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A Diamond-Turned-To-Ashes Anniversary

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A Diamond-Turned-To-Ashes Anniversary Volume UII No. 3 March 1998 £3 (to non-members) Don't miss ... Reflections on Austrian events pre- and post-1938 Naustalgia Richard Grunberger p3 Mendelssohn Anniversary A diamond-turned-to-ashes Fred Rosner pS The Shoplifter Rudi Leavor p 12 anniversary The news y accident or design the publication of pher Weininger? Equally great, or greater, talents - from Vilnius Reinhard Spitzy's How we squandered the Mahler, Wittgenstein, Hofmannsthal, Schnitzler - ex­ Reich (Michael Russell) coincides with the perienced the suicide of close relatives. istoiy B records that 6Gth anniversary of the Anschluss. Spitzy will be In March 1938 nearly all Austrians committed cul­ nationalists remembered as one of the apple-cheeked octo­ tural (in the widest sen.se) suicide - only they didn't H genarians who avowed enduring attachment to .see it in tho.se terms. What, after all, was the coun­ of many countries tried to benefit Hider in the BBC2 series The Nazis, A Warnitigfrom try's loss - Freud, von Hayek, Popper, Gombrich - from WWII. In History last autumn. compared to its share of booty from Jews and occu­ Western Europe Although his book is mendacious, the lies it ped­ pied Europe? Irish extremists like dles appeared as self-evident truths to many But it wasn't 'simple' greed that fuelled the William Joyce interwar Au.strians. Austrians' post-Anschlu.ss euphoria - blood lust al.so (Lord Haw-Haw') Spitzy presents the reduction of defeated Austria played a part. The mixed race Empire, who.se loss threw in their lot to its post-WWI frontiers as a 'mutilation' that made Spitzy bemoans, bred a predisposition towards ethnic with the Nazis. In all patriotic inhabitants yearn for fusion with Ger­ warfare, and Austrian ethnic cleansers' - Kalten- SW Asia Burmese many. In fact, truncated Austria had a population brunner, Eichmann, Globocnik, Stangl, Wisliceny, 'freedom fighters' larger than three out of the four Scandinavian coun­ Brunner - were disproportionately represented collaborated with tries, all the Baltic .states, or Switzerland. among the perpetrators of the Shoah. the Japanese. In (Today, after the break-up of Yugoslavia and the What else remains to be said on the sixtieth ;uini- Ea.stern Europe Soviet Union, it actually 'dwarfs' fifteen (!) European versary of the Anschluss? Only this: enlightened many Baits allied countries). Moreover, despite its diminished terri­ rulers from Josef II to Franz Jo.sef created the pre­ with the genocidal tory, it has for decades been an enviably prosperous conditions for an Austro-Jewish efflorescence whose Beelzebub Hitler to Insel der Seeligen (Island of the Blessed) lapped by brilliance shed lu.stre on all concerned. In 19.38 the drive out Satan turbulent tides from the East. light went out, dimming the lustre for ever D Stalin. No, the roots of the Austrian malaise are not to be A Lithuanian of .sought in the country's size, but its poi.sonous politics. that ilk, Valdas Bloodshed between Left and Right had claimed Adamkus, fled hundreds of lives in 1927 and February 1934, even westwards during before Spitzy's co-conspirators murdered Chancellor the Soviet advance DoUfu.ss in July 1934. of 1944. After a near The fugitive Spitzy's reward for participation in the half-century in the USA he returned to bloodshed was personal acquaintance with Hitler. In his country, which describing the Fuehrer as a Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde recently elected him figure, Spitzy makes him appear positively Faustian - President. The fact almost with the speech bubble 'zwei Seelen ivohtien. that he was only ach. in meiner Brust' (two .souls dwell, alas, in my twenty when he breast) issuing from the moustachioed mouth. enrolled as a Nazi The quote from Goethe brings us to a considera­ cannot whitewash tion of Au.strian culture per se. Is it too fanciful to him entirely. Eastern read a deeper significance into the fact that (prob­ Europe's fledgling ably) no other country produced such a proportion <Jemocracies need of famous suicides: the noveli.sts von Saar, Stifter, hetter role models Stefan Zweig; the playwright Raimund; the physici.st /.//(• anti Times of S M Rothschild. /777-/<S'J6, bicentenary 'han this D Boltzmann, the architect van der Null, the philoso­ e.xbihiiinn at the Museum of l.omlon. (Seepage 5) AJR INFORMATION MARCH 1998 1 Profile unteered to work in coalmining as Bevin chant banking house to become director A link in the chain Boys. of his own export company (and a Fel­ Postwar he helped rehabilitate young low of the Institute of Directors). was tempted to caption this profile Holocau.st survivors under the auspices of He married a 'wonderful Sephardi girl' Janus-faced Jedwab' because, in ten and fathered three children who, he I years profiling, I had never met a sub­ proudly informed me, are rising to the ject who so reminded me of the Roman top of their profession. deity that simultaneously looks to the David's Janus quality surfaces when he past and to the future. points out that from the balcony of his David has enormous reverence for his son's lakeside apartment in Switzerland forebears - particularly for his cantor one can discern the outlines of Evian - grandfather, a Polish immigrant to Berlin. venue of the tragically abortive confer­ 'Opapa' he would ask after the latter's ence on Refugees convened by President tearful rendition of Unetane Kotef on Yom Roosevelt in 1938. Kippur 'why do you cry so much?' - to This is a typical example of how David be informed that the sincerity of the brought up his children to be profoundly prayer was judged by the pool of tears aware of their bitter-sweet Jewish inheri­ around the chazan's feet. tance. At the same time he himselt When David was twelve his father and harbours ambivalent feelings about the grandfather were deported to Poland. Jewish homeland. Regret at not having Barely thirteen, he came to England on a taken part in the building of Israel min­ Kindertransport. Here his early years gles with apprehension of religious and were full of incident. Evacuated to the nationalist extremism he sees growing in countryside at the outbreak of war, he that country. returned to London in time for the Blitz, But such worries do not diminish his and was promptly bombed out. Next he David Jeilwah zest for communal work. An AJR and i went on hachsharah, i.e. undertook agri­ ORT, later switching to a trade paper ROK activist, he also acts as Concerts cultural training with a view to connected with agricultural engineering. Manager for the Apollo Male Choir, who emigrating to Palestine. When the call-up Subsequently he changed tack and give up to fifteen concerts annually for threatened to disrupt the cohesion of the went into business. He advanced via a charity. hachsharah group, they collectively vol­ firm trading with S America, and a mer­ URG France and to stop Germany expelling West region. | Refugees in France Jews into France. Paradoxically - with the Following the assassination of vom Rath exception of the Jews - France remained in the German Embassy in Paris on 7th Summary of a the premier destination for refugees until November 1938, France tightened its bor- I Wiener Library lecture the end of 1937. der restrictions. Foreign Minister Georges | given by Prof. Vicky Caron Middle-class professional groups dem­ Bonnet blamed Jews and communists for onstrated against Jewish competition, the threat of war - but not Germany! - hanks to its traditionally liberal with lawyers and doctors leading the and forged ahead with the signing of an immigration policy, by the .summer xenophobes. There were antisemitic out­ accord with Germany in Paris. There were Tof 1933 France had absorbed some breaks, while for the first time newly also charges of Jewish warmongering. 25,000 refugees from Germany. From naturalised citizens had their rights pro- After the defeat of France in 1940 (for then on, against a background of indu.s­ .scribed. Political factions were linked to which Jews again received the blame), trial depression and unemployment the appea.sement policies of the French one of the first acts of the Vichy Govern­ reaching a million, between 1933 and Government; Jews became as.sociated ment was to strip 'foreigners' - 40% of 1935 the French Government increasingly with the communists and stigmati.sed as whom were Jews - of their French citi­ used anti-immigrant rhetoric and initiated trying to drag France into war. zenship, followed by statutes ousting the expulsion and repatriation of foreign­ Leon Blum's Popular Front Government Jews from the professions. ers en masse - not just Jews. As most of 1936 provided temporary alleviation; Though refugee policies in the 1930s refugees had no work permits they were its more humane policies included a fluctuated between the more and the less easily subject to expuLsion. partial amnesty for non-East European restrictive, by 1940 anti-Jewish policy had Jews were, however, singled out for refugees and the possibility of .settling become quite pervasive. This sealed the especially discriminatory treatment and refugees in the French colonies. East Eu­ fate of French Jewry, one fifth of whom their rights progressively whittled away: ropeans continued to be encouraged to perished in the Holocau.st attempts were made to get Jews to leave settle in France's underdeveloped South D Ronald Channing AJR INFORMATION MARCH 1998 the news story that broke on New Year's Naustalgia Day: the decision of the loyalists in the Maze prison to call off the ceasefire. PARTNER ave you heard about the Austrian When reading about the hotel-like con­ in long established English Solicitors refugee who strode through ditions in the Maze, I was instantly (bi-lingual German) would be happy H Central Park, New York, in moun­ reminded of Wollersdorf, the detention to assist clients with English, German tain boots, with opera glasses held the cainp for Austrian Nazi terrorists in the and Austrian problems.
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