply and Transport Company BCR: Bronze Cross Rhodesia Bdr: Bombardier BSAP: British South Africa Police Capt: Captain Cdt: Cadet CID: Criminal Investigation Department Col Sgt: Colour Sergeant Cp: Corporal CPU: Crime Prevention Unit Const: Constable DA: District Assistant D Cinst: Detective Constable 0 Sgt Maj: Detective Sergeant Major Dep Rh ARC: Depot Rhodesia Armoured Car Regiment Dam: Demonstrator D Insp: Detective Inspector DO: District Officer DPO: Detective Patrol Officer DRRR: Depot Royal Rhodesia Regiment DSO: Detective Section Officer Key to Abbreviations Dip Alt: Dip Attendant Dip Sup: Dip Supervisor Eng Sq: Engineer Squadron Ext Asst: Extension Assistant FA: Field Assistant Fd Reg Rh A: Field Regiment Rhodesian Artillery Fit Lt: Flight Lieutenant FR Field Reservist Fit Sgt: Flight Sergeant Gnr: Gunner G Scts: Grey's Scouts GSW: Gunshot wound HO Mash: Headquarters Mashonatand Indp Coy RR: Independent Company Rhodesia Regiment IntAf: Ministry of Internal Affairs KIA: Killed in Action KOAS: Killed on Active Service L Cpl: Lance Corporal Lt: Lieutenant Lt Col: Lieutenant Colonel LM: Landmine MCM: Meritorious Conduct Medal Maj Gen: Major General NS: National Service 0 Cdt: Officer Cdt PATU: Police Anti-Terrorist Unit PDA: Provincial District Assistant PDO: Provincial Development Officer PO: Patrol Officer NSPO: National Service Patrol Officer Pray Insp: Provincial Inspector Prtn Coy: Protection Company Pte: Private RAR: Rhodesian African Rifles Act: Recruit RDU: Rhodesian Defence Unit Rfn: Rifleman Rh A: Rhodesian Artillery Rh AF: Rhodesian Air Force Rh Sigs: Rhodesia Signals RHU: Rhodesian Holding Unit RLI: RR: Rhodesia Regiment SAS: Special Air Service S Ac: Senior Aircraftsman SB: Special Branch SCR: Silver Cross Rhodesia Dgt: Sergeant Sign: Signalman Sig Sqn: Signal Squadron SO: Section Officer Spr: Sapper Sqn Ldr: Squadron Leader S Scts: ST P: Supply and Transport Platoon SU: Support Unit Sycops: Psychological Operations TCU: Tracker Combat Unit Tpr: Trooper T Sgt: Temporary Sergeant TTLrriba Trust Land TWO2: Temporary Warrant Officer Second Class V Acc: Verhicle Accident WOI: Warrant Officer First Class W02: Warrant Officer Second Class Name Number Rank Unit Date Abrams H. J. PR33877 Cpl 10 RR 9.4.76 KIA LM Abudy A. R100666T Pte 3 RHU 13.9.76 KIA GSW contact Addams E. C. V2021 Major Ha 2 Bde 14.8.74 KIA GSW Ainalle M. J. F. 780644 Major 1 RAR 27.3.76 KIA GSW Airey W. A. 4272 Air Sub Lt Rh AF 4.4.74 KOAS Air acc Alexander R. E. 725132 CpI I RLI 16.12.76 KIA GSW Contact Alexander W. R. PR39628 Rfn 9 RR 5.2.77 KIA GSW Ambush All 18381 DConst BSAP(SB)23.12.76 KIAGSWAmbush Allan B. J. F. PR756801 Rfn ORR 26.2.70 KOAS V acc Anasi R43702 Pte RAR 22.1.70 KIAGSWContact Andrews R. S. 5681 Fit Sgt Rh AF 20.4.74 KIA Annadale D. 679 Fit Lt Rh AF 7.1.69 KOAS Air ac Anstruther R. D. PR48789 L Cpl 10 RR 23.10.73 KOAS V ac Argent H. W. A. PR68396 Rfn 1RR 17.3.77 KOASGSWacc Armstrong P. J. PR70092 Rfn 1 RR 27.10.76 KIA GSW Contact Artford Dube - DA tntAf 31-12.76 KIA Nuanetsi Austen R. R. W. PR38849 Cpl 10 RR 1.9.76 KOAS GSW ac AyesM.A. 728041 Tpr IRLt 31.10.74 KIAGSW BainT.(. PR34051TWO2 2RR 19,7.75 KSWGSW Baker B. M. 9182 PO BSAP 8.2,76 KIA Ambush Nyamapanda Area fanga David 20509 Conat BSAP 5.574 KlAaboard Launch P16 Zambezi river by Zambian troops Barett P. A. 4042 Sqn Ldr Rh AF 7.1.77 KOAS Air acc Bashford D. P. 22650 FR BSAP 24.12.76 KOAS Bates 0. I. PR73533 Spr 3 Engr Sqn 15.6.76 KIA V Ambush bathhurstArnold17456Y FR BSAP 24.12.76 KIA Saysyl Y. B. A 20455 FR BSAP 13.11.76 KIA Contact Beltead H. F. 5972 Sgt Rh AF 1,9.76 KIA Contact Ben N. - Dip Sup Int Af 6.1.76 KIA Inyanga Bennett I. A93478T Cpl 4 Prtn Coy 21.4.76 KOAS Benjamin F. R79343T Act LCpl 2 Prtn Coy24.4.75 KOAS GSW acc Beps Agrippa - DA IntAf 17.11.76 KIA Wankie Billing D. A. M. PR32274 Cpl RR 14.2.76 KIA GBW Binks R. A, 724298 Act 1 ALI 26.3.68 KIA GSW Bint F. W. E. PA70993 Rfn 9 RAR 12.5.76 KIAGSWVAmbush Birkett H, 2116 WO1 1 RLI 23.3.73 KOAS V Ambush Black R. A. PR766773 Rfn 2 AR 6.4.76 KIA GSW Ambush Blignaut P. W. PR44208 Afn 9 RR 12.5.76 KIA V ambush BlundellL.T. PR73350 Rfn DRR 24.2.70 KOAS BonceanM. 644717 LCpl IRAR 2.4.75 KIAGSW Bornman H. J. PR63223 Rn 2 RR 4.12.70 Not recorded Botha(. R102268TRan 1(Indp) 23.4.76 KIAGSWAmbush Coy RR Botha P. P. PR101249 Rfn 1 RR 11.3.77 KIA Contact BouchR.A.(MCM)721 196 W02 SAS 12.10.76 KOASExplosian Boulter R. J. 4310 Air Sub LtnRh AF 19.6.75 KOAS ' Air acc. Gwelo BradingA.J. 724099 Tpr 1RLI 22.1.70 KIAGSW Bradley A. PR 64232 Cp HO (Mash) 6.1.77 KOAS Air cc Bramford A. J. 17773S FR BSAP 10.3.77 KIA GSW Contact Bredenkamp M. PR81838 L Cpl 4 RA 8.8.76 KIA Contact Brawer r. M. PR643". I Rfn RR 11.3.77 KIA Contact Brittland Peter 9247 P0 BSAP 15.6.76 KIA Nyamapanda Police Camp Brown D. D. 4275 Air Sub Lt Rh AF 4.8.72 KOAS Air acc Brown K. R. 4480 Cpl 2 Sig Sqn 20.11.73 KOAS GBW acc Bungwe J. - DA IntAf 31.3.77 KIA Chipinga Burande J. 19124 D Conat BSAP 7.3.77 Died of wounds received in action Burrell B. V3133 2Lt SAS 16.12.76 KIA Contact ByrneS.P. PR102363Rfn 10RR 25.7.76 KOASGBWacc Calder Basil 21251 - FR BSAP 8.1.77 KIA Contact Campbell C. PR4877 Act Cpl Rh Sign 28.3.77 KOAS V acc 62 Zimbabwe News National Enemles

Campbell N. C. PR34389 ARn 9 RR 23.5.76 KIA V Ambush Capell C. A. 14444Z FR BSAP 9.3.77 KOAS GSW Cahill M. P. (MCM)721381 Cot Sgt SAS 12.10.66 KOAS Explosion Carr A. J. V3130 2Lt 2 RAR 17.12.76 KIA Contact Carshalton D. A. PR66139 Tpr a sets 27.8.76 KIA Contact CaryJ.. 722201 Sgt 1ALI 29.1.69 KOASGSWacc CasalC.A.doA.PR78524 Rfn IAU 24.10.73 KIAGSW Caleation B. 645270 Pte 1 RAR 3.8.75 KIA GSW Chair A. XR5153 Sgt SAS 24.3.77 KIA Contact Chakanaka N. J. A20446 FR SSAP 13.11.76 KIA Contact Cheko E. 646317 Pte 1 RAR 13.6.76 KIA Contact Chandiwana J. - FA IntAf 17.3.76 KIA Mount Darwin Chaneara N. E. - DA IntAf 21.10.76 KIA Marandellas Chanowa - - IntAf 10.1.77 KIA Sipolilo Charaley A. 2558E FR BSAP 13.10.74 KOAS Chatiza D. A. 14663 Sgt BSAP 29.2.76 KIA Ambush Honda Valley Chawaiwa R. - DA IntAf 18.2.77 KIA Shamva Chichuronea F. - DA IntAf 24.11.76 KIA Mrawa Chikeama Clarius 23309 Const SSAP (SU) 16. 11.76 KIA Contact Mount Darwin Area Chikwaka L 21927 Const SSAP 29.2.76 KIA Ambush Honda Valley Chimere All-weak - DA IntAf 17.11.76 KIA Wankie Chimuphose Alec - DA InlAf 20.3.77 KIA Sipolilo Chinoya Willie - DA IntAf 13.11.76 KtA Inyanga Chinoyi E. T. - ExtAsstSuplntAf 15.4.76 KIA Mudzi Chipara Isaac 23442 Const BSAP (SU) 20.10.76 KIA Contact Inyanga North TTL Chirt 18941 Const BSAP 25.7.76 KOAS Abducted and murdered by terrorists Mutasa South TTL Chitima Petros - Agri Dam IntAf 10.1.77 KIA Melsetter Chitaunge 14393 DConst BSAP(S9)8.3.75 KOAS Mount Darwin Operational Area Chivenda E. - DA IntAf 27.10.76 KIA Charter Chivere F. - DA IntAf 10.5,78 KIA Murzi Chizengwe P. 23282 Conat BSAP 22.3.77 KIA Contact Clarce E. C.. PR8S1I3 Cpt 2(Indp) 23.3.77 KOAS V acc Coy RR Clipston M. W. PRg0 W02 4 RR 8.8.76 KIA Contact Cockcroft M. S. PR76079 L Cpt OPA 23.4.73 KIA GSW Cosy.A. 725702 CpI 1ALI 19.7.75 KIAGSW Cogill A. R. PR88086 L Cpl 4 (Indp) 13.11.76 KOAS V ace Cpy AR Cotlicutt J. E. 1367aR FR SSAP 23.1.77 KOAS ConnollyKevin 90822 FR BSAP 21.12.76 KIABingoArea Conrad M. 14260 Const BSAP 12.11.76 KOASMurderedby terrorists while... CookaayC.A.A.PR58044 Gnr RhA 4.3.76 KOASVacc Cooksono.J. 726854 LCp 1ALI 28.2.76 KIAGSW Cosms R43721 Cpt 1RAR 23.8.67 KIAGSWContact Covarr P. T. PR61712 Sign Rh Sigs 28.3.70 KOAS V ace Cracknell A. 3264 Sgt 1 (Indp) 5.4.74 KOAS V acc Coy AR Crane A. G. PR44293 L Cpl 10 RR 17.8.76 KOAS Explosion Cromer W. P. 21733X FR SAP 26.1.77 KIA Contact (PATU) Grew J. 0. PR104449 Rfn 5 (Indp) 15.8.76 KIA Contact Coy RR Crough G. PR45902 Cpl 9 AR 7.3.77 KIA LM Crough P.S. 90111 FR OSAP 17.12.76 KIA Contact (PATU) Cunningham N. A.- FA IntAf 7.3.77 KIA Chidi Da Costa F. D. 728075 Tpr 1 RLI 15.11.76 KIA Contact Dambusa Joseph - FA IntAI 30.4.74 KIA Concession Darck R. C. R78578T Cpt A (NS) 25.9.78 KOAS GSW &cc Coy AR Da Silva-C N. A. PR91132 Rfn 1 AR 17.5.76 KIA V ambush Davison Basil PR52574 Cpl 4 RR 23.4.73 KIA GSW Goddard K. W. 4294 Air Sub Lt Rh AF 4.4.74 KOAS Air ace Gorojenle P. N. -. DA IntAf 27.8.76 KIA Concession Gough R. F., 24795 FR BSAP 8.1.77 KIA LM Graham J. B. 725359 Cpl S Sets 13.11.75 KOAS GSW ace Graham J. P. 6149 -9g Rh AF 18.7.76 KIA Inyanga area Gregory N. J. A. PR70433 Rfn Sycops 9.11.76 KIA Contact Grierson J. H. - Cdt IntAf 21.8.76 KIA Wankie Groom P. J. PR108231 Rfn 2 (Indp) 3.9.76 KIA LM Coy RR Gutza Richard 22271 Const BSAP (SU) 25.9.76 KIA Contact Chiduku TTL Gwanda Ptrlick 18708 D Const BSAP 3.3.77 KIA Halberstadt F. W.H.PR9534 Afn 4 AR 8.8.76 KIA Contact Hapelt Basil Carl 17623E FR BSAP 8.1.77 KOAS Hardy A. J. PR106332 Cpl 3 (lndp) 14.10.76 KIA GSW Ambush Coy AR Harlow M. J. 7221 D Insp SSAP (SO) 18.2.77 KIA Hot pursuit action Hawkes D. 4339 Air Sub LI Rh AF 12.1.77 KIA Hayworth A. C. 20989 TWO2 4 AR 14.10.76 KIA Contact Heard A. D. PRI00416 Afn 1 (Indp) 17.2.77 KIA Contact Coy AR Henry R. 643061 Cpl 1 RAR 23.9.74 KOAS V acc Hewitt T. C. 8525 SO BSAP (SU) 22.2.77 KIA Contact Nalional Enemies Davison R41628 Act Cp 1 RAR 13.8.76 KIA GSW Davison R44904 Pte 1RAR 8.4.73 KIAGSW DavyC.J. PR55801 0Cdt 9RR 6.3.75 KIAGSW doBeerM.J. 726212 LCpl 1ALl 19.7.75 KIAGSW de Kerk W. C. PR40808 Rfn 8 AR 16.3.76 KOAS SW acc Delport S. M. 2330 0 Cdt Rh AF 3.6.75 KOAS Air scc Gwelo Dennis 644158 Pte 1 RAR 3.7.67 KOAS Diedeficka C. 72733 Tpr 1 ALI 28.2.76 KIA GSW Donald J. S. 23259F FR OSAP 26.4.76 KOAS GSW ace Donaldson i. H. 4319 Fit Lt Rh AF 12.1.77 KIA Donegan K. A. 724297 Tpr I ALI 18.9.73 KIA SW Dongo Zacarlah 23529 Const BSAP 10.11.76 KIA Contact Chikore TTL Dube S. 646478 Pt 2 RAR 1,3.77 KIA Contact Durrett P. R. 6328 SAc Rh AF 14.4.74 KIA Dzingayi Sampson- DA IntAf 6.12.76 KIA Bikita Dzingirayi M. 646372 Pte I RAR 13.5.76 KIA Contact Ebiza J. - DA IntAf 20.5.76 KIA Mudzi Edwards 8. J. PR75387 Cp I RR 17.5.76 KIA V ambush Edwards N. PR35167 Sgt DRR 24.2.70 KOAS V ace Eggleaton P. B. 3684 Cpl I RU 15.2.66 KOAS Drowned Zambezi River Emerick W. G. C. PR43602 An 8 AR 4.7.75 KOAS ace Enias A16867 FR BSAP 11.4.74 KIA Contact Ensha R40349 Cpl IRAR 18.3.68 KIAGSWContact Evason 19564 FR BSAP 23.3.77 KIA Contact Fanner G. A. PR107059 Rfn 1 ALI 31.10.76 KIA Contact Fanwell M. 645102 L Cpl S Scouts 29.4.75 KIA GSW Frarinra P. - FA IntAf 7.2.76 KIA Mrews Ferreira A. J. PRI06691 RAn. 5 (Indp) 18.11.76 KIA Contact Coy RR Fleming J. M. PR73171 Rfn DARR 24.2.70 KOAS V acc Forbes J. T. V. PR72638 RIn OPA 23.4.73 KIA GSW Fourie P. C. - POO IntAf 18.2.77 KIA Buhers Frank R. R107395T Pte 3 RHU 13.9.76 KIA Contact Fulton D. K. PR43856 Gnr 1FdRegRhA4.10.76 KOAS V acc Gamble F. S. R39779T Act CP I RHU 19.8.76 KIA Contact Garden P. J. 5395 Fit Sgt Rh AF 17.1.72 KOAS Air sce Gwalo George R44419 Pte 1 RAR 6.2.73 KIA GSW Contact George 44757 P 1RAR 20.3.73 KOASGSWace Gibson R. A. PR65638 An 2 (Indp) 8.5.70 Not recorded Coy RR Gift M. R646652 Pta 3 (Bde) 7.3.76 KOAS GSW ace St Coy Ginylitahe A. 644658 Tpr S Sets 9.7.76 KIA Contact Zimbabwe News 63

Hill J. PR1743 Sgt 6 RR 29.1072 KIA LM Lunderstedt H. PR2206 Sgt 4 RR 8.8.76 KIA Contact Hill M. R. 4077 Fit Lt Rh AF 1.7.70 KOAS Air &cc Mabaka M. - DA IntAf 19.5.76 KIA Bikits New Sarum Mabiba S. M. 17925 Const BSAP 8.7.76 KOAS Murdered by Hope R. J. 727215 Tpt 1 RLI 11.10.76 KIA Contact terrorists whilst Hudson-Beck J. E.- DO IntAf 12.8.76 KIA Melsetter on leave Hughes R. S. V2786 2Lt TCU 18.10.73 KIA GSW Mackay D. H. 7961 SO 8SAP 2.1.77 KIA Ambush HulleyR.R. 4229 FitLt RhAF 21.10.76 KOASAiraccnear Chipinga area QuaDue Mackenzie0..727379 Tpr IRLI 1.2.77 KIAContact Human J. A. 9487L FR 8SAP 17.10.76 Died on active McLeod C. 117512T L Cpl 5 Prtn Coy 11.12.76 KOASKambazuma active service Township Humanikwa 646914 Pta 1 RAR 10.3.77 KOAS GSW ace Madhende F. 22084 Const BSAP(CPU)3.11.76 KOAS Murderedby Indebele Doctor Jack J. PR71650 Jackman 0. J. PR32093 Jackson P. R110572T James D. C. 17864R Jeffery J. G. 8860 Jemna Stanley 23088 Jobson A. R113639T Johane Gondoro 12339 John 654313 Johnson C. F. PR67593 Johnston A. T. 3248 Joketera Gervas Jones J. R. PR31623 Joubert S. 6244 Julius Tshengens - Kabass L. Kabas M. Kakhanga Kale K. G. Kangayl Karoni Kasehula M. F. Ke T. J. Kelly M. J. Kembo Keni Klew J. A. Knight P. J. 0. Keen F. C. Korb J. G. Kriek J. J. Kubs N. Kudzayi Philip Kwanyangara Lamb J. B. Lamb M. C. Lapham J. A. -1 111. I *..0 IS ,ntct terrorist DA IntAt 17,11.76 KIA Wankle Budige APA W02 6 PR 15.2.77 KOAS GSW &cc Madziwa S. DA IntAf 5.2.77 KIA Mrewa Cpl 8 AR 22.9.75 KIA GSW Maguwaza - DA IntAf 4.5.76 KIA Rusape Pta 3 Trn Coy 11.3.76 KIA LM Mahaso R44821 Pta I PAR 24.6.73 KIA GSW Contact FR 13SAP 27.4.76 KOAS GW ace Mahomed Y. R83295T Pte 1 PHU 25.8.76 KIA Contact OSO BSAP (SB) 2.9.78 KIA Bulawayo Maimbo E. - ExtAsst IntAf 26.2.77 KIA Chipings Conat BSAP (SU) 8.6.78 KIA Contact Makatore - DA LtAI 7.3.77 KIA Mount Darwin Pte 6 Prtn Coy 27.9.76 KOAS V acc Makaye 20531 Const BSAP 22.9.73 KIA Contact Mount Sot BSAP 30.10.76 KOAS Murdered by Darwin terrorists whilst on leave Pte I RAR 7.12.74 KIA GSW Tpr G Sets 28.3.77 KIA Contact Tpr 1 PLI 13.5.69 KOAS Helicopter ace DA IntAf 24.11.76 KIA Bikita PAn 5 RR 19.11.76 KIA LM Fit Sgt Rh AF 11.12.71 KOASTrainingace - DA - FA - DA R16267T LCp 644157 LCpI R43595 PIe PR104068 Rfn 726480 Opi XR5021 Cpl R43731 CpI644277 Cpl PR98206 Pin 10766 FR PR104229 Pfn 3079 L Cpl PR53400 Rfn :20450 FR - DA - DA 780796 Capt 726724 L Cpt PR63001 Bdr IntAf 27.12.76 KIA Baitbridge IntAf 29.6.76 KiA Mtoko IntAf 27.6.76 KIA Mtoko InltAf 18.2.77 KIA Rushlnga 3 RHU 13.9.76 KIA Contact 1 RAR 7.12.74 KIA GSW 1 RAR 13.8.67 KIA GSW 2 RR 15.9.76 KIA Ambush Oep RhACR25.10.75 KOAS V ace 9 R 15.5.76 KIA V ambush I RAR 3.8.73 KIA GSW 1 RAR 6.5.76 KIA Ambush 4 RR 8.8.76 KIA Contact BSAP 17.5.75 KIA Contact 3 (Indp) 25.11.76 KIA Contact Coy FR 1 RLI 15.11.76 KOAS V acc 6 RR 23.1.76 KOAS GSW ace BSAP 13.11.76 KIA Contact intAf 3.5.76 KIA Biklts intAf 26.2.74 KIA Darwin HO 3 Bds 23.12.75 KOAS Air ace I RLI 7.11.76 KIA Contact Rh A 4.6.73 KOAS V acc Lawton A. 0. 13970J FR Pilot BSAP 6.5.67 KOAS V ace (Air Wing) LIfford W. P. 19895Z FR BSAP 9.1.77 KOAS V acc Lloyd G. J. PR102303 Cpl 3 (Indp) 22.8.74 KIA LM Coy PR Locke K. P. 725437 Cpl 1. RL1 6.12.76 KIA Contact Logan N. R. - Vedette IntAf 19.1.77 KIA Marandealis Lomas R. R. 225780 FR BSAP 22.2.77 KIA Contact Lopes V. PRI10710 Rfn 5 (Indp) 7.3.77 KOAS V ace Coy R Lord C. P. 726250 L CpI 1 IL 19.9.74 KIA Contact Lot Tagwira 21656 Const 8SAP 2.3.77 KIA Lotringer E. PR96699 Rfn SAS 31.10.76 KIA Contact Lottering C. W. PR68541 Rfn 10 R 29. 5.70 Not recorded Lovia A. G. PR9132 Rfn 4 R 14.10.76 KIA Contact Lots A. P. PR108953 Rfn 2 (Indp) 16.12.76 KIA Contact Coy R Makumbe F. - DA IntAf 17.10.76 KIA Mtoko MakuwsJ.(SCR)644759 Cpl IRAS 9.5.76 KIAContact Malamba M. - DipAtt IntAf 21.1.77 KIA Chipinge Mallet D. E. 4382 Fit Lt Rh AF 7.1.77 KOAS Air sace Mamvura J. 23789 Const BSAP 18.8.76 KIA Contact Mayo TTL Maness Z. - DA IntAf 4.5,76 KIA Fort Victoria Mandipaza M. - FA IntAf 3.5.76 KIA Inyangs Mandaza 21666 ConSt BSAP (SU) 23.12.74 KIA Ambushed Mazoe river presumeddrowned Mangezo H. - DA IntAf 11.1.77 KIA Makoni Manns L P. PR42004 Rfn 10 RR 31.5.76 KIA Contact Manyanga I. - DA IntAf 9.10.76 KIA Mudzi Mapanyure A. 646199 Tpr S Sets 9.6.76 KIA GSW Contact Marufu S. M. 644539 Sgt 2 RAR 20.1.77 KOAS V ace Masarakufa M. 645522 T Cpl 2 RAP 23.3.73 KOASMurderedby terrorists whilst on leave Mashangu - DA IntAf 8.7.76 KIA Nuanetsi Mashavira C. - DA ]ntAf 6.12.76 KIA Bikita MashongyanykaS.22721 Const BSAP 23.3.77 KIA Contact Masiyambira A11918 FR BSAP 24.6.75 KOAS GSW see Mason C. 726873 T Sgt S Sets 15.3.77 KIA Contact Matambo R. 18919 Const BSAP (SU) 26.2.75 KIAContact mortr and small arms attack TTL Matangire R44471 Pte 10 St PI 34.4.73 KIA GSW Contact Matunga A. - DA IntAf 5.2.77 KIA Mrewa Matungs I. - DA IntAf 5.2.77 KIA Mrewa Maviza S. C. 643424 Cp 2 (Bde) 28.6.75 KOAS V ace Sig Sqn Mawire J. 22151 Const BSAP 29.2.76 KIA Ambush Honda valley Mawire W. - Dem IntAf 5.5.76 KIA Mtoko Mayhew A. J. PR47433 RIn 2 RR 27.5.75 KOAS GSW ace Mendes J. P. G., 725783 Tpr SAS 22.8.73 KIA LM Meyer 1. D. 723108 Tpr PLI 27.4.71 KIA LM Mhando M. - DA IntAf 5.5.76 KIA Mount Darwin Mhizha 19420 Const 8SAP 22.9.73 KIA Contact Mount Darwin Miller A. B. R108093T Pte 3 Prtn Coy 8.10.75 KOAS V ace Moorcroft L. W. H.724013 L CpI 1 RLI 28.4.71 KIA LM Moore N. D. P. 724553 Cpl 1 RLI 29.12.72 KIA LM Morris M. J. 725617 Tpr SAS 31.1.74 KOAS GSW ace Moyo 20170 Const BSAP (SU) 16.7.72 KIA Mount Darwin Moyo Albert - DA IntAf 17.11.76 KIA Wankie Moyo D. 645726 Pta 2 RAR 6.1.77 KOAS V ace Moyo Patrick 22240 Const BSAP 19.1.88 Died of Wounds received in action Moses M. 16858 Sgt BSAP 6.8.76 KIA V ambush 64 Zimbabwe News National Enemies

Mpala J. - DA IntAf 1.1.77 KIA Wankie Mubayiwa W. - DA IntAf 1.3.77 KIA Mrewa Muchada A. - FA IntAf 10.5.76 KIA MUdzi Muchaybarwa C. - DA IntAf 6.5.76 KIA Concession Muchechwa 19294 Const BSAP 28.4.75 KIA Mount Darwin Muchenje W. Dem IntAf 5.5.76 KIA Mtoko Muchenje F. 645102 L Cpl S Scts 29.4.75 KIA Contact Muchini S. - DA IntAf 27.8.76 KIA Bikita Muduve G, 23007 Const BSAP (SU) 15.8.76 KIA Contact Nyamapanda Police Camp Mudzi D. 24375 Const BSAP (SU) 2.9.76 KOAS Acc training exercise Mudzimiri M. 23635 Const BSAP (SU) 21.10.76 Died of wounds received in action Mufachiva S. -, FA IntAf 28.8.74 KIA Shamva Muteki 23048 Const BSAP 2.1.77 KOAS Abducted then murdered by terrorists Bikita district Mullin M. 724109 Tpr SAS 26.3.68 KOAS GSW acc Munangwa C. 642671 Sgt 1 RAP 28.11.76 KIA Contact Munemo P. R644717 L Cpl 1 RAP 24.75 KIA Contact Mungazi G, 23177 Const BSAP (SU) 12.11.76 KOAS Wedza Area acc Munton-JacksoriG4187 Air Lt Rh AF 17.1.72 KOAS Air acc Mupita J L. 22338 Const BSAP 26-6.76 KOAS Murdered by terrorists whilst... Penhalonga Murdoch B. 4226 Air Lt Rh AF 17.12.74 KOAS Air acc Mushumba Pools Muredzi J. 22691 Const BSAP (SU).24.4.76 KIA Contact Murwira G. 644626 Sign 1 Sig Sqn - not recorded MurphyA. C PR106168 LCpl 6(Indp) 20,12.76 KOASV acc CoyRR MurrayI.A. PR62396 LCpl 5RR 8.4.76 KOASGSWacc Musafare E. 644830 Pte S Scts 29,4.75 KIA GSW Contact Musiyiwa J. - DA IntAf 18.3.77 KIA Gutu Musodzay M. 21649 Const BSAP 20,10.76 KIA Contact Chiduku TTL Mutamangira M.G.- DA IntAf 25.5.76 KIA Melsetter Mutaro J. FA IntAf 11.1.77 KIA Chiredzi Mutimbanyoka P. 23075 Const BSAP 27.1.77 KOAS V acc Mutova C. 18362 Sgt BSAP 20,10,76 KOAS Murdered by terrorists whilst,.. Soswe TTL Mutongi N. 17681 Sgt Maj BSAP (SU) 8.4.76 KIA Contact Honda Valley Mvuyo T. 644546 Pte 2 RR 5.5.76 KIA Contact Mwasireni M A20458 FR BSAP 13.11.76 KIA Contact MynhardtB.J. - FA IntAf 24.11.76 KIABikita Nahove R, - DA IntAf 29.1.74 KIA Shamva Nahwire N DA IntAt 24.11.76 KIA Bikita Nash A. R73167T Pte 1 Prtn Coy 4.3.75 KOAS V acc Nasho M. M. FA IntAf -.3.76 KIA Mudzi Ncube A. R645250 Pie 1 RAR 14.2.76. KOAS V acc Ncube E. 21791 Const BSAP (SB) 17.1.77 KIA murdered by terrorists Wankie Ndhlovu J. 20570 FR BSAP 20.1276 KIA Contact Binga Ndlovu A. 21587 Const, BSAP 9.3,77 KIA Contact Ndlovu G. 23180 Const BSAP 15.2.77 KOAS Ndokanga P. 645603 Cpl G Scts 15.2.77 KIA contact Ne G. J. PR78245 Rfn SAS 22.12.76 KIA Contact Ne J. A. (MILM) 724447 W02 S Scts 26.6.76 KIA Contact Nettleton G. E. 4053 Fit Lt Rh AF 1.7.70 KOAS Air acc New Sarum Nevermind K. FA IntAt 10.4.76 KIA Darwin Newman A. C. PR41933 T Cpl 4 R 15.1076 KIA Contact Ngeni M. N M - Dip Aft IntAf 19.5.76 KIA Umtali Nharo R4484t Pte 1 RAR 9.5.73 KIA GSW Contact (PATU) Mutwichi TTL Njekela N. 18156 Const BSAP (SU) 8.4.76 KIA Contact Mount Darwin Brother Nkalakata Njunube (H,) 19437 D Const BSAP (CID)6876 KIA Ambush Plumtree area Nkala T. 19939 Const BSAP 9.3.77 KIA Contact Ntini N. 18631 Const BSAP (SB) 17.1.77 KIA Abducted and murdered Wankie Nugent S. R. PR109667 Rn 3 (Ondp) 18.7.76 KIA Contact Coy RR Nyakaza 41683 Cpl RhAF 19.11.73 KIALM Nyakudaya A. 22389 Const BSAp (SU) 1.2.76 KI_ Ambush Nyati M. A15629 FR Scout BSAP 6.8.76 KIA Ambush Nyahuye D. Nyika Nyiwana Nyoni D. Nyoni K. O'Neill K. O'Neilly P. M. Pakayi A. Pakayi I. P., Paradza Parker D. G. Parker T. M. Parkin G. J. Parkinson J. J. - FA R42580 Pte - PDA - DA 20572 FR R113171T Pte PR103557 L Cpl FA 645183 Pte 13054 Const, 780297 Col PR28816 Cpl PR1000097 Tpr 21366Y FR Partridge W. M. PR94029 L Cpl Payne N. G Peirson K. Penton C. B. Petros S. Pfeil H. G. Pinda Pitch L. P. Plant M. 12953D FR 780531 Lt - Cdt 645549 Pte726606 LCp21217 CoistV2145 CaptPR79508 Rfn Potgieter E, PR103738 Rfn Povey R. J. PR69378 L Cpt Puncheon A. G. R95520T AtM Rabie A, P. 724965 Sgt Rawstrone B. H PR36920 Ain Reay A. E. XR5006 Rfn Regenaas B. G. 21591 FR Reynolds K. J. 3187 Sgt Reveai E. - DA Reyani J - DA Ridge E. N. F. 724208 Tpr Robertson G. N. 4176 Air Lt Robertson I. A. B. 780848 Capt Rosedale D. D. PR27918 Cpl Roughead A. G 4081 Fit Lt N.W. IntAf 13.9.74 KIA Darwin 1 RAR 24.9.67 KIA GSW Contact IntAf 4.5.76 KIA Belingwe. IntAf 17.11.76 KIA Wankie BSAP 20.12.76 KIA Contact Banga 3 Prtn Coy 17.3.77 KIA LM 2 RR 15.9.76 KIA Ambush IntAf 5.3.75, KIA Darwin S Scts 29.4.75 KIA GSW Contact BSAP 16.7.72 KIA Ambush HO 3 Bde 23.12.75 KOAS Air acc (1 RLI) 8 RR 17.12.74 KIA LM 1 ALI 24.2,76 KIA GSW Contact BSAP 27.4.76 KOAS GSW ace 3 (Indp) 22.8,74 KIA LM Coy RR BSAP 26.1.77 KIA Contact (PATU) 1 RAn 22.8.67 KIA GSW Contact IntAf 4.9.74 KIA Darwin 1 RAR 22.2.77 KOAS GSW acc 1 RLI 20.9.75 KIA GSW Contact BSAP (SU) 9.9.73 KIA Contact 1 RLI 17.5-76 KIA Contact 3 (Indp) 23.8.74 KIA LM Coy RR 1 RLI 19.7.75 KIA GSW Contact 2 RR 17,12.74 KIA LM I (indp) 6.5.76 KIA Ambush Coy RR SAS 16.9,73 KIA GSW Contact 10 RR 30.1.77 KOAS Explosion 9 RR 19.7.76 KIA Contadt BSAP 4.2.76 KOAS Drowned 1 tLI 12270. KOAS Explosion IntAf 24.11.76 KIA Bikita IntAf 27.12.76 KIA Beitbridge 1 ALI 18.3.68 KIA GSW Contact Rh AF 16.11.71 KOAS Air acc HO 3 Bde 23,12.75 KOAS Air acc 10 RR 7.5.73 KOAS V acc RhAF 16,11.71 KOAS Air acc RoutledgeG. A. 5790 Sqn Ldr RhAF 16.2.76 KOASAiraccRouseP 174950 FR BSAP 18.2.74 KIA Contact Mount Darwin Rungano M. 640353 Sgt 1 RAR 3.3.75 KIA LM RuziveZ. R44892 Pte HQ2Bde24-10.74 KOASVacc Saltiel Z. 644769 PIe 1 RAR 2.4.75 KIA GSW Contact Sanhani D. 645274 Pte RDU 31.10.76 KOAS GSW murdered by terrorists Sani T. - DA IntAf 31.12.76 KIA Chipinga Sarutani C. - FA IntAf 3.5.76 KIA Inyanga Schonnberg G. P46120 Gnr lFdRegRhA20. 11.66 Details unknown BSAP 17.1.77 KIA Contact Nielson Michael 22654Y FR

Roll of Dishonour contin. Schoultz C. J. PR20395 Rtn Seager A. R. PR90282 Rn Seager NS Sealy R. B, PR34148 Rfn Sengerayi M.M. - DA Severino R45161 Pte 5RR 13.2.73 KIALM TourleA.K.(BCR)780768 U 2(Indp) 9.4.72 KOAS Killed bylion HO 2 Bde 1.10.74 KIA LM Coy RR IntAf 3.9,74 KIA Concession Turnbull M. A. C. PR98766 Gnr Rh A 1.9.75 KIA GSW 10 RR 8.11.73 KIA LM Tutani A. G. 13470 D Sgt Mai BSAP (CID)26.4.76 KOAS LM IntAf 19.1.77 KIA Marandellas (Wife also Iilied) 1RAR* 16.1.74 KIAGSWContact TzekelK. - DA IntAf 18.2.77 KIA Buhera Seymour S. 727756 Tpr SAS 22.12.76 KIA Contact Valentine 0 P 17740T Pte Shadreck R44156 Cpl 1 RAR 5.7.73 KIA GSW Contact Van der Horn K L.PR105168 At Shaw J. R. 780075 Maj Gen AHQ 23.12.75 KOASAiruccArmy Van Rooyen M. B PR101728 Afn Chief of Staff VanSlagerenC.J P.24508N FR Shaw T. G. C. Prov insp BSAP 19.7.69 KOAS Air acc Van Staden E. 728120 Tpr Shereni P. 644678 Cpl 2 RAR 22.12.76 KIA Mortar attack Van Staden J. J 726353 Tpr Sibanda S. 22078 Const BSAP 6.7-76 KIA Abducted Vangani S. - DA and murdered Van Tonder T. J. XR2190 Cpl by terrorists whilst on ~tolTul aeaVaughan E. PR94232 Ate . on p~trol'Tuli area : '.Venturas G. 9 0t1"62' NSPO Sidambi 0. 647020 Pte 2 RAR 17.1 .'0i KIA Contact Veres G. 4I66 NP Vermaak C. W. --.rR9363$ Rte Sikwekwete J. - Ext Ast IntAf 19.5 76 " KIA .ontact . 7935 Solvesta T. 645167 L Cpl S Scts 27.2.77 KIA Contact Vincen C. 7065 FR Vincent D. J. 122,95N FR Smart J. E. 4303 Air Lt Rh AF 21.1.73 KOAS Air acc . Smith J. W. PR78043 T Cpl 1 (Indp.). 26.3.77 KIA Contact o RVisser B. 5052 Tpr CoyAR VrachasAAM.."PR103810Rtn Smith K. R. 726335 L Cpl. SAS 8.6.74 KIA LM Smith M. H. PR63399 Cpl 1 RR 11.3.77 KIA Contact Walsh .G1. 726568 Tpr Smith N. J. 780590 Lt 1 RAR 22.8.67 KIA GSW Contact Walton W.RA 726083 Tpr Smith R. M. PR63559 Sgt 1 RHU 28,76 KIA GSW Contact Warraker- RS.S. " Smithdorff K. 5680 Sgt rh AF 21 KOAS Air acc WrR S V* (SR) 797a~k Capt Smythe P. R40387T Pte 3 RHU 13.9.76 KIA Contact Waters N. R.- " PR102355 An Springer W. J. 3480 FR Pilot BSAP 1!7.8 KOAS Air acc Weinman B. C. 4173 Fit Lt (Air Wing) Wells M. B. PR37738 Sgt Stacey D. M. 9776A FR BSAP 9.3.77 KIA Contact Wentzet T. H C. 724522 Cpl Stainthorpe A. PR30087 0 Cdt 5 RA 8.10.76. KIA Contact West 13.J. PR105613 Sgt Steans N. D. 781001 2 Lt 1 ALI 2.4.75 KIA GSW Contact Stevens H. W. H. 4256 Fit Lt Rh AF 2.9.76 KIA Stidston- Wesels M.. 724218 1pr Wevell M. PR108800 Rfn 3 RHU 13.9,76 KIA Contact 2 RR 26.2.77 KtA Contact 10 AR 21.6.76 KIA Contact BSAP 9.3.77 KOAS GSW acc SAS 16.12.76 KIA Contact 1 ALl 15.3.74 KIA GSW Contact IntAf 21.12.76 KIA Chibi 9 RR 12.5.76 KIA V ambush 1 ALI 17.2 ,77 KIA Contact BSAP(iTA15.,.77 KIA Ambush 2 .RR-1 6. 16 KIA Contact 1 ALl 28.2:68 KOAS Drowned BSAP 3.4.7. KIA Contact (PATU) 1 ALI 11.5.11 KOAS Vacc3 (Indp) 4.5.76 KIAAmbush CoyRR SAS 3.9.7i KOAS GWS acc SAS 14.3.7f KIA GSW Contact S Scts 12.1.7t KOAS Air acc 8 RR 5.3-77 KIA Contact RhAF 14.4.74 KIARhA 15.6.73 KOASVacc 1 ALI 27.4.71 KIA LM 3 (Indp) 12.11.76 KIA Contact Coy RR 1 ALI 3 (Indp) 26.3.68 KIA GSW Contact 29.7.76 KIA Contact Broadbent D. PR29215 Rtn 10 RR 22.5.76 KIA Contact Coy RR StockhilI-Gill R. V.5271 Tpr 1 ALI 27.10.74 KOAS V acc White D. M PR99392 Rfn 10RA 30.10.76 KiAContact Storie K. J. XR4441 Cpl SAS 2.9.75 KIA GSW Contact White P C.OB. Suikepi M C. A20461 FR BSAP 13.11.76 KIA Contact (BCR) 725494 T Sgt 1 ALl 28.276 KIA GS5W Contb Sullivan M. G. 8590 OPO BSAP (SB) 17.976 KIA Police launch Whitehead J.V. 3770 FR BSAP 18.5.76 KOAS Zambezi river (PATU) Sutherland C. G. PR27702 L Cpl 5 RR 31.1.77 KIA V Ambush Wienand C PR111210 Rfn 3(lndp) 27576 KOAS Esplosis Smondo 643828 Pte 1 RAP 17567 KOAS Veac Willis N 726407 Tpr SAS 14.2.74 KIA Ambush Tafireye J. 15509 Sgt Ma BSAP (SU) 9.4.76 KIA Honde Valley Wilmott F. L 724547 A Sgt SAS 19.3.73 KOAS Tambe J, -. FA IntAt 31.8.74 KIA Darwin Parachute ace Tapson 0, 644514 Cpl 1 RAR 28.11.76 KIA Contact Wilson A. G. - FA IntAf 10.8.76 KIA Wankie Tarusari J. *644091 Pte 2 RAR 23.10,76 KOAS V acc Wilson R.J. 4289 Air Sub Lt Rh AF 20.4.74 KIA Tasapamari G. C. DA IntAf 28.10.76 KIA Mtoko Wright D K. PR31207 Rfn 10 RR 8.11.73 KIA LM Tatton N. 64072H DieselMechBSAP 10.11.76 KIA Kanyemba Wright J. (MCM)722400 ColSgt SAS 12.10.66 KOASExplosic Tavengwa D. 21283 Const BSAP 8.2,76 KIA Ambush Wunganayi A. - FA IntAf 3.10.74 KIA Concessio Tavugara F. 644772 T Cpl 2 RAR 4-6-76 KIA Contact Yates J. B 9625 P0 BSAP 29 3.77 KIA Tempe-Millwe R-- FA IntAf 1.3.77 KIA Shamva Yeates P. A. PR81040 Rfn 1 RR 16.4-77 KOAS GSW ac Terblanche J. G. 8689 DPO BSAP 23.3.77 KIA Thomas T.M.7009 P BSAP 23867 KIA YoungC-A.S. 12461 FR BSAP 29-4-75 KIA Killed by a (Dog Sect terrorist/Bandi Thornley M E. 723841 Tpr 1 RLI 10.4.68 KIA GSW Contact carrying out ro block duties Threadingham 901870 NSPO BSAP 20.12.76 KIA Binge Area Timitiya R3063 W02 IRAR 22.8.67 KIA1SWContact YoungH.D, 5874 Sgt Rh AF 26.3.71 KOAS Explosic Youroukelis S. P. PR101099 T Cpl 3 (Indp) 18.5.76 KIA V ambush Tinarwo . 18038 Const BSAP 8.1.74 KOAS Murdered by Coy RR Ict n in n c twhilst 'ad on Yuncker K. G. 725507 Tpr terrorists Titlestad P. PR84485 Cpl 2 (Indp) 17.8.76 KIA Contact (Coy RR) Tivavone H. P. - Agri Dem IntAf 27.11.76 KIA Bikita Tonhora F. - DA IntAf 15.10.76 KIA Mrewa Topdlesu G. - DA IntAt 31.177 KIA Chiredzi Torrington M. PR06055 Afn 5 (Indp) 15.6.76 KIA Contact Coy RR SAS 29.9.72 KOAS Explosion Zaran k 20916 Const BSAP (SB) 28.4.75 KIA Contact Zinyemba S. R644769 Pte 1 RAR 2.4.75 KIA Contact Zombu J - DA IntAf 11.2.77 KIA Gokwe Zowah N, - D IntAf 11.2.77 KIA Mount Darwin Zvirevo 23242 Const BSAP 31.12.76 KOAS Abducted and murdered by terrorists