Analyse Structurelle Et Architecturale Hearst Tower, NYC

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Analyse Structurelle Et Architecturale Hearst Tower, NYC Cours Master : Structure et Architecture Analyse structurelle et architecturale Hearst Tower, NYC Auteurs : Gabriel Jaques Mathieu Fritzinger Aleksandar Trifunović Assistant : Raffaele Cantone Professeurs : Roberto Gargiani Aurelio Muttoni Pierre Wahlen 16 mai 2016 Hearst Tower Table des matières 1 Introduction 2 2 La tour et son histoire 3 2.1 Les années 1920 . .3 2.2 Les années 2000 . .5 2.3 Le design de la Hearst Tower . .6 2.4 Ses Concepteurs . .9 3 Analyse structurelle 12 3.1 Description de l’objet . 12 3.2 Comportement structurel . 16 3.3 Système diagrid . 18 4 Structure et architecture 25 4.1 Une structure adaptée aux besoins architecturaux . 25 4.2 Vérité structurale . 26 4.3 Lumière . 27 4.4 «Birds’ mouths» : vision panoramique . 28 4.5 Attentat 9/11 . 29 5 Conclusion 30 Structure et Architecture 1/ 31 Hearst Tower 1 Introduction Il n’existe, à ce jour, une seule approche quant à la valeur de la structure dans l’architecture. Cette relation varie fortement suivant les périodes, les architectes, et même les programmes. De plus, cette corrélation peut même changer ou être changée au fil du temps. Les temples grecs, que l’on croyait avoir mis à nue avec l’étude et l’expertise des ruines léguées par l’histoire, ont depuis peu bouleversé notre préconception de l’architecture monumentale grecque. Des traces de peintures furent retrouvées dans de multiples sites archéologiques et documents attestant de l’utilisation d’enduits pour décorer les lieux de cultes en pierre et sans doute également ceux précédant en bois. Le temple n’était pas uniquement un ‘abri pour les dieux’, mais également une sculpture leur étant dédiée. De même, les cathédrales gothiques et leur architecture jadis délaissés sont de nos jours admirés par leur système structurel ingénieux et méticuleux qui les caractérisent ; “demander une église gothique sans arcs-boutants, c’est demander un navire sans quille ; c’est pour l’église comme pour le navire une question d’être ou de n’être pas“ [1]. Plus tard, Jean-Nicolas L. Durand, dans son ouvrage Précis de leçon d’architecture, apprend à ces étudiants une recettes universelle permettant d’ériger n’importe quel édifice d’après une trame structurelle en s’appuyant sur ces connaissances et interprétations de l’architecture monumentale antique. A l’opposé de l’académie des beaux arts, qui elle se focalise sur les qualités et les relations spatiales que les différentes pièces majeures et les pièces dites secondaires doivent entretenir, déterminant ainsi des espaces servants et des espaces servis. Notion que Kahn reprendra dans plusieurs de ces œuvres. L’architecte américain d’origine estonienne est fasciné par la pièce et son agencement dans un ensemble, une suite. Pour lui “la pièce est le commencement de l’architecture“ [2] ; l’entité de plus petite échelle est l’élément caractéristique de la plus grande échelle. Kahn ne voit jamais la raison d’une pièce dans la pièce elle-même mais dans ce qui la compose, la génère. Il dira à ce propos : “la structure de la pièce doit être évidente dans la pièce même. C’est la structure, je crois, qui fait la lumière“. L’ensemble du patrimoine bâti fait part d’une discussion entre structure - ce qui supporte - et architecture – ce que l’on voit – sans jamais vraiment en donner une réponse claire du caractère de la relation. Les ‘nouveaux’ bâtiments du 21ème siècle donnent-ils une réponse ? Sans doute non. Mais comme cela fut le cas au moyen-âge, certains édifices au caractère social particulier, à travers une expérimentation sur la forme et la matière, ont “considéré les membres du squelette avec le même amour de la perfection et de recherche pour la clarté du but“ [3]. La structure ne porte pas seulement l’architecture mais l’embellie également. Le suivant rapport va appuyer ces propos à l’aide d’une étude de cas d’un bâtiment récent des années 2000 : la Hearst Tower implantée à New York, ville où structure rime avec extravagance. Structure et Architecture 2/ 31 Hearst Tower 2 La tour et son histoire 2.1 Les années 1920 Les origines de la Hearst Tower peuvent être retracées, il y a maintenant près d’un siècle de cela, au début des années 1920 et au baron médiatique William R. Hearst. Après avoir fondé la “Hearst Corporation“ en 1887, ce dernier envisage de s’installer à New York City devenue capital média- tique des Etats-Unis après avoir détrôné Chicago. En 1921, Hearst réunie les fonds nécessaires afin d’acquérir une parcelle au 959 Eighth Avenue - parcelle toujours en possession de la fondation au jour d’aujourd’hui -, emplacement du futur siège social de la corporation portant son nom. L’archi- tecte autrichien Joseph Urban et le bureau d’architectes américains Georges B. Post & Sons furent sollicités pour la réalisation de cet édifice devant à la fois répondre à une problématique fonction- nelle, rassembler sous une même structure les douze publications appartenant à la corporation, et une problématique d’image, afficher la présence et l’élan journalistique montant de William Hearst dans le monde des médias. Le résultat de la collaboration des deux architectes prit la forme, sous le nom de l’International Magazine Building, d’un bâtiment Art-déco de six étages centré autour d’une cour intérieure. Des bureaux occupaient les quatre étages supérieurs alors que les deux étages inférieurs étaient occupés par des commerces. La construction de cette structure de faible hauteur, imaginée comme base d’un immeuble de bureaux de neufs étages par Joseph Urban et Wiliam R. Hearst, fut terminée au courant de l’année 1928. La grande dépression de 1929 coupa néanmoins court au projet d’immeuble de bureaux. Figure 1 – Photo historique de l’ouvrage d’origine Structure et Architecture 3/ 31 Hearst Tower Figure 2 – Plan de situation Structure et Architecture 4/ 31 Hearst Tower 2.2 Les années 2000 L’entrée dans le 21ème siècle avec les attentats du World Trade Center le 11 septembre 2001 à New York sera, sans aucun doute et à jamais, marquée dans l’histoire comme l’une des plus tragiques du monde moderne. Après ces événements tragiques, il a fallut du temps pour persuader la population mondiale, et surtout la population newyorkaise, de la sécurité et des avantages de tels gratte-ciels. Pour preuve, la première tour réalisée après les attentats de 2001 n’est autre que la Hearst Tower inaugurée en octobre 2006, c’est à dire cinq ans plus tard. Cette dernière est, à ce jour, l’unique contribution à la skyline newyorkaise de l’architecte anglais Norman Foster, qui pour l’occasion collaborera avec l’ingénieur, du bureau d’ingénierie newyorkais WSP Cantor Seinuk, Ahmad Rahimian. Cette extension de la base historique, appartenant depuis 1988 aux “monuments importants de l’héritage architectural de New-York“, vient ressusciter la vision des années 1920 du baron médiatique William R. Hearst et de l’architecte Joseph Urban, qui envisageaient la structure du 959 Eighth Avenu - alors appelée International Magazine Building - comme éventuelle base d’un immeuble de bureaux futurs. Néanmoins, l’envergure du bâtiment actuel dépasse de loin celle du projet initial. En l’espace de 80 ans l’immeuble de neuf étages laissa place à une tour de quarante-deux étages, assurant la superficie nécessaire afin d’accueillir dans un même édifice l’intégralité de deux milles employés jusque là éparpillés sur neufs adresses différentes. Comme en 1928, cette construction high-tech, recouverte par une enveloppe de verre et d’inox, accueille l’ensemble des employers de Hearst, tout en communiquant également les valeurs de la compagnie et sa prééminence en tant qu’organisation du 21ème siècle. Figure 3 – Photo de la skyline newyorkaise après 2006 Structure et Architecture 5/ 31 Hearst Tower 2.3 Le design de la Hearst Tower Une des première contraintes, et sans doute la plus significative pour le projet, à laquelle archi- tectes et ingénieurs ont du se confronter fut donc la nécessité de préserver la structure existante (la façade) considérée depuis 1988 ‘monument important de l’héritage architectural de New York’. Les architectes eu obligation de maintenir les façades extérieures et il fut déterminer que l’ancienne structure devait agir comme plinthe, socle au nouveau bâtiment – comme imaginé originellement par Urban et Post. La Tour pris ainsi place dans la cour de l’ancien bâtiment à l’extrême Ouest de la parcelle adjacent au Shefield Building. En plus de la façade et de valeur patrimoniale, d’autres facteurs ont influencé la position de la tour, cette fois plus dans l’horizontale, mais dans la verticale. La hauteurs des étages de l’existant n’étant pas adaptée pour un espace de bureaux contemporain et par une perte considérable de lumière dans les premiers étages de la tour si cette dernière était imbriqué dans la cour existante. La hauteur du ‘socle’ eu tendance à pousser la base de la tour vers le haut où elle ne libére pas uniquement la partie supérieur du ‘socle’ mais tend à ‘flotter’ au dessus. Cet agencement à permis une arrivé importante de lumière dans le socle, ainsi qu’une séparation horizontale de la structure ancienne massive et la nouvelle structure légère nouvelle. Cette juxtaposition des deux structures permit de traiter la partie existante avec une grande li- berté. Cette dernière peut être découpée en deux parties. Une première partie que l’on pourrait appelé côté rue, où une position traditionaliste fut privilégiée : la façade fut conservée et seul l’entrée au bâtiment et l’accès au métro forment des exceptions dans la succession de magasins. Ces magasins occupent les deux premier étages de la structure existante, le reste fut évidé laissant place à un grand atrium.
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