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2.3 Holocaust Denial
nm u Ottawa L'Universite eanadienne Canada's university mn FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES 1=^1 FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'Universite eanadienne Canada's university Johny-Angel Butera AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (Criminology) GRADE/DEGREE Department of Criminology FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Genocide Denial on the Internet: The Cases of Armenia and Rwanda TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Maritza Felices-Luna DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE /THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR Daniel dos Santos Valerie Steeves Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies GENOCIDE DENIAL ON THE INTERNET: THE CASES OF ARMENIA AND RWANDA Johny-Angel Butera Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the MA degree in Criminology Department of Criminology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © Johny-Angel Butera, Ottawa, Canada, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r&terence ISBN: 978-0-494-73798-9 Our file Notre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-73798-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license -
GCC Oil Exporters and the Future of the Dollar Forthcoming in New Political Economy
Title: GCC Oil Exporters and the Future of the Dollar Forthcoming in New Political Economy Author: Bessma Momani- Assistant Professor University of Waterloo and Senior Fellow, Centre for International Governance and Innovation Bio: Dr. Bessma Momani is Assistant Professor at the University of Waterloo and a Senior Fellow at the Centre for International Governance and Innovation. Dr. Momani has written on the US Middle East Free Trade Area, Euro-Med initiative, economic integration of the GCC, EU-GCC free trade agreement, economic liberalization in Egypt, and extensively on the International Monetary Fund. In addition to three monographs, her articles have appeared in World Economics, International Journal, Review of International Political Economy, Review of International Organizations, World Economy, Global Society, Middle East Review of International Affairs, New Political Economy, Canadian Journal of Political Science, and Asian Affairs. Abstract: Since the early 1970s, the oil-exporting states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) led by Saudi Arabia, have played a key role in supporting the value of the US dollar by invoicing oil trade oil in dollars and by investing in US dollar reserves and securities. However, the United States‟ negative fiscal and current account positions have made many nervous about the sustainability of the US dollar as an international reserve currency. This article asks whether the GCC oil exporters will undermine the future of the dollar. Three factors are considered: the GCC‟s influence in changing the dollar-based invoicing of oil; emerging patterns in petrodollar recycling; and, the potential for diversification of GCC official reserves. The findings of this article suggest that despite some economic rationales in favour of loosening ties to the dollar, in the short term at least, the GCC will remain loyal to the dollar for political and security reasons. -
The Jihadi Threat: ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and Beyond
THE JIHADI THREAT ISIS, AL QAEDA, AND BEYOND The Jihadi Threat ISIS, al- Qaeda, and Beyond Robin Wright William McCants United States Institute of Peace Brookings Institution Woodrow Wilson Center Garrett Nada J. M. Berger United States Institute of Peace International Centre for Counter- Terrorism Jacob Olidort The Hague Washington Institute for Near East Policy William Braniff Alexander Thurston START Consortium, University of Mary land Georgetown University Cole Bunzel Clinton Watts Prince ton University Foreign Policy Research Institute Daniel Byman Frederic Wehrey Brookings Institution and Georgetown University Car ne gie Endowment for International Peace Jennifer Cafarella Craig Whiteside Institute for the Study of War Naval War College Harleen Gambhir Graeme Wood Institute for the Study of War Yale University Daveed Gartenstein- Ross Aaron Y. Zelin Foundation for the Defense of Democracies Washington Institute for Near East Policy Hassan Hassan Katherine Zimmerman Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy American Enterprise Institute Charles Lister Middle East Institute Making Peace Possible December 2016/January 2017 CONTENTS Source: Image by Peter Hermes Furian, www . iStockphoto. com. The West failed to predict the emergence of al- Qaeda in new forms across the Middle East and North Africa. It was blindsided by the ISIS sweep across Syria and Iraq, which at least temporarily changed the map of the Middle East. Both movements have skillfully continued to evolve and proliferate— and surprise. What’s next? Twenty experts from think tanks and universities across the United States explore the world’s deadliest movements, their strate- gies, the future scenarios, and policy considerations. This report reflects their analy sis and diverse views. -
Iran Business Guide
Contents Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines The Islamic Republic of IRAN BUSINESS GUIDE Edition 2011 By: Ramin Salehkhoo PB Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines Iran Business Guide 1 Contents Publishing House of the Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines Iran Business Guide Edition 2011 Writer: Ramin Salehkhoo Assisted by: Afrashteh Khademnia Designer: Mahboobeh Asgharpour Publisher: Nab Negar First Edition Printing:June 2011 Printing: Ramtin ISBN: 978-964-905541-1 Price: 90000 Rls. Website: www.iccim.ir E-mail: [email protected] Add.: No. 175, Taleghani Ave., Tehran-Iran Tel.: +9821 88825112, 88308327 Fax: + 9821 88810524 All rights reserved 2 Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines Iran Business Guide 3 Contents Acknowledgments The First edition of this book would not have been possible had it not been for the support of a number of friends and colleagues of the Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines, without whose cooperation, support and valuable contributions this edition would not have been possible. In particular, the Chamber would like to thank Mrs. M. Asgharpour for the excellent job in putting this edition together and Dr. A. Dorostkar for his unwavering support . The author would also like to thank his family for their support, and Mrs. A. Khademia for her excellent assistance. Lastly, the whole team wishes to thank H.E. Dr. M. Nahavandian for his inspiration and guidance. Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines June 2011 2 Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines Iran Business Guide 3 -
Anti-Semitism: a Pillar of Islamic Extremist Ideology
Anti-Semitism: A Pillar of Islamic Extremist Ideology In a video message in August 2015, Osama bin Laden’s son, Hamza bin Laden, utilized a range of anti-Semitic and anti-Israel narratives in his effort to rally Al Qaeda supporters and incite violence against Americans and Jews. Bin Laden described Jews and Israel as having a disproportionate role in world events and the oppression of Muslims. He compared the “Zio- Crusader alliance led by America” to a bird: “Its head is America, one wing is NATO and the other is the State of the Jews in occupied Palestine, and the legs are the tyrant rulers that sit on the chests of the peoples of the Muslim Ummah [global community].” An undated image of al-Qaeda terrorist Osama bin Laden and his son, Hamza Bin Laden then called for attacks worldwide and demanded that Muslims “support their brothers in Palestine by fighting the Jews and the Americans... not in America and occupied Palestine and Afghanistan alone, but all over the world…. take it to all the American, Jewish, and Western interests in the world.” Such violent expressions of anti-Semitism have been at the core of Al Qaeda’s ideology for decades. Even the 9/11 terrorist attacks were motivated, in part, by anti-Semitism. Mohamed Atta, a key member of the Al Qaeda Hamburg cell responsible for the attacks, reportedly considered New York City to be the center of a global Jewish conspiracy, and Khalid Sheik Mohammed, who masterminded the attack, had allegedly previously developed several plans to attack Israeli and Jewish targets. -
9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp
Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5. -
The Al Qaeda Network a New Framework for Defining the Enemy
THE AL QAEDA NETWORK A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR DEFINING THE ENEMY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN SEPTEMBER 2013 THE AL QAEDA NETWORK A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR DEFINING THE ENEMY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN SEPTEMBER 2013 A REPORT BY AEI’S CRITICAL THREATS PROJECT ABOUT US About the Author Katherine Zimmerman is a senior analyst and the al Qaeda and Associated Movements Team Lead for the Ameri- can Enterprise Institute’s Critical Threats Project. Her work has focused on al Qaeda’s affiliates in the Gulf of Aden region and associated movements in western and northern Africa. She specializes in the Yemen-based group, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, and al Qaeda’s affiliate in Somalia, al Shabaab. Zimmerman has testified in front of Congress and briefed Members and congressional staff, as well as members of the defense community. She has written analyses of U.S. national security interests related to the threat from the al Qaeda network for the Weekly Standard, National Review Online, and the Huffington Post, among others. Acknowledgments The ideas presented in this paper have been developed and refined over the course of many conversations with the research teams at the Institute for the Study of War and the American Enterprise Institute’s Critical Threats Project. The valuable insights and understandings of regional groups provided by these teams directly contributed to the final product, and I am very grateful to them for sharing their expertise with me. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Kimberly Kagan and Jessica Lewis for dedicating their time to helping refine my intellectual under- standing of networks and to Danielle Pletka, whose full support and effort helped shape the final product. -
9-11 and Terrorist Travel- Full
AND TERRORIST TRAVEL Staff Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 9/11 AND TERRORIST TRAVEL Staff Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States By Thomas R. Eldridge Susan Ginsburg Walter T. Hempel II Janice L. Kephart Kelly Moore and Joanne M. Accolla, Staff Assistant Alice Falk, Editor Note from the Executive Director The Commission staff organized its work around specialized studies, or monographs, prepared by each of the teams. We used some of the evolving draft material for these studies in preparing the seventeen staff statements delivered in conjunction with the Commission’s 2004 public hearings. We used more of this material in preparing draft sections of the Commission’s final report. Some of the specialized staff work, while not appropriate for inclusion in the report, nonetheless offered substantial information or analysis that was not well represented in the Commission’s report. In a few cases this supplemental work could be prepared to a publishable standard, either in an unclassified or classified form, before the Commission expired. This study is on immigration, border security and terrorist travel issues. It was prepared principally by Thomas Eldridge, Susan Ginsburg, Walter T. Hempel II, Janice Kephart, and Kelly Moore, with assistance from Joanne Accolla, and editing assistance from Alice Falk. As in all staff studies, they often relied on work done by their colleagues. This is a study by Commission staff. While the Commissioners have been briefed on the work and have had the opportunity to review earlier drafts of some of this work, they have not approved this text and it does not necessarily reflect their views. -
Petrodollar Warfare: Dollars, Euros and the Upcoming Iranian Oil Bourse
Suite 301, 20 Harewood Avenue, London, NW1 6JX Tel: +44 (0) 207 258 3750 - Email: [email protected] - www.globalcrisis.org.uk Petrodollar Warfare: Dollars, Euros and the Upcoming Iranian Oil Bourse By William Clark August 8, 2005 "This notion that the United States is getting ready to attack Iran is simply ridiculous...Having said that, all options are on the table." -- President George W. Bush, February 2005 Contemporary warfare has traditionally involved underlying conflicts regarding economics and resources. Today these intertwined conflicts also involve international currencies, and thus increased complexity. Current geopolitical tensions between the United States and Iran extend beyond the publicly stated concerns regarding Iran's nuclear intentions, and likely include a proposed Iranian "petroeuro" system for oil trade. Similar to the Iraq war, military operations against Iran relate to the macroeconomics of 'petrodollar recycling' and the unpublicized but real challenge to U.S. dollar supremacy from the euro as an alternative oil transaction currency. It is now obvious the invasion of Iraq had less to do with any threat from Saddam's long-gone WMD program and certainly less to do to do with fighting International terrorism than it has to do with gaining strategic control over Iraq's hydrocarbon reserves and in doing so maintain the U.S. dollar as the monopoly currency for the critical international oil market. Throughout 2004 information provided by former administration insiders revealed the Bush/Cheney administration entered into office with the intention of toppling Saddam.[1][2] Candidly stated, 'Operation Iraqi Freedom' was a war designed to install a pro-U.S. -
Wikipedia Reader-2I5pv34
WIKIPEDIA READER ANNE FRANK #13 SELECTED BY YENESIS MORENO https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nne_Frank 4/24/16 Born- Annelies[1] or Anneliese[2] Marie Frank 12 June 1929 Frankfurt, Weimar Republic Died- February or March 1945 (aged 15) Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Lower Saxony, Nazi Germany Language- Dutch Nationality- German until 1941 Stateless from 1941 Notable works- The Diary of a Young Girl (1947) From Wikipedia, the free encycloped For other uses, see Anne Frank (disambiguation). Anne Frank pictured in 1940 Annelies Marie Frank (German pronunciation: [ʔanəliːs maˈʁiː ˈʔanə ˈfʁaŋk]; Dutch pronuncia- Anne tion: [ʔɑnəˈlis maːˈri ˈʔɑnə ˈfrɑŋk]; 12 June 1929 – February or March 1945[3]) was a German-born diarist and writer. She is one of the most dis- Frank cussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Her dia- ry, The Diary of a Young Girl, which documents her life in hiding during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II, is one of the world’s most widely known books and has been 2 the basis for several plays and films. WIKIPEDIA READER ANNE FRANK #13 SELECTED BY YENESIS MORENO https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nne_Frank 4/24/16 Born in the city of Frankfurt, Germany, she Otto Frank, the only survivor of the family, lived most of her life in or near Amsterdam, returned to Amsterdam after the war to find the Netherlands. Born a German national, that Anne’s diary had been saved by one of Frank lost her citizenship in 1941 and thus the helpers, Miep Gies, and his efforts led became stateless. -
Western Europe
Western Europe Great Britain National Affairs T\wo PIVOTAL DATES IN 1992 were April 9, the date of the general election, which resulted in a close Conservative victory; and September 16 ("Black Wednesday"), when the pound sterling was forced out of the fixed-rate European Monetary System. In April the Tories, led by Prime Minister John Major, returned to power, defying the predictions of the pollsters but with a much reduced overall majority of 21. Neil Kinnock resigned as Labor leader, to be replaced by John Smith. The campaign was marked by successful and sustained Conservative attacks on Labor's alleged tax-and-spend policy. Much was also made of signs of the onset of economic recovery, but this did not materialize, and the continuing high level of interest rates (barely reduced from 10.5 percent to 10 percent in May) squeezed the life out of the faint revival in consumer spending. In fact, unemployment increased by 35,000 in the first 11 months of 1992, and manufacturing output at year-end was almost no higher than in 1979, when the Tories first came to power. The summer was spent trying to reconcile the need of the domestic economy for a looser monetary policy with the constraint imposed by membership in the Euro- pean system. This precarious balance was upset by several events: the Danish rejection of the Maastricht treaty in a referendum on June 2, a further increase in German interest rates in July, and the unilateral devaluation of the Italian lira by 7 percent early in September. The pound sterling meanwhile sank to the bottom of its permitted level against the deutsche mark. -
April-May 2011 / No.137- 138 South Pars Gas Production: Right from The
In The Name of God Articles on Oil & Gas in the English section, April-May 2011 / No.137- 138 in cooperation with IranOilGas.com Published by: IRANIAN ASSO - CIATION FOR ENERGY ECO-NOMICS (IRAEE) ISSN 15631133- Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and Western Director and Editor-in - Chief: Policies of Energy Security / 2 Seyed Gholamhossein Hassantash Editorial Manager: Saed Dabestani Editorial Board: Majid Abbaspour, Reza Farmand, Ali Moshtaghian, Mohammad-reza Omidkhah, Ebrahim Bagherzadeh, Turkish Government and the Question of Fereidoun Barkeshly, Hassan Khosravizadeh, Mohammad-ali Unfeasible Nature of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Movahhed, Behroz Beik Alizadeh, Ali Emami Meibodi, Seyed Mohammad-ali Tabatabaei, Afshin Javan, Hamid Abrishami, (BTC) Pipeline / 4 Mohammad-bagher Heshmatzadeh, Mehdi Nematollahi, Mozafar Jarrahi, Ali Shams Ardakani, Mohammad Mazreati Advertisement Dept : Adamiyat Advertising Agency Tel: 021 - 88 96 12 15 - 16 / 6 Translators: Mahyar Emami, Hamid Barimani Subscription: Hamideh Noori South Pars Gas Production: Right from the Start / 10 IRANIAN ASSOCIATION FOR ENERGY ECONOMICS Unit 13, Fourth flour, No.177, Vahid Dastgerdi (Zafar) Ave., Tehran, Iran Tel: (9821) 222620613- Fax: (9821) 22262064 Web: www.IRAEE.org E-mail: [email protected] April-May 2011 137- 138 Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and Western Policies of Energy Security he horrifying and deadly Earthquake/ human society, plus those of the generations to come. Tsunami of March 2011 in Japan, which 2) If Japan, an example of the state-of-the-art technology T caused a gigantic crisis in the Daiichi with the highest possible standards of discipline and nuclear power plant of Fukushima, greatly shocked the safety, has to suffer such a catastrophe because of an world and especially the people living near the power plant.