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School of Humanities & Social Sciences SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES DIPLOMACY IN THE CONGO CONFLICT: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFORTS FROM 2001-2018 BY MUNGA ANNABEL WANGUI 633498 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AT USIU-AFRICA SUMMER 2019 i Declaration by the student This research study is my original work and has not been presented to any other examination body. No part of this research should be reproduced without my consent or that of the United States International University- Africa (USIU-A). Signature ____________________ Date___/____/ Munga Annabel Wangui Student Identification No. 633498 This research has been submitted for defence with my approval as a graduate school supervisor at USIU-A. Signature ____________________ Date ___/____/ Mr. Leonard Maumo (Supervisor) Signature ____________________ Date ___/____/ Prof. Martin C. Njoroge Dean, School of Humanities and Social Sciences Signature ____________________ Date ___/____/ Amb. Ruthie Rono Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic Affairs ii Dedication I dedicate this work to all those who genuinely seek a peaceful and prosperous Africa, both in academia and policy. I also dedicate it to who have suffered continuously in the face of crisis in Congo and Africa as a whole yet still hope for a brighter future. We shall overcome. iii Acknowledgments I am most grateful to God for enabling me to start and complete this task. I am also indebted to my precious parents, Peter and Nellie Munga for their patience and encouragement through the process. Thank you so much Wycliffe Abok for guiding me through the research journey. I appreciate my larger group of friends who have cheered me on days I would have given up- I am eternally grateful to Winnie Musau, Juliet Mwende, Fancy Kirui, Maryanne Mumbi, Loice Meyo, Joseph Riak, Grace Muchiri, Mark Kolo and the entire Activate team. You have all come through in such beautiful, diverse ways to make the process so much easier. Lastly, I am so grateful to my professors who walked with me in different phases of the research, most especially Mr. Leonard Maumo who patiently yet thoroughly walked with me through every stage. God bless you mighty. iv Table of Contents Declaration by the student ............................................................................................................... ii Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. ix Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... x Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Succession of Leadership after colonialism ........................................................................ 5 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research Questions .......................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................ 7 1.6 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 8 1.7 Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Organization of Study ...................................................................................................... 8 1.9 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Causes of Conflict in Congo ......................................................................................... 12 2.2 The Role of International Organizations to resolve the Congo conflict .............................. 29 2.3 The United Nations .............................................................................................................. 31 2.4 The African Union ............................................................................................................... 35 2.5 Role played by neighbouring countries to fuel or resolve conflict ...................................... 38 2.5.1 Neighbouring countries as a source of continued instability in Congo ......................... 40 2.6 Role of religious institutions in the Congo war ................................................................... 45 2.6.1 The Role of the Church in the Congo Conflict ............................................................. 48 2.8 The role of SADC in the Congo Crisis ................................................................................ 51 2.9 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................ 55 v CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................... 56 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 56 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 56 3.2 Research Design................................................................................................................... 56 3.3 Data Collection .................................................................................................................... 57 3.4 Data Analysis and Presentation............................................................................................ 58 3.5 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................................................... 59 4.0 DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 59 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 59 4.2 The AU-led 2002 Inter-Congolese Dialogue ........................................................................... 59 4.2.1 Outcomes of the 2002 Inter-Congolese Dialogue ............................................................. 62 4.2.2 Follow-up work and Commitments: Political Agreement on Consensual Management (PACMT) ............................................................................................................................... 64 4.3 The SADC-led 2013 Regional Pact for Peace and Security Negotiations ............................... 66 4.3.1 Outcomes of the 2013 Regional Peace and Security Pact ............................................. 68 4.3.2 Follow-up and Commitments to the Framework .......................................................... 74 4.4 The church-led 2017 CENCO mediation ............................................................................. 75 Table 4.3 Role of International Organizations in the resolution of the Congo Crisis ............ 80 4.6 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................... 82 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 82 5.1 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 82 5.2 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 85 5.2.1 The AU-led 2002 Inter-Congolese Dialogue ...............................................................
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