Program At-A-Glance

Monday AM Monday PM Tuesday AM Tuesday PM Wednesday AM Wednesday PM General Recycling and General Recycling and General Recycling and General Recycling and Trade Policies and General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: Incentive Structures in Solid Waste Processing: Precious and Rare Metals I Precious and Rare Metals II Composite Materials I Composite Materials II Recycling Composite Materials IV

Life Cycle Assessment, General Recycling and Caesar 1 Caesar Modeling and Analysis of Solid Waste Processing: Recycling Behavior Composite Materials III Treatment of Liquid and Recycling in Building and Design and Treatment of Liquid and Materials and Energy Gaseous Effl uents I Construction Industries I Engineering of Waste Gaseous Effl uents II Effi ciency in Process Treatment Plants Engineering Recycling in Building and Treatment of Liquid and Caesar 2 Caesar Construction Industries II Gaseous Effl uents III Environmental Issues Automotive and Environmental Issues Training, Education and Remediation of Urban Related to Waste Storage Aerospace Recycling Related to Waste Storage Social Compatibility of Contaminated Soil and Development and Recycling I and Recycling II Recycling Systems Industrial Sites Design for Recycling, Product-Service Systems, Resource Statistics, Caesar 3 Caesar Dematerialization Material Flow Analysis, Information Systems General Recycling and General Recycling and General Recycling and General Recycling and General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: EAF Dust Electronic Waste I Lead Electronic Waste II Electronic Waste III

Economic Evaluation Separation Technologies of Waste Treatment and their Energy

Caesar 4 Caesar Strategies Effi ciency - and - General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Radioactive Waste Clean Technology and Clean Technology and Clean Technology and Reengineering of Current Reengineering of Current Reengineering of Current Processes I Processes II Processes III Caesar 5 Caesar

General Recycling and Waste Conversion and Waste Conversion and Resources, Monitoring Waste Conversion and Solid Waste Processing: Reutilization I Reutilization III and Characterization of Reutilization V Magnesium Waste Waste Conversion and Waste Conversion and Caesar 6 Caesar Reutilization II Reutilization IV Monday Plenary Session General Recycling and Tuesday Plenary Session General Recycling and Wednesday Plenary General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: Session Solid Waste Processing: Non-Ferrous Metals I General Recycling and Non-Ferrous Metals III Non-Ferrous Metals V PRELIMINARYSolid Waste Processing: General Recycling and General Recycling and Heavy-Metal Containing General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Caesar 7 Caesar Solid Waste Processing: Waste I Solid Waste Processing: Heavy-Metal Containing Non-Ferrous Metals II Non-Ferrous Metals IV Waste II Case Studies in the Case Studies in the Case Studies in the General Recycling and Development of Waste Development of Waste Development of Waste Solid Waste Processing: Treatment Technologies I Treatment Technologies II Treatment Technologies III Non-Ferrous Metals VI Caesar 8 Caesar

General Recycling and General Recycling and Case Studies in the Solid Waste Processing: Solid Waste Processing: Development of Waste Aluminum By-Product Aluminum By-Product Treatment Recovery and Secondary Recovery and Secondary Technologies IV

Miramar 3 Miramar Production I Production II

Zero Waste Challenges and Strategies for Management of Workshop Electrical and Electronic Waste in Latin America and the Carribbean Workshop Miramar 4 Miramar

Poster Session Foyer

REWAS 2008 1 Session Listing

SESSION TITLE ROOM DAY PAGE

Automotive and Aerospace Recycling ...... Caesar 3 ...... Mon PM ...... 17 Case Studies in the Development of Waste Treatment Technologies I ...... Caesar 8 ...... Mon AM ...... 10 Case Studies in the Development of Waste Treatment Technologies II ...... Caesar 8 ...... Tues AM ...... 27 Case Studies in the Development of Waste Treatment Technologies III ...... Caesar 8 ...... Wed AM ...... 44 Case Studies in the Development of Waste Treatment Technologies IV ...... Miramar 3 ...... Wed AM ...... 45 Challenges and Strategies for Management of Electrical and Electronic Waste in Latin America and the Caribbean Workshop ...... Miramar 4...... Tues AM-PM ...... 28 Clean Technology and Reengineering of Current Processes I ...... Caesar 5 ...... Mon AM ...... 11 Clean Technology and Reengineering of Current Processes II ...... Caesar 5 ...... Tues AM ...... 28 Clean Technology and Reengineering of Current Processes III ...... Caesar 5 ...... Wed AM ...... 46 Design and Engineering of Waste Treatment Plants ...... Caesar 2 ...... Tues AM ...... 29 Design for Recycling, Product-Service Systems, Dematerialization ...... Caesar 3 ...... Mon PM ...... 18 Economic Evaluation of Waste Treatment Strategies ...... Caesar 4 ...... Mon PM ...... 18 Environmental Issues Related to Waste Storage and Recycling I...... Caesar 3 ...... Mon AM ...... 12 Environmental Issues Related to Waste Storage and Recycling II ...... Caesar 3 ...... Tues AM ...... 30 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Aluminum By-Product Recovery and Secondary Production I ...... Miramar 3 ...... Mon AM ...... 13 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Aluminum By-Product Recovery and Secondary Production II ...... Miramar 3 ...... Tuesday AM ...... 31 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Composite Materials I ...... Caesar 1 ...... Tues AM ...... 31 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Composite Materials II ...... Caesar 1 ...... Tues PM ...... 34 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Composite Materials III ...... Caesar 1 ...... Tues PM ...... 35 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Composite Materials IV ...... Caesar 1 ...... Wed PM...... 50 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: EAF Dust ...... Caesar 4 ...... Mon AM ...... 14 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Electronic Waste I ...... Caesar 4 ...... Mon PM ...... 19 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Electronic Waste II ...... Caesar 4 ...... Tues PM ...... 36 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Electronic Waste III ...... Caesar 4 ...... Wed PM...... 51 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Heavy-Metal Containing Waste I ...... Caesar 7 ...... Tues AM ...... 32 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Heavy-Metal Containing Waste II ...... Caesar 7 ...... Wed AM ...... 47 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Lead ...... Caesar 4 ...... Tues AM ...... 33 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Magnesium...... Caesar 6 ...... Mon AM ...... 14 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Non-Ferrous Metals I ...... Caesar 7 ...... Mon PM ...... 20 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Non-Ferrous Metals II ...... Caesar 7 ...... Mon PM ...... 21 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Non-Ferrous Metals III ...... Caesar 7 ...... Tues PM ...... 36 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Non-Ferrous Metals IV ...... Caesar 7 ...... Tues PM ...... 37 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Non-Ferrous Metals V ...... Caesar 7 ...... Wed PM...... 52 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Non-Ferrous Metals VI ...... Caesar 8 ...... Wed PM...... 53 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Precious and Rare Metals I ...... Caesar 1 ...... Mon AM ...... 15 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Precious and Rare Metals II ...... Caesar 1 ...... Mon PM ...... 21 General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Radioactive Waste ...... Caesar 4 ...... Tues PM ...... 38 Life Cycle Assessment, Modeling and Analysis of Recycling Behavior ...... Caesar 1 ...... Mon PM ...... 22 Materials and Energy Effi ciency in Process Engineering ...... Caesar 2 ...... Wed PM...... 53 Monday Plenary Session ...... Caesar 7 ...... Mon AM ...... 10 Poster SessionPRELIMINARY ...... Foyer ...... Mon AM-Wed PM ...... 3 Recycling in Building and Construction Industries I ...... Caesar 2 ...... Mon PM ...... 23 Recycling in Building and Construction Industries II ...... Caesar 2 ...... Mon PM ...... 24 Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Industrial Sites ...... Caesar 3 ...... Wed AM ...... 48 Resource Statistics, Material Flow Analysis, Information Systems ...... Caesar 3 ...... Tues PM ...... 38 Resources, Monitoring and Characterization of Waste ...... Caesar 6 ...... Wed PM...... 48 Separation Technologies and their Energy Effi ciency ...... Caesar 4 ...... Tues PM ...... 39 Trade Policies and Incentive Structures in Recycling ...... Caesar 1 ...... Wed PM...... 49 Training, Education and Social Compatibility of Recycling Systems ...... Caesar 3 ...... Tues PM ...... 39 Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effl uents I ...... Caesar 2 ...... Mon AM ...... 16 Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effl uents II ...... Caesar 2 ...... Tues PM ...... 40 Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effl uents III ...... Caesar 2 ...... Tues PM ...... 41 Tuesday Plenary Session ...... Caesar 7 ...... Tues AM ...... 27 Urban Development ...... Caesar 3 ...... Wed PM...... 54 Waste Conversion and Reutilization I ...... Caesar 6 ...... Mon PM ...... 24 Waste Conversion and Reutilization II ...... Caesar 6 ...... Mon PM ...... 25 Waste Conversion and Reutilization III ...... Caesar 6 ...... Tues PM ...... 41 Waste Conversion and Reutilization IV ...... Caesar 6 ...... Tues PM ...... 42 Waste Conversion and Reutilization V ...... Caesar 6 ...... Wed PM...... 55 Wednesday Plenary Session ...... Caesar 7 ...... Wed AM ...... 44 Zero Waste Workshop ...... Miramar 4 ...... Mon PM ...... 26

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China, have been investigated. A liquidus temperature model was introduced in the present work based on basic physical chemistry theory and focused on Poster Session the chemical composition area used in Meishan factory(pct): Al2O3 from 14 to 17.5 and MgO from 8 to 12, so that the blast furnace slags can be designed Monday AM Room: Foyer for optimum blast furnace performance. P October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort A New Synthetic Method of Cyclopentanone with Cyclopentene: Chao O Sui1; Xinyong Li1; Zhenping Qu1; 1Dalian University of Technology A Comparative Study between Hybrid Natural/Biodegradation and Cyclopentanone, one of the most important chemical intermediates, was S Biodegradation Methods of Cyanide from Ore Waste Using Native synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of adipic acid usually, causing great waste T Bacteria: A. L. Leal-Cruz1; M. T. Certucha-Barragán2; M. I. Pech-Canul3; of energy and signifi cant pollution. From the point view of atom economy S. Aguayo-Salinas2; J. L. Valenzuela-García2; 1Universidad de Sonora and reaction, it is benefi cial to synthesize cyclopentanone by cyclopentene and E Cinvestav Saltillo; 2Universidad de Sonora; 3Cinvestav Saltillo oxygen. In this paper, some improvements on the Wacker-type catalysts were The aim of this research was to carry out a comparative and systematic made: PdCl2 and CuCl2 were substituted by Pd(CH3COO)2 and NPMoV, R study of the degradation of cyanide by hybrid natural/biodegradation and the latter was a complex polyoxometalate with an average atomic ratio of N/ biodegradation methods using a mixture of Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus P/Mo/V = 4.2/1.0/3.6/6.8 and partly substituted by ammonium cation, which S megaterium native bacteria. Bioreactors consist of fi lled columns with was favorable to transfer oxygen to Pd(0). The oxidation process was carried contaminated ore containing 100 ppm of total cyanide. In the biodegradation out under atmospheric oxygen pressure in aqueous acetonitrile acidifi ed by tests a mixture of bacteria was inoculated into the biodegrading solution. CH3SO3H, the selective oxidation of cyclopentene to cyclopentanone was Results of cyanide degradation show a similar asymptotic behavior in both successfully achieved and it was found that, under the optimum reaction the hybrid (opened system) and biodegradation (closed system) methods; conditions, at 50°C for 6 hours, the conversation of cyclopentene and the however, for the same period of time (72 h) the permissible maximum levels yield of cyclopentanone were nearly 100% and 94.6%, respectively. (1-2 ppm of cyanide) are only attained in the closed system. While in the A Park for Renewable Energy at the State University of the Northern closed system the cyanide levels are reduced from 100 to 1.5 ppm, in the Rio de Janeiro: Sergio Monteiro1; Valdo Marques2; Maria Alves1; Francisca open system, cyanide decreases from 100 to 2.4 ppm. Pinheiro2; Jonas Alexandre1; Paulo Roberto Silva1; Alexandre Stumbo1; A Comparative Study of Curaua Waste Fibers Reinforced Epoxy Matrix 1State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - Universidade Estadual do Composites as Building Material: Sergio Monteiro1; Ailton Ferreira1; Felipe Norte Fluminense; 2Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo/ Lopes1; 1State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - UENF Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Environmental issues such as global warming and water pollution are Brazil is among the few countries with potential for developing all sources motivating fast changes in scientifi c and technological paradigms. Special of renewable forms of energy. In particular, the country is leading the world importance is now being given to the so called environmentally friendly efforts of substituting petroleum based fuels for biofuels, such as ethanol materials, which are renewable, recyclable and biodegradable. An example and biodiesel. Most of the Brazilian petroleum, which has now achieved self is the natural fi bers with increasing industrial applications beyond the suffi ciency, is extracted from offshore wells located at the north region of conventional uses as baskets, fabrics, ropes and carpets. In addition to the state of Rio de Janeiro. In view of the future depletion of petroleum, the traditional natural fi bers, others like curaua (Ananas erectifolius) are being State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro (UENF) has created a Center investigated for possible use as reinforcement of industrial composites. Since for Alternative Energies (NEAL) to carry out R&D programs on renewable epoxy matrix is not yet incorporated with curaua fi bers, the objective of this forms of energy. Today, the main project of the NEAL/UENF is a model park paper was to study the basic properties of epoxy composites reinforced with for generation of renewable forms of energy. The objective of this work is to different amounts of curaua waste fi bers. A comparative analysis aiming at present the structural concept of the park and discuss its contribution in terms the use of these composites as substitute for conventional building materials of scientifi c, technological, economical and environmental benefi ts. was carried out. About the Dependences of the Construction and Demolition Waste A Critical Analysis of the Biodiesel Program in Brazil: Sergio Monteiro1; Recycled Aggregate Properties: Sergio Angulo1; Anette Mueller2; 1Instituto Luciano Oliveira2; Luiz Guilherme Marques2; 1State University of the de Pesquisas Tecnologicas do Estado de Sao Paulo; 2Bauhaus-Universität PRELIMINARY2 Weimar Northern Rio de Janeiro - UENF; COPPE/UFRJ Biofuels are gaining a relevant role in today’s world not only as a solution In order to control the quality of recycled aggregate of construction and for the decreasing petroleum reserves but mainly as a positive contribution to demolition (C&D) waste, it is necessary to determine more properties than te efforts in global warming mitigation. In Brazil, since 1975, the replacement that required for conventional natural aggregate. So, in order to simplify and of gasoline by ethanol started a so-called PROALCHOOOL program, to unify standards abroad, the dependences between such properties should which is now being complemented with the replacement of petroleum be investigated. This paper analyses the dependences between building diesel by biodiesel. This biodiesel program was offi cially created in 2005 material composition, porosity and density of C&D aggregate from different with mandatory goals, supported by legislation, of 2% addition in 2008 and countries. To sum up, due to the similarities between the real densities of 5% addition in 2013 into all commercialized regular diesel. In this work, a the building materials that compose the C&D aggregate, there is a strong critical analysis of the Brazilian biodiesel program is presented. The technical dependence between oven-dry density and water absorption, which is an aspects related to the different raw materials, including wastes, available for indirect measurement of the porosity. The porosity is also correlated with biodiesel conversion as well as the economical conditions associated with the building material composition, being unnecessary the measurement of all production costs and market logistic are discussed. The environmental these properties to conclude about the recycled aggregate quality. benefi ts associated with the retention of greenhouse gases is also discussed. Application Heat Pumps for Waste Energy Utilization in Sulfuric Acid A Liquidus Temperature Model of High Alumina Blast Furnace Slags: Production: Milorad Cirkovic1; Milance Mitovski2; Dragana Zivkovic3; Yuhua Li1; Yuanchi Dong1; Liang Yu1; 1Anhui University of Technology Vlastimir Trujic1; 1Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor; 2TIR Bor; High alumina slag, with alumina normally more than 15 pct, is encountered 3University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty Bor with blast furnaces in China because of high alumina/silica ratio in iron ore as In this article, it is analysed the possibilitis and the effects utility well as sinter and high ash content in coke for cost reason. High alumina slags waste energy of process sulfuric acid production in the existing technical- generally have high viscosity and high liquidus temperature leading to higher technological conditions. The utility second process energy, reduction the slag volume and thereby, furnace productivity. In the present work, liquidus fuels consumption, reduction environment pollution and its effects are shown, temperature of high alumina slags, based on Meishan factory, Baosteel too. High heat quantity is produced as the result of exothermal reactions in

REWAS 2008 3 Technical Program

the production process of sulfuric acid in Bor. A part of this heat is suffi cient different heights it was installed metallic pipes for the inlet and outlet of for the process development, and signifi cant part of this heat presents low- the air, connected with heat exchanger installed inside of the digester. In the temperature heat energy that is irretrievable lost. Investigations were carried winter period, it was found that the retention time of this digester is shorter on out based on production of 485 t of monohydrate/day of sulfuric acid. By 15% and produced biogas volume is larger on 20% with respect of ordinary P recovery of this heat quantity for heating purposes, about 20.000 – 25.000 biogas digester. t of coal/year would be saved, what would signifi cantly improve the power Biogas Production from Animal Manure in Patagonia: Andrea Bellver1; O effi ciency of the smelter copper production. Daniel Quattrini1; Ana Bohé1; 1Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica S Assessment of the Catalytic Properties of (Iron and Steel) Slag to Remove Patagonia is a large and windy region with cold winters and isolated areas Atrazine (Endocrine Disrupting Pesticide) in Water: Rosa-Maria Ramirez- with less than 1 inhabitant/km2. Many people inhabiting this zone have farms T Zamora1; Thalia Huanosta-Gutierrez1; Augusto Rodriguez-Ramirez1; Alfonso without electricity or gas but with animals which manure constitutes a waste Huanosta2; Alfonso Duran-Moreno3; 1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de that could be used to produce biogas. This allows to decrease pollution and E México -Instituto de Ingenieria; 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México to obtain a gas that can be used for power generation, heating or cooking. R -Instituto de Materiales; 3Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Manure is analyzed to determine the characteristics of the organic substrate Facultad de Química as C/N ratio, total solids, volatile solids, etc. A series of experimental runs S The assessment of the catalytic properties of (iron and steel) slag to are conducted with animal manure to evaluate the effect of experimental remove atrazine from water was outlined as objetive of this work. In the fi rst conditions as temperature, pH and water:manure ratios in the rate of biogas stage of this study a characterization of fi ve samples of slag was carried out. production. Measurement of biogas composition is performed by gas In the second stage, kinetic removal trials were made using slags, H2O2 and chromatography andSH2 content and its elimination, because of its toxicity atrazine solutions prepared in distilled water at pH of 5. Similar experiments and corrosion on metals, are studied. (blanks) were made only adding slag to atrazine solutions. Treated samples Biostimulators from the Waste of Tanning Industry: Karel Kolomaznik1; were collected, at several times, to determine atrazine residual concentrations. Vera Kasparkova1; Klara Kodrikova1; Michaela Uhlirova1; 1Tomas Bata The characterization results of slag showed the presence of crystalline University in Zlin structures of iron and copper oxides. The removal results have shown that, Potentially hazardous wastes from leather industry (blue shavings) are at equilibrium, slag and H2O2 removed atrazine more effi ciently than slag. processed into various biostimulators within two steps. The fi rst step takes This could be due to the fact that, as reported in literature, these oxides are place at high pH (11-12) and hydrolyzation is implemented with potassium catalysts of the H2O2 decomposition to produce hydroxyl radicals (more alkali, in the second step the pH is lowered to 9 with phosphoric acid after oxidant than ozone) which oxidize atrazine. enzymatic dechromation occurs. The resulting hydrolyzates were analyzed Basic Aspects of Ecological and Economical Industrial Waste Materials in the sense of molecular weight distribution and tested as biostimulators on Exploitation: Miroslav Svoboda1; Jaroslava Ledererova1; Petr Sulovsky1; rape (Brassica napus). The hydrolyzates can be also directly used as universal Michaela Suchardova1; 1Research Institute of Building Materials, JSC. NPK fertilizers. It has been proved that the nitrate content in the edible parts Thinning reserves of natural raw materials necessitate increased of tested vegetables (radish, lettuce, and cucumber) was approximately 200 degree of waste materials recycling. The building industry offers a range times lower compared to the vegetables fertilized with an inorganic nitrogen of technologies enabling incorporation of industrial wastes into building fertilizer. The harvests of vegetables fertilized with the hydrolysate and the materials for construction elements in an economically acceptable way. Our inorganic nitrogen fertilizer were almost the same. research is focused on fi nding appropriate technologies for specifi c groups of Chlorination of Manganese Oxides: Gastón Fouga1; Georgina De Micco1; industrial waste materials (IWM). Researched IWM involve coal combustion Ana Bohé1; 1Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica residues (CCR), sludges, metallurgical slags, and various other wastes. Many The kinetics of the chlorination of manganese oxides, (MnO, Mn3O4 of them contain increased amounts of toxic elements that can under certain and Mn2O3), has been studied by thermogravimetry between 723 and 1223 conditions get released. In order to prevent it, each specifi c IWM requires to K. The chlorination reaction rate was determined by monitoring the mass fi nd the technology that best ensures that binding of the toxic elements in the changes with a high-resolution thermogravimetric system. Non-isothermal building matter are fi xed in the long term. and isothermal runs were performed. The chlorination reactions onset Biodiesel Produced from Urban Wastes – The Experience of Rio de temperatures were determined. The infl uence of gaseous fl ow rate, sample Janeiro,PRELIMINARY Brazil: Sergio Monteiro1; Luciano Oliveira2; Luiz Guilherme mass, temperature, and chlorine partial pressure in the reaction rate were Marques2; 1State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - Universidade analyzed. The solid residue and condensed phases were also analyzed by Estadual do Norte Fluminense; 2COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de SEM, EDS and XRD. Janeiro Comparison of Gaseous Emissions Derived from Solid Waste The biodiesel production is normally associated with large plantations of Management System of Two Cities from RS-Brazil: Diosnel Rodriguez oily vegetables such as soybean and colza, in large rural areas. However, in the Lopez1; Adriane Rodriguez1; 1Universidad de Santa Cruz do Sul municipal limits of the city of Rio de Janeiro, southeast of Brazil, biodiesel is The aim of this work is to present a comparison of the atmospheric being produced from wastes commonly generated by typical urban activities emissions derivatives from solid waste management systems of two cities such as sewage sludge, discarded fat from meat markets and post-used in the State RS-Brazil with different size and waste management systems. frying oils. In the present work, the experience of producing biodiesel from The comparison was carried out using the Life Cycle Inventory tool. One urban wastes in Rio de Janeiro is assessed. The type of precursor materials, of the considered cities was São Luiz Gonzaga, whose waste management equipments and logistics are presented. The environmental and economical system is based on collection, transport and fi nal deposition on a dump. The advantages as well as the drawbacks are discussed. second city chosen was Santa Cruz do Sul, whose waste management system Biogas Digester with Built-in Solar Collector: Khasan Karimov1; is based on collection, transport, selection and recovery of valued waste and Muhammad Abid1; 1Physical Technical Institute fi nal disposal on a sanitary landfi ll. The results of this work showed that Design and investigation of biogas digester consisting of methane tank small cities, with an inadequate fi nal waste deposition system, can emit on with built-in solar collector to utilize solar energy for the heating of the the atmosphere higher amounts of pollutants with global warming potential slurry prepared from the dung and heat exchanger is designed and tested. than bigger cities, whose residues are landfi lled in an adequate form. The digester was laboratory type and consists of cylindrical metallic tank of size of 0.5 m in diameter; 1 m in height and 200 liters in volume. The south side of the digester played the role of built-in collector and was blackened and covered under 45o by glass. In the blackened side of the digester on the

4 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

Development of Green Rust/Ferrite Process for Treating Selenium Experimental Design to Maximize Granite Sawing Waste Content in Contaminated Groundwater: Hiroshi Hayashi1; 1Mitsubishi Materials Ceramic Tiles: Romualdo Menezes1; Bartolomeu Silva1; Lisiane Santana1; Corporaton Gelmires Neves1; Heber Ferreira1; Helio Lira1; 1Universidade Federal de Remediation of soil and groundwater contaminations by selenium and Campina Grande other heavy metal compounds necessitates the development of water The use of experimental design to the study of mixtures has found a wide P treatment process for selenium compound, especially oxy-anionic selenate range of applications, even in laboratory scale or in industrial development species. Although the conventional coprecipitation with ferric hydroxide is works. The aim of this work was to maximize granite sawing waste content O suitable for the removal selenite, they are less effective in removing selenate. in ceramic tiles using experimental design. Based on the raw materials, S An alternative method has been desired. Here we develop an alternative specifi c formulations were developed using the experimental design. The process using concentrated slurry containing Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxides of raw materials were mixed and sample bodies were produced using uniaxial T green rust. A sludge recirculation technique (High Density Sludge process) is pressing. The sample bodies were fi red and characterized in terms of water adopted to ensure high solid content for effective selenate removal. Since GRs absorption, mechanical strength and X-ray diffraction. Regression models E is slowly oxidized to transform into magnetite, the resultant slurry contains were adjusted relating the water absorption and mechanical strength with both GRs and magnetite. This process, called the recycled green rust/ferrite the amount of raw materials. The results showed that the methodology of R process, enables us to treat redox-active contaminants and heavy metal experimental design maximize the content of wastes incorporated in ceramic S ions. A practical plant 12.5m3/hr has been successfully introduced to treat tiles formulations. Formulations containing up to 40% of waste can be used groundwater contaminated with selenate (1mg/L) and cadmium (2mg/L). for the production of ceramic tiles. Development of Pharmaceutical Products from the Wastes of Processed Exploitation of Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Production for Alkyd Marine Shellfi sh Resources of India: Santhanam Ramesh1; 1SRI Padmavathi Resin Production: Rosana Schneider1; Henrique Hesse1; Ezequiel School of Pharmacy Bavaresco1; Rodrigo Klamt1; Luciano Dornelles1; Wolmar Filho1; Luciano The shell (exoskeleton) waste of shell fi sh such as shrimps and crabs Lara1; Diana Bottega2; 1Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul; 2Universidade is the raw material in the extraction of chitosan, a polymer. Chitosan has Federal do Rio Grande do Sul several medical appilications such as reduction in cholesterol; decrease Alkyd resins are used in surface treatment. They are product of the in urea and creatine etc. It is estimated that 40000 tonnes of chitosan may glycerolysis followed of polymerization. In this work were studied methods be obtained and foreign exchange to the tune of 600 million US$ could be of alkyd resin production from crude glycerol compared with resin produced earned annually from shellfi sh wastes. Awareness has to be created among with pure glycerol. This glycerol corresponds 10% of the fi nal products sea food processors to put up plants to convert shellfi sh wastes into chitosan. in the biodiesel production. The crude glycerol was partially purifi ed with Similarly pharmaceutical industries may use chitosan help in the development neutralization, fl otation and adsorption. The experiments were accomplished of new drugs. Types of training and awareness programmes to be organized with temperature control, inert atmosphere and with several quantities of the for entrepreneurs, seafood processors and pharmacists are discussed in this substrate. For characterization of the products were used physic-chemistry paper. methods, infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance. As observed results the resins obtained with crude glycerol presented similar Effect of Alloying Elements on the Microstructure of the Secondary properties of the classic alkyd resin produced with pure glycerol. The Ingots made by Al Used Beverage Cans: Chayong Lim1; B.S. Han1; 1Korea exploitation of the crude glycerol reduces the stages and costs of process. Institute of Materials Science The differences of the energy of the process with crude or pure glycerol were The effect of alloying elements on the microstructure and texture of the evaluated. secondary ingots made by Al UBC was investigated. In aluminum can to can recycling, the second phase particles appeared in the solidifi cation stage must Formulation and Preparation of Pet Foods from Low Value Fishes of be controlled by heat treatment. The optimum heat treatment condition was India: Ramasamy Santhanam1; 1Fisheries College and Research Institute 888 K for 5 hrs. The texture in hot rolled sheet was depressed with increasing India’s present annual marine fi sh catch is 2.9 million tonnes and its low Mn content, on the other hand, Si and Fe elements promoted the texture value fi shes such as sardines and leiognathids amount to 60%. The fi sh meal development. The textures of can-body sheet should be controlled in the hot obtained from these resources is mainly used presently an ingredient in live rolling and annealing stage because can was formed from cold rolled sheet stock and aquaculture feeds. These fi shes offer vast scope in the production without PRELIMINARYheat treatment. of pet foods. Pet foods prepared with leiognathid fi sh meal (60%), maize fl our (10%), wheat fl our (5%), vitamin and mineral mixture (5%) and water Effect of Attrition for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from (20%) and experimented with 50 cats and 50 dogs were found to be ideal. Automotive Catalytic Converters: Wantae Kim1; Tatsuya Oki2; Sangbae Depending on protein level, feeds are being formulated for experimenting Kim1; Jaechun Lee1; 1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources; with more number of pet animals. Training programs are also planned for 2National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology unemployed people to popularize pet foods for commercial purposes. Attrition is discussed as one of important processes for the recovery of platinum group metals installed in automotive catalytic converters. This High Temperature Gasifi cation Using Plasma Technology: Javier unique pre-process employs intensive impact and shearing action between Antoñanzas1; Juan Carlos Múgica1; Lourdes Yurramendi1; 1INASMET- converter particles themselves either walls or impellers in liquid phase of Tecnalia mixing vessel to concentrate alumina washcoats on cordierite monoliths by The gasifi cation of wastes containing an organic fraction is usually scrubbing and comminution. Alumina washcoats also contain signifi cant performed at low-medium temperature using different kind of catalysts. The amount of cerium oxide and zirconium oxide apart from platinum group off gas obtained is a mixture of carbon oxides, mainly carbon monoxide, metals and they were readily concentrated into fi ne fractions during and hydrogen and can be used for different energetic applications. The main attrition. A number of parameters including solid-liquid ratio, retention problem is the production of tars in the off gas that has to be separated from time and scrubbing media were experimentally tested for their effects on the valuable gas fl ow and, fi nally, treated separately. An interesting alternative alumina washcoats recovery effi ciencies. Maximum recovery effi ciencies is the partial or total treatment of organics at high temperature. In this case, were achieved where zirconia beads of 0.5-1.0mm diameter were used as the off gas contains a higher content of hydrogen and elemental carbon as scrubbing media in higher solid-liquid ratio. particulate matter. The energetic source to obtain a temperature in the range of 1,000 - 1,200ºC is obtained by a plasma torch. In order to make de process attractive, an important issue to be considered is to commercialize the carbon obtained for different industrial applications.

REWAS 2008 5 Technical Program

Infrastructure for Biodiesel Production from Waste Materials in Particle Size and Morphology of MA-MOX Precursor Powders: Troy Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil: Sergio Monteiro1; Luciano Oliveira2; Luiz Nothwang1; Angelique Neuman1; Charles Davis1; Stewart Voit1; Michael Guilherme Marques2; Valdo Marques3; Alexandre Stumbo1; 1State University Lopez1; Anthony Martinez1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; One of the thrust areas for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) P 2COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 3Universidade Estadual do program is the development of actinide bearing fuels for transmutation in a Norte Fluminense/Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo fast reactor. Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel has an extensive fast reactor irradiation O Similar to the ethanol program, initiated more than 30 years ago, the history and thus is being considered for use as a baseline composition from recently created biodiesel program in Brazil is expected to rely on private which minor actinides (MA) can be incorporated for use as a transmutation S initiative based on agribusiness for vegetable oil production. Campos dos fuel. This study involves characterization of precursor powders and pellets T Goytacazes is a large county in the northern of the state of Rio de Janeiro to be inserted into the Advanced Test Reactor in Idaho. These pellets will with land still available for oily vegetables plantation in addition to the land have three compositions: one standard MOX composition, (U80Pu20)O1.98, E traditionally occupied by sugar cane platantion, which is used to produce and two compositions of MA-MOX with oxygen to metal ratios (O/M) of

ethanol. In order to extend the biodiesel program to Campos dos Goytacazes, (U75Pu20Am3Np2)O1.98 and (U75Pu20Am3Np2)O1.95. The precursor powders, R the State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro (UENF) is conducting a which consisted of, highly enriched uranium oxide, depleted uranium oxide, technical project for the development of the basic infrastructure for biodiesel neptunium oxide, americium oxide, and plutonium oxide, were characterized S production. In this work, the infrastructure based on versatile equipment using a fi eld emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) for for biodiesel esterifi cation built in the Center for Alternative Energy of the particle morphology, size, and size distribution prior to pellet production. UENF is presented. Post-Consumer Pet Recycling: Selective Flotation Separation of PVC in Metallographic Evaluation of a Breached Container: Ramiro Pereyra1; the Cleaning Process: Anderson Müller1; Ruth Marlene Santana1; 1Santa Daniel Schwartz1; Darryl Lovato1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory Cruz do Sul University - UNISC

During an annual inventory of nuclear material a container, containing PuO2 The great problem for the success of the recycling process of polyethylene failed. The container had been packaged for temporary storage but had been terephtalate (PET) is the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a pollutant, overlooked and remained in the vault for more than 23 years. Although it was which presents negative infl uence on the fi nal product of recycled PET determined that the failure occurred through the slip-top rim, a metallurgical (dark stains and PET degradation). In this study, the aim is to evaluate the evaluation was requested to help determine the integrity of the container. effi ciency of separation of PVC from PET/PVC mixtures troughout the using The depth of corrosion, measured at approximately 10 μm, did not pose a of surfactant products. The PET in use comes from post-consumer drinking threat to the integrity of the container. However the corrosion morphology bottles, it is grinded and washed in two cleaning solution NaOH and detergent did suggest that a galvanic cell had developed between the tin and steel from solutions for with and without heating. Then was submitting the samples the condensation of water. The morphology also suggests that the attack of into a nonionic surfactant solution (ethylene glycol - EG) for the selective the steel took place over a series of cycles due to changes of the environment fl otation separation. The fl akes were analyzed throughout physical-chemical within the container. This report will present optical metallography and SEM characterization. Previous results demonstrated that NaOH is effi cient in the images of the container and corrosion products to support the fi nding of the plastic cleaning; however it has a large infl uence on PET degradation. The evaluation. EG surfactant showed a great performance in the separation of PVC from PET. Opportunity Study to Pick the Right Biogas Fired CHP Plant in Romania: Carmen Albulescu1; Mihnea Ionita1; Albert Smand2; 1AMDInitiative srl; Potential Utilization of Mineral Resources as Sorbents: Vladimir Cablik1; 2Agro Low Lands srl Nikolas Mucha1; Katerina Cechlova1; Peter Fecko1; 1VSB - Technical The purpose of this work is to explore the opportunity to invest in a biogas University of Ostrava fi red CHP (Combined Heat and Power) Plant in Romania. Generally, a biogas Waste water treatment before its discharge into water courses is a vital CHP technology means a series of coherent process operations, to transform precondition of maintaining the quality of ground and surface water sources. biomass in energy (electric and heat), via fermentation process to obtain It is necessary to minimize the impact of any inorganic contaminants, dispose biogas (crude methane). There are different plant designs and the question of their effects or at least reduce them. Adsorption technologies are one way is “how to pick the right cogeneration technology”. The RIGHT ANSWER how to remove such substances from water. Those technologies of water means aPRELIMINARY CORRECT EVALUATION of several criteria: -location (available purifi cation assert themselves especially in cases when biological treatment area, raw materials sort, raw material and energy transport distance and is not suitable or is insuffi cient. Among effective sorbents there are claystones solutions, environmental limitations) -market request (quality and quantity and bentonites. Claystones and bentonites from the North Bohemian and of energy, organic fertilizer technology (know-how specifi cation) -fi nancial Sokolov Basins, which are minor raw materials in the course of extraction of reasons (plant scale, technical solution and equipment cost)Based on these brown coal, can be used as sorbents. The advantage of minor raw materials criteria, starting with a general project design, the report will choose the best is their natural origin, the fact they are cheap and abundant. Moreover, they solution to develop a biogas CHP plant, in specifi c fi nancial, location and improve economic effectiveness of mining and as they are processed they are technical conditions, in Eastern Romania. not dumped, which means the environment is not strained. Ornamental Rock Powder Waste as Raw Material for Production Preliminary Studies on Pyrolysis and Gasifi cation of an Argentine Sub- of Ceramic Tiles: José Holanda1; Antônio Souza1; Bruno Pinheiro1; Bituminous Coal: Horacio Nassini1; Georgina De Micco1; Gastón Fouga2; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Ana Bohé1; 1Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; 2Consejo Nacional de Ornamental rock waste in the form of fi ne powder was incorporated Investigaciones Científi cas y Técnicas in ceramic tile formulation. The substitution of ornamental rock waste for Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world and it will continue to natural sodic feldspar was investigated. The waste sample was characterized dominate the energy supply in the future. As there are increasing environmental regarding crystalline phases, particle size and chemical composition. In concerns directed towards using coal in combustion devices, cleaner coal addition, leaching and solubilization tests were performed. Tile pieces were technologies have been developed to minimize the pollutant emissions. Coal dry pressed and fi red using a fast-fi ring cycle. The quality of the tile pieces gasifi cation is one of the most important and versatile clean coal technologies were checked by: linear shrinkage, water absorption, fi red density, and for power generation and production of chemicals, liquid fuels and hydrogen. three-point bending strength. In addition, the microstructural evolution was Gasifi cation process is a two-step process where the volatile components of examined by SEM. coal are fi rstly released, leaving a solid char that is further gasifi ed in presence of oxygen, CO2, and steam. In this work, preliminary studies on the pyrolysis and gasifi cation of an argentine sub-bituminous coal are presented. Pyrolysis experiments at low and high heating rates were carried out using a fi xed

6 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program bed reactor and a drop tube furnace, respectively, while the gas reactivity of 10 times higher.The aim of this work is the characterization of different produced chars was determined by thermogravimetry. electronics scraps to evaluate the gold concentration, and the selective recovery of this metal using enviromentally-friendly techniques. Problems and Prospects of Ecological and Technological Development of Hydrocarbon Resources Processing in the Arctic: Tsukerman Vyacheslav1; Recycling and Processing of Solid Waste at Jundiai River, São Paulo, P Ludmila Ivanova1; 1Institute for Economic Studies Brazil: Shirley Cosin1; Guillermo Martín-Cortés1; Jorge DiRito2; Francisco The potential of hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic oil and gas provinces Valenzuela-Díaz1; 1Escola Politecnica da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 2Porto O is enormous. Oil and gas constitute the basis of mineral resource base of the de Areia Itabrás shelf zone of the Russian Arctic; summary volume of hydrocarbons exceeds The Jundiaí River recovery is a priority. There is a Municipal waste water S 100 billion tons of conventional fuel. Only in the Shtockman gas condensate treatment plant that deals with practically 100% of the Jundiai City sewer. fi eld in the Barents Sea explored balance reserves equal to 3.2 trillion m3 But, the river is very contaminated because effl uents without a suitable T of gas. It is necessary to establish a special regime of nature management treatment are deposited in it. This paper describes the area of Itabrás in the E in the Arctic. Environmentally oriented economic activities should be more edges of the Jundiaí River and the great environmental impact works that actively stimulated. The Energy Strategy plans that starting from 2010 in are being made in the Itabrás sand and common clay deposits. Those works R the Barents and Pechora Seas up to 10 million tons of oil and 50 billion m3 consist in the separation of solid waste from the river, and its distribution to of gas will be extracted, reaching the level of 30 million tons of oil and 130 recycling companies, recoups the degraded areas, using not contaminating S billion m3 of gas in 2020. This task cannot be solved without intensifi cation industrial proper wastes, incorporation of industrial and agricultural wastes in of geological exploration on the continental shelf. common clays for structural ceramics fabrication, and reforestation activities. The main goal of this paper is to show those activities which contribute to Processing of Plastic Waste Mixture: Study of Mechanical and improve the health of the river preventing fl oods and collaborating with the Morphologycal Properties: Larissa Montagna1; Ruth Marlene Santana1; restoration of the Jundiai river area. 1Santa Cruz do Sul University - UNISC Since the industrial revolution, plastic products sector has growing bigly, Recycling and Processing of Solid Waste at Jundiai River, São Paulo, however this fact presents as consequence the increase of municipal plastic Brazil: Shirley Cosin1; Guillermo Martín-Cortés1; Jorge DiRito2; Francisco waste (MPW). The aim of this work is to develop polymer mixture from MPW Valenzuela-Díaz1; 1Escola Politecnica da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 2Porto with the addition of rubber tire (TR) post use and to study the mechanical de Areia Itabrás and morphologycal properties. The polymer mixtures Polypropyle/High The Jundiaí River recovery is a priority. There is a Municipal waste water impact polystyrene/TR (PP/HIPS/TR), where rate weight TR used was 10, treatment plant that deals with practically 100% of the Jundiai City sewer. 20 and 30% and with three size particles (500, 710 e 1000 μm). The specimen But, the river is very contaminated because effl uents without a suitable test were obtained by injection molding. Preliminary results of mechanical treatment are deposited in it. This paper describes the area of Itabrás in the properties showed that the increase of TR infl uence in a reduction of the edges of the Jundiaí River and the great environmental impact works that fl exural and tensile resistance. Results by scanning electronic microscopy on are being made in the Itabrás sand and common clay deposits. Those works the fracture surface of mixtures PP/HIPS/TR showed a better interaction of consist in the separation of solid waste from the river, and its distribution to TR particle with HIPS than with PP. Also, the presence of microcavitations recycling companies, recoups the degraded areas, using not contaminating were observed, characteristic in PP/HIPS blends, favouring in the increase industrial proper wastes, incorporation of industrial and agricultural wastes in of its opacity. common clays for structural ceramics fabrication, and reforestation activities. The main goal of this paper is to show those activities which contribute to Recovery of Hexavalent Chromium Using Electrochemical Reactors improve the health of the river preventing fl oods and collaborating with the Provided with Ceramic Diaphragms: José García-Antón1; Valentín restoration of the Jundiai river area. Pérez-Herranz1; José Guiñón1; Henry Reyes1; 1Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Recycling, Waste Treatment and Clean Technology in Construction The majority of chromium electroplating operations employ Cr(VI)-based Industry: Arun Kumar Sircar1; 1Public Works Department, Government of baths. During these processes, Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III). Besides Cr(III) West Bengal other undesirable impurities are present such as iron, copper and nickel. Almost all developmental activities constitute initially Civil Engineering The build-up of the impurities limits the lifetime of the plating solutions. where construction of buildings, highways, bridges, culverts and various Since thePRELIMINARY disposal of spent chromic acid baths is expensive and can cause structures forms the major portion of work. Apart from the environmental, signifi cant environmental degradation, there is increasing interest in fi nding social and economic costs, the sustained availability of the basic materials ways to regenerate waste chromium liquors. In this work, an electrolytic required is most important. Related to this, environmental friendly energy cell separated by microporous ceramic diaphragms was used to regenerate supply is no less important. Nature has provided natural resources and raw chromium plating solutions. The effect of the ceramic diaphragm structure materials on earth in abundance for their judicious use, although nothing is parameters, such as porosity and pore size, on the performance indicators unlimited. With the rising cost of raw materials and depletion of raw material of the electrochemical reactor (fractional conversion, current effi ciency, sources and also growing environmental awareness in the country, Scientists product yield, specifi c energy consumption) was investigated. The fractional and Technologists have to pay their attention to recover, reuse and recycle. conversion, the product yield and the current effi ciency increased and the Regulators of the Effective Substances Release from Tannery Waste: Jan specifi c energy consumption decreased with the decrease in porosity. Matyasovsky1; Peter Jurkovic1; Jan Kopny1; Peter Duchovic1; 1Vipo A.S. Recovery of Precious Metals from Electronic Scraps: Isabella Lancellotti1; The aim of our research was the preparation of skin protein-based Fernanda Andreola1; Luisa Barbieri1; Roberto Giovanardi1; Ercole Soragni1; biopolymers, particularly collagen, for the application in fertilizers. The 1University of Modena and Reggio Emilia biopolymer application will contribute to an increased utilization of the Recovery of precious metals (PMs) is a present topic, as they are used domestic renewable resources. Collagen was prepared from chrome tannery almost in every electronic-electric device. Gold is the second PM in order of waste by a dechromation technology with no oxidation to the carcinogenic consumption (following silver) and it is almost ubiquitary in electronics where Cr6+ and tested as a modifi er in fertilizers with biostimulation effect. it mainly fi nds application to produce bonding wires in integrated circuits and The matrix of granulated fertilizers prepared with the use of crosslinked as a coating for contacts and connectors. Given this, discontinued electronic plastifi ed collagen will ensure extended regulated time releasing of the and, with a minor role, electric devices may represent a primary source of effective substances from the matrix, which will considerably improve the PMs as gold mines or jewelery wastes. For instance the concentration of gold germinability and the total condition of the plants. The existing and widely in gold ores is commonly between 2 and 15 grams of metal per ton of mineral used inorganic fertilizers do not ensure this regular releasing of the effective (average 10ppm), while in electronic circuit boards its concentration is over biogenic substances and trace elements. Collagen hydrolysate (water

REWAS 2008 7 Technical Program

solutions and dry powder forms) has proved useful as a binder for granulates of sulfi de capacities based on the knowledge of the chemical and solution and pellets in granulated fertilizers. properties of oxides and sulfi de. Importance of the model application to the refi ning processes in steel industry is emphasized. Renewable Energy and Amorphous Silica Obtained from Rice Husk Combustion in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Juan Martínez1; Tatiana Pineda1; The Infl uence of Cooling Rate and Austenitization Temperature on the P Janaína Junkes2; Dachamir Hotza2; 1Universidade Pontifícia Bolivariana; Microstructure and Properties of a Medium Carbon Microalloy Forging O 2Uiversidade Federal de Santa Catarina Steel: Morteza Abed1; 1Kavir The rice husk combustion in a bubbling and atmospheric fl uidized A practice was carried out to evaluate the infl uence of austenitization S bed reactor was investigated. The results showed the technical viability temperature and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical of producing both heat and amorphous silica from a renewable energy properties of medium carbon microalloyed steel. After austenitization at two T source. This paper presents the rice husk ash characterization employing temperature of 1100°C and 1300°C the microalloyed steel specimens were the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fl uorescence (XRF), and cooled to various schedules in order to study the infl uence of cooling rate and E scanning electron microscopy (SEM) among others. After combustion, a austenitization temperature on the characteristic of microstructure and some R rice husk ash containing 93% amorphous silica and <3% unburned char was mechanical properties. The yield and tensile strength and hardness values produced. Methods usually applied to fi xed bed considering external sources were determined. The volume fraction of ferrite and pearlite as the function S of energy and high reaction times were employed. Thus, the potential of this of cooling rate and austenitization temperature was followed by optical type of reactors with respect to speed, continuity and self-suffi ciency energy microscopy using MIP technique. The results signify that by increasing of the process was shown. the cooling rate both strength and hardness increase. Also the volume fraction of ferrite is increased by increasing the cooling rate. Increasing the Solar Pyro-Metallurgical Recycling of Carbon Dioxide - Water [Soda austenitization temperature seems to raise the both strength and hardness and Reactants]: Neale Neelameggham1; Milind Deo2; 1US Magnesium L.L.C.; also volume fraction of ferrite. 2University of Utah The mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor - called Soda [as in The Production of Anorthite Ceramics from Marble Powder and carbonated water] can be converted to easily stored transportation fuels. Gypsum Mould Waste: Semra Kurama1; Emel Ozel1; 1Anadolu University Earlier papers on Soda- fuel metallurgy noted that this conversion is Anorthite is used to produce wall tile, fl oor tile, porcelain, and especially endothermic requiring energy. Reduced state metallic elements - preferably isolators such as condenser and electrical equipment due to its electrical the alkali, alkaline earth elements, or aluminum can act as an oxygen carrier. and heat conductivity properties. This study investigates the possibility of Availability of such a combination in commonly landfi lled waste materials utilizing the marble powder and gypsium waste for anorthite production is shown. Plant based wastes which are normally composted form a better by substitute for calcite (CaCO3) as a raw material in the preparation of controlled reagent. The endothermic energy can come from solar energy. anorthite. The mixture of raw materials was prepared in stochiometric ratio This paper describes possible reactor designs, which can accommodate this of anorthite. Three different groups of samples were prepared in order to conversion effectively using recovered carbon dioxide from fl ue gases. achieve the synthesis of anorthite. In the fi rst group, standard anorthite composition was prepared by using CaCO3, Al2O3 and SiO2 while in the Solvent Extraction of Pt(IV) from Acidic Chloride Solutions Using second and third group, marble powder and gypsium waste were added in Alamine 336: Jin-Young Lee1; Rajesh Kumar1; Joon Soo Kim1; Jeong-Soo powder composition instead of CaCO3, respectively. Samples were sintered Sohn1; 1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources at varies temperatures (1000-1300 C). The different thermal behaviors were Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) studies of tetravalent platinum from acidic observed in the samples depending on the CaO sources. chloride solutions have been carried out with Alamine 336 as an extractant diluted in kerosene. Increase of acid concentration decreases the percentage The Recovery Rare and Precious Metals from Tailings of Enrichment extraction of metal where as increasing of extractant concentration increasing Ore and Placer Deposits of Gold: Irina Yakubovich1; Anatoly Yakubovich2; the metal extraction it indicates the cation exchange mechanism. The addition Konstantin Yankevich2; 1Leningrad State Pushkin-University; 2North-East of salts the extraction behavior various with the salt concentration. Increase State University of temperature decreases the percentage extraction of metal indicating the Now in gold mining areas of Russia there is a sharply problem of recycling process is exothermic. The loaded capacity of extractant and extraction of toxic waste products – tailings of enrichment ore and placer deposits behavior of associated elements was studied. of gold. It’s widely distributed in connection with absence of ranges for PRELIMINARYwarehousing and a burial place of waste products of mining industry practice Study on Burning Clinker Using Matrix Cementing Component in of their export on the non-authorized dumps that represents growing danger Waste Concrete as a Raw Material Component: Zhendong Tao1; Shaohua to environment. The tendency of accumulation of toxic substances in soils Zheng1; Wei Huang1; Bo Wu1; 1University of Jinan near to sources of industrial emissions and transport is kept; volumes of Experimental investigates on burning clinker by using matrix cementing waste products of manufacture and consumption annually stably increase. component in waste concrete as a raw material component were carried out, The existing problem of accumulation of toxic waste products is connected and the action mechanism of matrix cementing component during burning was to high potential risk for ability to live of the population and biosphere as discussed. The phase composition and crystal structures of clinkers were studied a whole and demands the immediate decision.That means development of by means of XRD and SEM measurements. The experimental results show technologies on recovery rare and precious metals from tailings of enrichment that, by contrasted to the control sample prepared by normal raw materials, ore and placer deposits of gold is represented expedient. burnability of the samples prepared by matrix cementing component is poor slightly because of existence of partial inertial SiO2, but crystal structures of Use of Agro Industrial Residues for Lipase Production: Valeriano that is perfect and better mechanical properties can be obtained. Corbellini1; Marilda Macagnan1; Rosana Schneider1; Mariela Vieira1; Tiago Bjerk1; 1Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul Sulfur Reactions in Recycling of Ferrous Scrap: Ramana Reddy1; The great potential of Brazil for the agricultural production makes our 1University of Alabama country a generator of agro industrial residues. In this context, the solid-state Knowledge of the thermodynamics of basic chemical reactions is fermentation appears as a technology that shows alternative ways for those essentials in understanding ferrous molten metal refi ning processes. This residues, adding values to these raw materials, through the production of information helps to defi ne the possible refi ning reactions and the limitations substances of industrial interest, besides reducing the possible environmental of the processes. This presentation includes the thermodynamics of sulfur problems. The main objective of this study was to apply the bovine fat residue reactions in ferrous molten metal processing. Our recently developed associated to the grass and tobacco power for the fungal lipase production. thermodynamic model (Reddy-Blander model) describing de-sulfurization Initially, microbial cultures were isolated from garden grass samples. will be presented. Model calculations of distribution of sulfur in steel and The isolation and the selection were accomplished by using a differential slags will be discussed. The Reddy-Blander model allows a priori calculation

8 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program culture medium. The colonies with lipolytic potential were detected by the presence of white precipitation haloes on the agar. With agro industrial residues the best lipase producer fungus was identifi ed in 6 days of solid state fermentation. The crude enzyme obtained was tested as biocatalyst in biodiesel production. P Use of Petroleum Waste in Ceramic Floor Tile Bodies: José Holanda1; O Bruno Pinheiro1; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense In petroleum extraction industry large amounts of wastes have to be S discarded. In this work the possibility of incorporation of a petroleum waste was studied with the objective of obtaining the specifi cations of vitrifi ed T fl oor tiles. Ceramic tile formulations were prepared using petroleum waste E additions of up to 5 wt.%. The effects of the waste additions on the physical- mechanical properties and microstructure have been determined. The results R revealed that suitable incorporation of petroleum waste can result in vitrifi ed tiles with good properties. S Uses of Aggregates Produced from Marble and Granite Quarry Waste in Asphalt Pavements: A Form of Clean Technology: Roberto Ribeiro1; Julio Correia1; Adriano Caranassios1; 1Centro de Tecnologia Mineral More than 95% of asphalt pavement materials consist of aggregates. The highway and construction industries consume a huge amount of aggregates annually causing considerable energy and environmental losses. The aggregates are usually produced from neighborhood aggregate quarries or form natural aggregate sources. The use of marble and granite wastes from quarries as aggregates might help meet the increasing demands and slow down any detrimental effects on the environment. Chemical and physical results showed that the use of marble and granite wastes from quarries in the asphalt production is quite fusible. Consequently, granite sawmills would perform a clean technology. This technology would also have an economical impact by not spending on basalt extraction.

Waste Conversion and Re-Utilization in Postwar Liberia: Moses Eben1; 1Center for Environmental Education and Protection (Liberia) This paper will briefl y mention the history of Liberia, its war situation and its ramifi cations with regards to waste produced as a result of the war. A brief environmental situation will also be described. The prospects of re-cycling and applying Clean Technology in Liberia will be expounded mentioning whether its sustainability is applicable; its environmental perspective is environmentally sound. Similarly, the economic and developmental advantages and disadvantages of waste conversion and re-utilization in Liberia will be enumerated. Waste conversion and re-utilization in Liberia application’s with regards to climate change, gender, and millennium development goals will be reviewed. The paper will conclude will a personal perspective of whether waste conversion and re-utilization in Liberia is practicable, economically viable, developmentallyPRELIMINARY and environmentally sound. Waste Expanded Polystyrene Recycling by Natural Solvents Using 1 Supercritical CO2 for Solvent Recovery: Teresa Garcia ; Juan Francisco Rodriguez1; Antonio de Lucas1; Ignacio Gracia1; Gema Duque1; 1University of Castilla La Mancha The amount of waste of Polystyrene (PS) foams is increasing in last years due to their use in isolation, protecting, and storing many different food products. Conventional methods of recycling such as crushing and shrinking by heated air or frictional heat have the disadvantages of molecular degradation, resulting in a reduction of the quality of the recycled polymer. Solvent extraction is one of the cheapest and more effi cient processes for polystyrene recycling but in the solvent recovery process thermal molecular degradation it is produced. In this way, CO2 supercritical technology appears like an interesting alternative process for the elimination of solvents. This work proposes a global process to polystyrene recycling in two steps: a polystyrene dissolution with suitable solvents followed by solvent elimination by supercritical fl uids. In order to develop a “green process” the constituents of essential oils, d-limonene, terpinene, phellandrene, are selected as the most appropriate solvents.

REWAS 2008 9 Technical Program

11:30 AM Application of Active Carbons and Their Reactivation: V. M. Mukhin1; Monday Plenary Session 1Elektrostal Research and Production Association “Neorganika” The progressive pollution of the environment made ecological safety an important constituent of national safety as a whole. An essential progress in Monday AM Room: Caesar 7 ecological problems solving may be provided with mass use of adsorption October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort technologies on the basis of active carbons (AC), directed expressly toward application in environmental protection special fi elds. The analysis dictated 9:00 AM Introductory Comments by market requirements and economic situation permitted to determine and found key directions of AC production and volume gain of their application 9:15 AM Plenary for biosphere protection. On the other hand, volume gain of AC application Ray Peterson, TMS Vice President required the technology and equipment development for waste carbon 9:45 AM Plenary sorbents reactivation. Thermal reactivation with the help of overheated vapor Xaver Edelmann, Mitglied Direktion EMPA as an oxidant was created for the fi elds of AC application with the big tonnage: drinking water purifi cation, solvent recuperation, gold hydrometallurgy, 10:15 AM Break alcohol production and some other kinds of industry. 11:50 AM Assessment of Different Binder Alternatives for Cold Bonded Briquettes: Case Studies in the Development of Waste Ryan Robinson1; Daniel Adolfsson2; Jelena Blagojevic3; Fenwei Su3; 1Luleå Treatment Technologies I University of Technology; 2SSAB Merox AB; 3SSAB Tunnplåt AB M Cold bonded briquetting of steel plant by-products has proven to be a viable Monday AM Room: Caesar 8 recycling alternative concerning technology, economy and environment in O October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort both the traditional blast furnace route and the direct reduction process. A critical parameter in cold bonded briquettes is the type and amount of binder N used during production. The binder material must meet certain quality D 10:45 AM Keynote requirements concerning low and high temperature strength, chemistry and Case Study: Quality Improvement of Recycled Aggregates from economy. Currently, SSAB Tunnplåt uses an Ordinary Portland Cement A a Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Pilot Plant: Dora (OPC) binder in their cold bonded briquettes. In order to improve binder 1 1 1 1 Algarvio ; Maria Cunha ; Maria Lima ; Universidade Nova de Lisboa/ qualities and possibly decrease OPC dependency, a binder feasibility Y Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia study has been conducted concerning an internal by-product, ladle slag, as The goal of the present work is the quality improvement of the recycled a supplement and/or partial substitute for OPC. Several characterization aggregates produced by a construction and demolition waste (CD&W) techniques have been used to study the behavior of ladle slag, these include: A recycling facility located in Montemor-o-Novo. The recycling process was XRD, XRF, SEM, glass content analysis, thermal analysis, calorimetric developed on a pilot plant scale with 50 t/h of capacity. Process operations analysis, particle size distribution and thermo-chemical stability calculations M include hammer mill comminution, magnetic separation and screening. In using FactSageTM. order to improve the knowledge on the C&DW, a characterization procedure was implemented by hand-sorting, magnetic and density separation on 12:10 PM representative samples. On the other hand, to improve the quality of the Carbonate Fillers from Marble Processing Waste: Ivan Nishkov1; Adonis produced aggregates, the bar sieve size fractions were analysed, according Kalaitzis2; Irena Grigorova1; 1University of Mining and Geology; 2Lafarge to the Portuguese Standard (NP EN 933-1 2000). Wood was identifi ed as the Beton critical contaminant, representing 17% by weight of the total contaminants. This paper refers to the use of the marble processing wastes as a new Sieving results showed that about 100%, 80%, 41% and only 12% were on source for quality carbonate fi llers. The marble processing waste is the the correct size range, probably due to the type of sieves and/or the material sludge produced in the marble processing plants during the size-cutting and characteristicsPRELIMINARY of the recycled aggregates. smoothing phases. Technological waste samples from marble manufacturing companies in Greece and Bulgaria were characterized. The mineralogical 11:10 AM and chemical composition, particle size distribution, solid phase content, Adsorption of Molybdenum in Nitric Acid Solution by Using Pb-Fe whiteness, yellowness and abrasiveness were determined. The possibility 1 2 1 Based Adsorbents: Gjergj Dodbiba ; Takahiro Kikuchi ; Toyohisa Fujita ; of obtaining white carbonate fi llers from marble waste was studies in a 1 2 University of Tokyo; Japan Atomic Energy Agency laboratory. The technological tests included hydro classifi cation, thickening In order to separate molybdenum (Mo) from high-level radioactive liquid fi ltration, and drying of calcium carbonate products. The pilot scale waste (HLLW), Pb-Fe based adsorbents were synthesized. The adsorbents manufacturing operations were conducted. The calcium carbonates produced were precipitated by adding sodium hydroxide in mixture of 1M ferric nitrate were properly tested and their properties correspond to the requirements of and 1M lead nitrate aqueous solutions. Each precipitate was then fi ltered, the relevant international standards specifi cation for white carbonate fi llers. dried and ground by using an agate mortar with pestle to obtain a fi ne powder, It was found that the calcium carbonates obtained from marble processing which has been used as an adsorbent. Two main parameters were considered waste could be used in the paper, paints and building industries. when synthesizing the adsorbents, i.e. the pH value at precipitation of adsorbent precursor and the calcination temperature of Pb-Fe adsorbent. 12:30 PM Moreover, the structures of the synthesized adsorbents were investigated by Collaborative Tool on Solid Waste Management Industrial: Automotive means of an X-ray diffractometer. The experimental results indicated that the Industry: Marisa Borges1; 1Universidade Federal do Parana calcination temperature of the Pb-Fe based adsorbent has a great infl uence on The inventory of solid waste industry plays an important role in the absorption capacity of the adsorbent for Mo. It was found that when the Fe-Pb economy and the reduction of environmental pollution caused by industrial adsorbent was calcinated at 500°C, the Mo removal ratio was the greatest. production. Policies public and private in environments that integrate the centers of research are essential in supporting a system that promotes management of this waste, as well as the identifi cation of new products and technologies. That is, make the destination mentioned by-products of industrial, reducing their waste, environmental impacts and incidents so economical, profi table and environmentally correct. This work aims to

10 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program create a model of environmental management for industrial solid waste from 11:50 AM the deployment of a portal to a collaborative auto industry. Therefore, the Development of Ion-Selective Membranes of Polyaniline (PAni) and inventory is an important tool for management of industrial waste and the Sulfonated Polystyrene (SPS) and High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) for portal will identify existing waste, characterizing them and. Promote the Application in Electrodialysis to the Treatment of Industrial Effl uent: development of new materials, products and services. Marcela Pinheiro Proença1; Betina Hansen1; Marco Antônio Siqueira Rodrigues2; Carlos Arthur Ferreira1; 1Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2Centro Universitário Feevale Nowadays, the concern with the reduction of industrial pollution has Clean Technology and Reengineering of motivated researchers to found out new technologies for treatment of Current Processes I industrial waste. The clean technologies, as electrodyalisis, are capable of treating these residues, minimizing the impacts when they are discarded Monday AM Room: Caesar 5 directly on the environment. Membranes of SPS/HIPS, PaniCSA/SPS/HIPS, October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort SPAM/SPS/HIPS and PaniTSA/SPS/HIPS were developed using chemical mixture method. Membranes were characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 10:45 AM Keynote (DMA) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). Membranes were Infl uence of Alkali Ions on Ilmenite for the Extraction of Titanium submitted to electrical polarization and electrodialysis techniques analysis 1 1 1 Dioxide: Abhishek Lahiri ; Animesh Jha ; University of Leeds at NaCl and KCl solutions, in order to determine ionic transport through Roasting of ilmenite has been studied in detail using the carbonates of the membranes. Results were compared with commercial membranes. The Li, Na and K. The rates of roasting reactions are compared together with the average extraction percent for Na+ ions obtained by membrane was around diffusion of alkali in ilmenite structure and, the consequent removal of iron 20%. ions via the replacement with alkali ions in the lattice. The infl uence of ionic M radii of alkali ions on the strain in ilmenite lattice has also been analysed in 12:10 PM terms of columbic interaction between the three cations and O2- anions. The Evaluation of Ambient Impacts and Identifi cation of Chances of O proposed crystal chemistry approach has been applied for the benefi ciation of Implementation of Cleaner Production in a Plant of Railroad Wagons: N ilmenite for producing synthetic rutile having purity great than 95% TiO2. Ana Enders Nunes Vieira1; Ênio Machado1; Diosnel Lopez1; Adriane Lawisch1; Jorge Ribas Moraes1; 1Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul D 11:10 AM In this work was measured environmental impact actions in industrial Bioleaching of Copper Sulphides Flotation Concentrate Using activities of companies who produce wagons railroad, offering an instrument A Consortium of Mesophilics and Thermophlics Microorganisms: Renata of management for the improvement of the ambient performance of the same 1 1 1 2 3 1 Lima ; Luis Sobral ; Carlos Souza ; Selma Leite ; Paulo Silva ; Center ones. They had been identifi ed and analyzed twenty and fi ve impacts actions Y 2 for Mineral Technology - CETEM; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; and/or processes by means of visit “in I lease” and for the method of the 3 Caraíba Mining Company S/A Matrix of Interaction of the ambient problems for half the physicist, biotic The use of mixed cultures of acidophilic microorganisms that act in different and antropic. Of the gotten results, the main verifi ed ambient problems in the A temperature ranges, aims at speeding up the digestion of chalcopyrite, highly enterprise had been: use of natural resources and energy sources you did not refractory sulphide mineral, the major mineral in the fl otation concentrate renew, generation of noises, emissions of particulates materials, occupational M of Caraíba Mining Co., with an attractive processing cost. The concentrate risk and water wastefulness. Evaluation of this impacts is of great importance under consideration contains mainly chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and bornite for the identifi cation of chances of implementation of cleaner production (Cu5FeS4) with contents of, approximately, 70 and 30%, respectively. It (CP) and are instruments of improvement of the ambient conditions and the was observed in this study, the performance of consortium of mesophilics, productivity. moderate and extreme thermophlics microorganisms, in the oxidation of the aforementioned sulphides minerals, evaluating operational parameters such 12:30 PM as pH of the leaching solution, the reaction temperature and redox potential, Modeling and Design of the Composting and Vermicomposting with consequent extraction of 80% of the concentrate copper content within Processes: Tasneem Abbasi1; Sankar Ganesh1; Gajalakshmi S.1; S. A. Abbasi1; 60 days PRELIMINARYof bioleaching. Such high copper extraction was achieved in column 1Pondicherry University bioleaching tests. This paper reports an effort aimed at clearly defi ning the mechanism of the vermicomposting process and to model it. This, in turn, has been made 11:30 AM the basis for developing rational criteria with which vermireactors are to be Desulfurization of Anode-Grade Petroleum Coke during Calcination: designed and operated in a manner that maximizes the process effi ciency 1 1 1 1 Xiping Chen ; Jiemin Zhou ; Wangxing Li ; Chalco and minimizes the product cost. A detailed assessment of the mechanism and Desulfurization methods suitable for anode-grade petroleum coke (coke impact of the various steps associated with composting and vermicomposting for short) used in primary aluminum industry are coke desulfurization during was carried out, in the context of the experiments done earlier by us, as also calcination, desulfurization in soakage and desulfurization in mediums. the work published by others. It is seen that composting and vermicomposting Coke desulfurization during calcination is discussed in this paper. Infl uences are essentially different types of processes involving different bioagents, of calcination temperature, holding time and coke granularity on coke process conditions, reactor operation strategies, and process control desulfurization were discussed. Experimental results show that calcination parameters. Hence, to achieve optimal results, the two processes should temperature has a remarkable infl uence on coke desulfurization. When the be run in isolation; composting should always precede vermicomposting. temperature is high enough desulfurization ratio of coke can reach 85% only The two should never be run in combination, as is often done, especially in by calcination. Holding time has a defi nite infl uence on coke desulfurization, developing countries. but desulfurization ratio is low at the temperature of 900~1300°C. The infl uence of holding time is obvious when calcination temperature surpasses 1400°C. The infl uence of coke granularity is smaller compared with calcination temperature and holding time.

REWAS 2008 11 Technical Program

11:50 AM Hyrdometallurgical Extraction of Rhenium from Lead Slime of Copper Environmental Issues Related to Waste Storage Production: Ashraf Amer1; 1Environmental Science Department Faculty of and Recycling I Science It has been studied the rhenium recovery from lead slime of copper Monday AM Room: Caesar 3 manufacture by hydrometallurgical method in the presence of hydrogen October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort peroxide. The transition of rhenium into solution is drastically increased at the fi rst 30 min. of leaching when the hydrogen peroxide concentration increases from 1 up to 34. The data on the effect of hydrogen peroxide 10:45 AM Keynote concentration indicate that, the increase of H2O2 concentration from 1.0 to Indonesian Palm Oil Bio-Wastes and Its Environmental Impacts: Kiichiro 6.0% lead to increase of rhenium recovery from 84.5 to 98.6%. In accordance 1 1 Hayashi ; EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University with the date obtained rhenium recovery is increased from 65.0 to 98.6% Indonesia is one of the world largest palm oil producers after Malaysia with the temperature increase from 50 to 100°C at the leaching duration 60 with over 12 million tons of crude palm oil(CPO) production in 2004. min. and solid/liquid 1:3. The leaching reaction constant is calculated on the About 60% of CPO is exported. Among the rest of it, around 30% is used fi rst-order equation. It is shown that, the reaction constant is increased from for cooking oil followed by 7% of oleochemical, 2% of soap and 1.6% of 4.10 to 9.70, 10-2 as the temperature increases from 50 to 100°C. margarine. In the process of CPO production, many types of bio-wastes are generated in plantations and CPO mills. In plantations, fell trunk, fronds at 12:10 PM felling and annual pruning are the main bio-wastes. Empty fruit bunch(EFB), Pollutant Characterization from a Municipal Waste Disposal Site fi bres and shells are generated in CPO mills. One part of fi bres and shells are, (Navarro) in Cali, Colombia: Simona Regenspurg1; Christian Ludwig1; in some cases, utilized for mill boiler fuels. The purpose of this study is to Norberto Benitez2; Fabian Mendez2; 1Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de M clarify environmental impacts of palm oil industry in Indonesia. This paper Lausanne/Paul Scherrer Institut; 2Universidad del Valle conducted surveyed on selected palm oil factories in Indonesia and assessed Navarro is the main garbage dump in the city of Cali (Colombia). O the impacts of the environment. Operated since the late 1960s it collects about 1.600 tons of waste daily. The environment surrounding Navarro is highly contaminated and the pollutants N 11:10 AM released by the dump threaten human health in the adjoining neighborhoods. Ageing Investigation of Steel Slags from EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) The goal of our project is to identify major pollutants released from the dump D 1 1 Processes: Fredrik Engström ; Margareta Lidström Larsson ; Caisa and their distribution in the surrounding ecosystem. In a fi rst phase of the 1 1 1 A Samuelsson ; Bo Björkman ; Luleå University of Technology sampling and analysis program landfi ll leachate was collected and screened Large amounts of by-products are generated by the Swedish steel industry for heavy metals and for the most common persistent organic pollutants. This Y each year. The EAF-process generates about 400 000 ton of slag, from which allowed us to identify the most relevant compounds on which we focused in a 80% is deposited. An alternative to deposit is to use slag as road construction more detailed second phase investigation. These compounds were quantifi ed material. However, heavy metal content in the slag can be a problem. The in the vicinity of the landfi ll (groundwater, surface water, drinking water A aim of this work was to investigate how stabile these materials are when and soil) to get information on their mobility and possible pathways into the ageing and kept outside. Five different EAF-slags from domestic steel plants human body. M were used in this study. The materials were characterised after 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 month to evaluate the ageing process. Scanning electron microscope 12:30 PM (SEM), x-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and a standard test for leaching were Prediction of Trace Elemental Flows during tThe Reaction of Bottom used. The changes in behaviour differ between the fi ve materials. The total Ashes with Chloride-Rich Cement Dusts: Simona Regenspurg1; Christian leachability decreases with time. CaCO3 is formed on slag surfaces as CaO Ludwig1; Virginie Silberstein1; 1Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne/ reacts with moister and CO2 in the air. Paul Scherrer Institut Residues from waste incineration (bottom ashes) form large amounts of 11:30 AM heavy metal-rich waste. Theoretically, heating and the addition of chloride to Colloid Facilitated Heavy Metal Mobilization from Incinerator Ashes: the ashes could remove these metals by formation of volatile metal chlorides. 1 1 1 1 Rainer Köster ; Tobias Wagner ; Wolfgang Ferstl ; Markus Delay ; Wolfgang The remaining heavy metal-poor ashes could be used, for example, as cement 1 1 PRELIMINARY Höll ; Institut für Technische Chemie, Bereich Wasser- und Geotechnologie, additive. In the proposed process of our study we used bypass dust from Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH the cement industry as chloride additives to the bottom ashes. We aim to The mobilization of contaminants from industrial residues like ashes from determine experimentally the optimal conditions to remove heavy metals municipal solid waste incinerators in case of leaching is investigated world from the ashes and to simulate this process by geochemical modeling. In wide. In classical leach tests only soluble species are considered. In addition our experiment we investigate heavy metal fl ows by heating of differently the geochemical behaviour of residues have to be completed by assessing composed mixtures of bottoms ash and bypass dust in dependence of the mobilization via colloidal particles. This transport is well known from different furnace temperatures (500-1200°C). Furthermore, we investigate the natural aquatic systems. Quantifi cation of aquatic colloids is associated with reactivity (leaching characteristic) of the resulting product in order to predict considerable diffi culties, because they are often found in low concentrations if secondary residues can be landfi lled in agreement to Swiss regulations for and in a size distribution where small particles with diameters below 0.1 inert materials. μm predominate. In the past years, the Laser induced Breakdown Detection (LIBD) has been developed as a novel sensitive method for quantifying colloids. Column leaching experiments with directly coupled LIBD were used to quantify the release of heavy metals and colloids out of bottom ashes. Some typical colloid bound heavy metal concentrations in the leachate are in some cases exceeding the limits defi ned by German authorities. The LIBD with a fl ow-through cell allowed to assign absolute values to colloid size and concentration.

12 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

11:50 AM Elkem Spent Pot Lining Recycling Project: Finn Olesen1; 1Elkem General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Bjoelvefossen AS Aluminum By-Product Recovery and Secondary Elkem has developed a process that utilizes SPL as a raw material for pig Production I iron production. This process will be demonstrated in industrial scale during 2008. The process developed produce iron, and the reduction material used, Monday AM Room: Miramar 3 is the carbon present in the SPL. The iron source could be either virgin iron October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort ore or waste/recycled material from the steel industry. The SPL- refractory and bath material is dissolved in the slag produced. The slag is designed so that any leaching of environmentally dangerous elements is minimized. This 10:45 AM Keynote process can in addition to SPL, consume other types of waste derived from Alumina Surface Material from Aluminum Solid Waste: Tarek Abd El the primary production of aluminium. Elkem intends to supply this demo Hamid1; Soheir El Reefy2; Monira Ghoniem1; Saad Mohamed3; 1Tabbin project with SPL and other waste products from external sources, domestic Institute for Metallurgical Studies; 2Atomic Energy Authority; 3Faculty of as well as international ones. The REWAS 2008 presentation will present the Science Ain Shams University results from the industrial demo. Aluminum solid waste produced as bi-product in Mite-Ghamer industrial cluster for aluminum household industry. The cluster located 150km North- 12:10 PM East Cairo-Egypt. The waste was accumulated during manufacture process Hazardous Spent Potlining from Aluminum Smelters and Its 1 2 1 in surface treatment step, it represents 3% of total production capacity with Countermeasures in China: Xiping Chen ; Wangxing Li ; Zhengzhou 2 total of 1500tons waste annually, characterized by high alumina contents Research Institute of Chalco; Chalco and high alkalinity, disposed it create a serious environment problems to Spent potlining is unavoidable solid residue from aluminum industry. local community. The aim of this study is to recover high purity surface About thirty kilograms spent potlining is discharged in China to produce per M fi ne alumina from previous mentioned waste.Recovery problems originated ton primary aluminum. Spent potlining has high level soluble fl uorides and from contamination with organic lubricants used in manufacture processes. cyanides so that it brings heavy pollution to environment. It is prohibitive O Aluminum ions in waste cake separated as sodium aluminates, co-precipitated to keep a large amount of spent potlining in open air because it will lead N and thermal decomposed. High purity alumina material with originated concentrated pollution to local soil and water source due to hydrated particle size 0.125-0.420mm and apparent density 0.3gm/cm3 was obtained reactions between spent potlining and rain water/moisture in air. Landfi ll D with specifi c surface area 139.07m2/g. The alumina produced is very suitable may solve pollution of spent potlining provisionally, but it is diffi cult to be for application as absorber and supported catalyst. accepted by aluminum smelters because of its high investment, troublesome A monitoring and perennial maintenance. Detoxifying of spent potlining not 11:10 AM only can remove deleterious fl uorides and cyanides in SPL, but also can Y DC Electric Arc Rotary Furnace: Biserka Lucheva1; Tzonio Tzonev1; make fl uorides in SPL recycle inside aluminum electrolysis process, at the 1 University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy same time benign SPL solid residue can be recycled and ready for cement A unique DC electric arc rotary furnace with capacity 150 kg has production. A been designed and constructed for the recycling of low-quality scrap and aluminum dross. The main constructive feature of this furnace is that the 12:30 PM M axially positioned graphite electrodes (cathode and anode) are placed 100 Nickel Recovery from the Alloy Al2Ni and the Mixtures Al-Ni, Al2O3- mm away from the rotation axis of the furnace. A specifi c characteristic of Ni and Al2O3-NiO Comparative Study by Direct Chlorination of the 1 2 3 1 the construction is the possibility one of the electrodes (the anode) apart Species: Fabiola Alvarez ; Daniel Pasquevich ; Ana Bohé ; Comisión 2 from moving axially (parallel to the furnace axis) to move at 90° outside the Nacional de Energía Atómica; Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica- 3 working space. High recovery rate of metal aluminum from aluminum dross Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científi cas; Comisión Nacional (92%) was realized in this furnace. This is the reason for construction of de Energía Atómica-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científi cas- industrial DC electric arc furnace. Universidad Nacional del Comahue The separation of nickel from the aluminum present in spent catalysts and 11:30 AMPRELIMINARYdifferent metallic industrial residues, is proposed in the following systems: Alumina Surface Material from Aluminum Solid Waste and Its alloy Al2Ni and the mixtures 50 wt% Ni + 50 wt% Al, 10 wt% Ni + 90 wt% Catalytic Application: Tarek Abd El Hamid1; Suzan Ali2; 1Tabbin Institute Al2O3 and 12 wt% NiO + 88 wt% Al2O3. The experiments were carried out for Metallurgical Studies; 2Faculty of Girls for Science and Education - Ain in a tubular reactor with a fl ow of 2 l/h of gaseous chlorine and from 200° Shams University to 800°C. The fi nal products of the reaction, extracted from the hottest zones Treatment of industrial waste materials is created serious problem in Egypt. of the reactor where characterized by DRX, SEM, EDS and FRX, as NiCl2 Aluminum sludge is generated as a by-product from aluminum household y NiCl2.6H2O while in the coldest regions AlCl3 was deposited in the fi rst industry which contain signifi cantly high alumina content exceeding 90%. two cases and in the other there was a residue of θ, α- Al2O3, sometimes This by-product randomly disposed and creates serious environment problems mixed with some remainder of Ni and NiO. The procedure attained different to locate community. To develop the treatment process of this material, the separation factors which showed the optimun conditions for the recovery of recovery of high purity alumina and identify the potential application is being both metals. the primary objective. This paper represents the recovery process of alumina process waste sludge. High purity alumina material <99,8% aluminum oxide with originate particle size 0.125-0.420mm and apparent density 0.39g/cm3 was obtained with a specifi c surface area 139m2/g. Alumina produced was modifi ed by cerium oxide doped alumina. The catalytic activity and selectivity was investigated in conversion of isopropanol via dehydrogenation reaction yielding only acetone, indicating an excellent selectivity for dehydrogenation. The presence of 10% CeO2 increase in the catalytic activity of 82% for the originated alumina.

REWAS 2008 13 Technical Program

of temperature reaction and CO content, on the reduction of zinc ferrite, iron III oxide and zinc oxide. The temperature ranged from 1073 to 1373K, and General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: the gas mixtures from 50% and 100% of CO. These tests were accompanied EAF Dust by physical, chemical, strutural and microscopic characterizations of the zinc ferrite generated in laboratory. It was observed that the temperature and CO Monday AM Room: Caesar 4 content were the main factors affecting the zinc ferrite reduction. October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort 12:10 PM Treatment of BF and BOF Dusts by Oxidative Leaching: Ma. de Jesus 10:45 AM Keynote Soria-Aguilar1; Francisco Carrillo-Pedroza1; Sandra Preciado-Nuñez1; Recovery of Zinc from EAF Dust – Pilot Experiences at MEFOS: Guozhu 1Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila Ye 1; 1MEFOS Dust originated from the Iron Blast Furnace (BF) and the Basic Oxygen Few of the numerous alternative methods proposed for zinc recovery Furnace (BOF) containing alkalis and zinc are not completely recycled from EAF dust have passed beyond the laboratory tests. The paper will because due affects the process effi ciency. These types of dust represents give you insights to the known and unknown concepts that have been tested an economical lost as a consequence of values contents of iron and at MEFOS in the past 15 years. The innovative aspects of these concepts carbon. Several processes in aqueous media have been developed to treat will be shown and the major results will be highlighted. These include the the steelmaking dust. This work presents a laboratory study for reduce following concepts: - Production of ZnO product with low halide content zinc and alkali containing in BF and BOF dust, using different acid and for electrowinning using a DC furnace with hollow electrode (1990-1995). alkaline solutions and oxidants as ozone. The results obtained show that the - Production of a bypass fi lter dust containing more than 50%ZnO by elimination of zinc and alkalis can vary from 5% to 80% depending on the injection of EAF dust to the electric arc furnace during refi ning combined treatment conditions (the solution, the oxidant and the temperature). The dust M with a bypass fi lter system. - Elimination of zinc ferrite by CaO treatment for obtained from this treatment can to be recycling to the steelmaking processes O electrowinning with EZINEX process. - Selective reduction of iron oxide in to recovery iron and carbon values. zinc ferrite for simultaneous recovery of ZnO and metallic iron. 12:30 PM N 11:10 AM Zinc Oxide from Recycling Processes as a Source for Electrolytic A Study on Recovery of Metallic Values from EAF Flue Dusts: Hakan Galvanising: Juergen Antrekowitsch1; 1University of Leoben, Austria D Morcali1; Bora Derin2; Adnan Aydin1; Onuralp Yucel2; 1Marmara University; Typical zinc oxides recovered from wastes like steel mill dusts and neutral A 2Istanbul Technical University leaching residues are of a low quality because of impurities like fl uorine, The steelmaking industry which uses electric arc furnaces (EAF) generates chlorine, lead and others. Therefore, they are not comparable to technical Y approximately 250.000 tons of EAF fl ue dusts annually in Turkey. These grade zinc oxides. Some new developments try to establish processes where fl ue dusts contain valuable metals such as zinc, iron and lead. For example, higher qualities of the product should be achieved. These zinc oxides are not if these fl ue dusts can be treated effi ciently, disposal problems certainly only supposed to be an input material for electrolytic zinc production. Far A decreases and annually almost 40.000-75.000 tons of zinc can be recovered. more, they should fi nd their way into the zinc oxide market as a substitute In this study, powder and pellet form of EAF fl ue dusts taken from a steel mill for technical grade zinc oxides. Furthermore, a new fi eld of application M were carbothermally treated in a temperature controlled pilot scale rotary for these oxides has been investigated. Because of a higher acceptance furnace via carbothermal reduction in order to investigate the reduction concerning different impurities in relation to zinc winning electrolyses, a use behavior of Zn, Fe and Pb. Temperature (900-1000-1050 and 1100°C) and in electrolytic galvanizing shows an interesting option. Therefore, the effect time (0-90 minutes) were selected as reaction parameters. The chemical and of different impurities especially on the quality of the zinc layer, the current XRD analysis were also performed in the residues. The content of Fe, Zn, effi ciency and the possible galvanizing speed were studied. Pb in EAF dust are 30, 20, 4 wt % respectively. As a primary research on the slag-refi ning mechanism of Zn and the thermodynamic behavior of Zn in Fe, a positive deviation from Raoultian Solution at the carbon saturated region was acquired according to the analyzed data of the activity coeffi cient General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: of Zn. PRELIMINARYMagnesium 11:30 AM Monday AM Room: Caesar 6 Eureka Process for Recycling Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD): Jim October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Lockwood1; 1Eureka Technology Eureka Technology has developed and patented a technology for the recycling of EAFD. Through this process all constituents of the material 10:45 AM Keynote become salable commodities or are returned to the steel making process. Design for Recycling - A Key to Sustainable Magnesium Application: In transforming the EAFD “waste” stream into a “process” stream the Christina Meskers1; Markus Reuter2; U. Boin1; 1Delft University of Steelmaker eliminates potential liabilities and the uncertain future of current Technology; 2University of Melbourne processes while further reinforcing its role as a recycler. This is a cost- The increasing use of coated magnesium in consumer products results effective and energy effi cient technology that combines hydrometallurgic in creation of coated Mg scrap during product manufacture and after End- and electrolytic processes resulting in the recovery of salable metals. For of-Life product treatment. Currently this material is not recycled, leaving a instance, unlike pyrometallurgic processes,zinc is recovered in metallic material resource unused. Closure of the magnesium cycle in a sustainable form and no elements are volatilized. This on-site operation also eliminates manner is necessary. In order to do so, the effect of coatings on the recycling expensive transportation costs. In summary this technology reduces the cost process has to be quantifi ed, predicted and minimized. For this purpose of dealing with EAFD by recycling material currently being landfi lled. parameters and metrics have been developed, based on fi rst principles and detailed understanding of the recycling process. The parameters characterize 11:50 AM the coated magnesium and are combined into a single metric. This 3D Reduction of Zinc Ferrite Contained in Steelmaking Processes Dusts by metric enables quantitative assessment of the recyclability and links coating CO – CO Gas Mixtures: Mery Gómez1; 1Pontifícia Universidade Católica 2 design, product design and recycling to each other in a visual manner. The do Rio de Janeiro parameters that form the metric can be measured and predicted, hence a In this work the reaction between an equimolar synthetic zinc ferrite sound (engineering) basis for Design for Sustainability of coated magnesium sample and a mixture of CO and CO gases is studied to evaluate the effects 2 is provided. 14 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

11:10 AM the Mg alloy cost by as much as up to 75% of the cost for virgin material, Advanced Solid-State Recycle of Magnesium Alloy Wastes by Repetitive including the costs for the entire sequence of collection and transportation. Severe Plastic Working for High-Strengthened Wrought Materials: 12:30 PM Katsuyoshi Kondoh1; Kenshi Kawabata1; Junko Umeda1; Kantarou Kaneko2; Removal of Magnesium and Boron from Chloride Containing Spent Mitsuji Ueda3; 1Osaka University; 2Kurimoto Company; 3KS Technos Liquors: M. Seref Sonmez1; Murat Alkan1; Bora Derin1; Onuralp Yucel1; Company Ltd. 1Istanbul Technical University Direct recycling process of in-house scraps of AMX602 magnesium Removal of magnesium and boron by selective precipitation from spent extruded alloy (Mg-6Al-0.2Mn-2Ca), used as the gate bar used in Electronic liquors obtained after the purifi cation leaching of SHS product, B4C has been Toll Collection (ETC) of Japan high-way system, has been established studied. Treatment of such liquor containing about 10000 ppm of magnesium by roll-compaction (RCP) process. It enables to serve raw chips, having and 400 ppm of boron is essential considering both an environmental issues refi ned grains and intermetallics, via no re-melting process. They are easily and resource sustainability. Controlled synthesis of particles in an aqueous consolidated by hot extrusion, and their wrought alloys show superior medium was investigated. Reaction parameters studied were the effect of balancing properties of high strength and good ductility due to their uniformly the initial concentration, duration, temperature, pH, and selected additives. refi ned grains less than 1~2μm by dynamic recrystallization and randomized Precipitates were analyzed and characterized in terms of chemical analysis, texture by repetitive plastic working on the above scraps. Concerning to morphology, particle size, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction tensile properties of recycled AMX602 wrought alloy via RCP, Y.S, and and thermo-gravimetric analysis. elongation is 323MPa, and 14.8%, respectively. On the other hand, in using raw input chips, 217MPa Y.S and elongation of 19.2% are obtained. That is, RCP process is signifi cantly useful to directly recycle Mg alloy wastes for up-grade materials. General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: 11:30 AM Precious and Rare Metals I M Quality Control Essentials in Magnesium Recycling: Bill Thompson1; 1US Magnesium, LLC Monday AM Room: Caesar 1 O Magnesium alloys have been successfully recycled for decades and have October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort won acceptance for use by die casters and most of the automotive industry. As N the supply chain for magnesium and magnesium alloys continues to change, D due to consolidation of producers, it is essential that quality control methods 10:45 AM Keynote be closely examined with each new supplier added. An examination of the PGM Recovery from Catalytic Wastes Using the Electric Arc Furnace: A various process steps that are needed to assure quality in the fi nal product William O’Connor1; Gilbert Rush1; Glen Soltau1; Paul Turner1; 1US will be discussed thus giving a basis for the auditing of new magnesium Department of Energy Y suppliers. Petroleum and automotive catalytic wastes were processed in an electric arc furnace (EAF) for PGM recovery. Partial reduction of an iron oxide 11:50 AM addition provided a slag modifi er for the refractory catalytic wastes and a 1 A Recycling of Heat Resistant Magnesium Alloys: Norbert Hort ; Karl Ulrich collector for the PGM. Recoveries were found to be largely dependent on the Kainer1; Daniel Fechner1; 1GKSS Research Center incorporation of an idle interval prior to tapping off the slag. This allowed M Magnesium components are increasingly used by the automotive industry time for settling of the metallic iron prills through the molten slag layer to the to reduce the vehicles weight and thereby CO2 emissions. Apart from rather iron heel, preventing their suspension in the slag due to convective stirring. small components like steering wheels and seat frames, several bigger parts Over 100 tons of catalytic wastes were processed through the EAF in four of the drive train have been introduced in the automotive industry. The melting campaigns, yielding over 6 tons of PGM-bearing iron alloy. PGM rising number of magnesium components will result in a higher quantity concentrations were improved from nominally 0.2 wt pct in the catalytic of automotive scrap but so far post consumer scrap has not been used for waste to over 6.0 wt pct in the alloy product, at a PGM recovery of over 98 magnesium alloy production. It is very complex to separate mixed post pct to the alloy and recyclable dust products. consumer scrap with regard to a chemical composition. Therefore it is useful to defi nePRELIMINARY secondary magnesium alloys made from blended post consumer 11:10 AM scrap. To reconstruct the scenario of mixed post consumer scrap, a matrix Catalytic Oxidation of Cyanide by Zeolite and Ozone: Francisco of potential recycling alloys was prepared. The materials were investigated Carrillo-Pedroza1; Ma. de Jesus Soria-Aguilar1; Marco Sanchez-Castillo2; for their microstructure, mechanical properties, heat resistance and corrosion 1Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila; 2Universidad Autónoma de San Luis properties and the results will be shown. Potosí The cyanide contained in wastewaters of the metallurgical and mining 12:10 PM industry is polluting specie for the environment. There are several industrial Recycling of Magnesium Alloys Aeronautical Parts for Obtaining methods for the treatment of wastewaters containing cyanide; In general, Sacrifi cial Anodes: Aurelian Buzaianu1; Gabriela Popescu2; C. A. Popescu2; its treatments can be divided in two groups: those that destroy the cyanide, A. F. Olteanu3; I. Rusu4; P. Motoiu5; 1S.C. Metav -Research and Development oxidizing it and turning it to an innocuous species, and those that recover the S.A; 2University “POLITEHNICA”, Bucharest; 3Research and Development cyanide. The objective of this work is to propose a process for the destruction National Institute for Metals and Radioactive Resources, Bucharest; 4”Gh. of the cyanide by means of adsorption - oxidation using natural zeolite as Asachi“ Technical University; 5R&D Institute for Nonferrous and Rare adsorbent and ozone as oxidant. The results show that the oxidation process Metals is catalyzed by the zeolite, were cyanide concentration decrease quickly, in a The paper introduces some technologic data on the recycling of aeronautical short time, with a very important impact in the ozone consume and, therefore, parts and scrap materials generated from disassembling magnesium alloys the cost of ozone generation. components, attempting to also solve the recycling of magnesium painted parts. The approach is meant to establish a superior quality method for 11:30 AM recycling discarded parts or the excess of re-melting material in order to reduce Co-Smelting of Auto-Catalysts in a DC Arc Furnace: Rodney Jones1; Isabel the environmental impact and the costs. In nonconventional applications of Reinecke1; Steve McCullough1; Peter Chennells2; 1Mintek; 2Independence magnesium alloys used as sacrifi cial anodes working in sea water, special Platinum alloying elements contribute to improving anodic processes. To make the Auto-catalysts are a rich secondary source of platinum group metals alloy, Mg is fused and refi ned using salt mixture and specifi c elements. It was (especially platinum, palladium, and rhodium), even though the available found that the use of recycled materials in anodes manufacture can reduce quantities of these materials are much lower than those of primary concentrates. REWAS 2008 15 Technical Program

One way to reduce the relatively high unit cost of smelting is to co-smelt cost of 1 kg of rhenium in commercial-grade ammonium perrhenate taking auto-catalysts with other materials. This is currently practised on a small into account its recovery: 170-210 US Dollars; 1) Tantalum and niobium commercial scale at Mintek in Randburg, South Africa. A demonstration- recovery into bulk concentrate: 75-77%; 2) Tungsten and molybdenum scale (5.6 MVA) DC arc furnace has been run for a few years, on a toll- recovery into bulk concentrate: 88 91%; 3) Cobalt and nickel recovery into treatment basis, smelting a range of concentrates and tailings. Relatively bulk concentrate: 88 89%. small quantities of auto-catalysts (reject and spent) are added to the furnace from time to time. High recoveries of PGM are attained, with the PGMs being recovered in an iron-rich alloy. The FeO-MgO-SiO2 slag produced in this process contains negligibly small amounts of PGMs. Particular attention Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effl uents I is paid to the sampling of the auto-catalysts for the purposes of metallurgical accounting. Monday AM Room: Caesar 2 October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort 11:50 AM Extraction of Platinum Metals from Automobile Catalysts: Vladimir Lobanov1; Boris Radionov1; Andrew Evdokimov1; Vladimir Skorohodov1; 10:45 AM Keynote 1Ural State Technical University Ferrihydrite and Aluminum-Modifi ed Ferrihydrite Enhanced High- The bulk of raw materials in metallurgy of secondary platinum metals Density Sludge Treatment for Removing Dissolved Metals from Acid are multilayered ceramic-metal systems (the spent catalysts of the chemical Rock Drainage Wastewaters: Jerome Downey1; Larry Twidwell1; 1Montana and petrochemical industry, automobile catalysts, etc.). The study of sorption Tech of the University of Montana leaching of platinum and palladium from the spent automobile catalysts are The high-density sludge (HDS) process is a commercially proven acid carried out. The average content of PGM is 0.5%. A few methods of raw rock drainage (ARD) wastewater treatment process that relies on acid M materials sampling were compared: 1) direct hydrometallurgical leaching of neutralization and metal precipitation. Previous studies have established platinum metals from the fi ne-grained catalyst and atomic absorption analysis that metal removal effi ciencies in precipitation-based wastewater treatment O of the solutions; 2) assay fusion with metal and sulphidic collector with the applications can be improved through metal ion adsorption on ferrihydrite N alloy analysis by direct spectrometry; 3) assay fusion with dissolution of and/or aluminum-modifi ed ferrihydrite. This study was conducted specifi cally a collector and atomic absorption analysis of solutions. Leaching allows to determine whether the metal removal effi ciencies at an existing industrial D detecting out less than 90% of palladium and 80% of platinum. Fusion HDS wastewater treatment facility could be improved by promoting with collector gives the best results at the chemical ending. Under optimum ferrihydrite and/or aluminum-modifi ed ferrihydrite precipitation during A conditions the extraction of platinum metals by sorption is comparable with the pH adjustment stages of the process. The metal tenors of the treated Y similar indicators of collector fusion. wastewater samples are compared with those obtained through baseline 12:10 PM experiments, which were designed to simulate the conventional HDS Hydrometallurgical Route to Recover Molybdenum, Nickel, Cobalt operation. The subject metals were: aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, copper, and Aluminium from Spent Hydrotreating Catalysts in Sulphuric Acid iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc. A Medium: Julio Afonso1; 1Institute of Chemistry - Federal University of Rio 11:10 AM M de Janeiro Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions on Synthetic Zeolite: This work describes a hydrometallurgical route for processing spent Mohamed Barakat1; 1Central Metallurgical Research and Development commercial CoMo and NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts for recovering the active Institute phase and support components. They were initially pre-oxidized (500ºC, 5 h). Adsorption of heavy metal ions specifi cally, Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(IV), and Coke and other volatile species were eliminated. Preoxidized catalysts were Cr(VI) from aqueous solution on synthetic 4A Zeolite was evaluated. The dissolved in sulphuric acid (9 mol/L) at ~ 90ºC, and the remaining residue adsorption capacity of the metal ions were found to be strongly dependent separated from the solution. Molybdenum was recovered at pH around on pH and initial metal ion concentration. At the optimium conditions the 1.8 by solvent extraction using tertiary amines. Alamine 304 presented adsorption capacity decreased in the order Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Mn(IV) > Cr(VI) the best performance. After this step, cobalt (or nickel) was separated by ions. Almost complete adsorption was achieved for both of Cu(II) and Zn(II) adding ammoniumPRELIMINARY oxalate at the above pH. Before aluminium recovery, by ions at pH > 6, while the adsorption capacity for both Mn(IV) and Cr(VI) adding NaOH to the acidic solution, phosphorus (as diidrogenophosphate) was 96, and 55.3% at pH 11 and pH 3, respectively. The grain size of the was removed by a strong anion exchange column. The hydrometallurgical 4A zeolite has a little effect on the adsorption capacity. The experimental route presented in this work generates less fi nal aqueous wastes, as it is not data was compared with two adsorption isotherms, Langmuir and Freundlich necessary to use alkaline medium during the metal recovery steps. Metals isotheroms. The results showed a good agreement of the Langmuir plots with were isolated in very high yield (> 99 wt%). the experimental data. 12:30 PM 11:30 AM Processing of Grinding Residues Containing Alloys to Produce Cadmium (II) Adsorption onto Nanostructured Hybrid Material Derived Commercial Grade Metals: Andrey Tarasov1; V. Paretsky1; A. Besser1; E. from the Functionalization of Smectite Clay: Angela Guimarães1; Virgínia Gedgagov1; 1Gintsvetmet Institute Ciminelli2; Wander Vasconcelos2; 1Centro Federal de Educação Technológ- Hydrometallurgical technology and equipment has been developed in the Ca de Minas Gerais; 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Gintsvetmet Institute (Moscow, Russia) for processing of rhenium-containing The present work was aimed at synthesizing nanostructured hybrid alloys waste to produce commercial-grade metal products with recovery of materials derived from the functionalization of smectite clays with ligands all valuable components. The technology is based on liberation of valuable containing thiol (-SH) groups for application in cadmium adsorption constituents in HF with subsequent treatment with HNO3 to transfer rhenium processes. An in nature Brazilian montmorillonite was investigated. The and tantalum to a maximum degree into an equilibrium solution having pH modifi cation route was based on the grafting reaction between hydroxyl = 1 to 1.5. Some experimental lots of ammonium rhenate and ammonium groups present on clay surface and the hydrolyzable alkoxy group of the molybdate were produced at a pilot plant. The following main techno- (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane in dry toluene under refl ux. The thiol- economic performance values have been achieved when processing grinding functionalized montmorillonite samples showed average binding capacities residues (balance-based tests were conducted with a lot of SP-2 alloy waste) 160% higher with respect to Cd(II) to those obtained with the ungrafted to produce ammonium rhenate, tantalum-niobium, tungsten-molybdenum material. These results support a mechanism of adsorption involving and nickel-cobalt concentrates: 1)Rhenium recovery taking into account primarily ion complexation by the thiol groups (specifi c) instead of cation recycling of grinding waste into ammonium rhenate 92.3%; 2)Production exchange (unspecifi c). The proposed modifi cation processes are suggested 16 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program for the preparation of novel adsorbent materials with controlled selectivity and specifi city and therefore with good potential for separation and pre- concentration purposes. Automotive and Aerospace Recycling 11:50 AM Copper Elimination in Cyanidation Effl uents: Fabiola Nava-Alonso1; Monday PM Room: Caesar 3 October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Omero Alonso-González1; Alejandro Uribe-Salas1; Roberto Pérez-Garibay1; 1Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2:15 PM Keynote Cyanidation is the most used method to recover gold and silver from their Economic and Environmental Evaluation of Aerospace Aluminum ores. In this process, other metals besides gold and silver may sometimes End-of-Life Options Using a Chance-Constrained Optimization Model: dissolve and interfere with the effi ciency of extraction. Copper is one of these Gabrielle Gaustad1; Elsa Olivetti1; Emily Chen1; Randolph Kirchain1; metals, reaching concentrations as high as 1000 mg/L in some cyanidation 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology plants, making diffi cult the extraction and purifi cation processes, and As prices and demand of aluminum metal have increased over the past increasing the operating costs. This preliminary work studied the feasibility few years, secondary production has begun to outpace primary aluminum of using cationic quaternaries amines to eliminate copper from cyanidation production. However, while recycling of packaging and automotive scrap solutions with high copper-cyanide concentration. The solid formed is have continued to increase, aerospace secondary materials remain a largely removed from solution using conventional fi ltration techniques. Seven untapped resource. Shredded or co-mingled aerospace scrap has a high quaternaries amines were tested at different amine/copper ratio and pH value. degree of compositional uncertainty due to the prevalence of high copper Up to 90% of copper removal can be obtained at the pH value of the effl uent and high zinc alloy series. Although it is clear that upgrading strategies (alkaline). With the remaining copper, it would be possible to recycle the enable increased usage of aerospace scrap, it is not clear that they would solution to the cyanidation process. be economic or effi cient. Previous studies by the authors have shown that M 12:10 PM modeling techniques, specifi cally chance constrained optimization, provide O Electrochemical Purifi cation of Cobalt Polluted Liquid Effl uents: Carla the ability to evaluate upgrading options in terms of potential aerospace scrap utilization and production cost. Three specifi c cases are analyzed: a Lupi1; Pasquali Mauro1; Alessandro Dell’Era1; 1University of Roma La N dismantled case, a sorted case, and a shredded or co-mingled case; sensitivity Sapienza analysis of resulting compositional uncertainty is also presented. Industrial liquid effl uents containing heavy metal ions arise in many D metallurgical and chemical industries. The use of electrochemical methods 2:40 PM A can be considered for treatment of these wastes because they recover polluting Mechanical Separation of Metallic Copper from Coated Copper Wire: substances in metallic forms and they do not produce sludge. In this work an Seiji Yokoyama1; Sakae Takeuchi2; 1Toyohashi University of Technology; Y electrochemical cell has been designed to treat very diluted cobalt solutions, 2Graduate School of Toyohashi University of Technology i.e. those deriving from recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries. A RVC It is very important to separate copper from the end of life vehicles and (reticulated vitreous carbon) cathode and a Pt-coated Ti net anode were home electric appliances for recycling, because copper in scrap iron results used as electrodes. The potentiostatic electrolyses were performed on Co in cracking of steel plate in a rolling. In this study, the attempts to separate P polluted solutions at 6.5 constant pH. The process yield is related to the Co the copper from a coated copper wire by rolling and by blender were made to M solution concentration; starting with a solution containing 200 ppm of Co2+, examine the possibility of mechanical separation. In separation from a multi- the effi ciency is initially ~35-40% and decreases to ~20% when 80% of the conductor cable by rolling, the maximum ratio of recovered copper to that initial cobalt content has been electrowon. The current effi ciency increases in a wire was 80% when the wire was hold at room temperature, while the up to ~50% if the RVC electrode is coated by cobalt. maximum recovery ratio was about 95%. when the temperature of the wire 12:30 PM was below 0°C. The copper of single-conductor cables could be perfectly Hydrothermal Mineralization Treatment of Hazardous Oxoanions in separated from a coated wire at one pass through the rolling machine. In separation from a multi conductor cable by a blender, the maximum recovery Wastewater for Resource Recovery.: Takeshi Itakura1; Haruki Imaizumi1; ratio was about 99%. Ryo Sasai1; Hideaki Itoh1; 1Nagoya University EmissionPRELIMINARY of industrial wastewater containing harmful oxoanions is one 3:00 PM of the serious problems on account of its toxicity and the environmental Physical Separation of Crushed Product of Waste Nickel-Metal Hydride pollution, especially caused by boric, phosphinic, arsenic and antimonic Batteries from Hybrid Vehicles: Mayumi Ito1; Masami Tsunekawa1; species. In this study, we developed a novel treatment technique of such Kouki Kahiwaya1; Naohiro Sumiya1; Hisatoshi Furuya1; Naoki Hiroyoshi1; polluted-water by hydrothermal mineralization. The treatment is “Geo- 1Hokkaido University mimetic” method for precipitating oxoanions in aqueous media as natural ore The number of hybrid vehicles is increasing in Japan and this suggests an resources by using hydrothermal treatment with calcium salts mineralizer. The increase in waste nickel-metal hydride batteries. The cathode activating agent treatment made it possible not only to detoxify the polluted-water, but also of batteries is made of nickel hydroxide and the anode activating agent is an to recover the calcium minerals such as Ca2B2O5•H2O, Ca5(AsO4)3(OH), alloy of nickel and rare earth elements. Conventional rotary kiln methods etc. Concentration of each ion in treated-water was lower than that of can not recover the rare earth elements and hydrometallurgical treatment of effl uent standard in Japan. Moreover, the residual concentration of each crushed product consumes large volumes of agent. The physical separation of ion was independent of the initial concentration, but it depends only on the the anode alloy from the cathode hydroxide would make it possible to reuse solubility of the formed mineral under hydrothermal condition. Therefore, the alloy. The authors have reported that separation of anode and cathode the hydrothermal treatment could be recommended as one of the treatment components in the large size fractions is possible using a newly developed techniques of polluted-water. dry magnetic separation method. Wet magnetic separation was applied to the fi ne fraction and 90% anode purity was achieved. This paper reviews experimental results from previous publications and proposes an integrated treatment process for crushed nickel-metal hydride batteries.

REWAS 2008 17 Technical Program

3:20 PM waste water treatment, mill scales and other associated scraps. In this paper Preheating and Surface Cleaning of Steel Scrap by ASR: Guozhu Ye1; concepts for the utilization of residues and wastes in Ajaokuta Steel Plant Mikael Larsson1; Sten Angstrom2; Eric Burstrom1; 1MEFOS; 2SSAB where no reclamation routines have been provided for in the fi rst and second Increased use of scrap in steelmaking including scrap use in BOF has a phases of its project implementation is designed. The paper analyses the high economic and environmental potential in terms of increased productivity, sources of the iron oxides wastes and the quantities expected from the main energy saving and reduced emission of CO2. Preheating and surface cleaning production facilities of the Ajaokuta Integrated Steel Plant are evaluated of steel scrap is a concept developed by MEFOS in a four year research using plant’s technical data, having 2 sintering machines of 312 m2 each and program funded by Foundation of Strategic Environmental Research 2 blast furnaces of 2000 m3 each and 130-T BOF. Reclamation routine for (Sweden). The process concept consists of four major steps: 1) Combustion Ajaokuta residues and wastes is designed of ASR or other waste fuel and composing of the gas composition. 2) Scrap 5:25 PM heating and cleaning in a shaft where the coated zinc is removed as ZnCl2 Technology Based Design for Recycling and Eco-Design: Antoinette van and scrap is heated to about 600C. 3) Dust separation for recovery of metal Schaik1; Markus Reuter2; 1MARAS - Material Recycling and Sustainability; zinc. 4) Gas cleaning. This paper will describe the process concept and 2Ausmelt Limited highlight the major results from preliminary trials around the scrap heating Eco-design and Design for Recycling (DfR) can only be conducted if and cleaning shaft. the interconnectivity of material cycles is accounted for in recycling rate 3:40 PM Break predictions and if the recyclate quality and its infl uence on metallurgical and thermal process effi ciency can be linked back to design. Detailed product data on the material composition and connections in the product is required for the manufacturer for the benchmarking of product design in view of EPR, as well Design for Recycling, Product-Service Systems, as to perform technology based DfR. Fundamental recycling models have M Dematerialization been developed which capture these aspects. We discuss the application of our modelsin order to assess, evaluate and improve the recycling performance of O Monday PM Room: Caesar 3 products during the design phase. These tools can link computer aided design October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort (CAD), conceptual design specifi cations of products, with the complex detail N of the recycling system and recyclate quality, making recycling an integral part of the product system. D 4:20 PM Keynote A Applying the Design-for-Recyclability Concept to Spent Potlining 5:45 PM Remediation: Courtney Young1; Jerome Downey1; 1Montana Tech- Improvements in Ceramics for Boiler Protection in WTE Applications: Y University of Montana Champion Thibault1; Christian His; Patrick Stephan; Stephan Mulch; 1Saint- Various technologies are available for treating spent potlining (SPL) from Gobain CREE the aluminum industry and have been reviewed in the literature on several When fuel costs increase dramatically, waste-to-energy conversion P occasions. The technologies involve physical and chemical separations technologies become a good alternative for energy production. The potential as well as thermal processes with primary objectives being total recycle, energy available in domestic wastes, in developed countries could be M waste minimization, and/or delisting. In general, those geared for recycling upwards of 4% of their total energy needs. Due to low energy recovery and involve separations and are therefore subject to recovery ineffi ciencies which low level of treated domestic wastes in many countries, the energy coming can be attributed to a number of factors. However, it is believed that the from waste is generally less than 0.5% of the country needs, but this varies ineffi ciencies can be eliminated or, at least greatly minimized, if the original widely across the globe. Domestic waste-to-energy processes with steam pots were designed for recyclability. In this regard, the technologies are once generation can convert heat to electricity for industry and housing and allow again reviewed with specifi c reference given to SPLASH technology. waste volume reduction, which has become of more concern, particularly in countries where landfi lls are increasingly restricted. Advances in combustion 4:45 PM technology are resulting in increased energy recovery with better heat transfer Design and Engineering of the Plant for Man-Made Hydrocarbon- in the boiler and also by increasing lining durability with more resistant Containing Raw Materials Available in Countries of the Baltic Sea materials and technologies. The knowledge of corrosion phenomena and PRELIMINARY1 1 1 1 Region: Andrey Tarasov ; Valery Paretsky ; Erki Unn ; Gintsvetmet material performance allows Saint-Gobain Group to develop and propose Institute high performance refractory lining solutions. The stability of the markets of energy resources and labor in countries of the Baltic Sea Region including Estonia is determined to a signifi cant degree by the use of combustible shales as fuel and their distillation resulting in generation of up to 70% of non-recyclable waste. The objective of this Economic Evaluation of Waste Treatment Strategies business plan is to substantiate the investments for establishment of a new facility in Estonia for waste-less and environmentally safe processing of Monday PM Room: Caesar 4 fossil minerals and man-made products generated in the shale industry, as October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort well as other hazardous wastes. The proposed facility will use a basically new waste processing technology developed in Russia - i.e., processing in sparged molten slag This technology eliminates any release of harmful 4:20 PM Keynote pollutants to the environment and a facility using this technology does not A Social Enterprise Approach to Servicing the Zero Waste Community: require, therefore, any sanitary protection zone. Eric Lombardi1; 1Eco-Cycle Inc. The social discussion has evolved “beyond recycling” and into two new 5:05 PM areas: (1) the idea of “Zero Waste Community Planning” (ZWCP), and (2) Design of Concepts for the Utilization of Residues and Wastes in the question of who will service a Zero Waste Community? The fi rst issue Ajaokuta Steel Company: David Esezobor1 1 ; Sanmbo Balogun ; Samson addresses the ever-evolving collection challenges (including biodegradable 1 1 Adeosun ; University of Lagos materials recovery, hard-to-recycle materials recovery, and product re-use), In a typical year, approximately 1.7 million tons of residues and wastes while also addressing the emerging “upstream” waste reduction topics (such are expected from Ajaokuta integrated steel plant, Nigeria. They will be as extended producer responsibility, regulatory “new rules” and Zero Waste generated mainly from sinter plant, blast furnace, BOF and during rolling purchasing practices.) The issue of who in the marketplace will service this and fi nishing, which include slag, dust, sludge and slurries from gas cleaning, new policy direction explores why recycling growth in America has stalled 18 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program out and how a “social enterprise”(SE) approach can reinvigorate the public Russia. Evaluating contribution of innovation-technological development support for increased community waste reduction and resource conservation. of the economy in growth of the country’s GDP, scholars assign 70-80% to SE is a growing global trend by non-profi t organizations to support this factor’s share. Mineral formations, accumulated during industrial epoch, themselves through earned-income activities (rather than charity). The author affect signifi cantly economic and ecological situation in the Arctic region. runs the largest recycling SE in America, Eco-Cycle Inc, in Boulder, CO On the one hand, production wastes destroy the region’s environment. On the (www.ecocycle.org). other hand, technogenic mineral formations contain a lot of valuable scarce components. The amount of solid wastes increases annually. Transition to 4:45 PM innovation economy provides re-comprehension of mining enterprises A Contribution to the Strategic Analysis of Alternatives for Waste in society. Actions should be directed to radical renovation of production Management in Valle de Aburrá Area, Medellín-Colombia: Enrique technologies. It will ensure rapid growth of competitiveness, increased Posada1; 1INDISA S.A. demand and stronger position at the international market. Development of The Valle de Aburrá area, corresponds to the city of Medellín and neighboring innovation technologies can be provided at the expense of active state and municipalities, with more than 3 million people. The area generates a sizable private innovation activities. amount of solid waste, which has been taken to landfi lls for the last 20 years. This paper proposes a model for public policy making which considers the cost and benefi t of different alternatives to handle the wastes in the coming 20 years. Combinations of several alternatives: Recycling, waste reduction, waste separation, incineration, land fi lling with lixiviate treating and gas General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: energy recovery, and organic waste composting are considered and modeled Electronic Waste I and the results presented as a contribution for a more rational approach to policy making than the one currently being employed. Monday PM Room: Caesar 4 October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort 5:05 PM M Economic and Environmental Evaluation of Various Aluminum Scrap O Upgrading Options Using Chance Constrained Optimization Modeling: 2:15 PM Keynote Gabrielle Gaustad1; Elsa Olivetti1; Randolph Kirchain1; 1Massachusetts E-Waste Recycling in Latin America: Status, Challenges and Potential: N 1 2 1 1 2 Institute of Technology Heinz Boeni ; Uca Silva ; Daniel Ott ; EMPA; Plataforma Regional de As scrap usage increases, it is often necessary to “dilute” the melt with Residuos Electronicos de Computadores D primary aluminum to ensure the fi nished product meets compositional Latin America is facing a rapid increase in Internet use. Penetration with specifi cations. Secondary raw materials, particularly post-consumer scraps, electronic equipments has in some larger cities reached the level of OECD A often include high levels of unwanted or “tramp” elements, such as iron countries. There is an evident need to resolve the management of “end of Y and silicon in the case of aluminum. Recent literature on this issue cites life” computers and other electronic equipment. Several studies in Latin several causes including inherent contamination during processing as well America confi rmed the increasing quantities and importance of proper e- as ineffective segmentation at end-of-life. To address this accumulation waste management. EMPA is since 2003 leading a global e-waste program problem, “upgrading” solutions have been developed including: dismantling oriented towards developing countries. This study gives an overview on the P of end-of-life products, spectrographic or magnetic sorting of shredded fi ndings on a global scale, documents the status in the region, explains the M scrap, and “fi ltration” technologies that remove tramp elements in the melt. challenges for establishing an e-waste management system and shows the Although it is clear that upgrading strategies enable increased usage of scrap, social and economic potential and the chances of a regional approach. it is not clear that they would be economic or effi cient. This work presents 2:40 PM a set of analytical methods, based on chance constrained optimization, to A Material Recovery Facility in Cape Town, South Africa, as a Replicable quantify the potential environmental and economic value of several scrap Concept for Sustainable e-Waste Management and Recycling in upgrading technologies. Developing Countries: Mathias Schluep1; Susanne Dittke2; Gerry Newson3; 4 5 1 2 3 5:25 PM Cissé Kane ; Klaus Hieronymi ; EMPA; EnviroSense CC; Recover- 4 5 Economics of Automated Sorting of Aluminum Scrap: Adam Gesing1; e Alliance; Global Digital Solidarity Fund (DSF); Hewlett-Packard HartmutPRELIMINARY Harbeck2; Bjørn Hansen3; 1Gesing Consultants Inc; 2CommoDaS Corporation GmbH; 3Tomra Systems ASA Hewlett Packard, the Digital Global Solidarity Fund and the Swiss Materials Rapid expansion of the market for shape castings in Asia has increased Science and Technology Institute Empa launched the project “e-Waste demand for secondary foundry alloys that can be batched by combining Management in Africa” in 2007. As part of this initiative a pilot project was various grades of manufacturing and post-consumer scrap. This has delayed started in Cape Town, South Africa, supporting the start-up of a professional the predicted need for technology to upgrade or refi ne the composition of material recovery facility (MRF) for the pre-processing of e-waste. The mixed-alloy scrap. Currently such an upgrading technology – alloy sorting pilot’s objective is to incorporate recent informal activities by transforming – is justifi ed by the possibility to replace expensive prime or alloy-segregated them into sustainable operations. In addition the MRF aims to act as a nucleus scrap with low-grade mixed alloy scrap and upgrading it for use in the re- providing oppor-tunities for social upliftment, entrepreneurship and other melt alloy batch. Such upgrading is made possible by the application of value-adding activities, such as waste-to-art projects, educational initiatives sensor-based particle sorters to grouping alloys into families or to batching and awareness creation. This study presents an analysis of the implementation a particular target alloy from a scrap alloy mix. We explore the economics of the MRF, presenting quantitative massfl ow data, fi nancial numbers and of batching common Al alloys (3X04 aluminium can body sheet; 3105 social indicators as well as challenges and opportunities encountered in each aluminium painted building sheet; and 356 and 319 value-added foundry phase. It will propose a blueprint concept for the sustainable instalment of alloys) from particle-sorted scrap that already tend to use high recycled scrap MRFs into the specifi c environment of developing countries. content. 3:00 PM 5:45 PM Development of an Automatic Process to Recycle Raw Material of 1 1 2 2 Innovation Technologies of Solid Minerals Processing in the Arctic Zone WEEE: Solène Touzé ; Maurice Save ; Christian Lucion ; Paul Hubaux ; 1 2 with Waste Minimization: Tsukerman Vyacheslav1; Ludmila Ivanova1; Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières; Centre Technologique 1Institute for Economic Studies International de la Terre et de la Pierre Dynamics of general economic growth is to a considerable extent determined Recently, in Europe the collection of WEEE is mandatory and is being by results of research, technical and innovation policies in the Arctic zone of organized. Current treatment processes involve a fi rst step of manual dismantling. The main objective of this study was to develop an entirely REWAS 2008 19 Technical Program

automatic WEEE treatment procedure using physical separation techniques at the recovery of material from shredded automobiles, from aging aircraft to limit manual sorting to the removal of hazardous components. The work stored in the western deserts, from demolished or deconstructed buildings as consisted in testing different wet and dry physical separation methods well as from the traditional containers and cans. Attempts will be made to on bulk WEEE: gravity separation (jig and pneumatic table), electric assess how the different alloys used in these separate markets can be recycled conductivity separation (eddy current and corona effect) and particle shape in the most energy, cost, and environmental effi cient manner. separation (Lavodune classifi er and helicoidal vibrating conveyors). The 2:40 PM test results enabled to determine a global treatment fl ow sheet: shredding, Characterization and Possible Treatment Routes of the Solid Waste electromagnetic separation, eddy current separation, screening (2mm), Generated by the Carom Process of Nickel Production: Marcelo Mourao1; sink&fl oat separation (d=1) and jigging. There are possible recovery chains Cyro Takano1; Neusa Alonso-Falleiros1; Carlos Giraldo1; 1University of Sao for all of the end products except for the fi ne fraction. These tests show Paulo that batches of WEEE can be treated automatically if the non ferrous wires The Carom process of nickel extraction from lateritic ores produces a problem is solved. fair amount of an inert residue, the so-called “black sludge”, that is disposed 3:20 PM in a dam according to the required environmental regulations. On the other E-Waste Generation in Chile: Bernhard Steubing1; Christian Ludwig2; hand, it represents an opportunity to resource recovery. This work presents Heinz Böni1; 1EMPA; 2Paul Scherrer Institute the characterization of the residue, discusses some possible ways to recover Chile will soon have to fi nd solutions for dealing with rapidly growing the valuables, and presents experimental results of pyrometallurgical runs quantities of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) due to its aimed at recover nickel as an iron-nickel alloy. It has been shown that the strong economy and fast increase of internet and communications technology residue contains large amounts of silicon, iron, aluminum and magnesium, usage. To support this process, the state of the Chilean recycling infrastructure in the form of oxides and silicates, and small quantities of nickel, cooper and as well as government, industry and consumer efforts to deal with e-waste cobalt, besides several other elements. It has also been shown that gravimetric M were analyzed. Current e-waste quantities were assessed and future fl ows or magnetic concentration methods do not present promising results. On the were predicted using a material fl ow analysis model. In this model computer other hand, it is possible to obtain iron-nickel alloys by high-temperature O hardware was used as tracer equipment for WEEE. Best available numbers carbothermic reduction of the “black sludge”. indicate that today’s formal recycling infrastructure receives less than 3% 3:00 PM N of the annual quantities of computer waste. This study represents the most Effects of Al O on Mineralogy of the Fayalite Slag: Sina Mostaghel1; comprehensive analysis regarding e-waste in Chile, identifying relevant 2 3 D Caisa Samuelsson1; 1Luleå University of Technology streams of e-waste and providing a basis for authorities and producers of Rönnskär smelter of Boliden Mineral AB, Sweden, is well known for electronic goods in order to take the necessary actions to establish an adequate A recycling of base and precious metals. Slag from the electrical furnace is recycling system. Y processed at the fuming plant to produce zinc clinker. The granulated slag, 3:40 PM later on, is a by-product used as e.g. construction material. In this paper, Mechanical and Pyrometallurgical Recycling of Electronic Wastes: Lifeng infl uences of Al O on mineralogy of the slag, which can affect its chemical 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 Zhang ; Xiangjun Zuo ; Jaan Kers ; Dmitri Goljandin ; Priidu Peetsalu ; and physical properties, are investigated. Different mixtures of Al2O3/fumed P 1Missouri University of Science and Technology; 2Tallinn University of slag were prepared. Re-melting was carried out in a Thermo-Gravimetry (TG) M Technology furnace with an inert atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and In this paper, the mechanical milling of the electronic wastes were carried X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were the applied instruments for the analyses. out. The metal parts and plastic parts were roughly separated. The fi nal Investigations depict that addition of alumina to slag, results in an increase in plastic powder size could be as small as ~100 μm. Then the pyrometallurgical the number of spinels and a transformation from iron rich to aluminum rich

recycling Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) was executed. The mechanisms of spinels. Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) will also be formed in the fayalite phase. thermal degradation and combustion are investigated using TG/DTA and MS 3:20 PM machines. The effects of top temperature, holding time, gas fl ow rate, heating Hydrometallurical Extraction of Zinc and Lead from Çinkur Leach rate were investigated. Some chemical powders, such as Na2CO3 and CaCO3 Residue: Yavuz Topkaya1; Aydin Rüsen1; 1Middle East Technical University are used to diminish emission of the toxic gas such as Br2 and others. An In this study, zinc and lead recovery from zinc plant leach residue obtained industrial scale thermal recycling electronic wastes were discussed. PRELIMINARYfrom Çinkur using hydrometallurgical methods have been investigated at 4:00 PM Break laboratory scale. Considering more than one million tons of leach residue (LR) containing 12.43%Zn and 15.51%Pb in the stockyard which is environmentally hazardous, it is essential to process it. As a fi rst step, Çinkur LR was releached by using hot sulphuric acid for zinc recovery. About 72% General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Zn was recovered by using 150 g/l H2SO4 at 95°C in 2 hours with a pulp Non-Ferrous Metals I density of 200 g/l. Secondly, for lead recovery brine leaching tests were performed on the secondary Çinkur LR obtained after acid leaching process. Monday PM Room: Caesar 7 In brine leaching while lead recoveries up to 98% could be attained at a October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort low pulp density, the maximum recovery obtained was 84.9% at a high pulp density (200 g/l) with 300 g/l NaCl concentration in 10 minutes at 95°C.

2:15 PM Keynote 3:40 PM Aluminum Recycling – An Integrated, Industry – Wide Approach: Innovative and High Economic Burner Systems for Recycling Furnaces: Subodh Das1; John Kaufman1; John Green2; 1Secat Inc; 2JASG Consulting Michael Potesser1; Burkhardt Holleis2; Adrianus Hengelmolen3; Helmut The aluminum industry is a leading proponent of global sustainability Antrekowitsch1; Davor Spoljaric4; 1University of Leoben; 2Messer Austria and strongly advocates the use of recycled metal. With the gradual demise GmbH; 3Hengelmolen Furnace Systems; 4LLC Elme Messer Gaas of the U.S. primary smelting industry, recycled metal now exceeds primary During the past only an optimization of metallurgical furnaces were done production levels. As the primary industry continues to move offshore and without attention on the burners. Nevertheless, furnaces without burners are invest in the “energy islands” in geographic areas where the energy supply impossible to use in the primary and secondary nonferrous metallurgy in an is more readily available and obtainable at lower cost, the importance of economic way. Since the energy cost is increasing and the environmental secondary material in the U.S. will become increasingly signifi cant. The protection is becoming a global issue, the burners are in the focus of several purpose of this paper is to take an integrated, industry-wide approach to look investigations and optimizations. One possible way is the combustion by

20 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program oxygen. By using oxygen, the fl ame temperature increases and therefore, depending on temperature and acid concentration. At 90°C and with the fuel accordingly money could be saved by having a low amount of harmful solid/liquid ratio of 20 L/kg, more than 95% of zinc is recovered in 30 substances like NOx in the off gas. This paper describes a new burner system minutes with 0.5M H2 SO4. To attain similar recovery for manganese, higher which combusts fuel with oxygen or air by diluted combustion, hence levels of acid concentration and time are needed (e.g 0.7M and 2 hours). low pollutants in the off gas. Furthermore the effectiveness of the burner After leaching a purifi cation step is necessary to remove iron co-dissolved characterized by off gas analyses and simulation in the new development through goethite precipitation. Separation of zinc from manganese by solvent chamber, but also practical tests at an aluminium smelter are described. extraction with 1M DEHPA follows in the process route. The countercurrent multistage separation diagram developed allows the production of a zinc 4:00 PM Break electrolyte with 120 g/L Zn and 0.005 g/L Mn, and a raffi nate with 16 g/L Mn and 0.013 g/L Zn. 5:25 PM General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Minor Element Control and Pollutants Stabilization by Flue Dust Non-Ferrous Metals II Treatment in Copper Smelting: Roberto Parra1; Igor Wilkomirsky1; F. Parada1; R. Parada2; 1University De Concepción; 2Fundición Chagres, Anglo Monday PM Room: Caesar 7 American Chile October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort A novel process for minor elements control in copper pyrometallurgical production is proposed. Its application can solves operational problems related to volatile elements that determine pollutants gas emissions and the fi nal 4:20 PM Keynote quality of anodes. The process considers a calcination of mixtures of the dust Physical Processing Effi ciency of Saline vs. Alkaline Spent Batteries: with sulfi dizing agents such as dirty copper concentrate or elemental sulfur 1 2 1 1 Marta Cabral ; Carlos Nogueira ; F. Margido ; CVRM - Centro de Geo- at temperature under 800ºC. The product are a clean calcine that recovers all M Sistemas, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon; the Cu content on the dust and a gas stream that collect the minor elements 2 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Technologia e Inovação, DMTP as sulfi des species. The calcine can be returned to the smelter avoiding O Physical processing of spent batteries which includes shredding and the As increasing in the circuit and so on, the capacity for the treatment of sieving operation is the fi rst step for chemical treatment by hydrometallurgy. dirty concentrates for the smelter can be higher. The possibility to apply N A laboratory study was carried out to evaluate physical processing effi ciency, vacuum in the calcinations step can decrease the operation temperature. The D by analysing the resulting particle size, of alkaline and saline mignon-type solid condensed from the gas stream has a high As content and an in situ Zn-MnO2 batteries. After shredding with a tip shredder, results obtained stabilization of As with molecular hematite is analyzed from fundamentals A showed that alkaline batteries were more effi ciently size reduced than saline calculations and laboratory experiments. All the experimental results have batteries. Difference in particle size distribution was larger for granulometric shown a good agreement with the theory and allow predicting almost fully Y fraction -20+11.2mm and also higher for saline batteries. Average diameters elimination of As, Sb and Bi contained in fl ue dust. (d50) for saline and alkaline batteries were respectively 9.1 and 6.2 mm. Chemical composition carried out on several granulometric fractions allowed 5:45 PM P to identify metals distribution through size categories. This analysis showed Options for Recycling the Fine Ni-Containing Waste in Ukraine.: that zinc concentration with the grain size was almost constant, while Vladyslav Sokolov1; Boris Bondarenko2; Vladyslav Yakubovsky2; Valentin M manganese decreased when particle size increased. More than 95% of iron Noskov3; 1Physico-Technological Institute of Metals NANU; 2Gas Institute; scarp from the battery cases had a particle size higher than 5.6 mm. 3Iron and Steel Institute Each of Ukrainian producers of ferronickel, stainless steel and artifi cial 4:45 PM diamonds has the same basic problem with recycling there fi ne Ni-containing Light Metal Alloy Particle Sorting: Technology Enabling Expanded waste. The conditions for generation of the wastes along with there properties Use of Source-Segregated Scrap in Automotive, Marine and Aerospace were investigated in details. The reasons of complexity for the in-site or 1 2 3 1 Markets: Adam Gesing ; Hartmut Harbeck ; Bjørn Hansen ; Gesing out-site waste processing were found out. The new approaches have been 2 3 Consultants Inc.; CommoDaS GmbH; Tomra Systems ASA proposed. They are based on application of some pyrometallurgical processes Composition-PRELIMINARY and property-critical alloys (such as Al-Li and Mg-RE that are used in Ukraine. The proper equipment is also available. It has been alloys) for aerospace, defense, marine and automotive markets tend to have shown that the dust from laterite calcining process of ferronickel production tight composition limits and to use exotic alloying elements. These are should be effi ciently recycled by sintering. The stainless steel dust should composition incompatible with most of the common alloys in the present be smelted after briquetting as a charge addition to discarded batteries in the material-recycling loop. Aluminum producers and fabricators of semi- elaborated furnace. The sludge after industrial diamonds production should products attempt to maximize the re-use of prompt scrap in their own be pelletized and processed by liquid cast iron with application of induction plants in the original alloys. There is a reluctance to accept nominally alloy- magneto-dynamic forces in the specifi c unit. segregated manufacturing scrap for these composition- and property-critical applications. The result is that the expensive alloying elements are either lost by dilution in non-critical foundry alloys, or are refi ned out and lost by chlorination or selective precipitation. We show how an automated particle General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: sorter equipped with an elemental composition analysis sensor could be used Precious and Rare Metals II to address this problem effi ciently and economically, enabling recycling of Al and Mg alloy-segregated scrap within the key alloy and product families. Monday PM Room: Caesar 1 5:05 PM October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort

Metals Recovery from Spent Zn-MnO2 Batteries by Hydrometallurgy: R. Guerra1; F. Margarido1; Carlos Nogueira2; F. Pedrosa2; 1CVRM - Centro 2:15 PM Keynote de Geo-Sistemas, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon; Recycling of PGM from Used Automobile Cataytic Converters: Rajesh 2Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação Mishra1; 1A-1 Specialized Services and Supplies Inc. A hydrometallurgical process for recycling spent Zn-MnO batteries 2 About two million ounces of platinum, palladium and rhodium (PGM)are was developed, involving leaching with sulphuric acid, purifi cation by currently recycled per year from used automobile catalytic converters. The precipitation and metals separation for further recovery. Leaching of zinc number is supposed to increase to six million troy ounces in next ten years. The oxide was easily attained while for manganese oxide was rather diffi cult extraction and recovery of platinum, palladium and rhodium can be achieved REWAS 2008 21 Technical Program

either by pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical or gas phase volatilization reagent interactions with extracting metal. Due to the high concentration of processes.This paper is a comparative study of these processes with special a reacting ion in a sorbent phase the capacity and rate of sorption increases. emphasis on their technical, economic and environmental aspects. Formed insoluble compound remains in the sorbent phase and necessity of its fi ltration disappears.For synthesis the sulfhydryl compounds which chemical 2:40 PM properties allow to increase degree of extraction and capacity of the activated Processing of Spent Button Cells: Julio Afonso1; 1Institute of Chemistry carbon were used. - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro This work presents hydrometallurgical routes for recovering valuable 4:00 PM Break elements from spent Li/MnO2, Zn-air and Ag-Zn button cells. These routes are based on leaching of internal components with sulphuric acid (Li/MnO2 and Zn-air) or nitric acid (Ag-Zn), at 90°C for 2 h. A slow evaporation of the leachate crystallized manganese as MnSO4.H2O; lithium was partially Life Cycle Assessment, Modeling and Analysis of recovered as LiF. The residual acid solution can be used to treat new spent Li/ Recycling Behavior MnO2 cells. Mercury present in Zn-air and Ag-Zn samples was precipitated as HgS. Silver was recovered as AgCl before mercury precipitation. Zinc Monday PM Room: Caesar 1 was kept soluble by adding NaOH(aq.), whereas iron precipitated as October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort hydroxide. Zinc was isolated as hydroxide after adding sulphuric acid(pH ~8). The amount of iron in the leachate varied according to the intensity of the corrosion of the external stell case. Final wastes occur as colorless and 4:20 PM Keynote 1 1 neutral sodium sulfate/nitrate solutions. ECO-Optimal Process Integration Method: Pinar Erol ; Jorg Thöming ; 1University of Bremen M 3:00 PM Towards more sustainable processes, conservation of resources within Recovery of Metals from Electronic Scrap: Nikhil Dhawan1; 1Punjab production lines is an important task. The main targets of applying recycling and O Engineering College reuse facilities are the saving of chemicals, freshwater and energy consumed. Electronic waste is a collective name given to discarded electronic devices. Since the applicability of such savings depends on their economical strength, N India annually generates $1.5 billion worth of E-Waste. Toxic metals like Pb, there is need to integrate the environmental compatibility and the feasibility Cd leads to serious environmental and health hazards problems. Precious of systems simultaneously in the process design. To give importance to both D metals (PM) like Au, Ag, Pt and base metals like Cu, Fe, Sn are present. economic benefi ts and ecological measures simultaneously, the synthesis A There is a need to recover these metals as large amount of country demand of these systems should be based on an “eco-eco” (ECO) trade-off. This for PM is met by the recovery of metals values from electronic scrap. is realised by a simultaneous analysis of environmental impacts sensitivity Y Hydrometallurgical processing, an alternative to Mechanical processing is (SAEIS), that is introduced for deriving the most sensitive environmental employed for recovery of metals from TV PCB scrap. HNO3 was found to impact category for the system and integrated into a multi-objective be most suitable lixiviant among HNO3, H2SO4 and HCl for dissolving optimization problem. By varying the weighting factor of the two eco-terms P various metals present in scrap. Effect of concentration of Nitric acid was in the objective function, different process alternatives are generated. This also studied and optimum concentration was found out. Within four hours methodology was applied for two case studies in metal fi nishing. M copper, lead and iron dissolve out in solution completely. Tin was recovered by selective precipitation of Leachant solution. 4:45 PM Life Cycle Analysis of the Sunfl ower Production: Rosana Schneider1; 3:20 PM Mateus Prediger1; Luciano Dornelles1; Diosnel Lopez1; 1Universidade de Sorption Concentration of Platinum Group Metals from Nitrate Santa Cruz do Sul Solutions: Svetlana Babaeva1; Olga Makovskaya1; Andrew Shabalin1; In this work was evaluated the environmental impact of the plantation Vladimir Skorohodv1; 1Ural State Technical University of the sunfl ower for biodiesel production. For life cycle analysis (LCA) of At processing of some kinds of wastes (electronic scrap, secondary sunfl ower in familiar agricultural in the South of the Brazil, a data-collecting materials, spent nuclear fuel) in nitric acid solutions, and also in technology in 23 experimental farmings was become fulfi lled, with sowings in the of silver refi ning, the signifi cant amounts of palladium and platinum passes months of August to the November (2006-2008). The LCA considered the into a solution.PRELIMINARY The ion-exchange concentration of palladium and platinum plantation conditions, energetic effi ciency, man power, diesel volume, type of in nitric acid solutions (5-500/dm3) are investigated. More than 30 various machines, fertilizers and pesticides used. From the carried through analysis classes of ionites are tested. The most chemically resistance resins at the was evidenced that the sunfl ower produced in small scale does not need the given conditions are identifi ed. It is shown, that the maximum sorptive use of tractors to have an excellent productivity and low impact. Therefore, capacity to studied metals at high acidity the complexing, synthetic and the sunfl ower must be cultivated with the necessary cares in periods that do inorganic sorbents possess. To defi nition of platinum metals sorption not compromise the man power for other cultures and the sunfl ower is an optimum conditions the kinetics is studied, isotherms of a sorption at various alternative so that the familiar property can produce biodiesel. parameters from nitrate solutions are obtained. The conditions of the platinum and a palladium desorption from the pregnant sorbents and its regeneration 5:05 PM with the subsequent reuse of materials were defi ned. Methods for Managing Uncertainty in Material Selection Decisions: Robustness of Early Stage Life Cycle Assessment: Anna Allen1; 3:40 PM Annika Larsson1; Subodh Das2; Jeremy Gregory1; Randolph Kirchain1; Use of the Modifi ed Sorbents for Extraction of Precious Metals: Vladimir 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2Secat, Inc. Lobanov1; Boris Radionov1; Olga Makovskaya1; Vladimir Skorohodv1; 1Ural Utilizing alternative materials is an important tactic to improve the State Technical University environmental performance of products. Currently a growing array of The synthetic sorbents and the activated carbons which are used for the materials candidates confronts today’s product designer. While life-cycle metals extraction from weak process liquors are rather expensive. It is propose assessment (LCA) methods provide quantitative input into this selection to use mineral and synthetic high-porous substances which sharply increased decision, their implementations are evolving and disparate. The goal of this sorption properties by special processing. For achievement the desirable paper is to explore several major analytical variations of LCA implementations properties sorbents are impregnated by specially prepared solutions. Such and the implications of these variants across a range of application contexts. solutions should contain the substances or its anionic forms which are fi xed Specifi cally, this paper examines analytical variations in valuation method strong enough in a supporter pores and are capable to form the insoluble and treatment of recycling by exploring allocation methods that affect product compounds with extracting metals. Selectivity is provided by chemism of the end-of-life. Case studies across a range of materials are presented, including

22 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program materials that exhibit a spectrum in variation of environmental performance consumption of fuel during the fi ring stage. However, the waste changes the and material degradation between primary and secondary applications. physical and mechanical properties, generating a deleterious effect on the Preliminary results indicate that the choice of analytical method can have water absorption and fl exural rupture strength. real impacts on individual metrics and there are sets of analytical variation 3:00 PM over which strategic results are strongly affected. Development of Recycled Aggregate Producing Process Waste Concrete 5:25 PM Using a Autogenous Mill and Density Separation: Kwan Ho Kim1; Mineral Liberation Analyzer: Current Secondary Material Projects at DuckJae Lee1; HeeChan Cho1; JiWhan Ahn2; 1Seoul National Univiersity; the Center for Advanced Mineral and Metallurgical Processing: Paul 2Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources Miranda1; Corby Anderson1; 1University of Montana, Montana Tech In order to produce a high quality recycled aggregate from waste concrete, The Center for Advanced Mineral and Metallurgical Processing (CAMP) a better process was developed comprising of heat pretreatment, autogenous has recently obtained a Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA) and has currently milling, and density separation. Test results indicated that produced recycled evaluated over 40 global projects using this new technology. CAMP has coarse aggregate after 30 minute milling time using autogenous mill has utilized the technology for several recycling projects with excellent results. a density of 2.5g/cm3 and a water absorption ratio 3.0%, which meet the The MLA is able to both analyze and quantify minerals, slags, and other specifi cation of the fi rst class of KS F 2573. Using these results, continuous phases. For this presentation, current CAMP projects have been evaluated process was developed and the produced recycled coarse aggregate also and data collected using the MLA. These projects include a Platinum Group met the specifi cation of the fi rst class of KS F 2573. From the lab scale test Metal (PGMs) refi ner evaluation using recycled autocatalysts located in results, pilot scale autogenous mill was constructed and tests were further Montana. A potential gold and PGM tailings pile was considered using the conducted. The fi rst class recycled coarse aggregate could be produced technology. Next, a potential slag pile which may contain gold and silver about 25% from heat treated waste concrete sample. Moreover, additional bearing phases was evaluated. A slag recycling application for mine water process is being tested to recover fi ne aggregates using density separation treatment was also evaluated Lastly, a potential recycled tailings pile which and hindered settling separation. M contained silver was analyzed. For all projects, MLA application results will 3:20 PM be presented and discussed. O Improvement of the Shrinkage and the Hydrous Behaviour of Wood Sand Concrete by Treatment of Wood Shavings: Madani Bederina1; N Adeline Goullieux2; M. Mouldi Khenfer1; Abderrahim Bali3; Michele Queneudec2; 1University Amar Theledji; 2Université Jules Vernes; 3Ecole D Recycling in Building and Construction Industries I Nationale Polytechnique d’Alger The objective of this work is the valorisation of local materials and the re- A Monday PM Room: Caesar 2 use of the industrial wastes. The valorised local materials are a dune sand and October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Y river sand, separately used, and the re-used wastes are fi llers and shavings coming respectively from crushing waste and woodwork activities waste. It 2:15 PM Keynote consists in studying the effect of shaving surface treatment on the shrinkage Ceramic Tile Wastes as Alternative Raw Materials for the Production of and the hydrous behaviour of wood sand concretes. Former works showed P Portland Cement Clinker: Francisca Puertas1; Irene García-Díaz1; Antonio that these composites present interesting thermo-mechanical characteristics. M Barba2; Mª Fernanda Gazulla2; Marta Palacios1; Mª Pilar Gómez2; Mª Sagrario The disadvantage presented is only their important shrinkage and water Martínez-Ramírez1; 1Eduardo Torroja Institute (CSIC); 2Institute of Ceramic absorption capacity. In order to solve, therefore, this problem, the wood Technology shavings are treated before using them. The results demonstrated that these The cement industry has for some time been seeking procedures that two properties, as well as others, are defi nitely better. In addition, the profi t would effectively reduce the high energy and environmental costs of cement of lightening and heat insulation, obtained without treatment, is only slightly manufacture. One such procedure is the use of alternative materials as partial infl uenced. replacements for fuel, raw materials or even clinker. The present study 3:40 PM explores the reactivity and burnability of cement raw mixes containing fi red Recycling of Ornamental Rock Waste into Clayey Ceramics: Carlos red or white ceramic tile wastes or combinations of the two as alternative raw PRELIMINARYMaurício Vieira1; Sergio Neves Monteiro1; 1State University of the Northern materials. The results showed that the new raw mixes containing these wastes Fluminense are technically viable. The reactivity and burnability of the new raw mixes This work has as its objective to evaluate the effect of ornamental rock, have been evaluated; confi rming very good results with the particle size of gnaisse, powder waste incorporation in an industrial clayey body used for wastes was less than 90 μm. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of roofi ng tiles fabrication. Formulations with 0, 10, 20 and 30 wt.% of waste the new clinkers were comparable to clinker manufactured with conventional were prepared by substitution of sand in the industrial clayey body. the raw materials. Plasticity of the formulations was determined by Atterberg limits. Specimens 2:40 PM were fabricated by 18 MPa uniaxial pressure and then fi red from 850 to Characterization and Incorporation of Paper Sludge Waste into Clay 1100°C. The specimens were tested to determine the water absorption, linear Bricks: Regina Pinheiro1; Carlos Mauricio Fontes Vieira1; Sergio Neves shrinkage and three points bending fl exural strength. The results indicated Monteiro1; Rubén Sanchez1; Djalma Souza1; 1Universidade Estadual do that the waste improves the extrusion of the clayey body by decreasing Norte Fluminense its plasticity. The use of the waste was benefi cial to the water absorption This work has for objective the characterize a waste generated, in the sludge and mechanical strength of the fi red clayey ceramic at temperatures above form, during the paper making and evaluate the effect of the incorporation 1000°C. of waste up to 10 wt.% on the properties and microstructure of a clayey 4:00 PM Break body used for fabrication bricks. For the characterization of the waste the following techniques were used: X-ray diffraction, X-ray fl uorescence, differential thermal analysis and termogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were prepared by uniaxial pressing at 20 MPa before fi ring at 750°C. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties were: linear shrinkage, water absorption and fl exural strength. The microstructure was evaluated by SEM. In agreement with the characteristics of the waste, its recycling into red ceramic can contribute to decrease the REWAS 2008 23 Technical Program

material such as natural zeolite and coal combustion ash (BA) has received re-attention due to the generated considerable interest in the economical use Recycling in Building and Construction Industries of both naturally occurring raw materials, recycling of the waste material II and saved energy. In this study, the potential and utilization opportunities of natural zeolites and BA in concrete applications were reviewed. Case studies, Monday PM Room: Caesar 2 conducted to determine the possible usage of the natural zeolite and BA in October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort concrete production, i.e. light weigh concrete (LWC) were also presented. The physical properties such as compressive and fl exural strengths, thermal conductivities of cured concretes were examined to fi nd out the competitive 4:20 PM Keynote material usage on the fi nal product properties. Chemical and microstructure The Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste: The Quality properties of the raw and fi nal products were determined by XRF and SEM 1 Standards for the Reuse in Construction Field: Alessandra Bonoli ; analysis. Marianna Garfì1; 1Università di Bologna Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is no dangerous, 5:45 PM uncontaminated material resulting from construction, renovation, repair, and Valorization of Mineral Wastes for Ceramic Industries: Janaína Junkes1; demolition of houses, large building structures, roads, bridges, piers, and Fabiano Pereira2; Viviana Della1; Gabriel Cunto1; Dachamir Hotza1; dams. Before recycling the CDW were discharged in landfi lls. Today it is 1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2Senai/SC possible to recycle these materials, to reduce environmental impacts, and to The present work investigated the valorization of wastes as alternative raw reuse them in construction sector. To evaluate the possibility to reuse this materials for ceramic industries. Different industrial wastes based on the SiO2- material it is important to lead laboratory tests to assess the proprieties and Al2O3-K2O system and classifi ed as non-hazardous were selected: sludge quality characteristics. European, Italian and British ad hoc Committees had from varvite cutting process, sludge from gnaisse breaks processes and sand M elaborate specifi c Standards, to evaluate Geometrical, Physical, and Chemical from fl uorite extraction process. All as-received residues were characterized requirements of recycled materials. A research was carried on to defi ne the by X-ray fl uorescence, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, X-ray O guidelines for laboratory tests, their suggested values and quality standards. diffraction and particles size distribution. The applicability of these materials in ceramic formulations was then evaluated. The formulated mixtures N 4:45 PM were subjected to forming by pressing and extrusion followed by thermal Rejected Sands from Smelting Metallurgical Process Used in Structural treatment. After optimization of the processing conditions, the properties of D 1 1 1 Ceramics: Francisco Valenzuela-Díaz ; Cassio de Carvalho ; Shirley Cosin ; the samples sintered at different temperatures was also evaluated. The waste 1 1 A Guillermo Martín-Cortés ; Polytechnic School of University of São Paullo materials studied proved to be alternative raw materials to natural mineral Rejected sands from smelting metallurgical process because contain lead resources for the ceramic industry. Y and others heavy metals are a problem to dispose as waste in all the countries. A procedure that is being proposed for it is to incorporate it on common clay bodies in the fabrication of structural ceramic products as bricks, blocks P and roof tiles. The main goal of this paper is to present the results obtained Waste Conversion and Reutilization I with mixtures of sands from smelting metallurgical process with common clay from Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil. Preliminary incorporation tests (1,0% M Monday PM Room: Caesar 6 - 30,0% in weight) were made with hand formed spherical samples. With the October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort higher compression strength of the spheres after drying and fi ring (950ºC) experiments on bricks production were made for quality technological test. Seven hundred hallow blocks containing 1,0% waste were produced and 2:15 PM presented ceramic properties similar to those without sand incorporation. For Characterization of MA-MOX Powders and Pellets: Angelique Neuman1; health problems prevention leaching and emission gasses quality tests are Charles Davis1; Troy Nothwang1; Fredrick Hampel1; Stewart Voit1; Michael planned. Lopez1; Anthony Martinez1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory One of the thrust areas for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) 5:05 PM PRELIMINARYprogram is the development of actinide bearing fuels for transmutation in a Upgrade of Mixed Construction and Demolition Recycled Aggregate fast reactor. Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel has an extensive fast reactor irradiation Quality by Automatic Sorting: Sergio Angulo1 2 1 ; Anette Mueller ; Instituto history and thus is being considered for use as a baseline composition from 2 de Pesquisas Tecnologicas do Estado de Sao Paulo; Bauhaus-Universität which minor actinides (MA) can be incorporated for use as a transmutation Weimar fuel. The current study involves characterization of precursor powders and Gypsum, red brick and cement paste adhered on the natural rocks can pellets to be inserted into the Advanced Test Reactor in Idaho. These pellets decisively reduce the quality of recycled aggregates from mixed construction will have three compositions: one standard MOX composition, (U Pu )O , and demolition (C&D) waste for the use in concrete. The automatic sorting 80 20 1.98 and two compositions of minor actinide mixed oxide (MA-MOX) with oxygen can be used to separate such materials by optical (to separate gypsum and red to metal ratios (O/M) of (U Pu Am Np )O and (U Pu Am Np )O . The brick) and dual XRT sensors (to separate enriched cement particles), and, then, 75 20 3 2 1.98 75 20 3 2 1.95 precursor powders were characterized using a fi eld emission gun scanning to upgrade the aggregate quality. So, this paper investigated the separability electron microscope (FEG-SEM) for particle morphology, size, and size effi ciency of such materials by automatic sorting. Three gypsum composite distribution. The pellets were characterized using an electron microprobe (with paper, wood or natural rock) components, a mixed C&D aggregate and analyzer (EPMA) in order to determine impurities levels. pure aggregates (concrete, mortar and red brick) were characterized, mixed to form nine different samples, and, then, submitted to the sorting essay. To 2:40 PM sum up the separability of gypsum and red brick can be successfully achieved A New Method to Recycle PET Bottles: Václav Veselý1; 1J.Hanika Institute by until two processing steps. The other results will be discussed further. of Process and Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Science PET bottles are separated and subsequently crushed into fl akes. Except for 5:25 PM PET, these fl akes contain PE, PVC, paper, adhesives, beverages remainders Usability of the Turkish Coal Bottom Ash and Natural Zeolite in Concrete and mineral impurities. PET itself usually is a glycol and terephthalic and Applications: Haldun Kurama1 1 1 1 ; Cenk Karakurt ; Ilker Topçu ; Osmangazi isophthalic acid polymer. The suggested method consists in PET fl akes University crystallization at 255°C. In the meantime, volatile substances evaporate and The usage of binders or pozzolanic materials in the production of concrete PVC disintegrates. Formed crystalline PET is crushed into small particles is not new. However, in recent years, the usage of the pozzolanic siliceous and then is subject to the basic hydrolysis at an atmospheric pressure. In 24 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program addition to lye solution, glycol is added in the hydrolysis. Water is eliminated and fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy.Keywords: RHA, ZSM-5 by boiling, which gives rise to suspension of sodium salt of terephthalic acid zeolite, synthesis, autoclave, low temperature, atmospheric pressure. and glycol. The suspension is skimmed and the fi ltered glycol is vacuum 4:00 PM Break distilled. Pure glycol is then the distillation product. Crystals are dissolved in water and the solution is fi ltered, which eliminates PE and impurities. Electrodialysis removes pure terephthalic acid salt from the solution. Glycol solution is returned to the hydrolysis. Terephthalic acid is precipitated by a mineral acid. Subsequently, it is washed and dried. The fi ltrate is separated Waste Conversion and Reutilization II through electrodialysis to lye and acid. The lye gets back to the hydrolysis and the acid is used for precipitation. Terephthalic acid and glycol are products in Monday PM Room: Caesar 6 October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort a “polymer grade” quality. The waste is a part of washing waters, distillation remainders after glycol regeneration and a fi lter cake after the terephthalate solution fi ltration. 4:20 PM Keynote 3:00 PM Generation, Recycling and Reutilization of Waste at Production and 1 Amelioration of HCFA for Further Application in Oil Spill Clean Up: Operation of Catalyst for Chemical Industry in CIS: Suvorin Alexander ; Vladyslav Sokolov2; 1Severodonetsk Technological Institute; 2PTIMA Angeliki Moutsatsou1; Ioanna Kavallari1; Olga Karakasi1; 1National Technical University of Athens NANU The transportation of oil through sea and some routine ship operations are The traditional technologies of manufacturing of the catalysts are responsible for severe environmental damage, when the oil is spilled on the considered with emphasis on waste generation. The valuable elements are sea. Various remediation techniques have been applied, the most effective lost in a form of dust at the operations on feedstock materials (proportioning, being the use of absorbent materials. This study investigates the effi ciency of drying, mixing and agglomerating). Some part of the produced agglomerates M a solid inorganic waste material, high calcium fl y ash (HCFA), as absorbent becomes crushed. The thermal destruction is accompanied by carry-over of material for oil spill. The behaviour of HCFA, when added to oil spill, is metal containing aerosols. The rate of feedstock utilization is demonstrated O encouraging due to its properties: chemical and mineralogical structure, fi ne at the manufacturing stages by the example of the catalysts for methanol particle size, fl oatability and porosity. Its sorption capacity varies from 1.5 production. The general approaches for recycling spent catalysts are described. N to 3 g oil per g HCFA depending on its composition and the oil type. In They should lie in adding the spent catalysts to the ore-base charge materials D order to ameliorate its fl oatability, the reduction of its specifi c gravity has in metallurgy. More often the pure elements or sometimes compounds for been investigated by using light additives, such as sawdust and polymer. catalysts are extracted by the specifi c hydro or pyrometallurgical approaches. A Further purpose of the study is the use of the mixture as a road construction However the best way is reutilization of the spent catalysts by their material. activation. Their applicability depends on a rate of their poisoning. The ways Y for reutilization more poisoned catalysts are shown. 3:20 PM Calcination of Dredged Sediments (sludges) at Laboratory and Pilot 4:45 PM Development of a Multi-Stage Process of Coal Pond Ash for Reutilization: Scales: Engineering of Properties for Benefi cial Use: Jocelyn Ramaroson1; P Sung-Joo Lee1; Hee-Chan Cho1; Nam-Il Um2; Gi-Chon Han2; Ji-Whan Ahn2; Ange Nzihou1; Jean-Louis Dirion1; Guy Depelsenaire1; 1Ecole des Mines 1Seoul National University; 2Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral M d’Albi-Carmaux Resources(KIGAM) This study assesses the technology to treat heavy metals from dredged In Korea, most of coal bottom ash produced by coal power plants is being sediments using phosphoric acid (The Novosol process, developed by Solvay disposed to the ash pond as slurry, and more than 80% of the coal power ) with the goal of converting metals, mainly Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu to insoluble plant sites are occupied for the storage of the huge quantity of ash, which metallic phosphates, and engineering properties of the fi nal residues for the leads to environmental problems and managerial burden for plant operators. benefi cial use in civil engineering. This paper is focused on the calcination In this study, investigations were taken to develop a benefi ciation process for of the phosphated dredged sediment carried out at both laboratory and pilot separating the coal pond ash into valuable products for various applications. scales. The most signifi cant effect observed is the destruction of organics To improve effi ciency of the separation, separating experiments were carried and the increase of the specifi c surface area (creation of pores) that reaches PRELIMINARYout using by various benefi ciation processes. The results will be used for the maximum at 400°C, followed by the sintering process (densifi cation developing a multi-stage process to separate the coal pond ash in various and reduction of the porosity) from 400°C to 1000°C. The sintering at pilot products such as lightweight aggregate, sand, high-carbon fuel, and very fi ne scale is confi rmed by the increase of the particle size. These results show inorganic fi llers. the possibility of controlling structural properties of the residues for variable applications in civil engineering. 5:05 PM Environmentally Benign Process of High-Purity Amorphous Silica 3:40 PM Originated in Rice Husks of Agricultural Wastes: Junko Umeda1 Controlled Production Conditions and Characterization of Rice Husk ; Katsuyoshi Kondoh1; Yoshisada Michiura2; 1Osaka University; 2Kurimoto Ash for the Synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite: Konstantinos Kordatos1; A. Company Ntziouni1; L. Iliadis1; S. Gavela1; K. Pistiolas2; A. Kyritsi2; V. Kasselouri- High-purity amorphous silica particles from rice husks are possibly Rigopoulou1; 1National Technical University of Athens; 2Agrino, EV. GE. Pistiolas S.A. employed as raw materials in many products. Their purity strongly decides the The present work deals with the production and characterization of rice utility value; for example, high-purity silica with 99% or more is available to husk ash (RHA) and its use in the synthesis of zeolite of type ZSM-5. Rice be applied to high-end products such as additives for cosmetics and medicines. husk was combusted in various temperatures with aim to fi nd the suitable In this study, the advanced process to prepare high-purity amorphous conditions for the production of amorphous silica. The resulted under the best silica originated in rice husks has been established and process parameters experimental conditions amorphous silica ash was used as a starting material optimization in acid leaching and combustion of husks has been carried out. for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. ZSM-5 zeolites were synthesized using From an environmentally benign point of view, it uses carboxylic acid leaching two different experimental techniques, the low temperature and atmospheric instead of the conventional method by strong acid solution. In particular, citric pressure and the autoclave processes. Both methods led successfully to acid and oxalic acid solutions are employed in this study, and the effects the synthesis of highly siliceous zeolite of type ZSM-5. The produced of their concentration and temperature on the purity of rice husk ashes are materials were assessed through series of analytical techniques such as: X- evaluated. The investigation results indicate the possibility in recycling rice ray diffraction, thermal-gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy husks as useful materials such as fuels, energy and industrial resources. REWAS 2008 25 Technical Program

5:25 PM Fractal Phenomenon in BF Slag Leaching Process: Ping Wang1; Yuanchi Dong1; Hanlu Xie1; Liang Yu1; 1Anhui University of Technology The leaching process is the fi rst step when recycling BF slag as raw material for some other products. While studying the kinetics of the BF slag leaching process, a fractal phenomenon was found, which indicated some interesting mechanism in the process. The result suggested a new understanding of the leaching process in detail which useful for the industrial application. 5:45 PM High Temperature Techniques for Chemical Incorporation of Wastes Aimed to the Obtainment of Re-Products: Isabella Lancellotti1; Luisa Barbieri1; Fernanda Andreola1; Luciano Morselli2; Fabrizio Passarini2; Ivano Vassura2; 1University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; 2University of Bologna The techniques able to incorporate wastes by means of a heat treatment present the advantage to fi x the residue with chemical bonds. Among these techniques there are vitrifi cation and sintering which are characterised by different operating temperatures in the range of 950-1500°C and the involved raw materials develop silicatic crystalline phases and glassy matrices capable to block the wastes. In this work incinerator bottom ash, polishing M and glazing ceramic sludges have undergone to thermal treatments in order to valorise the waste as secondary raw material for the obtainment of re- O product. The chemical effi ciency of the process adopted has been evaluated by comparing the results of release tests applied to the as-received waste and N to the thermally treated materials in order to verify the effectiveness of the D different matrices to fi x the wastes. Furthermore, some properties have been A assessed to evaluate the material quality. Y Zero Waste Workshop P Monday PM Room: Miramar 4 M October 13, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Session 1: Integrated Resources Management Session 2: Organics Resources Management Session 3: Supply and Demand Session 4: Moving Business to Clean Production and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL)PRELIMINARY

26 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

causes an increase in costs because the demolition process is longer. In this paper the results of a testing conducted on a case study through economic and Tuesday Plenary Session technical analyses are presented. Results highlight that a wise management of demolition and disposal processes can generate a remarkable saving and Tuesday AM Room: Caesar 7 that it is possible, on the other side, to achieve environmental benefi ts such as October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort reduction of raw material consumption and dump life lengthening. 11:35 AM 9:00 AM Plenary Development of Waste-Free Technology in the Steel Industry: David Michael Huls, California Resource Management Institute Esezobor1; Sanmbo Balogun1; Samson Adeosun1; 1University of Lagos Iron and steel making processes give rise to large amounts of usable 9:30 AM Plenary and unusable materials, the latter generally being termed waste. It is Leonard Robinson, California Department of Toxic Substances Control sometimes diffi cult to distinguish between re-usable by-products and wastes 10:00 AM Break which cannot be sold or land-fi lled. Much depends on circumstances such as the local market for the material. This can itself vary from time to time with by-products which cannot be used or sold becoming wastes and vice versa. This paper defi nes the concept of “waste-free technology”, discusses its development in the steel industry and highlights the benefi ts of the Case Studies in the Development of Waste technology to the manufacturing sector and the environment. The paper also Treatment Technologies II articulates how the “waste-free” technology could be applied in the proposed Ajaokuta integrated steel plant. Key process areas with innovative low-cost Tuesday AM Room: Caesar 8 technologies are identifi ed. October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort 11:55 AM Direct Smelting in an EAF of Dust and Sludges from Carbon and 10:30 AM Keynote Stainless Steelmaking: François Hanrot1; Claude Grisvard1; Jean-Marc Extraction of Gold, Silver and Copper from the Copper Electrorefi ning Brum1; Damien Feuillu1; Gérard Camus1; Jean-Luc Roth2; 1ArcelorMittal; Anode Slime: Separation of the Metals: Luis Sobral1; Gabrielle Bard1; 2Paul Wurth 1Centre for Mineral Technology-CETEM The ArcelorMittal group has developed the treatment in an EAF of Copper sulphides Concentrates, from the fl otation process of copper dusts and sludges from ArcelorMittal plants. The aims of the project are: primary ores, contain, commonly, small amounts of precious metals, such to help customer plants to recycle their by-products and to comply with as gold and silver. During the smelting process of those concentrate all gold waste regulations, to reduce present treatment costs and to increase the and silver are practically in the blister copper, which is cast into anodes. metal recovery. The project is located in Isbergues (North of France) where T Those copper anodes are electrorefi ned in an electrolytic system, where a stainless steel making shop has been shut down in 2006. The principle is the electrolyte is an acid copper sulphate solution, where a high purity to melt, after briquetting, a mix of wastes and to recover pig iron, dust with U electrolytic copper is produced (>999,9/1000). The slime when submitted high zinc content, and slag. Full scales trials were performed over 18 months to an oxidative leaching process, using sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen to prove the feasibility, and to assess the technical and economical ratios. E peroxide as oxidizing agents, turn those metals into solution. This research Thanks to the success of these trials, the industrialization became possible in S practical work, apart from concentrating effort on the digestion of the anode the course of 2008, for a capacity of around 150 kt/year. slime, aims at evaluating the effi ciency of the cementation process of the D metals of interest for the separation of them to take place. 12:15 PM Flexible Technologies of Processing the Textile Wastes into High Added A 10:55 AM Value Products: Eftalea Carpus1; Emilia Visileanu1; Razvan Scarlat1; Silvian Combined Process for Treatment and Recycling of Municipal Solid Ionescu2; Alexandru Popa3; 1Research-Development National Institute for Y Waste with Complex Morphological Composition: Lubomir Kuzev1; Textile and Leather; 2SC FI-RI Vigonia SA; 3”Aurel Vlaicu” University of Rumen PRELIMINARYMarkov2; 1University of Mining and Geology St. Ivan Rilski; 2JBI Arad – Ltd, Sofi a The environment protecting and the rational managing of the natural The treatment technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) are effective resources become priorities, within the context of economic developing and A mainly for components sized over 40-50 mm. This fraction is separated by competitiveness ensuring in Romania. The fl exible, economic and ecologic M screening in the beginning of the process. Usually the undersized product is technologies that include systems of preliminary waste preparing (cutting, deposited without additional treatment. Its quantity is variable from several opening) and conventional and non-conventional systems of processing the up to 30-40% of the total MSW. Both oversized and undersized fractions are recovered fi bres are at the basis of substantiating the activity of implementing formed by all types of primary matter. Adapted technologies from mineral the zero waste notion. The activity of defi ning the valorifi cation technologies processing will provide a suitable technology for treatment of MSW under of the technologic textile wastes or resulted from the production process 40-50 mm. The MSW content depends on the geographical location, the aimed at the following aspects: - the technologic capacity of preliminary degree of urbanization and other factors. The following methods can be waste processing; - the characteristics of the recovered fi bres (fi bre length, applied for separations of different components suitable for recycling or unopened fi bre percentage, unopened material waste percentage, melt other utilization: 1) Separation by density in vertical or horizontal stream. 2) percentage); - the ecologic impact over the environment and human health. Separation in thin liquid layer. 3) Selective grinding and screening. 4) Dense The choosing of the technologic version of processing the wastes into high medium separation, etc. added value products is the option of a corresponding management, of a 11:15 AM Invited strategic course of activity. Cost-Effectiveness of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling: A Case Study: Vittorio Basilico1; Marco Quattrone1; Mario Bassan1; 1Technical University of Milan In Italian building market one of the reasons that often stop building contractors from not taking into consideration the possibility to recycle rubble from building is represented by the misbelief that rubble separation

REWAS 2008 27 Technical Program

11:15 AM Possibilities of Removal of Hazardous Solid Waste at High Temperature Challenges and Strategies for Management of by a Solar Furnace: Inmaculada Cañadas1; Diego Martinez1; José Electrical and Electronic Waste in Latin America Rodríguez1; Andrés Navarro2; Bernardo Fernádez3; Alfonso Vazquez- and the Caribbean Workshop Vaamonde3; 1Plataforma Solar de Almería-Center for Energy, Environment and Technological Research; 2Department Mecánica de Fluidos. E.T.S. Ing. 3 Tuesday AM Room: Miramar 4 Industrial (UPC); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalrgicas-Consejo October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Superior de Investigaciones Científi cas Solar furnace is a solar beam concentrating device which is able to deliver high density energy fl uxes, thus allowing temperatures over 2000C Session 1: Situation aand Challenges of e-Waste Management to be attained, and it is more advantageous than other heating devices Session 2: Challenges and Strategies because solids can be heated without any contamination to extremely high temperatures. Besides, current environmental issues give rise to the need of Session 3: Strategies to Address Challenges a clean, effi cient way of hazardous solid waste removal. Concentrated solar Session 4: Future Steps power is also an option in this fi eld. The motivation for development of solar- driven processes emerged from the fact that current recycling techniques furnaces are characterized by high energy consumption and concomitant environmental pollution, derived from the combustion of fossil fuels for heat and electricity generation. The use of solar energy as source of process Clean Technology and Reengineering of Current heat avoids greenhouse-gases emissions and other pollutants derived from Processes II combustion of fossil fuels. Two new solar reactors developed and tested at PSA will be presented in this work. Tuesday AM Room: Caesar 5 11:35 AM October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Proposal for Avoiding the Hot Acid Leaching Process in Zinc- Hydrometallurgy by Partial-Reduction of the Roasted Concentrates: 10:30 AM Keynote Dieter Offenthaler1; Jürgen Antrekowitsch1; 1University of Leoben Process Modifi cation in the Soaking Operation of Paddy Parboiling: The paper introduces a process fl ow-sheet for hydrometallurgical zinc- Manisha Gunasekera1; 1University of Moratuwa winning, which allows to avoid the hot acid leaching process without The effect of using less amounts of water for soaking operation in the lowering the zinc yield. The idea is to introduce the concentrate after roasting parboiling process of paddy was investigated. The parboiling process into a fl uidized bed reactor, where the iron oxides are reduced to wustit and involves three main steps namely soaking raw paddy, steaming and drying. In the zinc ferrites become destroyed. In the subsequent leaching process zinc T the paddy soaking process large quantities of water is used. This work looks and iron are easily leachable in diluted electrolyte from the electrowinning U at the effects on the process when once raw paddy soaked water is reused cells, while elements like Pb, Cu, Ag, As, Ge and Sb remain in metallic form with some make up fresh water for soaking the next batch of raw paddy. The in the leaching residue. To remove iron from the pregnant solution the next E rate of hydration of raw paddy, characteristics of wastewater from soaking step is an oxidative hydrolysis of the iron-sulphate. The precipitation of the operation and milling quality of rice were observed. Paddy parboiling with iron as FeO(OH) is done at temperatures between 110 and 120°C, at a pH S hot soaking method showed a higher hydration rate for soaking with fresh between 4 and 5 and with ZnO containing materials (dross, ash, waelz-oxide) water than for soaking with water from the fi rst soak plus make up water. The as neutralizing agent. The following steps are identical to conventional zinc- D Chemical Oxygen Demand value of wastewater from soaking paddy with hydrometallurgy (purifi cation and electrowinning). once used soak water was almost the double of wastewater from one soak. A 11:55 AM 10:55 AM Recovery of Alkali and Removal of Iron from Alkali Roasted Ilmenite Y Oxyfuel Technology for Combustion of Low-Calorifi c Fuels: Werner for the Production of Synthetic Rutile: Abhishek Lahiri1; Animesh Jha1; Hoeltl1; PRELIMINARYTobias Pröll1; Hermann Hofbauer1; Michael Potesser2; Joachim 1University of Leeds Rohovec2; Bernhard Kronberger3; 1Vienna University of Technology; In this paper we describe a reduction leaching technique via which the A 2Messer Austria GmbH; 3Fernwärme Wien alkali from the roasted ilmenite can be recovered together with the removal OxyFuel combustion is a key technology for the effi cient separation of of remaining iron in the roasted product. During leaching of alkali roasted M CO2 from fuel combustion (especially coal). Since coal plays a minor role ilmenite for maximising the removal of iron both the pH and temperature in the Austrian energy mix the application of OxyFuel towards other fuels must be optimised. The formation of various complexes of iron with ascorbic (biomass, waste fuels) is interesting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oxalic acids are characterised in detail using FTIR by collecting samples from Austrian energy sector. The investigation of OxyFuel technology for at different time intervals of reaction. Scanning electron microscopy, X- alternative fuels is also interesting from a strategic point of view in order to ray diffraction and chemical analysis methods were used to ascertain the generate knowledge for operation of capture ready cofi ring and waste/sludge- chemical composition of the fi nal product obtained after the leaching process. incineration plants. OxyFuel uses a synthetic mixture of O2 and recycled Using the combination of alkali roasting and reduction atmosphere leaching exhaust gas where the O2 content may vary. This supplementary degree of processes, titanium dioxide of greater than 97% purity have been obtained as freedom allows improved operation especially for low calorifi c fuels. Heavy a benefi ciated product for chlorination to TiCl4. fuel oil addition for low calorifi c combustibles can be omitted when using 12:15 PM OxyFuel combustion. Application of alternative fuels (wood, waste wood, Sludge Characteristics of a UASB/CO -Stripper System for the Treatment municipal waste, sewage sludge) in a 100-kW CFB plant is investigated in 2 of High Strength Wastewater: Apostolos Vlyssides1; Sofi a Mai1; Elli Maria combination with process simulation. Barampouti1; 1National Technical University (NTUA) A new anaerobic reactor variation, the UASB/CO2-stripper reactor was conceived. It consisted of a conventional UASB reactor that recirculated the biogas produced. The sludge characteristics of this system were examined when treating high strength wastewater. From the data collected, it was obvious that the UASB/CO2-stripper system can satisfactorily operate at higher loading rates (25 g COD•L-1•d-1). A pronounced effect on the quality

28 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program of the granular sludge was observed. The VSS/TSS ratio decreased sharply. A concentrate from primary steel shredders and downstream metal scrap and considerable decrease in the mean granule diameter was observed, while the alloy scrap sorting plants. specifi c gravity of the granules increased. The sludge bed porosity increased 11:35 AM signifi cantly leading to a considerable expansion of the sludge bed. These Dual Plant to Produce SHG Zinc and Pure Zinc Sulphate from Zinc changes in the sludge properties led to a gradual shift of the system towards a Oxide Secondaries by Using Zincex™ Technology: Carlos Frias1; Maria fl uidized bed process as far as its hydraulic characteristics were concerned. Frades1; Ana Mejias1; Daniel Martin1; Gustavo Diaz1; 1Tecnicas Reunidas, S.A. In recent years, zinc recovery from fl ue dusts and other industrial wastes has been increased, offering to the market a large tonnage of secondary Design and Engineering of Waste Treatment Plants zinc oxides, which can not be processed directly to render high quality zinc because of the hazardous impurities and halogens content. The ZINCEX™ Tuesday AM Room: Caesar 2 Technology has been commercially applied for more than thirty years October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort and represents the most suitable solution to deal with secondary or crude zinc oxides due to its fl exibility, simplicity, and cost-effi ciency, allowing 10:30 AM Keynote production of SHG electrolytic zinc and pure zinc sulphate salts thanks to the Reclamation of Industrial Waste Water from Galvanization Process: ability and selectivity of the zinc solvent extraction unit regarding to get read Mahmoud Rabah1; Medhat Abdel Motelib1; Fatma Farghaly1; 1Central of impurities. A dual plant able to produce electrolytic zinc and crystallised Metallurgical Research and Development Institute zinc sulphate has been engineered to provide a fl exible and profi table solution Waste water from industrial galvanization industry was reclaimed under to zinc market. A description of the study is presented in this paper. current fl ow stream conditions. Results showed that the raw water contains 11:55 AM 7% by weight total suspended solids (TSS) causing turbidity amounting to Electric Pulse Disintegration: Russian Experience and Prospects: Anatoly 30. Measurements of Zeta potential as a function of pH revealed that solid Usov1; Vyacheslav Tsukerman1; 1Kola Science Centre Russian Academy of separation takes place at pH 9. Oxygenated lime oxidized the soluble ions of Sciences iron and zinc metals to insoluble ferric oxide and zinc hydroxide Addition The use of the Electric Impulse Technology (EIT) for disintegration of of 0.005% solution of cationic magna fl occulants polymeric materials helps materials in an industrial-waste processing are examined. The principles of the rapid separation of the turbidity. Separation of fl occules so formed takes EI-destruction have been described and a specifi c feature of multi-component place by fi ltration. Addition of peroxide ions to the agglomerating material material disintegration (a strongly selective character of destruction) has been helps the physical stability of the loaded water in the storage basin. Solid explained. This ensures a high degree of disclosure of useful mineral grains agglomeration takes place in few seconds. Maximum temperature for safe in the process of disintegration and an essential increase in extraction and in solid removal was <65°C. The treated water was pure and safe for recycling improving the quality of concentrates at the next stage of ore benefi ciation. or use in domestic purposes. The features and technological effi ciency of EI-disintegration of various types T 10:55 AM of ores and the spheres of effective use of the method have been determined. Compact System for Treatment and Recycling Bus Wash-Water by The possibility of using EI-disintegration in special purposes, such as in U Flocculation Column Flotation: Jorge Rubio1; Rafael Zaneti1; 1LTM deriving pure mono-mineral factions of a product for geological investigations An experimental (continue) pilot-scale (1m3.h-1) study was carried out in of mineral raw material, has been shown. Possibilities have been shown for E a metropolitan bus company to evaluate the process of fl occulation column using EI-technology to resolve different ecological problems. S fl otation (FFC) as a new technique for the recycling of Bus Wash Wastewater 12:15 PM (BWWW). The technique involves compacted fl occulation - fl otation unit, Protection of Reinforced Concrete against Corrosion in Waste Treatment D utilizing in-line hydraulic fl occulators, centrifugal multiphase pump assisting Plant (Case Study): Magdelinka Yaneva1; Emilia Kostakeva1; 1University of the generation of microbubbles followed by column fl otation (solid/liquid A Architecture, Civil Engeneering and Geodesy separation). The FFC design parameters were varied and the reuse-water had One of the methods for waste treatment is composting during which Y its chemical and physical-chemical quality evaluated. Yet, the new treatment as a result of controlled biological decomposition of organic waste in system effi ciency is compared with the running bus company water recycle PRELIMINARYaerobic conditions harmless materials are received. Composting takes system (ETAR system, from Aquafl ot Industrial Ltda.). This ETAR system place in suitable designed premises which ensure the optimal conditions for yields the recycle of more than 400.000m3 in the last 6 years. FFC showed biochemical decomposition of the waste. A usual way to process composting A a high hydraulic-load capacity (>18 m.h-1), low foot print and low energy is disposition of the waste on the base made from reinforced concrete. In consumption (fl occulation in just 10s) and it is believed to have a great M the paper are revealed the phases and basic technical features of the process potential in this kind of water reuse. of composting, the requirements and properties of the base and the ways 11:15 AM of implementation protection of concrete base against corrosion. Technical Design Considerations for Effi cient Automated Metal Scrap Sorting: decisions for a chosen construction site in Bulgaria are shown and the Adam Gesing1; Hartmut Harbeck2; Bjørn Hansen3; 1Gesing Consultants Inc.; advantage of achieving durability of the concrete constructions in the plant 2CommoDaS GmbH; 3TOMRA Systems ASA with simultaneously environment protection from pollution is discussed. Design for a particle sorting process must consider constraints imposed by the type, size and composition of the scrap; contaminants present; capabilities of available sensors to identify and categorize the scrap; and the ability of the sorter to effectively divert the categorized particles into desired output streams. Scrap preparation often needs to include size classifi cation and pre-cleaning. Feed, in-process and product storage, and a requirement for no cross-contamination, all play a role in an effective and effi cient design. Product grade and recovery can often be improved by using multiple sensors and/or passing the scrap through several sorters. This can be accomplished by a series layout of sorters or by re-circulation of the sorted product back through the same sorter. We demonstrate an effi cient particle-sorting plant design with examples of a plant sorting shredded nonmagnetic metal

REWAS 2008 29 Technical Program

11:35 AM Slag Valorization: Relevance of Standard Protocols to Evaluate Environmental Issues Related to Waste Storage Environmental Impacts: Priscilla Pareuil1; François Bordas1; Emmanuel and Recycling II Joussein1; Hubert Bril1; Jean-Claude Bollinger1; 1Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol et Environnement Tuesday AM Room: Caesar 3 According to the legislation, valorization type, origin and characteristics October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort of waste material, various standard procedures are available to evaluate environmental impacts. A Mn-rich slag was sampled from a metallurgical plant. After its characterization (elementary analysis and mineralogy), 10:30 AM Keynote fi ve standard procedures were carried out (i.e TCLP, EN 12457…). Each Remediation of Soils Contaminated by Dioxins and Furans: Väinö fi xed parameter of the standards was systematically studied: pH, L/S 1 1 Hintikka ; Geological Survey of Finland ratio, contact time. For example, EN 12457 led to a low ME mobilization, In the study was developed the method for the treatment soils contaminated increasing with the L/S ratio, the contact time and an acidic pH. Moreover, by poly-chlorinated di benzodioxin and dibenzofuran. The method is based in reducing conditions, parameter not considered in the standards, Mn could on attrition of soil so that the contaminants absorbed on the particle surfaces be release about 40 times higher than with the original procedure. Then, the are liberated with the fi ne fraction formed in the attrition process. Same representativeness of the considered parameters and their potential variations the attrition process produces active surface which can absorb the free are predominant for assessment of the real environmental impact during slag contaminants. Before starting the remediation process must be decided the reuse. Moreover, the solid characterization before and after leaching tests is limit value under which the residual concentration must lie. Then in the obviously important to understand release mechanisms. laboratory is performed an experiment in the base of which is determined the grain size level; material under which much be removed together with 11:55 AM the contaminant. In the real sample has been found that after the attrition the The Modifi cation of Pyrite and Arsenopyrite Specifi c Surface and limit value 0.5 ng/g (I-TEQ) is obtained when the fi ne under 0.1mm fraction Porosity at Thermal Decomposition: Vladimir Luganov1; E. Kilibayev1; (20% of the original soil) is removed together with the contaminant (original B. Mishra1; T. Chepushtanova1; 1K.I. Satpaev Kazakh National Technical level 10 ng/g). University The paper contains the results of studying about modifi cation of pyrite and 10:55 AM arsenopyrite specifi c surface and porosity at their thermal decomposition. The Production and Industrial Adaptation of Fast Single Firing Wall Tile studying of specifi c surface was carry out by B.E.T. - adsorption of nitrogen Opaque Glass-Ceramic Glazes Containing Borax Solid Wastes: Keriman at his boiling-point. In our work were using the electron-microscopical, 1 1 2 1 Karaveli Pekkan ; Bekir Karasu ; Ali Kucuk ; Anadolu University; X-ray structure analysis and chemical analysis. Was established that the 2 Kaleseramik A. S. decomposition of pyrite and arsenopyrite accompany by increasing of Zircon (zirconium silicate) is the main opacifi er of glossy, opaque, pores volume from 0.303 • 10-3 to 1.23 • 10-3 at increasing of pyrite degree T white colored, frit-based wall tile glazes. However, zirconia containing of decomposition about 41% and then decrease about 0.131 • 10-3 m3/kg U frits employed in the preparation of these glazes increase the production at degree of decomposition near 100%. The surface area of pores increase cost and therefore, limit zircon usage as a raw material at industrial scale. from 0.31 to 1.085 m2/g with following lowering due to enlargement and E With the present study, it was searched whether borax solid wastes could confl uence of minor, small pores. Increasing of porosity accompany with be evaluated as a component in the starting relevant frit recipes. The wastes increasing of particles windage that appear the result of heightened dust S were obtained from Eti Maden Kirka Boron Company of Turkiye. Frit furnace partially decomposing pyrite and arsenopyrite particles by air fl ow production, glaze preparation, application, and fast single-fi ring of glazed from furnace reaction zone. This explains heightened contention of sulfi de D wall tiles were conducted under laboratory working conditions in Anadolu sulfur in roast dust of sulfi de concentrate. University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering laboratories. A Beside standard tests applied to the fi nal glazed wall tiles, color and gloss 12:15 PM Y analyses of the fi red glazes were conducted with a spectrophoto-meter and a Utilization of Borax Solid Wastes in Fast Firing Porcelain Tile gloss-meter. Characterization of these newly produced glass-ceramic glazes Glass-Ceramic Glazes under Industrial Working Conditions: Bekir was madePRELIMINARY by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Karasu1; Guray Kaya1; Selvin Yesilay1; Asli Cakir1; 1Anadolu University and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. In this investigation, the wastes of Eti Maden Kirka Boron Company of A Turkiye were evaluated in the production of diopside and anorthite-based 11:15 AM glass-ceramic glazes suitable for porcelain tiles which were fast and single 1 M Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: Vladimir Lobanov ; Nikifor fi red under industrial conditions. First of all, high wear resistant frits were 1 1 1 Ageev ; Alexander Pritchin ; Ural State Technical University produced with the use of concentrator and derivative borax wastes. Second of Sulphurous anhydride is very voluminous technological emissions. The all, pre-engobed porcelain tile bodies were coated with the standard and newly possibility of high-temperature SO2 oxidations without catalyst in presence produced frit-based glazes and industrial single fast fi ring was employed. of calcium-bearing fi lling materials (CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3) with obtaining Final products were undergone to the certain standard tests to determine their of binding on the basis of waterless calcium sulphate is studied. Using the Vickers hardness, wear resistance, thermal expansion coeffi cient values, application package HSC-4 the thermodynamic analysis of the interactions is gloss and coloring parameters. The microstructures and phase formations of made. Following conclusions are drawn: 1) Reactions are feasible in the all the fi red glazes were also investigated. Consequently, it was confi rmed that range of temperatures (400–1000°C); 2) The best results should be expected the utilization of borax solid wastes in fast fi red porcelain tile glass-ceramic at use of CaO; 3) The heat of reaction does possible autogenous behavior of glazes is possible. process. The researches have shown: 1) SO2 oxidation without catalyst is

feasible in presence of CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3; 2) The optimum temperature range is 600-800°C; 3) The content of waterless calcium sulphate in a product reaches 48% that makes it possible to use as the binding material; 4)

At excess of CaO the degree of SO2 collection is nearer to 100%.

30 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

11:55 AM The Recycling of Electrofi lter Fines to Produce Aluminum Sulfate: Julia General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Ayala1; José Sancho1; Purifi cación García1; Begoña Fernández1; 1Universidad Aluminum By-Product Recovery and Secondary de Oviedo Production II Electrofi lter dust, a residue generated in the last stage of the Bayer process in the hydroxide aluminum calcination, was characterized to evaluate the Tuesday AM Room: Miramar 3 alumina that was potentially extractable with sulfuric acid. The process studied October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort aims to produce aluminum sulfate for water coagulant uses, taking advantage of the residues that accumulate in large quantities in the proximity of plants with diffi cult recycling for storage. Acid leaching is carried out at different 10:30 AM Keynote concentrations of sulfuric acid, at different temperatures, pulp densities, and Remelting of Aluminum Scraps: A Review: Lifeng Zhang1; 1Missouri times, to dissolve gibbsite and transition aluminas. The result is an aluminum University of Science and Technology sulfate solution without iron and with commercial specifi cations. The paper reviews the current techniques of the recycling of aluminum scraps, including aluminum scrap types and properties, decoating of 12:15 PM aluminum scraps, and remelting methods of aluminum scraps. Remelting Waste Treatment, Sand and Red Mud, in CVG-Bauxilum: Ricardo 1 1 1 furnace techniques are reviewed, including reverberatory furnace, rotary Galarraga ; Mario Pietroniro ; CVG Bauxilum furnaces, salt-free thermal plasma furnaces, and salt-free rotary Arc furnace From 1983, CVG-Bauxilum, before CVG-Interalumina, has generated an with graphite electrodes. The burner technologies and the design of aluminum amount of waste near the 25.000.000 of cubic meters between sand and red remelting through mathematical modeling are also summarized. mud product of the alumina process. Initially with an installed capacity of 1.000.000 tons/year, the Plant reached this value until 1992 when the capacity 10:55 AM up to 2.000.000 of tons/year. Evidently alumina production increasing meant Recovery of Metal Aluminum from Aluminum Dross in DC Electric proportional increase of the amount of waste of red mud and sand. This work Arc Rotary Furnace: Biserka Lucheva1; Tzonio Tzonev1; 1University of compiles the actions done by CVG-Bauxilum to handle the waste areas. Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Increase the capacities of the deposition ponds, reused the overfl ow liquor in Recycling of aluminum scrap and dross is signifi cant in the economic and the process, increase evaporation area to take benefi t from the atmospheric energy saving, as well as in the environmental protection. Recovery of metal parameters, to reduce the pH in the overfl ow ponds to be able to prepare it aluminum depends on many factors. The aim of this work is to investigate like spill to the river, study of use red mud like raw material for to make experimentally the metal recovery under different conditions. The processing bricks, is of the processes impelled by CVG-Bauxilum to control the impact of aluminum dross was carried out in DC electric arc rotary furnace. The of these wastes. optimal technological parameters are determined. It is turned out that the presence of crushing refractory bodies during the processing of the aluminum dross in the rotary furnace increases the degree of aluminum recovery with T about 10 %. General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: U 11:15 AM Composite Materials I Reuse of Fines and Environmental Issues in the Production of Ferroalloys E - SAIL’s Experience: Asok Kumar Das1; 1Steel Authority of India Limited Tuesday AM Room: Caesar 1 In steel making ferroalloys occupies a commanding role for production October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort S of varied quality of steel. Ferroalloys enable alloying elements such as D chromium, silicon, manganese, vanadium etc to be safely and economically 10:30 AM Keynote introduced into metallurgical processes thus giving certain desirable Demonstration Study on Impact of Fly Ash on Soil Fertility and Crop A properties of the alloyed metal. Their importance grew with the progress of Yield: Mohini Saxena1; P. Asokan1; Bhisham Yadav1; S. Murali1; Hemraj the steel metallurgy, which implied more diversifi ed alloying elements, in Y Dangi1; 1Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute better controlled quantities, in purer steel. The ferroalloy industry became PRELIMINARY Studies regarding use of fl y ash as soil modifi er and micronutrients supplier a key supplier to the steel industry. Production of ferroalloys generally to land were carried based on the process optimised at AMPRI, Bhopal. The involves the use of Electric Arc Furnace(EAF) into which raw materials(e.g. Field trials conducted in Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh under A various metal ores, quartz, coke, lime etc) with relatively fl uctuating physical different soil/ crop conditions where 100-650 tones per hectare fl y ash were compositions are loaded. Due to this, one of the major environmental impacts applied depending upon the soil and fl y ash characteristics. Detail studies on M of producing ferroalloys is the emission of dust and fume from the smelting impact of fl y ash on soil and food quality were conducted. Yield of tomato, process. cabbage, potato, wheat, pea, onion, paddy, sunfl ower, maize increased from 11:35 AM 12–46% as compared to the control soil. The crop response mainly to heavy The Energy and Environmental Implications of Recovering Salt Flux metals grown in soil and fl y ash admixed soil were found comparable to from Salt Slag Generated by the Aluminum Industry: John Hryn1; safety norms. Results of trails in different parts of India are mentioned in 1Praxair Inc the study. Outcome could act as a guiding force for confi dence building and Recycling aluminum at secondary smelters usually involves the use of maximise the use of fl y ash as a major waste for agriculture purpose. salt fl uxes to improve aluminum recovery. Unfortunately, the use of salt 10:55 AM fl uxes results in the generation of a salt slag (or salt cake) waste stream. Comparative Characteristics of Paints Developed from Fly Ash, Copper Attempts at developing a viable salt cake recycling technology to date have Tailing and Blue Dust: Mohini Saxena1; Sangeeta Tiwari1; 1Advanced been unsuccessful, primarily due to the high energy cost of recovering a Materials and Processes Research Institute usable salt fraction from salt cake. This paper discusses the overall negative Recycling and reuse is the best way to solve the problem of industrial energy and environmental implications of recovering spent salt fl ux from salt waste disposal. Industrial wastes like fl y ash, copper tailings are used for brick cake for reuse by the aluminum industry. From an energy and environmental manufacturing, land fi lling, embankments fi lling etc. This study reveals the perspective, the best practice today is to maximize aluminum recovery from value addition of industrial wastes like fl y ash, copper tailing and blue dust as salt cake and dispose the salt and NMP fractions in a controlled landfi ll. an extender in Paints. Fly ash copper tailing and blue dust were characterized This approach to salt cake management is practiced by leading secondary for physical, chemical and mineralogical properties and used for considering aluminum companies.

REWAS 2008 31 Technical Program

in paints application. Performance of fl y ash and copper tailing paints were 12:15 PM evaluated by comparing those of conventional whiting extender and blue dust Effect of Piassava Waste Fiber Surface Treatment on the Reinforcement was compared with conventional iron oxide use in priming coats. Extender Strength in Epoxy Composites: Sergio Monteiro1; Denise Cristina properties of these new material and paints prepared out of blue dust, fl y ash, Nascimento1; Ludy Motta1; 1State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro copper tailing, were found better than the existing related materials. - UENF Natural cellulose-based fi bers are nowadays of growing interest for modern 11:15 AM industrial composites. Relatively unknown fi bers like piassava, curaua and Comparative Performance Analysis of Bituminous Mixtures with EAF gourde have shown promising behavior as reinforcement of polymeric Steel Slags: A Laboratory Evaluation: Marco Pasetto1; Nicola Baldo1; composites. However, the hydrophilic characteristics of the natural fi bers 1University of Padova impair its adhesion to the normally hydrophobic polymeric matrix. Surface The paper presents the results of a laboratory study, conducted at the treatments can, in principle, improve this adhesion and the fi ber/matrix Experimental Road Laboratory of the University of Padova, in order to verify interfacial strength. In this paper, the effect of alkali treatment of the surface the possibility to use different types of electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slags of piassava (Atallea funifera) waste fi bers was investigated in terms of the - in substitution of the natural aggregates - in the composition of both dense change in strength of epoxy composites reinforced with these waste fi bers. graded and porous asphalt mixes for fl exible road pavements. The research has been articulated in a preliminary study of the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the EAF steel slags, and in the following mix design and performance characterization of the bituminous concretes, through stiffness modulus tests at various temperatures and permanent deformation General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: (creep) tests. All the mixtures with EAF slags have satisfi ed the requisites Heavy-Metal Containing Waste I for acceptance standardized for the road sector, thus resulting as suitable for use in the construction of infrastructures, moreover presenting higher Tuesday AM Room: Caesar 7 mechanical characteristics than those of the corresponding asphalts with full October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort natural aggregate. 11:35 AM 10:30 AM Composite of High-Density Polyethylene Matrix Reinforced with Different Alternatives to Recycle the Industrial Wastes: Nour-eddine 1 1 1 1 Aluminum/LDPE from Beverage Cartons: Carolina Niedersberg1; Adriane Menad ; Solène Touzé ; Maurice Save ; Bureau de Recherches Géologiques Lawisch Rodríguez1; Cláudia Mendes Mählmann1; Diosnel Rodríguez et Minières Lopez1; 1Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul This paper gives the overview of different alternatives to recycle the The increasing use of beverage cartons and consequently the amount following wastes: slag, dusts, wastes of electric and electronic equipment of their waste, has caused environmental problems, because to be discarded (WEEE) and auto shredder residues (ASR). Based on modifi ed Bogue T in landfi lls hinder compaction and undermine the decomposition of other calculations, steelmaking slags were combined in order to produce a belite-rich materials. In this context, comes the importance of recycling such waste. The clinker activated with sulphoaluminate. The EAF dusts containing signifi cant U present work was to evaluate the performance of the Aluminum/LDPE from amount of metals can be recycled in different ways: The carbothermal beverage cartons when added as strengthening the matrix of HDPE post- treatment and INTECT process are reported. The results obtained from the E use, in order to obtain a composite material. We evaluated the mechanical model of Auto Shredder Residue injection into blast furnace show that ASR S properties of composite materials (with different levels of Al/LDPE) obtained can be used as reducing agent in the BF process if certain conditions are by injection and by pressing term. Results of the survey showed that the met. The particle size of this material must be controlled to ensure optimal D composite does not have advantages in relation to the mechanical strength of gasifi cation of the material in raceway. The non-ferrous contents may affect the pure material, however, the addition of Aluminum/LDPE could increase the pig iron quality, which is diffi cult to rectify at a later point. It seems the A the electrical conductivity and the chemical resistance of the polymer. Essays pyrolysis is the most attractive process to handle ASR. Y supplementary scanning electron microscopy, rate of fl ow and behavior 10:55 AM opposite weathering should still be made. A Method of Treating the Leaching Residue from Sered Nickel Plant 1 1 1 11:55 AMPRELIMINARYStockpile: Juraj Schmiedl ; Felix Sekula ; František Molnár ; Zsolt 1 1 A Cost-Benefi t Evaluation of Ramie Waste Reinforced Composites as Szentirmai ; Technical University of Košice Substitute for Conventional Building Materials: Sergio Monteiro1; Hydrometallurgical nickel production in Sered Nickel Plant (Slovakia) M Frederico Margem1; Luiz Fernando Santos1; Felipe Lopes1; 1State University that treated roasted Albanian ore left behind a considerable amount of the of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - UENF solid leaching residue. About 6 million tons of this fi ne-powder residue Natural fi bers are gaining attention as a class of low cost, biodegradable containing approximately 52 wt.% of iron in the form of oxides is to the and renewable materials that also exhibit some interesting properties for present day stored in a stockpile. However, its iron content makes it a specifi c applications. In particular, the incorporation of some natural fi bers potentially interesting secondary raw material for iron production. This in polymeric matrix composites is nowadays providing opportunity of secondary raw material is not, unfortunately, suitable for direct treatment manufacturing a variety of industrial items, for instance automobile interior in iron and steelmaking processes. This paper presents results of the components. Among these fi bers, ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is one of the laboratory tests of pyrometallurgical method of processing of the leaching least investigated and only recently was studied as polymeric composite residue by its roasting and subsequent refi ning melting. The objective of the reinforcement. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the selective reducing agglomeration roasting was to reduce iron oxides and to possibility of ramie waste reinforced polyester composites to replace simultaneously avoid reduction of chromium oxides and silica. Refi ning conventional building materials, such as plywood, plastic boards and gypsum melting is carried out in an inert atmosphere. The products of melting are panels in terms of cost-benefi t analysis. technically pure iron and slag. 11:15 AM Application of Electrodialysis in the Treatment of Tannery and Metal Finishing Effl uents: Franco Amado1; Daniel Bertuol2; Marco Rodrigues2; Andrea Bernardes3; Jane Ferreira3; Carlos Ferreira3; 1Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; 2Feevale; 3Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul The metal fi nishing and tannery industries have been under strong pressure to replace its current wastewater treatment, based on a physical-chemical 32 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program process. The electrodialysis process is becoming an interesting alternative for in the leaching liquors corresponded to MgO-based slags. It was observed in wastewater treatment. Electrodialysis is a membrane separation technique, the Al2O3-based slags that increasing the basicity from 1 to 2 the leachability where ions are transported from one solution to another through ion- of the slags are notably increased. selective membranes, using an electric fi eld as the driving force. Blends of polystyrene and polyaniline were obtained in order to produce membranes for electrodialysis. The produced membranes were applied in the recovery of baths from fi nishing metal and tannery industries. The membranes General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: characterization of was done by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and Lead dynamic mechanical analyses. The parameter for electrodialysis evaluation is the percent extraction. The results obtained using these membrane were Tuesday AM Room: Caesar 4 compared to those obtained with the commercial membrane Nafi on 450. October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort After the electrodialysis, it was verifi ed that the synthesized membranes presented a good chromium and calcium transport. 10:30 AM Keynote 11:35 AM Economic and Ecological Lead Furnace Improvements: Michael Characterisation of Zinc Containing Residues from Metallurgical Potesser1; Burkhardt Holleis2; Helmut Antrekowitsch1; Davor Spoljaric3; Processes: Juergen Antrekowitsch1; 1University of Leoben, Austria 1University of Leoben; 2Messer Austria GmbH; 3LLC Elme Messer Gaas The recovery of valuable metals from residues like dusts and sludges Due to higher energy costs and an economic driven force to substantially is nowadays state of the art. Depending on the complex constitution, a increase the melting rate by lowering the specifi c production costs, the recovery of different metals can in the majority of cases only be performed Oxyfuel burner is the only applied system in the lead industry with the with considerable energy input in high temperature processes together with advantages of a higher combustion effi ciency, low investment costs and insuffi cient yields and newly generated residues. Often, the behaviour of therefore a small return on investment. The diluted combustion by an internal the dust or sludge in the process during melting or reduction is unknown. off gas recirculation solves the problem arising from a high fl ame temperature In this work, a detailed characterization of selected residues like steel mill by overheating the melt and the refractory material in small areas of the fi lter dusts, cupola furnace dusts and leaching residues is done. The different furnace. More homogeneity of the melt and refractory temperature, a higher steps of getting from solid particles into a homogenous liquid phase were convective term of the heat transfer and a high amount of radiation is the investigated. Even high temperature processing lead to high reaction speeds, solution to an economically and ecologically advantageous lead production. the complexity of residues keeps the system away from thermodynamic This paper describes the well established Messer Group GmbH. Oxipyr®- equilibrium. With this research program, some basics are generated burner technology and a revamping of a lead short drum furnace from heavy to understand smelting and reduction and to explain the gap between oil air burners to the Oxipyr®-Flex fl ame methane oxygen burner system. thermodynamical calculations and real behaviour. 10:55 AM 11:55 AM Disposal of the Lead-Containing Wastes at IMN’s Division in Legnica: T Chemical and Thermal Treatment of Dredged Sediments (Sludges): Zbigniew Smieszek1; Ryszard Chamer1; Zygmunt Kurek1; Ryszard Prajsnar1; Modifi cation of Heavy Metal Mobilities: Jocelyn Ramaroson1; Jean-Louis 1Instytut Metali Niezelaznych U Dirion1; Ange Nzihou1; Patrick Sharrock2; Guy DEPELSENAIRE3; 1Ecole Lead-containing wastes processed at the IMN’s Division in Legnica originate E des Mines d’Albi-Carmaux; 2Université Paul Sabatier; 3Solvay mainly from dry and wet dedusting installations of the technological lines for The deposit of sediment causes the silting of channels, rivers. This leads to copper production. These are lead dusts and lead-zinc dusts characterised S clogging of rivers, with a reduction in their fl ow rates. Consecutively, other by the specifi c properties resulting from the chemical composition of the problems appear, such as fl ooding risks and loss of the biodiversity. This study Polish copper concentrates. Besides lead, they contain many accompanying D assesses the technology to treat heavy metals from dredged sediments from metals and impurities such as zinc, copper, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, different origins using phosphoric acid (The Novosolâ process, developed sodium, and also bituminous substances. Processing of lead-containing dusts A by Solvay) with the goal of converting heavy metals to insoluble metallic is conducted in the installations of rotary-rocking furnaces heated with gas- Y phosphates. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by performing oxygen burners fi tted with auxiliary systems for cleaning process gases and the chemicalPRELIMINARY reaction, followed by drying and fi nally calcination (500°C- refi ning re-circulating dusts. The processing technology utilises innovative 700°C). Leaching tests for the phosphated sediments, dried then calcined process and technical solutions enabling disposal of lead-containing wastes at different temperatures, were used and developed in order to defi ne the from copper metallurgy and from non-ferrous metals industry according A infl uence of the chemical and calcination on the mobility of heavy metals The to the BAT recommendations and to the guidelines specifi ed in integrated treatment decreases the mobility of most metals. Thus chemical and thermal permission. In this paper, the main technological aspects of processing lead- M treatment combined converted contaminated sediments into a new material containing dusts at the IMN’s Division in Legnica have been presented. which can be recycled safely. 11:15 AM 12:15 PM Hydrometallurgical Process for Treatment of Slag Resulted from Effect of the Composition on the Immobilization of Chromium in Slags: Processing of Waste Lead – Acid Batteries: Teodor Velea1; V. Predica1; L. Jose Romero-Serrano1; Elda García-Ramos1; Beatriz Zeifert1; Patricia Flores Gherghe1; D. Taloi2; I. Constantin2; 1National Research and Development Sánchez2; Elia Palacios-Beas1; José Hallen López1; 1National Polytechnic Institute for Non-Ferrous and Rare Metals; 2University “Politehnica” of Institute; 2Intituto Mexicano del Petroleo Bucharest Chromium containing slags from stainless steelmaking may be leached Slag with high lead content are the result of wasted batteries processing by acidic environments and they must be treated before being stockpiled or through reducing melting in short rotary furnace. The article presents a land fi lled. In this work, synthetic slags were prepared and the effect of CaO/ treating method of the slag that could make possible the recovery of lead; SiO2, Cr2O3, MgO and Al2O3 contents on the stability of the mineralogical the method consists in lead leaching in sodium chloride solutions in weak- species formed was analyzed. The morphology and composition of the acid and oxidizing medium at temperatures greater than 100°C and pressure slags were analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS, whilst their chemical stability of 2-3 atmospheres in the autoclave. The obtained solutions are purifi ed by was evaluated by leaching with an aqueous acid solution. It was found that hydrolytic removal of Fe, Cu, Cd and other impurities. Lead from purifi ed CaCr2O4 and CaCrO4 are present in slags prepared with neither MgO nor sodium chloride solution takes the form of a hydroxide or carbonate of lead Al2O3. The Al2O3-based slags produced Ca2Al2SiO7 and the Cr(IV)- through treating with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate solutions. Lead containing oxide complex Ca4Al6CrO16, whilst MgO-based slags produced carbonate is processed through reducing melting in order to obtain metallic MgCr2O4. The results showed that the lowest chromium concentration levels lead. REWAS 2008 33 Technical Program

11:35 AM Processing of Um-Gheig Lead-Zinc Deposits, Eastern Desert, Egypt for Separating Pure Cadmium Sulfi de: Mohamed Mahdy1; Mohamed El General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Shahat2; Omneya ElHussaini1; Galal Abd El Wahab1; 1Nuclear Materials Composite Materials II Authority; 2Ain Shams University Lead-zinc mineralization is distributed in Egypt along the Red Sea Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 1 coast between El Qusier and Ras Banas. A representative sample from Um October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Gheig was collected and ground to -60 mesh for the mineralogical study. It contains hemimorphite (Zn2SiO4.H2O), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PbS), calcite (CaCO3), dolomite CaMg (CO3)2, calcophanite (ZnMn3O7.3H2O) 2:00 PM Keynote beside gypsum (CaSO4, 2H2O). Cadmium seems to be incorporated in the Infl uence of Risk Components Included with Industrial Waste Materials 1 1 crystal structure of the zinc-lead minerals. The chemical analysis of Um- Used in Building Industry: Miroslav Svoboda ; Jaroslava Ledererova ; Petr 1 1 1 Gheig representative sample revealed that, it contains 16% zinc combined Sulovsky ; Rene Cechmanek ; Research Institute of Building Materials, with 0.1% cadmium and 2.3% lead, 0.1% boron beside other elements. Pug JSC. and agitation leaching were performed on samples ground to -200 mesh to Essential part at building matters creation have characteristics of raw achieve the maximum dissolution effi ciency of cadmium with respect to materials, which have been used for preparation of certain building matters. other elements. Cadmium leaching effi ciency reached 90% by using 40% Industrial waste materials can improve resulting characteristics of new H2SO4 at S/L ratio 1/2 and stirring time 2 hours at 80°C. Cadmium was building matter in comparison with classical raw materials. But they can then separated as yellow precipitate of CdS from the sulfate leach liquor however bring into resulting matter various negative infl uences, which can containing 0.9 g/l Cd, 145 g/l Zn, 0.15g/l B and 0.01 g/l Pb. Separation of manifest in these materials as undesirable, e.g. in unstability and higher cadmium was carried out by direct precipitation using Na2S as well as H2S. variability of required characteristics of these matters depending on time. The recovery of 94% cadmium free of zinc was achieved. For each type of secondary raw material, which has to be technologically used, is necessary to make a complete investigation their chemical, physico- 11:55 AM chemical, physico-mechanical properties with sight on risk components and Refi nement of the Rough Lead Received from Accumulator Breakage: risk parameters. Further is necessary to make multilateral technological tests Pavel Arkhipov1; Yurii Zaikov1; Viktor Ashikhin2; Yulia Khalimulina2; in relation to required characteristics of resulting matters for each select 1Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry; 2Uralelectromed direction of utilization and also to determine limit parameters for criteria, Lead alloys electro-winning from chloride melts was under investigation. which must given secondary raw material satisfy so it could be used in Impurities concentration in cathode lead is strongly depended on temperature, specifi c direction. electrolyte composition, anode current density. The equilibrium electrode potentials of lead-antimony alloys with the various content of electropositive 2:25 PM metal in the alloy were investigated in the wide temperature interval. Impact Resistance of Polyester Composites Reinforced with Ramie Waste 1 1 1 T Thermodynamic properties of Pb-Sb alloys containing 20-95 mol% of Pb Fibers: Sergio Monteiro ; Luiz Fernando Santos ; Frederico Margem ; Felipe 1 1 were studied by EMF method in temperature interval 723-873K in molten Lopes ; State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - UENF U mixture of potassium and lead chlorides. Partial and integral thermodynamic Continuous and aligned fi ber composites provide the highest possible E characteristics were calculated. Small negative deviations from Raul’s law reinforcement for a polymeric matrix. In particular, the impact resistance were found. Anode processes were investigated. The lead dissolution was is signifi cantly increased in comparison with a low energy absorbed brittle S found to be the only process in certain interval of current densities and polymer. For this reason, investigations have been carried out with both electropositive metal content in alloy. synthetic and natural fi bers as a way to improve the toughness of polymeric D composites. Among the natural fi bers, ramie was not yet been studied for its 12:15 PM reinforcement effect to make tougher polyester composites. Thus, the present A Treatment of Some Liquid Waste Associated with Lead Battery work assesses the impact toughness of polyester composites incorporated Recycling: Carla Lupi1; Alessandro Pescetelli2; 1University of Roma La with different amounts of ramie waste fi bers. Y Sapienza; 2Texeco Consulting SpentPRELIMINARY lead battery recycling still shows few weak points in the achievement 2:45 PM of a 100% recycling of different waste matters and by- products arising from Incorporation of Industrial Wastes Along with Natural Fiber for the 1 P the recycling process. Some of said problems are dealing with aqueous Development of Innovative Building Materials: Mohini Saxena ; P. 1 1 1 streams outgoing the recycling plant, and more particularly, a) the waste Asokan ; Ruhi Bux ; Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute M waters discarded from the breaking and separation unit, b) purifi cation of The industrialization has generated and accumulated wastes in alarming the spent electrolyte drained from waste batteries and upgrade to a quality proportions with regard to its disposal. Best alternative is to regenerate it for compatible with full re-use by the batteries’ manufacturers, c) purifi cation value added products. This study refl ects on the potential of re-use of wastes of the mother liquors discarded in the sodium sulfate crystallization process like fl y ash, red mud and marble slurry dust for production of wood substitute so to produce a salt of commercial grade. All of the above listed problems products like door, windows, roofi ng sheets and instant houses. Wastes have been satisfactorily overcome applying an electrochemical process that, were characterized for physical, chemical and mineralogical properties through different process conditions and parameters, is able to remove the and applied in different formulations with binder like polymer along with harmful impurities that hinder the successful commercialization of such by natural fi ber jute to intensify the physical and mechanical properties of the products, or, at least, that can avoid heavy and expensive treatment plant and resultant composite. Obtained composites have better mechanical properties operation. than the available ones like teak, medium density board, rice husk board etc. Mechanical properties of fl y ash and red mud are better than marble slurry dust. The conclusion emphasizes on the use of natural fi bres with industrial waste for generation of ecofriendly and non-hazardous composites. 3:05 PM Investigation of Composite Material Based on Recycled Tires: Laimonis Malers1; Renate Plesuma1; 1Riga Technical University Recycling of scrap tires obtain remarcable importance from the aspect of unloading the environment from undegradable waste. There are several accepted directions for scrap tires reuse - among them producing of composite

34 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program materials with defi nite properties. Present work is devoted to elaboration and processing residues (MPRs) was used as additives alongwith clay through investigation of composite material based on mechanically grinded recycled solidifi cation/ stabilisation (S/S) and sintering processes. The major mineral tires and polymer binder. Direct infl uence of polymer binder content and phases in jarosite waste are ammonium iron sulphate hydroxide {NH4Fe3 moulding pressure on composite material apparent density was clarifi ed. (SO4)2 (OH)6}and Lead sulphate {PbSO4}. The major mineral phases in Compressive stress at 10% deformatin, compression modulus of elasticity in CCRs are quartz, mullite and hematite. Dolomite is the dominant constituent static and dynamic mode of loading as well as insulation (therml, acoustic) in MPRs. Results revealed that the optimum mix design of jarosite clay properties were parameters of special interest of present investigation. It ratio of 1 with 15% CCRs or MPRs obtains intermediate condition to have was cleared up that purposful variation of composition and technological satisfactory engineering properties in which toxic elements concentration was parameters lead to material with different mechanical and acoustic properties below the safe limits and deserved to be used in construction applications. as well as thermal conductivity. Possibility was demonstrated to produce 4:50 PM composite material from grinded scrap tires and polymer-type binder with Nanocomposite Rubber Material with Industrial Waste: Guillermo defi ned properties for different practical application. Martín-Cortés1; Fabio Esper1; Cleide dos Anjos1; Hélio Wiebeck1; Wildor 3:25 PM Hennies1; Francisco Valenzuela-Díaz1; 1Polytechnic School of University of Laboratory Evaluation of Bituminous Mixtures with Bottom Ash from São Paullo Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI): Marco Pasetto1; Nicola Natural rubber reinforced commonly with carbon black to produce Baldo1; 1University of Padova vulcanized material, turns into a new environmentally friendly nanocomposite The paper discusses the results of a laboratory study, aimed to evaluate when carbon black is replaced by organically modifi ed clays of Brazil. Carbon the suitability of the bottom ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration black is substance derived from the oil refi ning process with consequent (MSWI), obtained from different Italian plants, to be recycled in the pollution to the environment. Its substitution in this industrial process must lithic skeleton of bituminous mixtures, for base layers of road and airport contribute to diminish the oil derived products dependence. As the added pavements. The research involved a preliminary study of the chemical, clays are only a third in weight of the traditionally carbon black added, then, physical and geotechnical properties of the bottom ash by itself; it was to obtain the same fi nal volume it is necessary to add low cost neutral fi ller followed by a mechanical characterization of the bituminous concretes. that does not damage the technological characteristics of the fi nal material. The traditional Marshall methodology was used to identify the optimum This paper presents results using as neutral fi ller of this type rice husk ashes bitumen content; the mixtures were also mechanically checked by means of and other industrial wastes. Experiences realized with this nanocomposite the indirect tensile strength test, stiffness modulus test, repeated load axial material show results of quality and technological characteristics similar or test and fatigue test. Because the requisites for acceptance in the Italian superior to those of the rubber made with carbon black. Specifi cations and Standards have been satisfi ed and given the positive 5:10 PM mechanical performances, it has been verifi ed that the MSWI bottom ash can Practical Applications for Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Residual be used as substitution of the lithic materials in the road bases, also with very Coconut Fibers: Sergio Monteiro1; Lucas Costa1; Felipe Lopes1; Helvio high contents (up to 81% on the weight of the aggregate). Santafe1; 1State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - UENF T 3:45 PM Break Residual vegetable fi bers as leftovers from crops, industrial activities and consumable items are realistic options to be incorporated into low U cost polymeric composites with the aim of replacing other commonly used materials. The present work assesses the technical properties of epoxy E General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: composites reinforced with residual fi bers from the coconut fruit, also known S Composite Materials III as coir fi bers. Based on these properties, an evaluation was carried out on these coir fi ber/epoxy matrix composites to be used as building panels and D Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 1 furniture in comparison with conventional materials. A October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort 5:30 PM Reclamation of Aluminum Matrix from Aluminum Composite Materials Y 4:05 PM Keynote Reinforced with Graphite Particles: Petru Moldovan1; Gabriela Popescu1; PRELIMINARYC. A. Popescu1; Aurelian Buzaianu2; 1Polytechnic University of Bucharest; Recycled Polyethylene Composites Reinforced with Jute Fabric from Post – Used Sackcloth – An Environmentally Correct Building Material: 2S.C. METAV -Research and Development S.A. P Sergio Monteiro1; Amanda Lima1; Luis Augusto Terrones1; 1State University A lot of scraps result in processing of composite materials which contain of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - UENF metallic phases that can be recovered and used again in different fi eld. M Fabric from weaved yarns made of jute fi bers have been considered as Considering this point of view the aim of the paper was to separate and recover reinforcement for polymeric composites. In particular, these fabrics obtained aluminum from aluminum matrix/graphite composites. The separation and from discarded sackcloth are presently being investigated as environmentally recovery of aluminum alloy from Al alloy/Graphite composite material was friendly composites with recycled polyethylene matrix. The objective of the done by treatment with halide molten salts. Two types of composite materials present work was to compare the practical properties and economical aspects were used in experiments: AlSi12CuNiMg/Gr(p) and AlCu4MgTi/Gr(p). As of these composites with those of conventional materials such as wooden halide salt was used ALUFLUX tablets. After dross separation, the next step board and gypsum panels for building application. The comparison showed was fi ltration in order to separate the Al matrix from the other impurities and that, depending on the amount of post-used jute fabric, a cost/benefi t analysis remained dross. Samples from the recovered alloy were analyzed using chem. favors these composites over the conventional materials. ical analysis, optical and electron microscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction. The desired composition of the aluminum alloy obtained from scraps could 4:30 PM be reached by some addition of metals to the metallic phase. Management of Hazardous Jarosite Waste: Asokan Pappu1; Mohini Saxena1; Shyam Asolekar1; 1Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute Jarosite waste released from zinc industries is hazardous in nature and worldwide disposal has become a major concern to safeguard the environment and ecology. In the present study, a process was developed for immobilisation and recycling jarosite waste by developing non hazardous building material. Coal combustion residues (CCRs) as well as marble

REWAS 2008 35 Technical Program

General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Electronic Waste II Non-Ferrous Metals III

Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 4 Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 7 October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort

2:00 PM Keynote 2:00 PM Keynote Recovery of Metals from Electronic Scrap: Nikhil Dhawan1; Manoj Process for the Complete Utilization of Oil Sands Fly Ash: Preston Kumar2; Vinay Kumar2; Manish Wadhwa1; 1PEC; 2National Metallurgical Holloway1; Thomas Etsell1; 1University of Alberta Laboratory The fl y ash produced by oil sands operations in northern Alberta represents e- waste is a collective name given to discarded electronic devices . a large, high grade, potential resource for vanadium production in Canada. It is estimated that India annually generates $1.5 billion worth of E-Waste. After extensive batch testing, a conceptual process fl owsheet for the recovery Toxic metals like Pb, Cd, as present, leads to serious environmental and of vanadium from oil sands fl y ash was developed. The various unit operations health hazards problems and precious metals like Au, Ag, Pt and base for this process, including decarbonization, roasting, leaching, desilication, metals like Cu, Fe, Sn are also present. Recovery of these metals present precipitation, sodium salt recovery and by-product recovery, are described.

in the e-wastes not only enhances the metal resources but process will be Steps for the recovery of molybdenum and HCl, CaCl2 or NH4Cl from waste environmental friendly. Hydrometallurgical processing, an alternative to streams for this process are proposed as are potential markets for the ash Mechanical processing is employed for the recovery of metals from TV PCB residue as an additive in glass manufacture or in concrete. These by-products scrap. HNO3 was most suitable lixiviant among HNO3, H2SO4 and HCl for represent signifi cant potential sources of secondary revenue while reducing dissolving various metals present in scrap. Effect of concentration of Nitric the environmental impact from the process. A preliminary economic analysis acid was also studied and optimum concentration was found out. Within four for vanadium recovery from oil sands fl y ash using this process is included hours copper, lead and iron dissolve out in solution completely. About 95% and the economic viability of the process fl owsheet presented is discussed. Tin oxide gets precipitated selectively from the leach liquor. 2:25 PM 2:25 PM Physicochemical Interactions during the Chlorination of Alloys: Georgina Opportunities and Threads While Establishing E-Waste Management De Micco1; Daniel Pasquevich2; Ana Bohé3; 1Comisión Nacional de Energía Systems in Emerging Economies: Martin Streicher-Porte1; 1EMPA Atómica -IB; 2Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica-Consejo Nacional E-waste management systems have to acknowledge interest of many de Investigaciones Científi cas y Técnicas; 3Comisión Nacional de Energía stakeholders such as original equipment manufacturers, consumers, collectors, Atómica-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científi cas y Técnicas- T recyclers etc. The starting point to set up such systems in emerging economies Conselho de Reitores das Universidades Brasileiras is fundamentally different from industrialized countries. One reason is the Chlorination studies have their main application in synthesis of anhydrous U already existing informal e-waste sector in emerging economies which absorbs chlorides and recovery of valuable metals. With the aim of developing the majority of the waste stream. But elements of the existing informal sector, a conditioning process for spent fuel elements from research reactors, we E such as collection and transport, as well as tailor-made recycling processes, studied the chlorination of several metals and alloys. Chlorination of a ternary S such as manual dismantling and sorting, can be environmentally sound and CuZnAl alloy revealed the presence of interactions between different species economically profi table at the same time. Higher prices which have to be during the reaction. Unexpected behaviors were obtained for copper and zinc D paid to be compatible with the informal sector for collecting e-waste can chloride compounds taking into account their physicochemical properties be counterbalanced with higher profi ts from creating relatively pure, high- and chlorination of the pure metals. To investigate these interactions between A value waste fractions. Case studies from China and South Africa have shown copper and zinc, chlorination studies of a binary CuZn alloy were performed. Y that collection, transport and disassembling processes can be economically Analysis of the chlorination thermograviemtric curves and reaction products profi table and environmentally sound at the same time. confi rmed that there are interactions between reactants and products. Zinc PRELIMINARYchloride volatilization is enhanced during chlorination and metallic copper 2:45 PM is detected at intermediate stages of the reactions. An oxido-reduction type Optimum Conditions of Dismantlement for Recovery of Valuables from P reaction between copper chlorides and metallic zinc is proposed to explain Spent Lithium Primary Batteries: Kyoungkeun Yoo1; Shun-Myung Shin1; the behaviour observed. M Dong-Hyo Yang1; Jin-Ku Kang1; Jeong-Soo Sohn1; 1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources 2:45 PM Lithium is the lightest metals and also has the highest electrochemical Recovering Metals from HDS Spent Catalysts: Zenon Llanos1; 1Gulf potential at 3.04V. For over thirty years lithium primary batteries became Chemical and Metallurgy Corporation well known for their performance in very diverse military applications. They In the petroleum refi ning industry, disposal of desulphurization spent gained a reputation for their long shelf life, constant voltage, wide operating catalysts (HDS) has been a concern in the past due to their classifi cation temperature range, and low self-discharge characteristics. However, the as hazardous wastes. HDS catalysts have higher metal concentrations than batteries were found to react violently when heated too much, charged, regular ores. A recent surge in prices for molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, pierced, over discharged, or short-ciucuited. The contents were sometimes cobalt and other metals contained in these catalysts is changing the way these violently reactive in air and water and generated highly fl ammable hydrogen materials are viewed by the generators, regulatory agencies and the companies gas. In Korea, about 200 tons of the batteries have been produced every year. engaged in their treatment and recovery. At the same time the generation of There are very a few researches to treat spent lithium primary batteries. In the HDS spent catalysts has steadily risen due to new environmental regulations present study, an optimum condition was investigated for safe dismantlement for low sulfur fuels and an increased appetite of gasoline consumers. This of the spent batteries, and then feasibility study was performed to recycle paper will examine the evolution in the treatment of spent HDS catalysts and scraps of the spent batteries. in particular Gulf Chemical and Metallurgical Corporation‘s sixty years of experience in the in handling and treating HDS spent catalysts. 3:05 PM Break

36 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

3:05 PM 4:30 PM Recovery of Nickel from Diluted Solutions by the Combination of Ion Recovery of Vanadium from Spent Petroleum Catalyst by Smelting Exchange and Successive Electrodeposition: Jeriffa De Clercq1; Evelien Reduction Process: Jong Jin Pak1; Chul Hwan Park1; Jong Oh Jo1; Bo Ho Vande Steene1; Kim Verbeken2; Marc Verhaege2; 1University College Ghent; Kim1; 1Hanyang University 2Ghent University Vanadium recovery from spent petroleum catalyst via the smelting reduction The industry is confronted with stricter discharge levels and an increasing process has been studied. Vanadium and nickel exist in spent catalyst in the awareness to avoid toxic waste (heavy metal containing sludge obtained in form of sulfi des and oxides mixtures. Roasting of spent catalyst in the air at physicochemical water treatment) and recover valuable metals. This can be 800oC for 1h removed more than 95% of sulfur and carbon. Roasted catalyst realized by ion exchange and electrodeposition. Both techniques however containing vanadium oxide was readily dissolved in CaO-Al2O3 or CaO- show an optimum concentration range to effi ciently remove and/or recover SiO2-Al2O3 slag, and V2O5 was reduced by carbon and aluminum dissolved metals: electrolysis can recover the metal in its metallic form but suffers in liquid iron. The equilibrium distribution ratio of vanadium between slag from low effi ciency when applied to diluted solutions, whereas ion exchange and metal can be used to predict the vanadium recovery yield by smelting can only be applied economically in the low ppm range. A combination of reduction process. ion exchange followed by electrodeposition was applied to the wastewater 4:50 PM of a nickel plating plant. The strong acidic ion exchange resin was stripped Recycling of Non-Ferrous Metals at Hydrométal, Belgium: Philippe with H2SO4 giving a solution of 9g/L nickel. From this solution, nickel was Henry1; 1SA Jean-Goldschmidt International electrodeposited in an ammonia buffer on a Ti-mesh cathode with high current Hydrometal(lurgy) provides an adequate technology to reintroduce effi ciency. It is shown that organic compounds (surfactants, brighteners,…) otherwise lost metal units into the industrial cycle, thereby saving resources do not infl uence the recovery process. and energy, while keeping the environment cleaner. Two case studies at an 3:25 PM integrated hydrometallurgical recycling facility (Hydrométal) in Belgium are Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries by discussed. (I) Residual low quality sulfuric acid and caustic soda are used Solvent Extraction: Jingu Kang1; Shun Myung Shin2; Jeongsoo Sohn2; in the processing of zinc industry cements to produce copper, nickel, cobalt Donghyo Yang2; Sookyung Kim2; 1University of Science and Technology and zinc concentrates by several consecutive selective leach - precipitation (UST); 2Korea Institute of Geoscience and Material Resourese (KIGAM) processes. (II) Copper anode slimes are treated and their precious metal Cobalt is recovered from square types of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) contents are recovered. Depending on the composition of the slimes, separate containing 5~20% Co, 5~7% Li, 5~10% Ni, and 7% plastics together with or combined concentrates of copper, bismuth, tellurium/selenium and silver/ Cu, Al, Fe, and Mn. The leaching test was investigated at 2 M H2SO4, 6 precious metals can be produced. vol.% H2O2, 60°C, 300rpm, 50g/ 500ml, 60min. The leaching effi ciency of 5:10 PM cobalt was more than 99% and its concentration was 28 g/L. For removing of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Solar Cell Silicon: Focusing on Recycling of impurities such as copper, iron, and aluminum in the leaching solution before Scraps: Lifeng Zhang1; 1Missouri University of Science and Technology cobalt solvent extraction, the impurities were eliminated by pH control with In the current study, removal of SiC and Si3N4 inclusions from top- NaOH and CaCO3. For selective extraction of cobalt, the aqueous phase T cut solar cell silicon scraps by fi ltration with foam fi lters are experimentally removed impurities was equilibrated with different volumes of 0.4M Cyanex investigated. The fl uid fl ow and inclusion motion in the porous fi lter are 272 saponifi ed of 50%. Extraction effi ciency of cobalt was about 80 % at fi rst U calculated. Possible mechanisms of inclusion removal from silicon through step. ßCo/Li of cobalt and lithium extractions was 206.5. 9.6% of pure cobalt fi ltration are: 1) Large Si3N4 rods and large SiC inclusions are removed by a E sulfate solution was obtained after stripping with 2M H2SO4 solution. cake fi ltration mechanism at the top of the fi lter-“cake fi ltration”; 2) Smaller S 3:45 PM Break Si3N4 inclusions and most SiC particles attach directly to the inside walls of the fi lters - “deep bed fi ltration”; 3) Large SiC clusters and huge bridges D are created around the fi lter materials; 4) In case of carbon fi lter, Si dissolves into fi lter, and/or a new SiC layer is formed by the reaction between silicon A General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: and fi lter material. Y Non-Ferrous Metals IV 5:30 PM PRELIMINARYSynthesis of Mn-Zn-Fe Soft Ferrite from Mixed Batteries with Spent Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 7 Zinc-Carbon Batteries and Spent Alkaline Batteries: Shun Myung Shin1; October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Jingu Kang2; Donghyo Yang1; Taehyun Kim1; Jeongsoo Sohn1; 1Korea P Institute of Geoscience and Material Resources (KIGAM); 2University of M 4:05 PM Science and Technology (UST) Sustainable Metals Production and Recycling in Japan: The Present and We investigated about synthesis of Mn-Zn ferrite with spinel structure Issues: Takahiko Okura1; 1Akita University using sulfuric acid leaching solution of mixed spent zinc-carbon batteries It is said that the energy and resources crisis will come before long and spent alkaline batteries. The waste batteries were prepared by physical because the lifetime of known deposits of crude oil and common metals treatment such as crushing, magnetic separation, and screening. After such as Pb, Zn, Cu is estimated to be less than 50 years. Establishing the screening, the crushed batteries were separated to +8 mesh and -8 mesh sustainable society by means of resources-recycling has become an absolute powder. The leaching test was investigated at 2 M H2SO4, 4 vol.% H2O2, necessity. The non-ferrous metals industry in Japan has been involved in reaction temperature 60°C, agitation speed 250 rpm, solid/liquid ratio 50 g/ the resource recycling business for many years, along with the introduction 500 ml, reaction time 60 min with - 8 mesh powder. The leaching effi ciency and enforcement of various legislations to preserve the environment and of zinc, manganese and iron were 99.0%, 98.9%, 58.5%, respectively. For natural resources. Including process-linkage during various manufacturing co-precipitation of zinc, manganese and iron, 5M NaOH solution was used activities, the industry is treating considerable amounts of recycled materials for pH control. Then in order to synthesize Mn-Zn ferrite powder, it was and wastes in an environmentally-sound and economic manner. The Mining investigated according to reaction temperature, agitation speed and O2 and Materials Processing Institute of Japan has submitted “The present and partial pressure. We could synthesize about 20 nm of Mn-Zn ferrite with issues in Japanese non-ferrous metals and recycling industries.” The topic of spinel structure. the paper is to highlight the actual conditions within the resources -recycling structures and the present issues.

REWAS 2008 37 Technical Program

General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Resource Statistics, Material Flow Analysis, Radioactive Waste Information Systems

Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 4 Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 3 October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort

5:10 PM 4:05 PM Keynote Management of Bio-Medical Waste in Captive Hospitals of Steel Authority Improving the Effi ciency of Recycling Processes through On-line of India Limited: Kalyani Das Sarkar1; 1Steel Authority of India Limited Control, Optimization and Automation: Florian Kongoli1; I. McBow1; E. Steel Authority of India Limited, a Public Sector Undertaking with a O’Brien1; S. Llubani1; 1FLOGEN Technologies, Inc. production capacity of 13 million tonnes of crude steel, is India’s largest steel Recycling processes are generally associated with a higher degree of maker and ranks among the leading steel producers in the world. SAIL owns complexity compared to classic extraction processes. The physics and and operates eight manufacturing plant- fi ve integrated steel plants at Bhilai, the chemistry of these processes are much more complicated. The feed Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Burnpur producing carbon steel, and three materials come from various sources and are characterized by considerable speciality steel plants. All integrated steel plants have hospitals of 650-750 fl uctuations in chemical and physical characteristics. These factors as well as bed capacity with modern facilities to serve it’s employees and adjoining other numerous ones make particularly challenging these recycling processes localities in a clean and sustainable environment. According to the Bio- and, as a result, indispensable their proper control and optimization in order Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and as amended to to improve their effi ciency. In this work an original approach for the control date, all Bio-Medical waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment and optimization of these processes has been exposed. This not only allows or immunization of human beings or in research activities pertaining there to a continuous on-line control and optimization but at the same time can serve or in the production or testing of biologicals are to be categorized and taken to as an adequate means of automation of any specifi c process. The advantages any facility wherein treatment, disposal of this waste or processes incidental of this new approach have also been discussed. to such treatment or disposal is carried out. The Hospital Management of 4:30 PM SAIL has created adequate treatment facility for Sharp and Infectious Waste, Modeling Impurities in Material Flow: The Case of Future Aluminum Pathological Waste, and Anatomical Waste through Autoclave, Shreding Scrap Streams: Elsa Olivetti1; Gabrielle Gaustad1; Frank Field1; Randolph Machine and developing Deep Burial Pits. Some of these hospitals are ISO Kirchain1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9000/14000 certifi ed. Use of above said treatment facilities in these hospitals The primary challenge to increased use of secondary raw materials is the are discussed in this paper. presence of undesirable elemental species in scrap streams. Recent literature T 5:30 PM indicates that this accumulation of elemental impurities is increasingly Treatment of Radioactive Waste Solution Containing Co and Cs problematic. Devising strategies to mitigate this problem depends upon U Obtained from the Dissolution of Purifi cation Ionic Exchange Resins of a understanding the mechanisms of accumulation. Traditional analyzes of Nuclear Reactor Primary Cooling System and Its Later Immobilization scrap fl ows have relied upon market-wide statistical metrics that tend to E in a Ferritic Matrix: Ernesto Esparza1; Silvia Galasso1; Maria Castro1; mask fi ne technical structures, which might offer desired insights into the S Claudia Osuna1; Jorge Duca2; 1Atomic Energy National Commission; management of compositional drift. An analysis of aluminum streams that 2Nucleoelectrica Argentina S. A. takes this technical, rather than statistical, approach will be presented, D We present a procedure for treatment of non-active solutions equivalent focusing upon largely transportation and packaging scrap patterns typical to the solutions obtained from dissolution of ionic exchange resins used for the North American aluminum market. This work explores simulation A in purifi cation of a nuclear reactor primary cooling system containing Co, methods for long term aluminum material fl ows, including the impact of Y Cs and its isotopes as main radioactivity source. Finally it is immobilized different technical approaches to the mixing of incoming scrap streams. into a ferritic matrix by calcination which avoids its future leaching into 4:50 PM environment.PRELIMINARY A bivalent and a trivalent salt is added to solution. Then, either Modern E-Commerce Technologies and Computerised Information a base or an acid is added, depending on initial pH of the treated solution, Systems for Material Flow Management and Analysis: Buddhika P with a Cs precipitating additive in order to reduce Co and Cs by precipitation, Bandara1; Sarath Gunathilaka2; 1IDM Computer Studies (Pvt) Ltd (From fl occulation and adsorption. Controlling the amount of precipitating reactives January 2008, Nottingham Trent International College); 2Nottinghamshire M it is possible to modify the activity/volume rate becoming a medium into County Council a low radioactivity waste.The leaching test result applied over the ferritic Among the resource requirements for manufacturing, materials are sample is lower than the minimum established by law. Therefore, it can be prominent. Both material delay and excess stocks make losses. Therefore, kept safely in a interim storage. correct statistics and information on material fl ow are essential in production lines. Material fl ow analysis is crucial because the entire productivity depends on the availability of materials on time. It is a part of the production planning. Managing materials manually is diffi cult in continuous production fl ows and therefore, automated systems are needed. There are various types of computerised systems used today. On the other hand, E-commerce made a great change for smoothing material fl ow transactions between manufacturers and suppliers. Computerised Inventory Control systems help to identify statistics on recycling materials. This paper describes the modern computerised material management systems and E-commerce technologies. It discusses about their advantages, disadvantages and effect for recycling and enhancing productivity. Finally, it concludes that they are the most productive applications for Material fl ow management and analysis.

38 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

5:10 PM Al2S3 and Ni3S2 were added to promote the copper removal. Pyrite and Substance Flow Analysis of Zinc in China: Guo Xueyi1; Song Yu1; Wang zinc sludge (containing ZnS) as waste streams were studied with specifi c Yong1; Tian Qianghua1; 1Central South University interests. The results showed that both zinc sludge and pyrite are effective for The fl ow of zinc in China, 2004, was traced within the STAF model, and copper removal with the highest removal effi ciency of 95% by using pyrite. the situation of production, consumption and recycling of zinc resources in The copper content drops from 12 wt% to about 2 wt%. However, it is still China were introduced. The SFA is performed on zinc fl ows during its one diffi cult to remove copper completely from the alloy in one step, and a multi- year life cycle in detail, and the resource effi ciency of China was compared step operation is needed. with that of European countries. The result reveals that China produces and 4:50 PM utilizes a large amount of zinc, while the resource effi ciency of zinc is much Upgrading Aluminum Alloy Scrap by Sensor-Based Particle Sorting lower than that of the developed countries. As one of the biggest producer and Melt Refi ning: Comparison of What is Possible and the Energy and consumer of zinc in the world, China is facing a severe depletion of zinc Effi ciency: Adam Gesing1; Hartmut Harbeck2; Bjørn Hansen3; 1Gesing resources. How to increase the resource effi ciency is a signifi cant issue for Consultants Inc.; 2CommoDaS GmbH; 3Tomra Systems ASA zinc industry of China. Based on the result, several advices were proposed Particle sorters can upgrade mixed metal scrap because commercially in the paper, aiming to contribute important reference information for the available array sensors have the capability to identify aluminum and the resource management and recycling of zinc industry in China. various alloy subgroups. These sorters separate solid Al particles from 5:30 PM other metals and non-metals with minimum energy input. The scrap product Total Resource Provision from Waste in China: Hui Gao1; Dingjiang composition depends on the sensor capability and on the weight distribution of Chen1; Shanying Hu1; 1Tsinghua University the alloys in the particle mix fed to the sorter. The capabilities and limitations Waste recycling is a very effi cient option for both the conservation of of sensors useful for separation and sorting of metal and Al scrap will be resources and environmental protection. In China, waste management and discussed and contrasted. We discuss the suitable cases for application of recycling have been supported strongly by the government recently. However, melt-refi ning methods and demonstrate their limitations in application to the as a late start, such an industry is not sound yet. For example, a considerable control of the composition of mixed-alloy Al scrap melt. We demonstrate quantity of waste is too decentralized in cities and there is a serious loss in the that the losses and energy demands of the melt refi ning methods are much collection system, which causes secondary waste of resources and secondary higher than those of the combination of sensor-based scrap particle sorting pollution. Against this background, this study analyses the resource provision and dilution with prime Al or with purer Al scrap. from seven categories of waste with MFA method and based on this, forecasts for the provision in 2008~2010. Furthermore, the potential of the alternative to mineral resources by waste is analysed. Training, Education and Social Compatibility of Recycling Systems

Separation Technologies and their Energy Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 3 T Effi ciency October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort U

Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 4 2:00 PM Keynote E October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Training Community for Saving Resources: A Case Study of Eco- S Literacy: V. Jagannatha1; J. Spandana1; J. Sadhana1; 1People Science 4:05 PM Keynote Forum(KRVP) D Large Quantity and Low Energy Crushing for Liberation of Waste We are fortunate to be few of the active participants in a voluntary eco- Materials by the Explosion in Water: Toyohisa Fujita1; Kenji Murata2; literacy campaign at community level around Kukkarahally Lake, Mysore, A Gjergj Dodbiba1; 1University of Tokyo; 2Nippon Koki Company, Ltd. S.India since 2000. In this community endeavor fi ve aims of environmental Y A new crushing technique by means of underwater explosion is put forward. education (UNEP/UNESCO/IEEP-1977), namely awareness, knowledge, This techniquePRELIMINARY is suitable in crushing and liberating various materials, attitude, skill and participation have been attempted. Further, the premise for instance: the electric parts of the discarded portable telephone, slitting that “A sustainable community safeguards itself while not damaging that of the optical disk (e.g. DVDs), CPU from mother-boards of PCs, steel from others” (ICUN/UNEP/WWF, 1991) is the agenda. Since 7 years this unique P plastics tubes used as construction materials, tungsten carbide scraps, waste effort has been able to document the existing solid waste management constructed materials like wood panel, etc. The materials to be crushed are practices in Mysore urban region. It has been possible to observe and list M immersed in water and then the explosion in water was carried out by means compliance status to Municipal Solid Waste Rules 2000. This rule is the of a small amount of explosive. The shock waves in combination of the most crucial legal instrument in India where solid waste source segregation, generated bubbles are very effective in liberating the materials of different collection, transportation and disposal are now mandatory. It was revealing densities. It was observed that the metals crushed or liberated by using this that good Solid Waste practices are sustained at households, community technique were leached much faster when compared with conventional level at ward no. 37 and Mysore Zoo. However in India over 1,20,000 crushing one. This crushing method can be applied for liberation of many tons of Municipal Solid Waste everyday gets charged Rs 500 to 1500/ton kinds of electric and mechanical tools. for sheer clearance. Community means a group of people living together. A sustainable Community uses resources frugally and suitably, recycles 4:30 PM materials, minimizes wastes and disposes them safely. A community often Pyrometallurgical Separation of Copper from Fe-Cu Alloy Recovered fails because of its ecological illiteracy. Ecological Illiteracy is the inability from MSWI Bottom Ash by Sulphide Treatment: Yongxiang Yang1; to cognize adverse effects on life, property and comforts on life supports by Yanping Xiao1; Liza Balentina1; Danny Brouwer1; Jack Voncken1; Rob deliberate or accidental action. Sustainable Development not only meets the Boom1; 1Delft University of Technology needs of the present generation but does not deny the needs of the future During vitrifi cation of bottom ash generated from the combustion of generationVarious cultural modes such as street play, folk songs, jatha, and municipal solid waste (MSW), a Fe-Cu based alloy phase with great various print medias are used by students and youths in eco-literacy so as value was formed. In order to fi nd proper commercial use in metallurgical to make a big difference. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for materials namely industry, it is necessary to separate Cu and Fe. The present study focuses Water, Paper, Plastic, Glass and Metal are used to sensitize common man for on the sulphide treatment at temperatures of 1400–1500°C, in particular Conservation at Community level. with FeS containing minerals. Various sulphide compounds such as Na2S, REWAS 2008 39 Technical Program

2:25 PM animal wastes. During this venture besides generation of additional income, Innovative Technologies of Overcoming of Destructive Factors of the environment is also kept clean. In order to popularise the technologies North: Tsukerman Vyacheslav1; Nikolay Savotkin2; 1Institute for Economic relating to production of live foods from wastes and generate employment Studies; 2Technical College opportunities, training programmes are conducted for 100 Self Help Group In this work innovative technologies are developed. Their realization women belonging to Thoothukudi district. The topics of the training included, promotes strengthening of health of inhabitants of the North due to the breeding of ornamental fi shes by utilizing the building material wastes, decision of the collected environmental problems. Necessity of creation of production of live foods through recycling of agricultural and animal wastes. the Arctic medicine with the purpose of system engineering of measures A study on feed back was conducted with 100 respondents represented and effective technologies of overcoming of negative factors and changes from different villages. Variables such as socio economic status, economic of the state strategy of health protection, treatment of chronic illnesses and motivation, usefulness of training and constraints were included in this study. reduction of infl uence of harmful manufactures and their waste on health of The impact assessment of this training of rural women indicated that 81 northerners is shown. Authors executed a complex of the researches directed percent respondents were in favour of using the training for self employment on reduction of infl uences of cancerogenic substances and on increase of by utilizing different kinds of wastes. Similar training have also been planned anticarcinogenic protection of an organism. They are devoted to the group of in other parts of Tamilnadu. risk - workersof nickel manufactures of Open Society “Norilsk nickel” (JSC 3:45 PM Break “Norilsk nickel”), located, basically, in regions of the North and described the raised level of oncological desease of respiratory bodies of the workers. 2:45 PM Optimizing the Material Life Cycle on Campus: The University of Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effl uents II Sonora Case Study: Luis Velazquez1; Nora Munguia1; Andrea Zavala1; 1University of Sonora Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 2 This presentation will be aimed at describing the evolutive strategy in October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort which the University of Sonora is following for optimizing the organic and inorganic material life cycle in the products used on campus. The University 2:00 PM Keynote of Sonora is the largest and most important higher education institution The Electrolytic Recovery of Silver from Photographic Fixing Baths: among several other universities in both the capital city of Hermosillo and Carla Lupi1 1 1 the state of Sonora. Actually, the University of Sonora is seen in its region ; Mauro Pasquali ; University of Roma La Sapienza as an icon of sustainability and it is recognized as a pioneering institution in Photographic technology is based on light sensitivity of silver halides that, integrating the principles of Agenda 21 in Regional Sustainability Initiative because of silver properties, are capable of forming photographic images. in Northwest Mexico. The institutional strategy has be oriented towards new Photographic laboratories and hospital departments because of digital patterns of behaviors in order to integrate the principles of sustainability photographic systems less use this technology today. Nevertheless recovery T as a guideline for preventing, eliminating, and/or reducing the negative of silver is still advantageous because environmental problems related to Ag environmental impacts generated when performing university substantive ions danger to biological system. Many processes have been studied to treat U functions of teaching, research, and outreaching and partnership as well as its silver containing photographic bath: cementation, chemical precipitation and management operation tasks. electrowinning. In this work, after preliminary voltammetric tests, a batch E electrometallurgical process has been studied. The effect, on process yield S 3:05 PM and deposit quality, of silver concentration in the electrolyte, varying over the Recycling, Waste Treatment, and Clean Technology: A Terminological range 3-10 g/L, bath stirring, current density ranging from 10 to 200 A/m2 D Approach: Georgeta Rata1; Cornelia Petroman1; Ioan Petroman1; 1Banat has been investigated. University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara 2:25 PM A Proper training and education in the fi eld of recycling and waste treatment Mine Waters Decontamination Using Some Permeable Reactive Barriers: are inconceivable without the proper teaching of the terminology specifi c to Florian Aurelian1 1 1 Y both recycling (aerospace products recycling, automotive recycling, general ; Mihai Popescu ; Research and Development National recycling, recycling behavior, recycling schemes, recycling systems, and Institute for Metals and Radioactive Resources PRELIMINARY The paper presents the results concerning the performances of some waste recycling) and waste (characterization of waste, electronic waste, P heavy-metal containing waste, monitoring of waste, radioactive waste, “geochemical barriers” used for the decontamination of mine waters from solid waste, waste collection, waste conversion, waste recycling, waste uranium mining sites. Three types of “geochemical barriers” were used as M reutilization, waste stabilization, waste storage, and waste treatment) in follows: mixture of pit coal, sawdust and zeolite; mixture of bentonite, sand, both the students’ mother tongue and in English for Special Purposes wood chips and pit coal; mixture of iron span, sand and wood chips. All (ESP) as a second language (with focus on the structuring of the specifi c those mixtures were contacted with mine waters containing uranium, radium terminology). Including linguistic approaches among the possible approaches and heavy metals. The uptake capacity was determined for each one of the of environmental protection and material sustainability means including mixtures. The optimum mixture was determined and its effi ciency was tested linguistics among the various disciplines addressing energy supply, cement within an uranium areal, where the activity was stopped. It was determined and building materials, metallurgy, chemistry, glassware, pulp and paper the possibility to recover the radioactive elements and the heavy metals from industry, machinery, automobile and electronic industries, collection, and the investigated barriers. In order to accomplish the environment protection sorting, further treatment and fi nal disposal of post-consumer material. practical solution for the implementation of the “geochemical barriers” on sites, where the mining workings are in progress, closed and in ecological 3:25 PM reconstruction were elaborated. Training for Women Self Help Groups on the Production of Live Foods for Ornamental Fish Culture through Recycling of Agricultural and 2:45 PM Removal of Zinc and Phosphaye from Zincic Phosphatizing Wastewater: Animal Wastes: R. Santhakumar1; N.V. Sujathkumar1; I. Vasudhaven1; Jianzhong Luo1; Wei-Jian Su1; Jun Lu1; Yu-Tao Lei1; Min Chen1; 1Guangdong 1Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University University of Technology Freshwater ornamental fi sh culture is gaining importance in India and In the case of treating phosphatizing wastewater containing zinc, zinc had an impact on the solution chemistry, especially on pH. Fe (SO ) cheaper and nutrient rich live foods such as infusoria, Daphnids, Copepoids 2 4 3 and CaCl were used as precipitators to remove phosphate from zincic and Tubifacids are needed urgently. In this regard adequate research has been 2 conducted to produce such live feeds through recycling of agriculture and phosphatizing wastewater and the optimum pH was investigated. Zinc ion

40 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program had a signifi cant effect on the optimum pH. The optimum pH ranges were 4:30 PM 12.10(inlet concentration of 15.67mg/L, outlet concentration of 9.53mg/ Treatment of Liquids and Sludge Using Electro Plasma Technology: L), 3.04-5.50(inlet concentration of 11.97mg/L, outlet concentration of Pratheesh George1; Danila Ryabkov1; Greg Tenhundfeld1; Edward Daigle1; 0.44-0.26mg/L), and more than 10.72(inlet concentration of 12.24mg/L, 1CAP Technologies LLC outlet concentration of less than 0.47mg/L) under the conditions without Electro Plasma Technology which is used for cleaning, coating and precipitator, with Fe2(SO4)3 and with CaCl2 respectively. surface modifi cation of metals can be also used for the treatment of liquids and sludge to remove contaminants such as metals, oils, organics and other 3:05 PM harmful elements to the environment. This technology employs a cathode, Studies on the Aeration Way of the Biological Pretreatment Process for an anode and electric supply and the liquid to be treated is introduced into Slightly Polluted Supply Water: Jianzhong Luo1; Hong-An Guan1; Guo- the gap between the anode and cathode to be exposed to an electro plasma Sheng Sun2; Xian-Dong Zhou2; 1Guangdong University of Technology; fi eld which has aspects of ultraviolet blue light, thermal energy, cavitation, 2Guangdong-Hong Kong Water Supply Ltd. fl occulation, aeration and electrical energy. Non-metals are mineralized and Abstract: Oxygen utilization rate of the pretreatment process which adopts metals are plated to the cathode to be removed from the liquid. The ability biological contact oxidation method for slightly polluted supply water is to control fl ow rates,energy density,cavitation density,aeration density and relatively low, less than 10%, usually lower than 3%. So the aeration amount heat generation offers a new level of control over different materials during is not determined by calculated value of oxygen demand when doing process treatment. design, but by the ratio of gas and water. The aeration way of the biological pretreatment process for slightly polluted supply water was introduced in this 4:50 PM paper. In the foundation of the principles of mass transfer kinetic theory and Usage of Calcium Phosphate Sorbent for the Removal of Heavy Metals experimental data, the change law of DO (dissolved oxygen) and ammonia from Industrial Flue Gas - Investigation at Pilot Scale: Cédric Verwilghen1; in the aeration tank was analyzed to explore aeration method which will help Ange Nzihou1; Daniel Gauthier2; Patrick Sharrock3; Gilles Flamant2; Guy to improve the overall effectiveness of handling capacity. Depelsenaire4; 1Ecole des Mines d’Albi-Carmaux; 2Procedes, Materiaux et Energie Solaire-Cetre National de la Recherche Scientifi que; 3Université 3:25 PM Paul Sabatier; 4Solvay Study on the Adsorption of Pb(II) by Modifi ed Orange Peel Biosorbent: This study examines the vaporization and partitioning of heavy metals Guo Xueyi1; Feng Ningchuan1; Liang Sha1; Tian Qinghua1; 1Central South during the incineration of various industrial wastes, and the effi ciency of University sorbents for the removal of these metallic compounds in industrial fl ue A biosorbent, the chemically modifi ed orange peel ,was synthesized from gas. The investigation were carried out at laboratory and pilot scale. Metal hydrolysis of the grafted copolymer, which was originated from reaction vaporization kinetics and behavior were determined during the incineration of methyl acrylate with cross-linking orange peel. The biosorbent was under various conditions. The behavior of the selected heavy metals and characterized using infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption characteristics and their removal with standard industrial sorbents such as sodium bicarbonate the effects of various factors of the biosorbent on adsorption of Pb(II) were (NaHCO3), lime (Ca(OH)2) and activated carbon were also investigated in discussed including pH, adsorption time and initial concentration of Pb(II). a pilot solid waste incinerator. A new sorbent based on calcium phosphate T Experimental results show that when pH was 5.6 and the initial concentration called hydroxyapatite, was used during the smoke treatment. The results at of Pb(II) was 50mg/L, the removal rate was 93.73% and adsorption capability both laboratory and pilot scales showed that the use of this sorbent improve U was 25.53 mg/g after 3 h adsorption. After fi ve cycle, 85% removal rate could signifi cantly the removal of heavy metals. The pilot scale experiments be obtained by the biosorbent. E confi rm that heavy metals are concentrated in fl y ashes and cyclone residues, 3:45 PM Break thus effectively reduced their release to the atmosphere. S D A Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effl uents III Waste Conversion and Reutilization III Y Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 2 Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 6 October 14,PRELIMINARY 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort P 4:05 PM Keynote 2:00 PM Keynote Up to Date Technologies for off-Gas Cleaning: Petr Stehlik1; Radek Production of Structural Products from Copper Mining Tailings: M Dvorak1; Ladislav Bebar1; Tomas Parizek1; 1Brno University of Technology Thomas Claridge1; Thomas Weyand2; Dale Nickels2; 1Freeport McMoRan; More and more sweeping environmental regulations initiate research, 2Pittsburgh Mineral and Environment Technologies Inc. development and introducing into operation up to date technologies for This paper addresses the results of a project to evaluate the suitability of cleaning off-gas and fl ue gas generated in various branches of the industry copper mining tailings as raw material for the production of structural products and municipal waste treatment. The following systems based on novel types using PMET’s patented technology. The mineralogy of the mill tailings was of equipment are shown: thermal and catalytic treatment of waste gases characterized by quantitative x-ray diffraction as well as size distribution, polluted by VOC and carbon monoxide (alternatively NOX), catalytic moisture etc. Preliminary testing indicated that high performance structural fi ltration for effi cient destruction of PCDD/F (dioxins) and potentially NOx, products were possible using these materials. A demonstration scale project wet cleaning of fl ue gases polluted by SO2, HCl and HF with a original type produced approximately 1,500 bricks in various colors. These products fall of homogenizer “O-element”, integrated equipment for cleaning waste gases under ASTM C-73 and were found to present properties suitable for severe polluted by solid particulates, SO2, HCl, HF and heavy metals (alternatively weather applications. Although the products in this project were of brick sizes, NOX or PCDD/F). The outstanding features of all equipment mentioned other products are also possible, for example concrete block substitutes, or above are low investment and operating costs together with high removing pavers. This paper will provide operational details of the production process, effi ciency of pollutants. These units can be used mainly in incineration plants, mineralogy and mechanical properties of the products and an economic refi neries and other chemical plants. analysis of the capital and operating costs for a plant capable of producing 10 million bricks per year.

REWAS 2008 41 Technical Program

2:25 PM technologies include: improved rice hull stove, rice hull charcoal briquette, Old Copper Flotation Tailings Reprocessing and Sustainability: Zoran pyrolyzer for irrigation, crop/grain drier, and bakery oven. Markovic1; 1University of Belgrade 3:45 PM Break Exploitation of copper ore in Bor, Serbia, has over hundred years long history. During this period mining wastes (mining and fl otation tailings) were formed with about 650 Mt solid materials, which, by geology estimation contains about 750.000 t of metal copper. All these wastes have a negative environment impact, but utmost have fl otation tailings. The tailings consists Waste Conversion and Reutilization IV of very fi ne dust, contaminated water, also very fi ne material leaking out from tailing pond in nearby rivers in the one hand and valuable compounds Tuesday PM Room: Caesar 6 October 14, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort such as Cu, Ag, Au on the other hand. The average contents of copper is 0.3%, gold 0.8 g/t, silver 2.4 g/t and sulfur 12.7%. Old Bor fl otation tailings is located near to Bor city center and because of that as a main objective is 4:05 PM Keynote provide recycling and delaying process of fl otation tailing on location where Spent Potliner Management in Aluminium Industry: Jose Concha1; will be no environment impact followed by sustainability. Reprocessing of André Bastos Cardoso2; Francisco José Moura1; 1Catholic University of Rio fl otation tailings by recycling process will be obtained metal copper and de Janeiro; 2Valesul Alumínio S.A. other valuable compounds and also opportunity for self fi nancing cleaning Spent potliner (SPL) is an aluminium industry hazardous waste. SPL of Bor creek trough. is formed by two fractions: Carbon and refractory materials. The main 2:45 PM objective of this work is to develop new methods to improve spent potliner Pre-Washing and Vitrifi cation of Fly Ash from a Municipal Solid Waste management associated with physical chemical characterizations which can lead to evaluate new applications of SPL. The carbon fraction was Incinerator: Yanping Xiao1; Robert Harskamp1; Yongxiang Yang1; 1Delft evaluated as being a material with high calorifi c value (16 MJ/kg), this will University of Technology be used as substitute combustible in combustion process. Refractory fraction Stricter environmental regulations demand for a safer treatment for the is composed by alumina (with high fl uoride value), SiC bricks (these are disposal of incineration fl y ashes. New processes and technology need to recycled to build a new electrolytic cell or are sold) and refractory bricks be developed for comprehensive utilization and detoxifi cation of the MSWI (which are sold to ceramic industry). Alumina and electrolytic bath are residues. The objective of the current research is to better understand the crushed and recycled as a raw material to reduction process. Spent potliner behaviour of the environmental harmful elements, and to fi nd an optimum remaining contains less fl uorides compounds, and it can be co-processed in a route for an effi cient processing of the incineration fl y ash. In the present high rate in the cement industries. study, the fl y ashes sampled from a MSWI were washed with warm water, and the residues were dried and sintered or vitrifi ed at high temperatures. 4:30 PM The solutions from ash washing and the ash residues before and after thermal Reutilization of a Paper Sludge Waste as Supplementary Cementing T treatment were analysed. The results of vitrifi cation and thermal behaviour Material: Moisés Frías1; M. Isabel Sánchez de Rojas1; Olga Rodríguez1; U were compared with those from the ashes without pre-washing. It was found Iñigo Vegas2; Rosario García3; Raquel Vigil3; 1Eduardo Torroja Institute; that water pre-washing is an effi cient way to remove volatile salts, and thus 2Fundación Labeín; 3Universidad Autónoma de Madrid E the secondary emissions during vitrifi cation could be reduced. The paper shows the reutilization of a paper sludge waste as supplementary S 3:05 PM cementing material for the cement manufacture. This starting waste by their Processing of Smelter Slags for Cleaning and Metal Recovery by Pressure characteristics is an inert and non pozzolanic material but once activated under controlled thermal conditions present good qualities as active addition. Hydrometallurgy: Vladimiros Papangelakis1; Ilya Perederiy1; Yunjiao Li1; D This research work presents the scientifi c and technical viability of recycling 1University of Toronto these paper sludge wastes in order to obtain recycled metakaolin with the A Large amounts of slags are produced and dumped around the world consequent environmental, economic and energetic benefi ts. The physical as waste by-products from the non-ferrous smelting operations for metal and mechanical results obtained in blended cement matrixes with different Y production. These slags contain recoverable amounts of base metals, along percentages of recycled metakaolin showed good behaviours of novel with entrapped sulphur, and present a latent danger to the environment if PRELIMINARYblended cements, even an improvement of these properties with respect to disposed in the open. Pressure Hydrometallurgy offers an opportunity the control matrix. This research work has been funded through a Research to recover the metals and produce a clean residue for disposal. Our study P project (CTM2006-12551-C03) of the Spanish Ministry of Education and showed that valuable metals in slags existing in either oxide or sulphide form Science. M can indeed be extracted to an aqueous solution quantitatively at elevated temperature. The produced residue consists of easily fi lterable hematite and 4:50 PM silica. This process opens the way for economic metal recovery which can The Use of Fired Roof Tile and Brick Wastes in Stoneware Bodies as pay the cost for slag cleanup. Alternative Raw Materials: Munevver Caki1; Bekir Karasu2; Selvin Yesilay3; 1 1 1 3:25 PM Rahmi Imrak ; Canbora Bayraktar ; Anadolu University, Faculty of Fine Arts, 2 Recycling of Rice Residues for Bioenergy: Case Studies in Rural Department of Ceramic Arts; Anadolu University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; 3Anadolu Philippines: Jose Nicolas1; 1Red Foundation The study documented the use of rice residues (i.e. rice hull, rice straw) University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Glass as source of renewable energy for domestic cooking and energizing small In this study, the utilization capability of the wastes taken from a industry. The abundance of rice hull in the countryside stirred the imagination commercial roof tile and brick factory has been investigated in the of some entrepreneurs to develop rice hull stove of various sizes and designs. production of stoneware bodies which can be formed by slip casting. At the Its commercialization created a demand in the use of rice hull materials. On fi rst stage, X-ray fl uorescent (XRF) and X-ray difraction (XRD) analyses the other hand, the demand for rice straw as fuel for drying clay products of solid wastes were performed. Depending upon the results, body recipe (pots, bricks) also gained recognition among clay product makers. The with the optimum casting concentration was adjusted. The bodies obtained reasons cited in using rice residues as fuel were: high cost of fossil fuels, from prepared slips were fi red at 1160°C as glazed and unglazed form. Then, scarcity of fi rewood and abundance of rice residues. Cognizant of the they were undergone certain tests in order to determine their fi ring shrinkage energy and environmental problems, various GO’s and NGÓ’s developed values, water absorption levels and optical parameters. X-ray diffraction technologies that would utilize rice residues more effi ciently. Some of these analysis was conducted and microstructure of the bodies were examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Consequently, it was concluded that

42 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

fi red roof tile and brick wastes could be utilized in both glazed and unglazed stoneware bodies. 5:10 PM Waste Conversion and Reutilization: Wastewater from Pig-Farms: Cornelia Petroman1; Ioan Petroman1; Horia Sarandan1; Nicolae Pacala1; 1University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucarest Disposing wastewater from pig-farms directly into watercourses (especially where the main target of production schemes is to observe production schedules) can have a negative impact on the environment (disturbance of the aquatic fl ora and fauna, health problems in humans, etc.). This can be avoided nowadays due to compulsory environmental licences that ask for the treatment of wastewaters with a view to minimize their impact on the environment (recovery of the eco-system through the establishment of a proper ecological balance) and to increase agricultural production through the use of wastewater (directly or after storage) in irrigations (CBO5 40 mg/l, CCO 98 mg/l, pH = 7.0, and O2 8-10 mg/l) and of rough materials as natural fertilisers (after composting solid shares and decantation sludge for at least half a year). In many cases, they need to improve the functioning of already existing water-plants built up on pig-farms. 5:30 PM Water Reuse for Irrigation – Can Developing Countries Afford a Tolerable Disease Burden of No More Than 10-6 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) Per Person Per Year (PPPY)?: Ivanildo Hespanhol1; 1University of São Paulo DALYs are calculated as the sum of years of life lost by premature mortality (YLL) and years of healthy life lost in state of disability (YDL), which are standardized by means of severity weights, thus: DALY=YLL+YLD. WHO has established for wastewater use in irrigation (WHO, 2006) the same reference level of health protection as established for drinking water quality (WHO, 2004), i.e., the additional burden of disease from consuming water irrigated food should not exceed 10-6 DALY(Disability-Adjusted Life Years) T loss per person per year (pppy). Such a restrictive risk is almost impossible to be attained in most developing countries which may not be able to afford U the associated costs,even for restrict irrigation. This paper presents proposals to adapt the reference level of risk to local conditions of developing countries E on the basis of a risk benefi t approach. S D A Y PRELIMINARY P M

REWAS 2008 43 Technical Program

studied the durability of the mortar under cycles of wetting- drying and the chemical attack of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4 5%). According to the results, we Wednesday Plenary Session note that the mortar of the sand mixes (river sand plus dunes sand) present the best mechanical performances, under different environment of curing. Wednesday AM Room: Caesar 7 In addition, result of the durability studies put forward that the mortar of the October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort sand mixes is more resistant to the sulfates attack. 11:35 AM 9:00 AM Plenary Recovery of Fine Hydrophilic Particles by Foaming of Suspension: Irena Heinz Boeni, EMPA Grigorova1; Ivan Nishkov1; 1University of Mining and Geology A method has been developed about the recovery of fi ne hydrophilic 9:30 AM Plenary particles by foaming of a suspension. The investigation for the transport of To Be Announced such particles from the bulk of suspension to its surface has been carried out 10:00 AM Break in a fl otation cell. For the model experimental studies glass microspheres have been used. In the laboratory and pilot tests technological waste from the kaolin industry has been utilized. For the better dispersion of the gaseous phase a foaming agent has been applied. It has been shown that fi ne particles Case Studies in the Development of Waste are dragged into the boundary layers of the bubbles and have been separated Treatment Technologies III as an independent product. The method is applied for the recovery of kaolin from technological waste of the quartz-kaolin industry. This method is Wednesday AM Room: Caesar 8 established to be quite useful for the production of standard kaolin in the October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort fi reproof and ceramic industries. 11:55 AM 10:30 AM Keynote Stabilization of EAF Slag for Use as Construction Materials: Qixing 1 2 1 1 1 Pelletization of Slag from Steel Desulfurization: S. Komar Kawatra1; Yang ; Björn Haase ; Fredrik Engström ; Anita Wedholm ; Luleå University 2 1Michigan Technological University of Technology; Höganäs AB A typical steelmaking facility produced 50,000 tons per year of slag in MiMeR started industry related research work to stabilize the EAF slag their hot-metal desulfurization process. This slag had a suffi ciently high iron with values of CaO/SiO2 for the slag ranging from 2.5 to 3.5. It would be content that it could be benefi ciated and recycled in a blast furnace, provided possible to use the EAF slag as construction materials after the stabilization. that the slag could be agglomerated into pellets suitable for use as blast Some of the agents effective for preventing disintegration of AOD slag were furnace feed. In this work, benefi ciated slag was agglomerated using both examined in laboratory tests for stabilization of the EAF slag. Test mixtures, a conventional bentonite binder, and a fl y-ash-based binder (FBB) that was the slag samples mixed together with stabilizing agents, were melted at 1530- formulated by the investigators. The FBB consisted of a combination of high- 1640ºC and then cooled in crucible system. With a laboratory granulation carbon fl y ash with calcium hydroxide activator, allowing the FBB to exhibit system the liquid EAF slag was cooled rapidly using air. Samples of the test binding properties when moistened. It was determined that benefi ciated mixtures and slag granules were characterized, including SEM and XRD slag agglomerated with FBB had superior compressive strengths compared analyses. Some of the results from the work may be useful for preventing the to slag agglomerated with conventional bentonite binder. Since the fl y-ash slag disintegration and, thus, enhancing utilizations of the EAF slag to save component of the FBB is commonly discarded as waste, this approach also valuable natural resources. provides a means for utilizing high-carbon fl y-ashes that currently have very 12:15 PM little commercial value. The Application of ViroMine Technology to Intractable Mine Waste: 1 1 W 10:55 AM Global Treatment Outcomes: Lee Fergusson ; Virotec Europe Limited Old Copper Flotation Tailings Reprocessing and Sustainability: Zoran This paper will introduce the primary features of ViroMine Technology E Markovic1; 1University of Belgrade and its application to mine site remediation and the treatment of a variety of PRELIMINARYintractable wastestreams, including a technical discussion of acid neutralising D Old fl otation tailings consists of very fi ne dust, contaminated water, also very fi ne material leaking out from tailing pond in nearby rivers in the capacity, metals binding capacity, and long-term stability of results. N one hand and valuable compounds such as Cu, Ag, Au on the other hand. Outcomes from four applications at high-profi le international mine sites will The average contents of copper is 0.3%, gold 0.8 g/t, silver 2.4 g/t and be presented: 1) the superfund site at the Gilt Edge Mine, South Dakota, USA E sulfur 12.7%. The fl otation tailings is located near to Bor city center and (fi ve-year data on the treatment of high acidity, TDS, and metals such as Al, S has great environmental impact. Reprocessing of tailings materials offers Co, Fe, Mn and Zn); 2) Australia’s most polluted site at the King River Delta an economical opportunity for obtaining valuable compounds followed by in Australia (treatment of TAA and TPA, and heavy metals such as As, Cr and D sustainability. Paper presents results from extending laboratory work for Hg); 3) the Aljustrel “Aqua Forte” mine site in Portugal (high acidity and recovery of above mentioned compounds, for example copper recovery in heavy metals such as Al, As, Cu and Zn); and 4) the Ulsan Iron Ore Mine at A bulk concentrate was achieved up to 98%. Attrition technique is applied, Ulsan, South Korea (treatment of heavy metals such as As, Cd and Ni). rather than regrinding, in mineral liberation and cleaning of their surfaces Y prior to fl otation. Attrition is much more cheaper than grinding, and provides better results in fl otation, too. 11:15 AM A Physical, Mechanical and Durability Study of Dunes Sand Mortar in the M Region of Laghouat: Azzouz Lakhdar1; Benabed Benchaa1; Belaidi Akram Salah Eddine1; 1University of Laghouat The main objective of our work is to exploit a largely available material in the Algerian south which is the dunes sand, as a material of construction in the region of Laghouat. In this study. First we investigated the effect of the curing environment and the nature of the sand on the mechanical properties of the mortar, such as; fl exural and compressive strengths. Then after, we

44 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

150 adult animals per litre of reactor volume. The results reveal that greater the surface area: volume ratio of the reactor, higher is the vermicast output; Case Studies in the Development of Waste the shallowest reactors (2 cm high) produced about 30% higher vermicast Treatment Technologies IV than the deepest ones (16 cm high). The vermicast output in reactors of higher earthworm density was expectedly higher than the output from the reactors Wednesday AM Room: Miramar 3 with lesser earthworm density but the difference was only marginal. In terms October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort of vermicast output per animal, the more densely populated reactors were comparatively under-productive. Even as the vermicast production remained consistently high in all the reactors, there was signifi cant earthworm mortality 10:30 AM Keynote throughout the course of the experiments and the worms who survived, 1 Waste Oxide Recycling via Reduction in Cupola Furnaces: Paul King ; steadily lost weight with time. As these observations were in contrast with 1 1 1 William O’Connor ; Paul Turner ; National Energy Technology Laboratory our earlier fi ndings with several different substrates, a detailed investigation The cupola furnace is an ideal melting technology for the reduction of the possible causes was carried out. It revealed that whereas the C: N of oxide bearing waste products to reclaim valuable metallic units while ratio of acacia compost was comparable with that of other substrates; the rendering the remainder of the waste a non-hazardous, non-leachable slag polyphenols and lignin content were much higher. It is known that leaf litter product that passes toxicity leach tests and a baghouse dust product with in the forests which is rich in polyphenols and lignin is not preferred by most potential for recycle. The National Energy Technology Laboratory operated species of earthworm. This may perhaps be the reason for the high rate of its one ton per hour cupola on a series of listed (hazardous) and non-listed mortality and weight loss in earthworms forced to feed upon acacia in the waste streams, including dusts from blast furnaces and electric arc furnaces. experiments conducted by us. The waste dusts were briquetted with reductant and appropriate slag forming constituents in order to produce a self reducing, self fl uxing feed material. 11:55 AM Typical trials consisted of charging the cupola with varying combinations of Vitrifi cation by Plasma Treatment, an Environmentally Sound briquettes and metallic charge in order to determine optimum proportions of Technology for APC Residues: Lourdes Yurramendi1; Juan Carlos Múgica1; waste product to metallic charge. This paper outlines the methodology used Javier Antoñanzas1; Jorge Aragón1; Susana Caballero1; 1INASMET- and the results from the various trials on the different waste streams. Tecnalia Air Pollution Control (APC) residues treatment by plasma technology 10:55 AM was studied as a case study in the context of TESTNET (Towards European The Roles of Reactor Geometry, Polyphenols, and Lignin in Sectorial Testing Networks for Environmental Technologies) project, 1 1 1 Vermicomposting: Sankar Ganesh ; Gajalakshmi S. ; S. Abbasi ; supported by the European Commission in the sixth framework programme. 1 Pondicherry University During the project a protocol to verify the plasma technology was developed. Vermicomposting of the pre-composted leaf litter of acacia (Acacia The protocol was afterwards applied to a specifi c case study: the APC residues auriculiformis) was studied by different densities of the earthworm Endrilus from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWI). Different operational eugeniae and Lampito mauritii in reactors of identical volume but with surface conditions were tested and the vitrifi ed products obtained analyzed using area:height ratios varying from 4 to 250. The results reveal that greater the standardized leaching tests in order to evaluate their new properties concerning surface area:volume ratio of the reactor, higher is the vermicast output; in safety storage. Two leaching tests were used for the evaluation, the European terms of vermicast output per animal, the more densely populated reactors EN 12457-4 compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and the were comparatively under-productive. Though the vermicast production French XP X 31-211 test for the determination of the leachability of a solid remained consistently high in all the reactors, there was signifi cant earthworm waste material initially massive or generated by a solidifi cation process. mortality throughout the course of the experiments. The worms who survived steadily lost weight. As these observations were in contrast with our earlier 12:15 PM fi ndings with several different substrates, a detailed investigation of the Waste Processing – Latest Achievements: Petr Stehlik1; 1Brno University possible causes was carried out. It revealed that whereas the C:N ratio of of Technology W acacia compost was comparable with that of other substrates; the polyphenols This paper is aimed at showing and demonstrating progress in technologies and lignin content were much higher. and improvements in units for the thermal processing of various types of E PRELIMINARYwaste. It represents a challenge for potential investors and operators as 11:15 AM well as researchers. Case studies presented cover several important fi elds D The Use of Flying Ash to Remove the Copper Cyanide Species from Gold and are based on research and development using experimental facilities, 1 1 1 Mine Effl uents: Julia Ayala ; José Martínez ; Purifi cación Coque ; Begoña sophisticated approach (including CFD), and feedback from industrial N 1 1 Fernández ; Universidad de Oviedo operation. The following areas are covered: units for the thermal treatment The objective of this study was to examine the suitability of using adsorption of hazardous industrial wastes and common MSW, technologies for the E with a coal residue, fl y ash, to remove the coopper cyanide species from gold thermal treatment of industrial and sewage sludge, utilizing wastes in cement S mine effl uents. In order to discharge them safely with minimum impact to production (material and energy recovery), up-to-date off-gas cleaning the environment the effl uents must be treated in such a way that the legal systems, original and unique units for the thermal processing of polluted D conditions were attained with the lowest possible cost. This paper presents gases, low-NOx burners. The paper represents a review based on industrial the treatment of cyanide solution originating from tailing ponds at the end applications, papers published in reputable international journals and a A of the detoxifi cation by direct contact with two differents fl ying ashes. The monograph under preparation. results obtained in the experiments carried out show the effectivity of ashes in Y the adsorption of metallic cyanide complex and especially in copper ones. 11:35 AM Vermicomposting of the Leaf Litter of Acacia (Acacia Auriculiformis): A Possible Roles of Reactor Geometry, Polyphenols, and Lignin: P. Sankar M Ganesh1; Gajalakshmi S.1; S. Abbasi1; 1Pondicherry University Vermicomposting of the pre-composted leaf litter of acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) was studied in reactors of identical volume but with surface area: height ratios varying from 4 to 250. In separate sets of experiments with these reactors, epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae and anecic earthworm species Lampito mauritii were employed at densities of 75 and

REWAS 2008 45 Technical Program

electricity. •The waste air in low-temperature part is introduced to sintering machine to support combustion. Illuminated by the CDQ which can recover Clean Technology and Reengineering of Current the coal heat, the assumption of pot-recovery is put forward to replace the Processes III belt cooler. The two equipments of residual-heat recovery are analyzed in the aspect of energy consumption and CO2 reduction. Wednesday AM Room: Caesar 5 11:55 AM October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort Vacuum Pyroselection in Effective Ecologically Pure Demercurization of Secondary Raw Materials and Solid Wastes: Vladimir Khrapunov1; Rufi na 10:30 AM Keynote Isakova1; Sergey Trebukhov1; Alexander Abramov1; Irina Marki1; 1Centre of The Separation, Recovery and Fixation of Tin, Arsenic, Antimony, Earth Sciences, Metallurgy and Ore Benefi cation Mercury and Gold with Alkaline Sulfi de Hydrometallurgy: Corby Theoretic studies on thermal behavior of mercury and its compounds Anderson1; Larry Twidwell1; 1Montana Tech-University of Montana under vacuum resulted in developing techniques for deep demercurization of Throughout the world, there are many orebodies or materials which have secondary raw materials and wastes with 0.2-30% mercury concentrations; signifi cant value but also contain arsenic, antimony, and mercury. Many of processing of lead production dusts, acetaldehyde slurry, spent luminescent these are wastes or by products from primaryy processing. As regulations lamps, gold-containing slimes, used gold-refi nery carbon sorbents and on the transport, exposure, disposition and emission of these elements mercury-contaminated soils demercurization. Vacuum-assisted thermal have become more stringent; it has become increasingly more diffi cult to processing at 1.33-13.3 kPa and 450-5000C resulted in cinders containing derive the values from the resources. This paper outlines the fundamentals <0.01% Hg for all studied materials. Pilot-scale vibro-vacuum continuous of alkaline sulfi de hydrometallurgy and its successful application to arsenic, process systems of 200, 500 and 5.000-kg daily capacity were developed and antimony, tin, gold and mercury bearing ores, concentrates, by-products, and tested. Factory tests in vacuum-assisted thermal processing of concentrates other materials. containing 2-10% Hg resulted in 250-350 kWh/t power consumption for 5-7 t/m2 daily plant capacity, the mercury emissions being reduced by 400-1000 10:55 AM times as compared with those of electric-tube furnaces and fl uidized-bed Study of Environmental Benefi t Ground-Source Heat Pump System with kilns. LCA: Fei Liu1; Jiu-Ju Cai1; Wen-Chao Liu1; 1Northeastern University With the northern cities of China as study objects, and to confi rm 12:15 PM Ground-source heat pump system of the environmental benefi t and the Reuse of Fines and Environmental Issues in the Production of Ferroalloys- developing direction. In this paper, LCA was applied to the environmental SAIL’s Experience: Asok Das1; 1Steel Authority of India Ltd. benefi t Ground-source heat pump System from rawmaterials acquisition In steel making ferroalloys occupies a commanding role for production to system production, utilization and disposal. The conclusion shows that of varied quality of steel. Ferroalloys enable alloying elements such as Ground-source heat pump system of the environmental benefi t and energy chromium, silicon, manganese, vanadium etc to be safely and economically conservation benefi t in the northern cities of China. The result showed that introduced into metallurgical processes thus giving certain desirable properties Ground-source heat pump system had remarkable environmental benefi t and of the alloyed metal. Production of ferroalloys generally involves the use of energy conservation benefi t. Electric Arc Furnace(EAF) into which raw materials(e.g. various metal ores, quartz, coke, lime etc) with relatively fl uctuating physical compositions are 11:15 AM loaded. Due to this, one of the major environmental impacts of producing The Advantage of CTAB(Cetyl-Three-Ethyl-Ammonium Bromide) Use ferroalloys is the emission of dust and fume from the smelting process. The on the Electroleaching of Copper Sulphides Flotation Concentrate: Luis Electric Arc Furnace is also a major consumer of electrical energy. This paper 1 1 1 1 Sobral ; Vania Mori ; Marcos Aguiar ; Centre for Mineral Technology- deals with the emission reduction, recovery of fi nes through pelletization and CETEM it’s reuse, and other environmental benefi cial techniques both at end of pipe This paper presents a low-cost operational electroleaching process for and process integrated measures in the ferroalloy plant of Steel Authority of W treating copper sulphides fl otation concentrates, with a high chalcopyrite India Limited. content. This research practical work aims at improving the copper extraction E from that sulphide mineral, in a relatively short time with low-operating cost 12:35 PM PRELIMINARYA Thermodynamic Study of Arsenic Adsorption onto Iron Species D taking into consideration the infl uence of a cationic surfactant. The electrolyte of the electrolytic reaction system was a 2mol.L-1 NaCl solution containing Generated by Electrocoagulation: Jose Parga1; Alhondra de los Santos1; N CTAB, a cationic surfactant. The electroleaching system contains one Jesús Valenzuela2; 1Institute Technology of Saltillo, Department of Metallurgy DSATM (dimensionally stable anode) anode and two nickel or copper foams and Materials Science; 2University of Sonora, Department of Chemistry E (three-dimension electrodes. During the electroleaching process the chloride The present study evaluated the feasibility of using iron species generated ions are oxidized to chlorine at the anode surface, which in contact with the by electrocoagulation (EC) as an adsorbent for removal As(III/As(V) from S aqueous phase generate enough hypochlorite ions to oxidize chalcopyrite. aqueous media. The full potential of EC was evident in that more than 99 D The copper ions released from the chemical oxidation process are reduced at percent of arsenic was removed without addition of chemical reagents. The the cathode surface as metallic copper. adsorbent iron-species generated by EC was characterized by Chemical A Analyses, X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The 11:35 AM experimental data were correlated by employing a Langmuir adsorption Y Thermodynamic Analysis and Cascaded Utilization of Residual- isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were 1 1 1 Heat in Sinter Process: Jiu-Ju Cai ; Chun-Xia Chen ; Yong-Hwan Kim ; calculated. The adsorption process was found to be exothermic and 1 Northeastern University spontaneous. The quantity and the recovery of residual-heat in some Chinese sinter A plants are investigated. The main factors effecting energy consumption M are analyzed using exergy analysis combining energy level analysis. It is indicated that the “gradation recovery and cascade utilize” is the direction and available approach to reduce energy consumption. Take the Anshan iron&steel enterprise for example; the three-ranked scheme of residual- heat recovery is put forward: •Part of the sinter gas is used for warm-up and dryness; •The high-temperature part of cooler and exhaust-heat boiler are actualized closed-circuit, which can produce high-quality steam to generate

46 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

11:35 AM Prediction of Trace Elemental Flows during the Reaction of Bottom General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Ashes with Chloride-Rich Cement Dusts: Simona Regenspurg1; Virginie Heavy-Metal Containing Waste II Silberstein2; Christian Ludwig2; 1École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne/ Paul Scherrer Institute; 2École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Wednesday AM Room: Caesar 7 Residues from waste incineration (bottom ashes) form large amounts of October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort heavy metal-rich waste. Theoretically, heating and the addition of chloride to the ashes could remove the heavy metals by formation of volatile metal chlorides. This allows to re-use the remaining ashes, for example, as 10:30 AM Keynote construction materials. In the proposed process we used waste products from Removal of Lead, Cadmium and Boron from Um-Gheig Pb-Zn Spent the cement industry (bypass dust) as chloride additives to the bottom ashes. 1 2 Ore Residue- Egypt: Mohamed Mahdy ; Mohamed El Shahat ; Omneya El We aim to determine experimentally the optimal conditions to remove heavy 1 1 1 2 Hussaini ; Galal Abd El Wahab ; Nuclear Materials Authority; Ain Shams metals from the ashes and to simulate this process by geochemical modeling. University In our experimental set-up we investigate heavy metal fl ows by heating of Um-Gheig Pb-Zn representative sample was collected from the main differently composed mixtures of bottoms ash and bypass dust in dependence adite of Um-Gheig mine along Red Sea coast in Egypt. Its chemical analysis of different furnace temperatures (500-1200 C). Furthermore, we investigate shows that, it contains 16% Zn, 2.3% Pb, 0.1% Cd and 0.1% B as elements of the reactivity of the resulting product with respect to its leaching characteristic interest. After H2SO4 agitation leaching, the chemical composition of Um- in order to predict if it can be landfi lled in agreement to Swiss regulations. Gheig Pb-Zn deposit ore residue assayed 2.26% Pb, 1.5% Zn, 0.085% B and 0.01% Cd. This residue was leached with 20% HCl at S/L ratio 1/3 for 2 hours 11:55 AM at 80°C. The chloride leach liquor was found to contain 18 g/l Pb, 13 g/l Zn, Recovery of Metal Values from Industrial Waste Water in Galvanization 0.1 g/l Cd and 0.75 g/l B with the corresponding leaching effi ciencies 79%, Process: Mahmoud Rabah1; F. E. Farghaly1; M.A. Motaleb1; 1Central 86%, 100% and 88% respectively. Lead was precipitated from the chloride Metallurgical Research and Development Institute leach liquor using concentrated H2SO4 to obtain PbSO4 with precipitation Wastewater from industrial galvanization industry was reclaimed under effi ciency 96%. While boron was extracted by the selective resin Amberlite current fl ow stream conditions. Results showed that the raw water contains IRA743 with loading effi ciency of 80%. On the other hand, Zn and Cd were 0.7% by weight total suspended solids (TSS) causing turbidity amounting precipitated using Na2S solution with 86.7% and 100% recovery effi ciencies to 30. Measurements of Zeta potential as a function of pH revealed that respectively. solid separation takes place at pH 9. Addition of H2O2 to the polmer solution helps to oxdize ions of iron and zinc metals toinsoluble ferric oxide and 10:55 AM zinc hydroxide to a higher state of oxidation. Addition of 5 mg/L of cationic Experimental Investigation of Metal Recovery and Treatment for magna fl occulants polymeric solution helps the rapid separation of the 1 Smelting Residue by Dry-and-Wet Process: Atsushi Shibayama ; Atsushi turbidity. Separation of fl occules so formed takes place by fi ltration. Addition 2 2 2 1 1 Yamatodani ; Yasunori Higuchi ; Shigeru Sunagawa ; Eiki Ono ; Akita of peroxide ions to the turbid wastewater confi rms the physical stability of the 2 Univerisity; Godo Shigen Sangyo Company, Ltd. fl ocs so formed. Impurity fl occulation takes place in few seconds. Maximum In metallurgical process for non-ferrous metals, smelting residue (inc. temperature for safe solid removal was <30°C. The treated water was pure smelter fl ue gas) is inevitably generated as secondary product. In this research, and safe for recycling or use in domestic purposes. some experimental feasibilities were investigated to recover/remove Cu, Pb and As from the residue. Primarily, the removal of As from the residue was 12:15 PM examined by H2SO4 solution as a double stage leaching, to recover Cu from Thermical Recycling Process of Metal Containing Plastics for Metal the leach residue. And then, to recover and separate Cu from impurities from Recycling Plants: Michael Potesser1; Burkhardt Holleis2; Helmut the 2nd leached solution, solvent extraction was examined by using LIX-84I Antrekowitsch1; Stefan Konetschnik1; 1University of Leoben; 2Messer as a solvent. Several experimental conditions were obtained to recover Cu Austria GmbH W and Pb, to remove As from the residue. For the leaching stages, the removal The direct charging of metal containing plastic from external and internal of 90% As and the leaching rate of 85% Cu could be achieved by 0.25 mol/l recycling processes into metallurgical furnaces is nearly impossible in case of E and 1.0 mol/lPRELIMINARY H2SO4 solution, respectively. On the other hand, the extraction the processes itself, off gas systems, dioxin formation, fi lter burnings and gas of over 90% Cu and stripping was carried out by solvent extraction. fl ow conditions. Due to increasing energy costs and stronger recycling and D landfi ll restrictions, thermical recycling processes with the goal of a “Zero- 11:15 AM Waste-Technology” get more and more important. Possible application fi elds N Films Based on Leather Scrap: Manufacture and Biodegradation: for this process gas which contains a high amount of burnable compounds 1 1 1 Adriane Rodríguez ; Claudia Mählmann ; Angela Diehl ; Valeriano are as follows: The fuel gas reduction in metal recycling plants with shaft E 1 1 1 Corbeline ; Diosnel Rodríguez ; Santa Cruz do Sul University or shortdrum furnaces or the reduction of natural gas with oxygen in the S The present work aims at to develop a methodology of digestion of the post combustion. Goals of the investigation are the recycling possibilities leather scrap and extration of the collagen for attainment of fi lms and to of plastic from the metal recycling. The typical material fl ow in the special D evaluate biodegradation processes on the chrome shaving digested, as well pyrolysis process (treatment waste, process gas, reaction coke) was as on the fi lms gotten with the use of cultures of Aspergillus sp. The leather determined. This data built the base of the process routes development and A scrap was collected of tanneries of the region around the Santa Cruz do Sul an economic calculation. University. For the digestion with oxalic acid was used and the purifi cation Y of the collagen was carried through the precipitation method with ammonium sulphate. The best formularization of fi lm was gotten with the addition of 10% glycerol and 2% formaldehyde. Samples of this fi lm had been submitted A to the evaluation of its mechanical properties, resistance to the impact, water absorption and, later submitted to the biodegradation assays. M

REWAS 2008 47 Technical Program

soil is oxidised, obnoxious odours can also be emitted, causing complaints when sites are near residential areas. Rapid Sequestro-Degradation (“RSD”) Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Industrial has been applied at sites throughout Australia to effectively: a) reduce Total Sites Petroleum Hydrocarbon (“TPH”) levels in excess of 100,000mg/kg to less than 1,500mg/kg within three months; b) render a soil matrix with heavy Wednesday AM Room: Caesar 3 metals permanently sequestered in a non-leachable, non-bioavailable form, October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort reducing lead (Pb), for example, from a total of 3,300mg/kg (of which 10.0mg/L is leachable) to 0.04mg/L leachable Pb where the limit is no greater than 5.0mg/L; and c) immediately destroy objectionable odours. This paper 10:30 AM Keynote will explain the mechanics, application methods and results from a number 1 Purifi cation of Oil-Contaminated Soil by Flotation: Georgios Anastassakis ; of applications of RSD in Australia. Nickolaos Georgiou1; 1National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Soil contamination by oil as well as by other organic pollutants poses 11:55 AM a major problem to the environment. Various methods have been used to Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Industrial Sites: Emilia remove organic contaminants from soil, such as: biological, thermal, Kostakeva1; Magdelinka Yaneva2; 1EKOEM-K; 2University of Architecture, chemical and physical. Methods based on Mineral Processing principles have Civil Engineering and Geodesy also been used (cyclone separation, gravimetric separation, attritioning and The environment protection in every passed year became more and more washing). This paper studies the possibility to remove a rich-in-contaminant signifi cant problem of the mankind. Up to the last decade the only way to make soil fraction by applying fl otation. The contaminated soil was artifi cially the domestic waste harmless in Bulgaria was deposition on the uncontrolled prepared by mixing soil with oil. Sodium dodecylsulfate and a tertiary amine landfi lls without undertaking actions for protection of the soils. This causes were used as collectors. The effect of collector quantity added, conditioning also spreading the pollution over the surface and underground waters and that time and pH was studied. The results showed that the removal of a rich-in- is why actions are undertaken for remediation of contaminated soils. This contaminant soil is feasible while a clean fraction is also produced. In some is achieved by making projects for closing of polluted sites. In the present cases, the removal of oil-contaminated soil approaches or reaches 100%. paper some projects for closing of polluted areas are discussed. The actual conditions are examined and project decisions for prevention the surface 10:55 AM waters penetration into the waste are presented. In this way the pollution of Biodegradation of Dichloromethane in the Groundwater in Illegal Waste the soil is stopped and the soils gradually are remediated. Dumped Area: Hiroshi Nakazawa1; Wataru Hareyama1; 1Iwate University About 800,000 tones of wastes have been piled up or buried illegally at 12:15 PM prefectural boundary area between Aomori and Iwate prefectures. Over 200 Industrial Investigations of Brass Scrap Recycling for the Aim of Copper drums that contained organic solvent were buried at a spot and the solvent and Zinc-Oxide Production: Milorad Cirkovic1; Vlastimir Trujic1; Mile leaked from the drums resulting into the pollution of soils and groundwater. Bugarin1; 1Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor Dichloromethane (DCM) is one of pollutants and its concentration in a Industrial scale testings were performed in the plant of Bor Company. groundwater in this spot was over 100ppm. We studied whether bacteria Charging sample of the brass scrap was from 4 to 5 tons for each particular inhabit in the groundwater in the polluted area degrade DCM. Gas-tight vials test. All operations in industrial scale investigations were carried out in with 10 ml of groundwater samples and 5ml of headspace were shaken at one furnace.For the aim of successful performance of experiments, and 25°C. After 10 days of shaking, DCM concentration in a sample decreased primarily for safety and prevention of risk of toxic contamination of working from 120ppm to not-detected level and chloride concentration increased, environment, a plant was designed and constructed for cooling and wet indicating that DCM was degraded biologically. Those bacteria would be dedusting of gases formed during smelting process, zinc removal and fl ame utilized to remedy contaminated groundwater and soils in the polluted area. refi nement of molten metal. For the requirements of industrial investigations a complete plant for cooling and wet dedusting of gases was constructed 11:15 AM for brass scrap processing. In this plant, original ultra-sonic water spraying W In Situ Bioremediation of an Alkaline Soil Polluted with Heavy Metals: devices have been installed. The effi ciency of such simplifi ed system for gas 1 1 1 1 Stoyan Groudev ; Irena Spasova ; Marina Nicolova ; Plamen Georgiev ; treatment was 98.6%. E 1 UniversityPRELIMINARY of Mining and Geology D An experimental plot containing alkaline soil polluted with heavy metals (copper, zinc, cadmium, lead) was treated in situ by stimulating the activity of N the indigenous soil microfl ora, which contained different metal-solubilizing Resources, Monitoring and Characterization of microorganisms. This was achieved by adding solid biodegradable organic Waste E substrates (cow manure, plant compost, straw) and zeolite saturated with ammonium phosphate to the soil and periodically irrigating it with water Wednesday AM Room: Caesar 6 S solutions containing lactate, acetate and magnesium chloride. An effi cient October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort D removal of the above-mentioned heavy metals was achieved via the drainage waters within 18 months of treatment. The metals were solubilized mainly A as complexes with the organic acids added by the irrigating water solutions 10:30 AM Keynote or secreted by the indigenous heterotrophic microorganisms. A portion of Considerations on Strategy, Policy and Management of Resources and Y the lead was solubilized as complexes with chloride ions. The soil effl uents Environment: Skënder Osmani1; 1Faculty of Geology and Mines containing dissolved metals were effi ciently treated by means of a constructed A system analysis of the resource and environment management ( water, wetland located near the experimental plot. energy etc) starts from its defi nition. Unfortunately, there is not a unique semantics of the mentioned concept. On these circumstances, in this paper A 11:35 AM the following issues are presented: 1. A short view on the existing concepts Rapid Sequestro-Degradation: The Destruction of Hydrocarbons and M of management. 2. A new defi nition on the concept of management. It is Objectionable Odours and the Permanent Binding of Heavy Metals at considered as a complex and rational activity on human and natural resources, Disused, Contaminated Industrial Sites in Australia: Daniel Blair1; Lee environment etc, which starts from an analysis of infrastructure, technology, Fergusson2; 1Virotec Global Solutions; 2Virotec Europe Ltd. etc, mission, alternatives, project etc. and ends to an optimal output. Basing One of the most problematic aspects of remediating disused industrial on this defi nition, the management has two pricipal components: strategy and sites is the presence of high levels of persistent organic and inorganic policy. The strategy is referred as a blue print program (the same defi nition as contaminants in soil, such as hydrocarbons and toxic heavy metals. When in Game Theory), which contains all the contingency alternatives, while the 48 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program policy is referred as a strategy applied into practice. The strategy is the fi rst, Two locals were selected for this study, the treatment plant of sewage and a while the policy is the second one. bathroon, both at the University of Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC. Partial results evaluated in one day showed that the amount of CO2 in both locals were 10:55 AM higher than 7,2x105 μg/m3. The concentration of methane was from 17 to Hyperspectral Imaging Based Sorting Strategies in Solid Waste 92 μg/m3 (level allowed). Recycling: Giuseppe Bonifazi1; Silvia Serranti1; 1Sapienza Università di Roma 12:15 PM The application of hyperspectral imaging technique to the characterization The Integrated Management of Textile Wastes - A Strategic Tendency for of solid waste particles has been investigated. In particular, the study was Developing a Sustainable Textile Industry in Romania: Emilia Visileanu1; addressed to explore the possibility offered by “real time imaging based Eftalea Carpus1; 1Research-Development National Institute for Textile and spectroscopy”, in the fi eld of solid waste recycling. Different waste materials Leather characteristics can be detected analyzing their surface spectral response The preserving of harmony and of the man-nature equilibrium, at the same when properly energized by a suitable source. The proposed approach can be time with the economical-social progress, a basic concept of the sustainable profi tably applied to develop specifi c sorting actions addressed to recognize development, represents the reconciling solution for the two opposed and separate different materials and/or to develop control strategies fi nalized tendencies: the economic growth and the environment resource protection. to evaluate the performance of a separation equipment and/or of a processing Having in view the complexity of the consequences created by wastes, the stage. Selected case studies related to different solid waste recycling sectors, solving manners can be achieved only within a waste integrated management in which the application of hyperspectral imaging can be profi tably utilized, that should consider all the implied factors, namely: - the potential generators; are described: glass recycling, fl uff from car dismantling and bottom ash - the commercial chain that launches products into circulation; - the effective from solid waste incinerator. producers of wastes; - the operators that ensure the waste collecting and transporting; - the economic operators that act for waste recycling into the 11:15 AM productive circuit; - the economic operators that act for waste reducing Infl uence of Fine Particulate Material Pollutants on Human Health at by manufacturing fl ows. The transforming of the waste recovering and University Campus: Ruth Marlene Santana1; Marcondes Pacheco1; Michel recycling into a life and economical-social action way ensures the successful Tieccher1; Juliano Urach1; 1Santa Cruz do Sul University - UNISC implementing of the sustainable developing strategy. One of the components of urbana air pollution is the particulate matter (PM) whose main source is the combustion of fossil fuel from motor vehicle emission. The PM presents a potentially risk to human health because of their small size to penetrate in the lungs, causing a increased cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. The subject of this work is to monitor the PM Trade Policies and Incentive Structures in emitted in the bus terminal Santa Cruz do Sul University, Brazil and to Recycling evaluate the infl uence over the students health. It was selected the centre of the bus terminal for monitoring and was used a colector of high-volume Wednesday AM Room: Caesar 1 (HV-PM10) for sampling of PM <10μm in a week, and on the other hand, it October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort will be collected statistic dates of students number with respiratory problems from university medical post. Preliminary gravimetric results carried out in 10:30 AM Keynote 24 h showed a high index of PM of 200 μg/m3. Legal and Policy Aspects of Current Mergers and Acquisitions in 1 11:35 AM Recycling and Metal and Materials Processing Industries: Migen Dibra ; 1 Management of Bio-Medical Waste in Captive Hospitals of Steel Midgen Law Authority of India Limited: Kalyani Das Sarkar1; 1Steel Authority of India Recycling has become in recent years an important industrial activity Limited driven by both environmental and business factors. The environmental factor Steel Authority of India Limited, is India’s largest steel maker and ranks requires the recycling of products and wastes in order to assure a clean W among the leading steel producers in the world. SAIL owns and operates environmental while the business factor is related to the fact that the classic eight manufacturing steel plants. All integrated steel plants have hospitals raw materials such as minerals are becoming increasingly rare while the need E of 650-750PRELIMINARY bed capacity with modern facilities to serve it’s employees and for metals and materials is at an all-time high. As a result recycling activity adjoining localities in a clean and sustainable environment. According to the today is not only carried out by separate recycling companies but also by D Bio-Medical Waste(Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and as amended original metals produces that have embraced add-on recycling activities in N to date, all Bio-Medical waste which is generated during the diagnosis, parallel to their metal and materials extraction processes. Since the latest treatment or immunization of human beings are to be categorized and taken tendency is becoming even dominant today the recycling industries are E to appropriate facility. Hospital Management of SAIL has created adequate directly affected by the most distinctive movement in the industry: massive treatment facility for Sharp and Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, and mergers and acquisitions among major producers. This movement has changed S Anatomical Waste through Autoclave, Shreding Machine and developing the old relationship between recycling and classic extraction companies and D Deep Burial Pits. Some of these hospitals are ISO 9000/14000 certifi ed. has effectively changed the global picture and the horizon of the processing Use of above said treatment facilities in these hospitals are discussed in this industries that used to be known previously. Today’s mergers and acquisitions A paper. are much more numerous, happen more frequently, involve bigger and larger scales and are globally stretched in transnational and transcontinental levels. Y 11:55 AM Furthermore it seems to be much easier for them today compared to the Monitoring Greenhouse Pollutants from Human Source: Carolina past where regulators and courts have often prohibited similar large scale Niedersberg1; Vinicius Dalenogore1; Mauricio Almeida1; Ruth Marlene mergers and acquisitions citing antitrust and competition laws that are still Santana1; 1Santa Cruz do Sul University - UNISC in force today and whose role is to assure a dynamic and effi cient economy A The level of air pollution is growing worldwide and many of them present and provide competitive prices for quality products and services. This new M great potential in the global heating such as CO2 and methane (CH4) gases. reality makes more than necessary to conduct and overview of legal and The CO2 is the main component of the greenhouse and represents 55% of policy aspects of the recent mergers and acquisitions of various companies. the anthropogenic emissions. However, the CH4 has a heating potential 21 This is precisely the subject of this lecture along with an abridged analysis times higher than CO2. One of the generating sources of CH4 is the farms of the current antitrust and competition laws in USA, European Union, where there are a great amounts of cattle. In sight of this, the aim of this work Canada and Australia and some related court decisions. It is concluded that is to monitor and evaluate these pollutants generated by the human source. some new factors in the today’s reality such as market globalization and new

REWAS 2008 49 Technical Program

technologies can infl uence a different interpretation of existing antitrust and use. Firms close to materials production know that recycling can also be competition laws and may also justify possible amendments of the legal and fi nancially benefi cial. The goal of this paper is to explore the conditions policy framework. under which recycling can provide fi nancial benefi ts even for downstream fi rms and even in the absence of signifi cant price discount. Such incentives 10:55 AM emerge when secondary material can substitute for primary, providing an Measuring Sustainability of Solid Waste Management (SWM) in alternative source. Specifi cally, this paper examines dynamics of recycling Developing Countries: A Case Study in Malaysia: Siti Saat1; 1Strathclyde and the potential for such recycling to reduce fi rm fi nancial risk in the case University of platinum using a dynamic, behavioral simulation model of the primary The management of waste materials is a problem worldwide. In the and secondary markets. Since the secondary supply of platinum depends on developing countries, waste management is becoming an acute problem as a separate supply chain from primary extraction, over time, recycling can cut urbanization and economic development increase leading to larger quantities primary consumption, reduce overall costs to fi rms, and reduce the impact to of waste materials requiring management in these countries. The issues of fi rms of price swings. exportation of solid waste from developed to developing countries, green process and product International Environmental Standards and life cycle 12:15 PM assessment will be critically reviewed. This study seeks to make explicit The Austrian Model and Key-Factor “X”: Harald Foerster1; 1University this interrelationship and to formulate a policy framework for Sustainable of Leoben Solid Waste Management in Malaysia. This study examines the application From vision to concept, to strategy and to solution, using sustainable of Material fl ow analysis (MFA) as a technique to measure sustainable solid technologies and solutions as a basis for future-oriented business in metal waste management in Malaysia. The research also aims to understand the fi nishing, surface engineering and the metalworking SME and industries, .- behavior and attitude of household towards MSW, focusing on the scope which has proved successful in Austria. Better and best practice for other for change that may improve quality of life and sustainability of solid waste industry sectors, - local, regional, national, EU, global -, and for the global management. economy in a sustainable environment in “One World” should be practiced. The overall, world-wide value-added chain becomes ever more important. 11:15 AM The potential for emissions- and waste avoidance, waste recycling and Modeling the Economic and Environmental Performance of Recycling emissions- and waste minimization, material- and energy-optimization, - in Systems: Jeffrey Dahmus1; Susan Fredholm1; Elsa Olivetti1; Jeremy Gregory1; some cases up to 100%, s. “zero discharge processes”-, will be considered, Randolph Kirchain1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology including a range of corresponding factors (factors of 2 to 100), e.g factor As recycling systems become more widespread, understanding the 5 to 6 for solid waste reduction, factor up to 30 for reducing the burden economic and environmental performance of such systems becomes of discharge to sewer (chemical) and up to factor 100 for effl uent volumes. critical, both to evaluate existing systems and to design and implement Factors according to the “Club of Rome” -”Meadows with 8” and the “NUP new systems. The work presented here focuses on modeling the economic Austria with 10 since 1996, Parlament in Vienna” are being reached and in and environmental performance of recycling systems. These models aim to some cases, exceeded. This approach is intended to form the framework of a provide both a broad perspective on recycling systems and a reliable basis globally harmonized legislative approach, -BAT, PIUS, IPPC, ECO-DESIGN for system evaluation. The model developed here is divided into three main -, where costs are accurately and fully assessed, with external costs taken components - collection, processing, and system management - which are into account.- Indeed, the alternative “end-of-pipe” concepts and “re-actio” common to most recycling systems. Each of these components is analyzed approaches are in most cases more expensive in both environmental and using a range of techniques, including network models to evaluate collection, economic terms than “preventive” concepts and “pro-actio” methods. The and material fl ow analyses to evaluate processing. The outputs from these whole concept and solutions of re-balancing and re-equilibrating our world analyses are in turn used with both process-based cost models, to evaluate the for a world wide eco-social market economy can and should, for example, economic performance of a recycling system, and with life cycle assessment take its cue from the all-embracing, integrated and co-operative, successful tools, to evaluate the environmental performance of a recycling system. and sustainable Austrian Model. W 11:35 AM A Methodology for Evaluating and Comparing Recycling Systems: A E Case Study of Electronics Recycling Systems: Jeremy Gregory1; Susan FredholmPRELIMINARY1; Randolph Kirchain1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: D Jurisdictions across the world have struggled to create and fi nance systems Composite Materials IV N that can effectively collect and process electronics waste (e-waste). Many different system architectures have been proposed and implemented, but it Wednesday PM Room: Caesar 1 E is diffi cult for policy-makers and system architects to compare the costs and October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort benefi ts of different systems, particularly when the systems operate in different S contexts. This paper presents a systematic methodology that seeks to address D this challenge and uses data from several existing electronics recycling 2:00 PM Keynote systems across the world to illustrate its implementation. The methodology Use of Co-Products from Oil Extraction of Sunfl ower for Manufacture of 1 1 1 A characterizes three main system characteristics: architecture (e.g., fi nancing Composites: Adriane Rodríguez ; Claudia Mahlamnn ; Rosana Schneider ; 2 1 1 2 and collection methods), context (e.g., jurisdiction population, density, Nelma Balbinot ; Diosnel Lopez ; Santa Cruz do Sul University; Mestrado Y and wages), and performance, both economic and materials collection. A em Tecnologia Ambiental-Santa Cruz do Sul University comparison of systems in Asia, Europe, and North America with different The use of co-products of the sunfl ower oil has been studied aiming at the system architectures and contexts illuminates the importance of using the production thermoplastic composites. Thermoplastic composites have been P methodology to discern the extent to which architecture and context drive processed in polyethylene matrices of virgin low linear density (PELBD) or system performance. post-consumption polyethylene. Samples have been formulated with different M mass fraction of scarce phase (cake) and material characterization has been 11:55 AM achieved by mechanical testing of traction and Shore D hardness and by Incentives for Recycling: Mitigating Risks to Downstream Firms: Elisa physical testing of density. The results have demonstrated better properties to Alonso1; Frank Field1; Randolph Kirchain1; 1Massachusetts Institute of thermoplastic composites with industrial sunfl ower bran. Technology There are a number of environmental incentives for increasing recycling, including the reduction of landfi lled waste, energy consumption, and resource

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2:25 PM Recycling of Tire Rubber in Porous Asphalts Using the Dry Process: Mechanical Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Mixes: General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: Marco Pasetto1; Nicola Baldo1; 1University of Padova Electronic Waste III Recycling of tire rubber in the road pavement, may be one of the best way to reduce waste tires in large quantities and, at the same time, improve some Wednesday PM Room: Caesar 4 engineering properties of asphalt mixtures. The paper discusses the results October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort of an experimental study, developed in order to analyse the potentialities of crumb rubber from road tires in bituminous mixtures, using the dry process. Two types of porous asphalt mixtures and reference mixes without rubber 2:00 PM Keynote 1 were formulated by the traditional Marshall methodology, and mechanically ReLCD – Recycling and Re-Use of LCD Panels: Bernd Kopacek ; 1 evaluated by means of the Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus test, the Creep Austrian Society for Systems Engineering and Automation test (with confi nement), and the Indirect Tensile Fatigue Test. Results of this Nowadays more and more consumers substitute their conventional TV-sets study indicate that the tire rubber has a positive infl uence on the performance and computer monitors by LCD panels. In the near future huge amounts of characteristics, depending also on the grading and volumetric properties of LCDs will start coming back to recycling. In the last 2 years an EU-funded the mix being studied: an interesting increase of the fatigue life, a better project investigated best available re-use and recycling technologies. stiffness behaviour at lower temperatures and a bigger permanent deformation 2:25 PM resistance at high temperatures are guaranteed. Recycling System of Precious Metal from Discarded Mobile Phone: 1 1 1 1 2:45 PM Kunihiko Takahashi ; Gjergj Dodbiba ; Toyohisa Fujita ; University of Study of the Buriti Waste Fiber as a Possible Reinforcement of Polyester Tokyo Composites: Sergio Monteiro1; Felipe Lopes1; Lucas Costa1; Ludy Motta1; Recycling of various materials from the discarded mobile phones is very Luiz Fernando Santos1; 1State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro important in terms of saving the resources and protecting the environment. - UENF Generally speaking, various metals from the metallic parts of mobile phones Environmentally correct materials like the lignocellulosic natural fi bers, can be recovered by using smelting and purifi cation techniques. The recycled which are renewable and biodegradable, are being extensively investigated metals can then be used to fabricate other new products. For instance, indium as possible substitutes for synthetic fi ber in polymeric composites. Several is extensively being used in the production of the liquid crystal displays natural fi bers have never been thoroughly investigated as possible composite (LCD). It should be noted that the concentration of indium in liquid crystal reinforcement. The fi ber obtained from the leaves of the burity (Mauritia displays is 70 times greater or more, when compared with its concentration fl exuosa) palm tree is one example. Therefore, the objective of this work was in zinc ores. Nevertheless, the LCDs from the discarded cellular phones are to study the properties of butiti waste fi bers, in amounts of up to 40 wt.%, generally discarded without recovering indium. This paper is an introduction reinforcing polyester composites. of the recycling system of various materials from the discarded mobile phone, currently available in Japan. In order to illustrate and support and the 3:05 PM conclusions of study, a series of experimental results are presented.

Study on CaSO3.0.5H2O Typed Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Used as Cement Retarder: Zhendong Tao1; Haoran Geng1; Zhongxi Yang1; Wei 2:45 PM Huang1; Jingxiang Yao1; Hang Guo1; 1University of Jinan Silica Nanopowder from Waste Silicon Sludge and CFD Modeling of the Flame Spray Pyrolysis Process: Miguel Olivas-Martinez1; Hong Sohn1; CaSO3.0.5H2O typed Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is a by- 2 1 2 product formed in fl ue gas desulfuration by double-cycle fl uid bed method, Hee Dong Jang ; University of Utah; Korea Institute of Geoscience and its composition is different remarkably from that of gypsum yield by normal Mineral Resources desulfuration methods, and few studies using it as cement retarder have been Tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), a precursor of silica nanoparticles, is prepared from the waste silicon sludge, followed by the synthesis of silica carried out. In this paper, the experimental study using CaSO3.0.5H2O typed FGD gypsum as cement retarder was carried out. The experimental results nanoparticles from the TMOS by fl ame spray pyrolysis. A two-dimensional W indicate that, when FGD gypsum is added solely into cement, the retarding multiphase computational fl uid dynamics (CFD) model for the fl ame spray E action isPRELIMINARY not satisfactory because of its slow dissolution rate; The composite pyrolysis (FSP) process for the synthesis of silica nanoparticles has been retarder composed of FGD gypsum and natural gypsum can regulate developed. The model incorporates the governing turbulent equations of D effi ciently setting time of cement over a wide range of addition and rate of overall continuity, momentum, energy and species mass transport to represent both each other, and the mechanical property of cement can be improved the gas phase and the population balance model (PBM) to account for the N signifi cantly. silica nanoparticles. The model has been validated with experimental data in terms of gas temperature and average particles size. E 3:25 PM The Possibility of Metallurgical Waste Exploitation in Dye through of 3:05 PM S Concrete Composites Matrix: Vladimir Cablik1; Miroslav Svoboda2; Rudolf Studies on Bromination and Volatile Separation of Metallic Oxides by D Tomanec3; Martin Vyvazil2; Peter Fecko1; Maria Kusnierova4; 1Vysoká Škola Gaseous Products from Thermal Decomposition of TBBPA: Mariusz 1 1 1 1 Bánská - Technical University of Ostrava; 2Research Institute of Building Grabda ; Sylwia Oleszek-Kudlak ; Michal Rzyman ; Etsuro Shibata ; Takashi A 1 1 Materials, JSC; 3University of Belgrade; 4Institute of Geotechnics SAS Nakamura ; Tohoku University, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for This work describes the characterization of red mud - a waste generated by Advanced Materials (IMRAM) Y the Bayer process in the aluminium industry - which causes environmental Thermodynamic considerations indicate that heavy metal oxides should problems. Residue of the alumina leaching from bauxite was analyzed easy react with HBr, main gaseous product of thermal decomposition of for mineral compositions of the mineral ore and its residue for chemical tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), forming low boiling points metallic P composition, density, and grain-size composition. The residue was calcinated bromides suitable for volatile separation. The metal oxides are also expected and fi nally tested as a pigment for use in the building material industry. The to qualitatively and quantitatively affect decomposition of this fl ame M test blocks were tested on physico-mechanical properties, especially on retardant. Mechanisms and kinetics of the bromination reactions must be well strength charakteristics. recognized prior to developing of a new treatment process for simultaneous recycling of plastics waste containing brominated fl ame retardants (BFRs) 3:45 PM Break and Closing Session and metal oxides (printed circuit boards, automotive shredder residue, plating sludge, metallurgical dusts). In this work, a differential scanning calorimeter was applied to investigate possibility and conditions of bromination of ZnO,

REWAS 2008 51 Technical Program

PbO, CuO and Fe2O3 by product of thermal decomposition of TBBPA. The xZnxFe2O4 X=0.2-0.8,) ranged 39-91 emu/g and the magnetization of bromination reaction with ZnO was studied extensively using a laboratory- Mn-Zn ferrite increased in the zinc substitution range of 0.20.6. XRD, EPMA, ICP, IC and GC-MS methods. 2:45 PM 3:25 PM The Austrian Model and the “Key-Factor ‘X’”: Harald Förster1; 1Montan

Studies on Bromination Reaction of Heavy Metal Oxides by SbBr3 and University Leoben, Foerster - Consulting TBBPA with Thermal Methods: Sylwia Oleszek-Kudlak1; Mariusz Grabda1; From vision to concept, to strategy and to solution, using sustainable Michal Rzyman1; Etsuro Shibata1; Takashi Nakamura1; 1Tohoku University technologies and solutions as a basis for future-oriented business in metal There is well known that tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and many fi nishing, surface engineering and the metalworking SME and industries, systems based on synergistic effect of brominated organic compounds with - which has proved successful in Austria. Better and best practice for other

Sb2O3 are extensively used as effective brominated fl ame retardants (BFRs) in industry sectors, - local, regional, national. EU, global -, and for the global many plastics, textiles, etc. Thermal degradation of BFRs-containing plastics economy in a sustainable environment in “One World” should be practised. leads to formation of hydrocarbons and gaseous compounds such as HBr and - The overall, world-wide value-added chain becomes ever more important.

SbBr3. Our thermodynamic considerations indicate that these gases can act The potential for emissions- and waste avoidence, waste recycling and as bromination agent of metallic oxides moreover, these metallic oxides have emissions- and waste minimisation, material- and energy-optimisation, - in

a thermodynamic tendency to be brominated easier than Sb2O3. The aim of some cases up to 100 %, s. “zero discharge processes” -, will be considered, this study was to investigate experimentally the reactivity of selected metallic including a range of corresponding factors (factors of 2 to 100), e. g.

oxides such as ZnO, PbO, CuO, Fe2O3, and Sb2O3 with: 1) HBr, originating factor 5 to 6 for solid waste reduction, factor up to 30 for reducing the

from thermal decomposition of TBBPA, and 2) SbBr3 which is formed during burden of discharge to sewer (chemical) and up to factor 100 for effl uent thermal degradation of brominated fl ame retardant plastics. The thermal volumes. - Factors according to the “Club of Rome” - “D.L.Meadows” with treatments of the mixture of compounds of interest have been investigated by 8” and the “NUP Austria with 10 since 1996, Parlament in Vienna” are thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS). being reached and in some cases, exceeded. This approach is intended to form the framework of a globally harmonised legislative approach. - BAT, 3:45 PM Break and Closing Session PIUS, IPPC, ECO-DESIGN -, where costs are accurately and fully assessed, with extetrnal costs taken into account. - Indeed, the alternative “end-of- pipe” concepts and “re-actio” approaches are in most cases more expensive in both environmental and economic terms than “preventive” concepts and General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: “pro-actio” methods. The whole concept and solutions of re-balancing and Non-Ferrous Metals V re-equilibrating our world for a world wide eco-social market economy can and should, for example, take its cue from the all-embracing, integrated and Wednesday PM Room: Caesar 7 co-operative, successful and sustainable Austrian Model. October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort 3:05 PM The Combined Technology of Cobalt-Manganous Slimes Processing: 2:00 PM Keynote Anatoly Sudnev1; Dmitry Panov1; Igor Kudryavtsev1; Boris Radionov1; The Role of Ausmelt’s TSL in Recycling and Closing the Material Loop: Vladimir Skorohodv1; 1Ural State Technical University 1 1 1 Markus Reuter ; Robert Matusewicz ; Ausmelt Limited In cobalt production technology at a stage of solutions purifi cation Over many years Ausmelt has explored the many possible innovative manganous cake (slime) basically containing hydroxides of the specifi ed applications of Top Submerged Lance (TSL) technology to process (recycle) metals is formed. The possibility of full cobalt recycling in the basic post consumer materials and industrial intermediate products and residues. A technology of metal production at slime processing with generation of pure wide variety of such applications have been piloted in Ausmelt’s pilot plant manganous compounds is shown. After slime dissolution in sulfuric acid in W in Dandenong and numerous have gone to commercial scale applications the presence of reducers the solutions containing cobalt, manganese, nickel E globally. This paper will review the varied applications ranging from e-waste and other nonferrous metals are formed. Optimum conditions of selective recycling,PRELIMINARY lead and NiCd battery recycling, metals recovery from slags, precipitation major part of cobalt by sodium hydroxide from the obtained D leach residue processing, electric arc furnace (EAF) fl ue dust, bottom ash solution are defi ned, thus more than 95% of manganese are remained in processing, carbon containing residues such as retort ashes and spent pot the solution. The cobalt precipitate is directed to the basic technology and N liner and use of the technology for materials such as automotive shredder the solution is purifi ed by sorption. The most effective sorbents are chosen, residue (ASR) and plastics. These various applications will be examined by optimum modes of its use are found. Examples of manganese recovery from E referring to the technology and fundamental processing issues involved. Just the purifi ed solutions as MnO2, MnCO3, Mn(OH),2 with a ratio manganese: as importantly, the environmental issues surrounding the processing of such impurities more than 3000 are presented. S materials will be considered. D 3:25 PM 2:25 PM Transformational Roasting and Acid Leaching of Nickel-Copper-Arsenic A Synthesizing Mn-Zn Ferrite from Spent Zinc Carbon Batteries through Sulphide Precipitates: Preston Holloway1; Thomas Etsell1; 1University of 1 1 Hydrometallurgical Processes: Taehyun Kim ; Shyn Myung Shin ; Jeongsoo Alberta 1 2 1 1 Y Sohn ; Jingu Kang ; Kangin Rhee ; Korea Institute of Geoscience and The copper residue which is produced as a byproduct of the electrorefi ning 2 Mineral Resources (KIGAM); University of Science and Technology (UST) of nickel matte from CVRD-Inco’s Thompson refi nery consists of a mixture Studies for synthesis of Mn-Zn ferrite powder were investigated using of copper, nickel and arsenic sulphides and represents a high grade waste a series of leaching and co-precipitation processes from spent zinc carbon of signifi cant tonnage. The effect of roasting this material with Na2CO3 and P batteries. 97.9% Zn, 98.0% Mn and 55.2% Fe were leached at the conditions Ca(OH)2 on the deportment of sulphur, arsenic, copper and nickel was studied M of 100g/L S/L ratio, 2M H2SO4, 60°C, 200 rpm and 6 vol.% H2O2 as a using a combination of techniques, including Design of Experiments tests, reducing agent. As a result of co-precipitation in the leaching solution, Mn- chemical and mineralogical analysis, and diagnostic leaching. A number of Zn ferrite was synthesized directly at low temperature in the conditions of different potential process routes for treating this material at the Thompson pH 12, 80°C, 1.3L/min O2 fl ow rate and 400rpm. In co-precipitation tests refi nery, based on the results of this study, will also be discussed. with various variables, the particle size of synthesized Mn-Zn ferrite powder could be controlled and Mn-Zn ferrite powders ranged 0.122-0.240 μm in 3:45 PM Break and Closing Session size and the saturation magnetization with various compositions of Zn(Mn1-

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3:05 PM Secondary Phosphorus for the European Fertilizer Industry – Quality General Recycling and Solid Waste Processing: of Recovered Products and their Markets: Ludwig Hermann1; 1ASH DEC Non-Ferrous Metals VI Umwelt AG Phosphorus is required by every cell of living organisms and essential Wednesday PM Room: Caesar 8 for plant growth. It is a non-renewable resource that must be mined from October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort natural deposits, going gradually into depletion. Abundant secondary resources are available in sewage sludge and meat and bone meal, with the highest exploitable P concentrations in ashes that remain from widely used 2:00 PM Keynote combustion and energy recovery from these waste streams.ASH DEC has Stabilization and Storage of Thermal Residues by Accelerated successfully removed heavy metals and transformed sewage sludge ash into a Carbonation: Lourdes Yurramendi1; Susana Caballero1; 1INASMET- marketable P fertilizer by application of a thermochemical treatment process. Tecnalia Pilot scale investigations in which ash was treated proved that generally heavy Air Pollution Control (APC) ashes from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration metal limits required by fertilizer legislation can be reached. To achieve a (MSWI) plants need to be treated prior to landfi lling due mainly to their heavy high P availability to crops – an essential fertilizer quality feature – was a metals content. This research evaluates the capacity of the APC residues to more challenging R&D task. Our presentation demonstrates the scientifi c sequester carbon dioxide, while the ash becomes stabilized for storage. It approach and R&D results that lead from assessment of market requirements has the benefi t of using two wastes, with no addition of any raw material. to licensed products. APC samples from different MSWI plants treated by gas/solid accelerated carbonation at different temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations to 3:25 PM evaluate the residue behaviour to the process. The extent of carbonation was Effi cient Use of Aluminum Scrap in Batching Secondary Alloys and evaluated by means of weight gain upon carbonation and by the measurement Potential for Sensor-Based Sorters to Improve the Recycling System of the fi nal carbonate content. The APC residues were analyzed before and Effi ciency: Adam Gesing1; Harbeck Harbeck2; Bjørn Hansen3; 1Gesing after the treatment in order to know their composition and their leaching Consultants Inc; 2CommoDaS GmbH; 3Tomra Systems ASA behaviour according to the criteria for the acceptance of wastes at landfi lls Aluminum metal production, semi-product fabrication, component established by the European Council Decision 2003/33/EC. manufacture and material recycling systems are surveyed for the quantities of various types of production, fabrication, manufacturing and end-of-life 2:25 PM scrap. We will then focus on two types of scrap: source-segregated pure Processing of Zinnwaldite Wastes to Obtain Lithium and Rubidium scrap that can be used as a diluent, replacing prime Al; and mixed-alloy Compounds: Jitka Jandova1; Hong Vu1; 1Prague Institute of Chemical scrap that could benefi t from upgrading by sensor-based particle sorting. Technology The markets and alloys that can utilize the various grades of scrap will be Gypsum and limestone methods were examined in this study to process explored, and the need for the various types of upgrading by particle sorting wastes originating from dressing of Sn-W ores mined in the Czech Republic. demonstrated. A system-effi cient use of scrap does not require closed-loop These wastes containing 0.20-0.30% Li and 0.10-0.20% Rb were subjected recycling of products or alloys, but only minimization of losses to oxidation to magnetic separation to obtain a zinnwaldite concentrate with 1.35% Li or landfi ll. Sensor-based sorters can minimize these system losses. We will and 0.95% Rb. It was found that processing of the zinnwaldite concentrate show examples of where upgrading of Al scrap by sensor-based sorting by gypsum method at 950°C it makes possible to extract almost 95% Li into provides opportunities for profi t in the current system, which includes metal aqueous liquors, whilst rubidium extraction is only 18%. At the same time, production, fabrication, manufacturing and material recycling. it is possible to extract 90% Li and 94% Rb from the identical zinnwaldite concentrate if the concentrate was processed by limestone method at 825°C. 3:45 PM Break and Closing Session The fi nal products of both methods – Li2CO3 and Rb2CO3, were recovered from refi ning sulphate solutions using K2CO3 as a precipitation agent W (gypsum method) and/or from refi ning hydroxide solutions using gaseous CO2 (imestone method). Materials and Energy Effi ciency in Process E PRELIMINARYEngineering 2:45 PM D Immobilisation of Arsenic-Rich Smelting Waste: Dan Brew1; Eric Vance1; Wednesday PM Room: Caesar 2 1Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort N Arsenic has been immobilised using different precursor materials and synthesis routes. Monoliths have been prepared, in some cases loaded with E up to 40% arsenic by mass, and subjected to standard leaching protocols. 2:00 PM Keynote Where appropriate, samples have been heated to temperatures of up to 1000ºC Engineering Fundamentals of Energy Effi ciency: Jon Cullen1; Julian S to enhance their chemical resistance. In each case, the resultant solids are Allwood1; 1University of Cambridge D characterised and discussed. Leachant data demonstrate the relative stabilities Energy is consumed in order to deliver energy services (transport, thermal of the monoliths. Route one is a lime-based wasteform consisting of a Blast comfort and illumination); it is these services we desire not energy itself. A Furnace Slag and Ordinary Portland cement blend. Arsenic is associated Therefore signifi cant technical opportunity exists for decreasing energy with iron from the slag and good compressive strengths are obtained. Route use while still delivering the same level of energy services. In this paper Y two is a geopolymer material consisting of dehydroxylated clay material. we present a fundamental analysis of the limits to global energy effi ciency, In this wasteform, arsenic is incorporated within the framework structure contrasting current energy demand with theoretical minimum requirements minimising its leaching potential. The third route employs converting As(III) in order to identify priorities for technical action. The energy fl ow-path is P to As(V). The resultant As(V) compounds are encapsulated within the traced from primary energy sources, through conversion devices (engines, wasteforms described above and characterised accordingly. furnaces, and light bulbs), energy systems (vehicles, building and factories) M and fi nally to the energy services society demands. The results show that 90% of the available energy input from primary sources is currently lost on the pathway to delivering energy services. The mechanisms of energy loss are explored from an engineering perspective and long-term scenarios developed based on the ranking of energy effi ciency opportunities.

REWAS 2008 53 Technical Program

2:25 PM Cumulative Energy and Exergy Analysis of Shaft Furnace and Outocumpu Processes of Copper Production: Kolenda Zygmunt1; Urban Development Boryczko Bozena1; Holda Adam1; Donizak Janusz1; Escobedo Bocardo Jose1; 1University of Science and Technology Wednesday PM Room: Caesar 3 The values of the thermoecological cost of shaft furnace and fl ash October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort smelting technologies of copper production have been calculated on the basis of adjusted material and energy balances. Exergy analysis has allowed to calculate internal exergy losses using Gouy-Stodola equation together with 2:00 PM Keynote exergy effi ciency. The results show which processes are mostly responsible An Analysis of Urban Eco-Industrial System and Its Metabolism: Wen- 1 1 1 1 for the global thermoecological cost and point out processes needed to chao Liu ; Jiu-Ju Cai ; Fei Liu ; Northeastern University be improved from thermodynamic point of view. Szargut method of The material fl ow of urban eco-industrial system includes linear fl ow, thermoecological cost calculation has been used. Numerical data for analysis recycling fl ow, branching fl ow, converging fl ow, etc., which consequently have been taken directly from copper industry. lead to the system complexity. Comparing the urban eco-industrial system to ecosystem, it can be concluded that this complexity is caused by the system 2:45 PM adaptability. In the system, the interaction and adaptability between the Energy Savings and Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction by Use of agents themselves and between the agents and the environment stimulates Advanced Refractory Technology: Bob Drew1; Marcus Kirschen1; Alfred the changes of material-fl ow mode, which lead to the evolvement from Spanring1; 1RHI AG traditional industry to the eco-industry. Focusing on the evaluation of this Increasing mass and energy effi ciency and decreasing carbon dioxide evolvement process, two material-fl ow models are established in this paper, emission values are decisive for sustainable production processes in one of which is for the system itself and the other for the agents in system. aluminum, cooper and steel industry. RHI supports these targets by providing The latter model is applied to analyze the interrelationships among mass, a large variety of solutions to high quality refractory linings, optimum lining energy and pollutant fl ow in the iron and steel industry, and to make the maintenance and process improvement.In this paper, examples are given direction clear to improve the resource and energy effi ciency and decrease for process improvement and increased energy effi ciency in copper refi ning the environmental load. processes, application of purging systems, potential energy savings at electric arc furnaces and ladles in steel industry, and increased energy effi ciency by 2:25 PM improved heat transfer in anode baking furnace in aluminum industry. In Modeling Approach for the Sustainable Development of Industrial Zones 1 1 1 all cases, the use of RHI expertise in close co-operation with the costumer under Uncertain Information: Cristina Piluso ; Yinlun Huang ; Wayne resulted in an improved performance of the reactor lining and the actual high State University temperature process with positive impact on mass and energy effi ciency and, Industrial sustainability looks to improve material and energy effi ciencies, correspondingly, decrease of specifi c emission values. product quality and variety, and productivity within an industrial zone, thus pursuing the long-term sustainable development of the region. This paper will 3:05 PM introduce a systems-based modeling methodology, which can be implemented Process and Practice of Reducing the Cr Loss during EAF with De-P Hot at the individual plant, supply-chain, or zone level, to model, assess, and Metal Charging Melting Stainless Steel: Fangyi Zhu1; 1Baosteel evaluate the sustainable development of an industrial network. The models Based on the thermodynamics of EAF melting stainless steel,the article and systems-based approach are useful in the component-based evaluation of points out that the main reason of Cr loss during EAF melting stainless steel regional waste generation and production effi ciencies. Implementation of the is oxidization. Analyzed the character of Cr oxidization and reduction, It is methodology will provide industrial leaders with the ability to assess the state pointed out that the effective way to reduce the Cr loss is to control the Si of industrial sustainability within the zone and evaluate future production content in EAF charging, to use oxygen in reason and to effectively reduce Cr options to determine the path with the highest positive impact on both their oxide in slag. The Suitable Si content in material charging can reduce the Cr own sustainability and the sustainability of the overall industrial zone. To W oxidization. The optimization of oxygen-blowing technology also can reduce demonstrate the effi cacy of the methodology, a comprehensive study on E the Cr oxidization. Effective reduction can realize the lowest Cr oxide in sustainable development of an auto-manufacturing focused industrial zone slag. AppliedPRELIMINARY the integrated control method, the Cr loss during EAF melting under uncertainty is illustrated. D stainless steel decreased 43.10%. 2:45 PM Student N 3:25 PM Monitoring of Air Quality in the Bus Terminal of an University Campus: Wastes as Potential Alternative Fuels in Cement Production: Christos Rangel Ghisleni1; Lidiane Ratke1; Ruth Marlene Santana1; 1Santa Cruz do E Ftikos1; John Karagiannis2; Panagiotis Nikolopoulos3; 1National Technical Sul University - UNISC University of Athens; 2Hellenic Cement Research Center; 3University of The major source of environmental pollution in urban areas is the transport S Patras sector and its impact on human health and the greenhoouse is preoccupying. D Some of the wastes may be potential candidates to be used as alternative In many works of literature is monitored the pollutants in urban cities, fuels in cement production that boasts a lot of environmental benefi ts. These however in specifi c areas such as universities, they are scarce. Therefore, A wastes include a variety of materials like used tires, animal meal, refused the aim of this work is to monitorate the gaseous pollutans in a bus terminal derived fuels (RDF), used oils, biomass etc.. During the clinker production at Santa Cruz do Sul University-UNISC and to develop a control framework Y process, the organic part of the wastes is totally destroyed whereas the of the air quality. Six points were selected for monitoring, being one of them inorganic compounds and heavy metals are incorporated in the interstitial inside a bus. The monitoring of CO, HC and CO2 were carried out on arrival phase or substitute calcium or silicon in the silicate phases of the clinker. and departure of the bus. Preliminary results conducted in a day of spring P However, due to their origin these wastes introduce into the cement making showed that the most critical condition was during the night shift, where process several trace elements that may affect the process itself as well as the the concentration of CO (200 ppm) was the highest, caused by the vehicles M properties of clinker. The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects increase, due to the larger number of students. on the properties of Portland cement clinker for two waste materials used as alternative to replace fossil fuels like coal for the production of Portland cement clinker. 3:45 PM Break and Closing Session

54 www.tms.org/meetings/specialty/rewas08 Technical Program

3:05 PM of hull ash of the Egyptian rice to produce soda glass. The dissolution of silica New Remediation Experience and Technics in the Industrial Site Ex is a function of temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration, grain size, and Sacelit inside the Remediation Site of National: Federica Paglietti1; leaching time. Decomposition of >95% of silica is reached under temperature Vincenzo Di Molfetta1; Sergio Malinconico1; 1Instituto Superiore per la of 180°C at soda concentration of 0.6 M and grain size of <17 μm. Prevenzione e las Sicurezza del Lavoro 2:50 PM The Department of Production Plants and Anthropic Settlements (DIPIA) The Role of Fly-Ash and Rice-Hull-Ash in Preventing the Degradation of of ISPESL, realizes technical-scientifi c reports with the purpose to validate Hybrid Al/SiC Composites Prepared from Recycled Aluminum: Martin interventions and remediation projects, with particular respect to the health p Pech-Canul1; R. Escalera-Lozano1; M. A. Pech-Canul2; J. López-Cuevas1; and the safety of the workers. This paper will present the results of the J. C. Rendón-Angeles1; M. Herrera-Trejo1; J. Méndez-Nonell1; 1Cinvestav monitoring campaigns realized in the National Interest Site of Milazzo. The Saltillo; 2Cinvestav Mérida monitoring have had as objective, in primis the individuation of the real The use fl y-ash (FA) and rice-hull-ash (RHA) offers the potential for pollution’s state of the area. This allowed to establish proper interventions the manufacture of hybrid Al/SiC /spinel composites via reactive infi ltration, among which, particularly, the reclamation of packed goods contaminated p both with recycled aluminum. The main reason behind this statement is the by asbestos. This activities represents an unique case in the Italian national benefi cial role that both waste materials play in preventing the degradation panorama. of SiCp reinforcements when the composites are processed with aluminum

3:25 PM in molten state. Experimentally, MgAl2O4 is formed in situ during the

Lifestyle Changes and Residential Solid Waste Management Planning in infi ltration of SiCp-preforms in the temperature range 1050-1150°C for Beijing: Jingru Liu1; 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, Research Center for 50-70 min in argon atmosphere at a pressure slightly above to that of the Eco-Environmental Sciences atmospheric pressure. Results reveal that both FA and RHA help in preventing

The following lifestyle changes are the basic considerations to forecast the SiCp dissolution and the subsequent formation of the unwanted Al4C3; and quantity and components of residential waste. Firstly, with the urbanization although FA-composites still might be susceptible to corrosion via Al4C3 - level increase, 90 percent of people in 2020 will live in downtown areas, by the interaction of native carbon in FA with liquid aluminum - a proper within the collection and disposal systems of municipal. Suggested that the FA treatment signifi cantly mitigates its deleterious effect. Primary corrosion waste generating rate will keep at 2 percent per year, and then two times mechanisms and strategies to overcome the potential degradation effects are more waste will be generated and collected in 2020 than now. Secondly, outlined. with the increase of life standards and improvement of living conditions, the 3:15 PM percentage of organic will signifi cantly increase in the future. The suffi cient Management of High Calcium Fly Ashes as the Requisite Condition for energy content of residential solid waste is a precondition for incineration. It Their Proper Use in the Construction Sector: Stamatis Tsimas1; Angeliki is forecasted that in 2020, incineration will take part of 30 percent of total Moutsatsou-Tsima1; Stylianos Antiohos1; 1National Technical University of solid waste disposal in Beijing. Thirdly, the traditional selling waste behavior Athens of households makes the greatest amount of material recovery. When the Fly ashes are the most typical CCP (Coal Combustion Product) produced income increases, voluntary source separation tends to decline. in million tons every year as the inevitable byproduct of energy production. 3:45 PM Break and Closing Session The use of Low Calcium Fly Ashes in the construction sector, mainly as pozzolanic material, leads to a substantial energy saving by reducing the amount of Portland cement. Even though the technical, environmental and economical benefi ts from the application also of High Calcium Fly Ashes Waste Conversion and Reutilization V (HCFA) in the construction sector have been verifi ed in laboratory as well in industrial scale, the extension of their uses meets serious problems mainly Wednesday PM Room: Caesar 6 due to their inhomogeneity. So large quantities of them either due to the fact October 15, 2008 Location: Hilton Cancun Golf & Beach Resort of non-conformity with the existing standards or due to their overproduction, are dumped causing serious problems to the environment. Available W managerial tools aiming to overcome these problems and to increase their E 2:00 PM application rate, are discussed in this paper. Biogas ProductionPRELIMINARY from Cassava Waste: Sunday Ojolo1; Abiola Kehinde1; D 1University of Lagos 3:40 PM Anaerobic digestion is being taken seriously because of increasing concerns Biomethanation of Press Mud through Biphasic Anaerobic Digestion and N about the environmental hazards of wastes. The production of biogas, as an Ultimate Disposal of the Residual Waste as Vermicompost: Sankar Ganesh alternative source of energy was investigated in a designed and fabricated P. 1; Dayalane R.2; 1Centre for Pollution Control and Energy Technology; E 200litre biogas reactor. The digester was operated on a batch-fed basis, and 2Pondicherry Agro Service and Industries Corporation Limited the feed stock was cassava waste which is readily available in Nigerian A recycling technology was developed by the authors, to extract volatile S farms. The main aim was to explore other renewable sources as a means of fatty acids from press mud, one of the primary wastes produced during the D less dependence on fossil fuels. A total of 1.94dm3/60kg waste of biogas was manufacture of sugar from sugarcane. The press mud is primarily subjected produced in 40 days of hydraulic retention time (HRT) with the average yield to acidogenesis in an acid phase fermenter. The VFA laden bio-leachate A of 0.048dm3/day. The gas burned with a bluish colour indicating presence of extracted from the acid phase fermenter is then fed into an anaerobic (sludge methane (CH4). Temperature during the period of experiment varied between bed – fi lter) hybrid reactor for the conversion of VFAs to methane-rich Y 27 and 330C. The pH of the slurry after the experiments averaged 3.21. biogas. After extracting VFAs, the spent solid waste is vermicomposted to be used as manure for agricultural purposes. This way the complete utilization 2:25 PM of press mud was achieved. For every ton of sugarcane crushed, about 40kg Processing of Rice Hull Ash for Production of Soda-Glass: Ashraf Amer1 P ; of press mud is produced, which represent widely available organic waste 1 Environmental Science Department Faculty of Science that is otherwise applied in the land as soil amendment or dried to be used M Processing of hull ash of rice is attained through alkaline leaching under as fuel for cooking. pressure to produce soda glass which has its industrial applications in detergents and adhesives. The effect of different factors such as temperature, 4:05 PM Break and Closing Session sodium hydroxide concentration, solid-liquid ratio and leaching time as well as the kinetics of leaching were studied. The work presented here indicates that a promising process might be devised for hydrometallurgical processing

REWAS 2008 55