Wagon Tracks Volume 14 Issue 4 Wagon Tracks Volume 14, Issue 4 (August Article 1 2000)
2000 Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000) Santa Fe Trail Association
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks Part of the United States History Commons
Recommended Citation Santa Fe Trail Association. "Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)." Wagon Tracks 14, 4 (2000). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1
This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wagon Tracks by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
NTRA SANTA FE TRAIL ASSOCIATION QUARTERLY
VOLUME 14 AUGUST 2000 NUMBER 4
.. , , FOLLOW THE GREEN PICKUP jt~ , ,it, by D. Ray Blakeley ..~:1'.. (Blaheley, from Clayton, is president ..:' . of the Cimarron Cutoff Chapter " which hosted the joint meeting ofsev eral SFTA chapters, July 15-16.) THE first joint meeting ofthe six (or so) western chapters of the Santa Fe Trail Association was successful be yond the wildest expectations of the hosting Cimarron Cutoff Chapter. More than 60 SFTA members con gregated in Clayton over the July 15 weekend. Before the confab was con cluded, a caucus among members of the Bent's Fort Chapter resulted in their decision to host the second joint session in conjunction with their regular meeting and annual sites tour program over the second week: Lto R: Glenda Sours checking food, Julie Daicoff lifting lid oft Dutch oven, and Judy end in June 2001. Leary getting a shovel full of hot embers to add to top of Dutch oven. The first session kicked off with a HISTORIC COOKING CAME TO LIFE AT MAHAFFIE rendezvous at the Herzstein Memo FARMSTEAD BULLWHACKER DAYS INJUNE rial Museum in Clayton on Saturday .afternoon to organize a "train" out to by Julie Daicoff the Rabbit Ear Creek campground, (Jnlie Daicoff, Olathe, KS, is a mem located on private land northwest of PERHAPS you recall your first les ber of the Missouri River Outfitters son in Home Economics that told you Clayton near Mr. Dora. This tour Chapter and a master gardener with and the Sunday afternoon, July 16, to try a recip~ before serving it to special interest in historic gardening. your guests? You might even recall trek to the Turkey Creek camp She thanhs Anne Mallinson and ground, the Kiowa National Grass the lesson to double-check your. in Glenda Sours for contribu.tions to gredients. before use. As adults we land site, and to McNees Crossing this article. Those wanting more in were ably conducted by local forest are afforded the opportunity to re formation abont food along the Trad learn life's lessons.. service staffers. "Follow the green should see SFTA Vice-President pickup" became the catch phrase and Sam'l P. Arnold's highly-acclaimed On Saturday, June 24, 2000, sev unofficial theme of the convention. Eating Up the Santa Fe Trail, avail eral members of the Missouri River Outfitters Chapter relearned those (continued on page 16) able from the Last Chance Store.) . , , } lessons at Fiesta Bullwhacker Days t' .-- ,.. , '. at the Mahaffie Farmstead and . Stagecoach Stop in Olathe, Kansas. Joining the Friends of Mahaffie were Anne Mallison, Glenda SOUl"S, and Julie Daicoff, dressed in period cloth ing, who served samples of foods cooked over an open fire in Dutch ov ens. Cooking for hundreds in Dutch ov- (continued on page 13)
SFT RENDEZVOUS A modern Trail caravan makes a stop at the Rabbit Ear Creek campground on July .' LARNED, KS 15, the first stop during the western chapters joint meeting, The lead pickup is green', .... 'SEPTEMBER 21-23, 2000 .. , (Photo courtesy Inez Ross.) August 2000 1
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 1 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
PRESIDENT'S COLUMN been "plowed" unsuccessfully for All matters relating to Wagon years, hoping that finally a viable so Trac!?s should be directed to SFTA AT the western chapters gathering lution would arise. (I think a few Editor Leo E. Oliva, PO Box 31, Woodston KS 67675. July 15-16 in Clayton, NM, I once ideas emerged which should be tested.) Once again we were re Telephone: (888) 321-7341 again observed the importance-no, FAX: (785) 425-6865 necessity of togetherness. You may minded that we do not always pay E-Mail: [email protected] sound attention to what has gone think this to be a trite remark; we all Headquarters ofthe Santa Fe Trail learned in Psychology 101 that the before, thus must "reinvent the Association are located at the office human species survived for millions wheel." Once again we discovered ofSecretary-Treasurer Ruth Olson of years because it is a "group" spe that we have accomplished more Peters. Santa Fe Trail Center, RR cies requiring the connection-de than some would acknowledge. Once 3, Larned KS 67550. Telephone: (316) 285-2054 pendency, if you will-of one person again we heard that everyone has r trouble locating enough volunteers FAX: (316) 285-7491 to another. Hermits are anomalies, E-Mail: [email protected] J not the standard. Yet, a national or to achieve all we seek to do. Once again we learned how diverse are our WAGON TRACKS is the official ganization, whose members are geo publication of the Santa Fe Trail graphically separated, must rely in concepts about the Trail and Asso Association, a nonprofit organiza great measure on long-distance com ciation management. To wit, again tion incorporated under the laws of munication. Cohesiveness demands the reapportionment of board direc the State of Colorado. Letters and tors was aired. En route to the barbe articles are welcome, but they be that we must learn to operate effec come the property of WT and may tively without regular personal in cue picnic following the meeting, one be edited or abridged at the editor's teraction and the gratification it carload of three discussed this at discretion. All rights reserved. An produces. However, as human be length. The result: three people pre nual subscriptions are· obtained ings we know that nothing supplants ferred three different solutions! Yes, through membership in the Asso I surmise that once again we learned ciation, whose dues are fixed per the face-to-face encounters, these be-. calendar year. Checks should be ing the foundation for much of our something new to take home and made payable to the Santa Fe Trail "humanness." That is why we organ test. .Association and sent to the secre ize chapter events, sponsor the Sym I believe that the ultimate experi tary-treasurer. posium and Rendezvous, and find ence of Clayton was simply being Membership Categories other opportunities to be together. there, and bnce again being in the Benefactor $1,000 Patron $100/year Such was true at Clayton. presence of people who recharge our Institutional $40/year Clayton reminded me of yet an batteries. Perhaps there was· noth Business ' . $40/year' other human phenomenon: in life we ing unique about Clayton-chapters Family $30/year meet regularly and Symposium and Individual $25/year are changed by each encounter-we Youth (18 & under) $15/year, learn something new, different, and Rendezvous have been held for years. Clayton was special because Editor: Leo E. Oliva. PO Box 31, valuable. Learning something new Woodston KS 67675 (888) 321 about the Santa Fe Trail each time once again the Santa F:e Trail 7341, FAX (785) 425-6865 we trudge along' that hallowed brought us together and gave us a President: Margaret Sears, 1871 ground is obvious, But, what about purpose, perhaps a bit larger than Candela: Santa Fe NM 87505 (505). le0rning about ourselves and our or our individual selves. Each individ 473-3124 or
2 Wagon Tracks Angnst2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 2 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
Crossing, west of Lyons, KS, which W_A_Y_N_E_S_M_I_TH__ SPECKS OF CIVILIZATION culminated in a grand dedication at I... ----II by Howard Losey the Well. The photo of a confident by Linda Colle and erect Wayne in the May issue of The Santa Fe Trail Association (Losey is president 0/ the Wet I Dry Wagon Tracb will be our constant and the Quivira Chapter have lost a Rontes Chapter which sponsored the reminder of the best that SFTA has friend and a wealth of historical seminar.) both received from its members and knowledge with the passing of offered to others. We extend our Wayne Smith. Wayne passed away THE WetlDry Routes Chapter's heartfelt sympathy to Wayne's fam on July 20, 2000, after a long battle" fourth annual Santa Fe Trail Semi ily, and our everlasting gratitude to with cancer. He was born July 18, nar was presented on ,] une 10, 2000. I them for loaning him to us. 1928, at Raymond, in Rice County, at the Santa Fe Trail Center in You read in the May Wagon Kansas. Wayne was a'life-long Rice Larned, Kansas. This seminar was Trad~s that Paul Bentrup donated Countv resident. a" successful farm- judged to be the best by far of the , " " " his personal Santa Fe Trail library er, a student of history, and a U.S. four by Program Director David and archives to SFTA: This Trail col Army veteran. Wayne is survived by Clapsaddle as well as by comments lection, which is ostensibly one of the his brother Lowell "Mike" Smith of from attendees. The theme of the largest of its kind, and Paul's gener Raymond, and nephews and nieces. seminar was "Specks of Civilization: U.S. Militarv Posts in Pre-Territor- osity are unparalleled in SFTA an Wayne was a charter member of " nals. As important as is his gift, he SFTA and attended many of its ial Kansas." would think it worthless if it went meetings. He was the president as While visiting Fort Leavenworth unused. We now have one more com well as the backbone of the Quivira in 1833, John Treat [rving described pelling reason to head for Larned. I Chapter. He was instrumental in the the post as "a speck of civilization in encourage each and every member to formation of the chapter and served the heart of a wilderness." The same send him a note (the sillier, the bet as president for nearly aU the years could be said of the other two army ter) expressing your appreciation. it has existed. Wayne recently was posts established in what became Paul's address is PO Box 595, Lakin Kansas Territorv 1854: Forts Scott able to complete a goal he set for the " KS 67860. chapter, to obtain National Park and Riley. This seminar looked at The May issue also included the Service certification of Buffalo Bill's those three "specks of civilization" SFTA 1999 Financial Statement. Well and the 'Cow Creek Crossing, and the particular role each played Look at it more closely and you will and he presided over the dedication in the unfolding saga of the Trail. notice that our net worth for the first ceremony held in April (see the May Speakers were Stephen Allie. Di time in the Association's history has issue of WT for story and photo rector. Frontier Armv Museum. Fort . ," - moved into six figures. We can inter graph). Leavenworth: Arnold Schofield. H is- pret this landmark in a number of Wayne was especially interested torian, Fort Scott National Historic ways, some positive and others nega in local history, was active in the Site; Bill McKale. Museum Special tives. To me it sends one powerful Rice County Historical Society, and ist, Fort Riley U. S. Cavalry Mu message: there is money available to served as its president for a number seum; and John Lemons, Dragoon accomplish some important-albeit Reenactor. Canon City. Colorado. of years. He was also very dedicated " " modest-objectives for our Associa to the preservation of historical" Lemons was costumed in an exact tion and the Trail IF THE WILL IS artifacts and donated many hours to replica dragoon uniform and ex THERE TO DO SO. However, that the Coronado Quivira Museum in plained each item of dress and dra "will" demands dedication, and dedi Lyons. He enjoyed talking about goon armament. cation means volunteers, of which history to groups of school children, The chapter's chuck wagon com there are too few. either through tours at the museum mittee, chaired by Rusti Gardner. Summer is quickly passing, and or in the classroom when he visited served the lunch. Jack Gardner was "what well did last summer" soon schools. the cook and, in spite ofstrong winds will be a beautiful memory. When re Wayne promoted and was involv and extreme heat, grilled the buffalo turning to the familiar routine, why ed in mapping and marking the burgers perfectly. He wanted to cook not include service to SFTA among Santa Fe Trail through the counties over buffalo chips but could not find t a ready supply. Karl Grover from o the important activities of your life that make up the Quivira Chapter. for the remainder of 2000 and be He had taken many trips through Kansas Wildlife and Parks donated yond. You may be surprised to find the area looking for evidence and the buffalo meat. yourself exclaiming, "Having a won ruts to indicate actual sites to aid in Many chapter members served derful time. Wish you were here." marking. Wayne led us in many dis the meal, which was much enjoyed. -Margaret Sears cussions to determine just how we Anita Thomas and Barbara German SFTA BYLAWS AVAILABLE should mark the Trail and what sites handled registration. Alice Clapsad we should mark. His leadership and dle and Joyce Losey assisted at the Anyone wishing to have a copy of knowledge will be missed by all of us. refreshment table. Several chapter the Association Bylaws may receive members provided cakes. President same by contacting the editor: Leo E. YOUR MEMORY CAN LIVE ON Losey was master of ceremonies and Oliva, PO Box 31, Woodston KS REMEMBER THE SANTA FE TRAIL Program Director Clapsaddle intro 67675, (888) 321-7341, or
August 2000 Wagon Trac!?s 3
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 3 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
CIMARRON COUNTY AN NUAL TOUR OCTOBER 7 THE Cimarron Heritage Center in ,Boise City, OK, will host the 11 th an nual tour of Santa Fe Trail sites in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, on Saturday, October 7. Tour partici pants will leave from the museum at 8:00 a.m. Private, high-clearance ve hicles will be used. • Some of the Trail sites included are Trujillo Springs, Wolf Mountain, Autograph Rock, and Camp Nichols. '/• Speakers will be available at each site. There will be some walking. Re gistration is required and may be made by contacting the Cimarron Heritage Center at (580) 544-3479 or NEW ACCESS BRIDGE TO INDIAN MOUND e-mail
first northbound road (Road M). Up at the Santa, Fe Trail Center,, RR 3, Central Kansas Railroad, inmates that road just past the Ditch bridge Larned, Kansas 67550, (316) 285- from Larned Mental Health Correc on the left is access to a nice picnic 2054, e-mail
4 Wagon Traclls Angust 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 4 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
UNDER SIEGE AT THE COW CREEK CROSSING, JULY 1864 by Beverly Carmichael Ryan (SFTA member Beverly Ryan, Lynch Lexington, Missouri, in September burg, VA, is the granddaughter of 1861, was captured with Colonel Thomas White Carmichael. She is a Parker near Warrensburg in March volunteer docent at Thomas Jeffer 1862, imprisoned at Alton, Illinois, son's Poplar Forest home in Bedford for several months and exchanged. J. County, VA. Beverly has been collect B. was arrested again in fall 1863 ing material for the following article ·with other area Confederate sympa • for many years and was inspired to thizers suspected by the Federals of submit it after seeing the article in harboring a wounded young Bush the last issue on the Old Plainsmen's whacker. Placed under house arrest \ • Association, in which her grandfa in Lexington, J. B. escaped in spring ther was included. Thanhs Beverly 1864 with prearranged plans to meet for sharing this story.) Tom, now 18 years old.They crossed the Missouri River, J. B. riding their I wish I had known that old plains only horse as he had been wounded, man. He was dead before I was while Tom walked across in waist born. But his son told me my bed deep water. They traveled through time stories and the plainsman and the night roughly 50 miles to a point his trail companions rode through· opposite Westport Landing. There my dreams, a wolf's call mourning they crossed the river and at West and trembling over the land that port joined a wagon train owned by they traveled. The Indians and Cliff Barnes. This group joined the wagon trains, the days and nights main body of a government supply on the plains, the thundering roar Thomas White Carmichael, 1845-1928 train at Fort Leavenworth, bound for of buffalo hooves were all real. part Carmichaels, and their backgrounds Fort Union, New Mexico. with arms of the fabric of my grandfather's were similar. Their forebears mi and ammunition.4 life told in stories to his children and grated to Missouri from Tennessee A total of about 80 to 100 wagons told by my father to me. The plains and Kentucky. Many were Confeder were in the string of trains, com man lingers for me, like a shadow ate sympathizers in Civil War Mis prised offour ox-drawn wagon trains on horseback." I souri. Under the imposition of and a fifth train of sixteen wagons Thomas White Carmichael was martial law by Union forces in the drawn by ninety-six mules. Fifteen the plainsman who told the stories. state, many men fled Missouri and of these wagons were ordnance wag His writings, contemporary newspa joined wagon trains going west. ons loaded with guns and ammuni per reports, and military letters Wagonmaster L. C. Palmer ofthe be tion. There were 104 or more men. identify other old trailsmen, primar- sieged train at Cow Creek is said to Some were old plains veterans and . ily those who were with Tom and his have remarked later that they "had some were youngsters like Tom Car father, Joshua Barton Carmichael, more trouble with their own men michael, making their first trip in a wagon train ambushed by Indi than with the Indians-that one half across the plains. Thirty-year-old ans in July 1864 near the Cow Creek of them were Missouri rebels."2 John R. Kerr of Independence, Mis Crossing of the Trail. Fifty years Tom Carmichael was born August souri, was in command of the mule later a reunion of survivors of the 18, 1845, near Holden in Johnson train, and 50 years later he com 1864 siege was organized by Tom County, Missouri, the second child of mented that the Indians were at Carmichael and held July 20, 1914, Joshua Barton (J. B.) Carmichael tracted by the mules which were in Rice County, Kansas, at Lyons, 5 • and Nancy Ferguson Carmichael. much faster than the Indian ponies. near the site of the 1864 siege. They were Scotch-Irish, the genera The trains were alerted to Indian The Lyons Daily News and Lyons tions behind them having come from trouble as they traveled west. Hos Republican printed extensive re northern Ireland to Pennsylvania tile activities by the Kiowa, Co ports on the reunion as well as richly and Virginia, then to Tennessee and manche, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and detailed accounts by the men con Kentucky, and on to Missouri. There Plains Apache erupted in July 1864 cerning the siege and battle. Only J. B. and Nancy moved their family along the Trail and at Fort Larned, three men, often survivors known to from Johnson to Pettis and Jackson where they ran off horses and beef be living in 1914, were able to attend counties, back to Johnson, and set cattle. "Every tribe that frequents the reunion. The Lyons Daily News tled finally in 1859 on a farm south the plains is engaged in daily depre covered a 100th anniversary obser- . west of Odessa in Lafayette County. dations," reported Colonel John C. vance of the siege, held in Lyons in There were by that time six surviv McFerran, chief quartermaster at July 1964, and attended by 17 de ing childr.en.3 Fort Union. He crossed th~ plains in scendants of the men in the wagon Tom was 16 when his father en midsummer and saw wagon trains train. listed in 1861 with Keith's Company, camped all along the Trail, stalled A number ofthe trailsmen in 1864 Elliot's Regiment, Missouri State due to lack of protection from fre were friends and neighbors of the Guard. J. B. fought at the battle of quent Indian raids.
Augnst 2000 Wagon Trac1lS 5
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 5 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
At about the same.time as the raid horseshoe made of interlocked wag counts are clear in stating that the on Fort Larned, James Brice, who ons with the front wheels of each "fight" started July 18, 1864, early in was employed by Santa Fe Trail mail wagon drawn close to the rear the morning after the evening they contractors Hall & Porter to trans wheels of the wagon ahead. Through had gone into camp "... either the port mail and passengers to and' the narrow gap at one end of the same day or the day after a wagon from post offices along the Trail, sus horseshoe, the men drove the ani train had been surrounded, the driv tained Indian raids to his own prop mals and then barricaded the open ers massacred and the property en erty and later wrote: "It looked as if ing with yokes. Such a corral was tirely burned by band of Indians far the Indians had prearranged for a used regularly in crossing the plains ther up the trail near the Walnut general attack along the line of the as a pen for yoking oxen and har crossing. These men did not hear of Santa Fe Trail for 150 miles at all nessing horses and mules. When In that massacre until days after. They • the points at the same time." He also diansthreatened, the enclosure sur fought off the Indians day and night recounted that while Fort Larned rounded by heavily loaded wagons for six days.... After waiting three' I was being raided, an attack was became a fort from which besieged days longer ... the trailers broke • • made at Walnut Creek on a train men could defend against a much camp and proceeded on their way." 17 loaded with. flour for the govern stronger force. The men at the Cow Two of the 1914 accounts say that ment. All the teamsters were killed, Creek Crossing knew that any In the fight with the Indians lasted five except for a man named Robert Mc dian attack would be made in num days. It can be seen why this episode 6 Gee who was scalped but survived. bers vastly superior to their own. 10 };1as been reported variously as hav The supply trains including the Among the men waiting and ing lasted offive, six, ornine days. Carmichaels were warned about In watching were wagonmasters L.C. An urgent appeal for help, dated
dians before reaching Cow Creek. o Palmer of Junction City, George W. Cow Creek, July 21, 1864, sent out The old survivors remembered that, Harrison, William DeLong, and G. by the four wagonmasters to Briga soon after leaving Lost Spring, they W. Marion. II John Kerr, in charge of dier General Samuel Wood com learned that a body of 600 to 700 In the ordnance wagons, Joshua Barton manding the state mihtia at Council dians was near. When the trains Carmichael, Tom Carmichael, and Grove, stated, "We have been here reached Cow Creek Crossing, they 20-year-old Ike Gray were there. So three days, surrounded by a formida met an eastbound stage. The troops were M. C. Ryland, Oscar Galloway, ble and hostile foe who are murder guarding it warned the men not to Horace Cox, William Cox, William ing indiscriminately every white continue, as Indians were on the Still, and James Wood, and a young man they find. They commenced. warpath and attacks of. all kinds man from Ogden named E. Whit their depredations on Sunday last, were taking place. The train then taker. 12 Others who may have been at Fort Larned by running off the pulled off to the right of the crossing among the 104 men were P. O'Mal horses. The next was to attack a Gov about a mile and one-half. ley,G. W. Manning, Mr. Scharp, Mr. ernment train, bound for Fort Union The lead train got off the Trail, Moore of St. George, Mr. Howser, -killing twelve men, and destroying which was on a ridge, found a spot and Mr. Jones (possibly J. H. a great quantity of stores. They where there was fresh grass,' and Jones), 13 as well as "Crenshaw" (pos made their appearance at this place' went into camp. They were followed sibly H. Clay Crenshaw) and "Wheel yesterday, attacking us from all by the other trains. In 1914 reunion er" (maybe S. Wheeler).14 At least sides.... We are, and have been for attendees T. W. Carmichael, John one Mexican man was with this two days, completely surrounded."18 Kerr, and 1. W. (Ike) Gray remem string of trains, a caretaker for the Captain James H. Dodge at Coun 15 bered distinctly that their camp was mules in John Kerr's train. cil Grove reported in his July 24 let on a slight ridge about midway be There is difficulty in dating pre ter to Major General Samuel R. Cur tween the bend of Cow Creek on the cisely the onset of the ensuing siege tis, Gommander ofthe Department of north and the Trail on their south. In and battle as well as determining ex Kansas, "a second messenger has looking across the old government actly the length ofthe overall episode just reported from Cow Creek. They bridge - gone by 1914, but its loca in which these trains were involved. have been fighting five days.,,19 A let tion was discovered - they were in Indian attacks were taking place ter dated at Council Grove, July 24, line with the sod hut and rifle pits concurrently and in proximity to one informed J. C. Irwin, government.
used by a "few soldiers who guarded o another from Fort Larned eastward freighter, "Letters received here to the ford."7 The area was grassy with along the Trail. This article relies day from Crenshaw, Wheeler, and only a few scattered trees. upon the 1914 accounts of the three .others on Cow Creek that they had About a mile and a half below the reunion attendees, as well as docu their trains corralled and had been trains, a large Mexican train also ments contemporary to the battle besieged for five days.,,2o formed into a corral.8 This was close which were printed in 1864 newspa A reasonable conclusion is that to William "Buffalo Bill" Mathew~ pers: One of the survivors, Ike Gray, the five trains had arrived near the son's Cow Creek ranch, described by was reported by the Lyons Republi- . Cow Creek Crossing at somewhat a trader as consisting of "three or can in 1914 to have kept a diary of varying times, had gone into camp four little lumber shanties built in a the battle and to have left it with the on the 17th or 18th, were surrounded row on the east side of Cow Creek.,,9 newspaper to be published. 16 A long quickly, and were attacked in force a The trailsmen at the Cow Creek search has failed to turn up publica day or two later. The siege and fight Crossing formed their corral in the tion of the diary or the diary itself. 0 ing continued for several days. usual way, an elongated circle or However, the 1914 reunion ac- Alerted in the early dawn on the
6 Wagon Tracks August 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 6 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
day of the attack that the Indians them back with the loss ofone man.. ers had signed? Was he the volunteer were coming, the men rolled out of .. We are, and have been for two G. W. Harrison had sent? Was he the their beds under the wagons. At sun days, completely surrounded - the "second messenger" that Captain rise, the Indians charged. "like a Indians attempting to run off our James Dodge reported had just come cloud from the southwest." George stock, and to kill our men as they go from Cow Creek, in Dodge's July 24 W. Harrisonwas elected commander for water. We are suffering ex letter to General Curtis? An old di ofthe company when the trains were tremely for water for our stock and ary gave the date for Ed Miller's bur surrounded, perhaps the second day men, and if we do not receive assis ial as July 23, 1864. 24 in the corral. The men were armed tance shortly, we shall have to give The men at the Cow Creek Cross with rifles from Kerr's ordnance up our trains ... we cannot move, as ing were becoming desperate for wa • wagons and had enough ammunition they have their combined forces ter. On the day after the fatal attack to last for months. They rested their ready upon the road, awaiting our on the Mexican. Whittaker went out , rifles between the spokes of wagon march.... Our men have had no rest with a jug to get water from one of \• wheels and shot at the Indians, who for two days and nights." The rider the springs along the creek. He was fought with bow and arrow, circling made it through the Indians and got surrounded, killed, scalped, and left beyond range of the guns and trying to Council Grove with this appeal, to be buried later by the trainsmen.25 23 to lure trainsmen into the open. having left the trains in the night. Ike Gray. acting as a lookout. rode Young inexperienced men were re The rider may have been the man for water with a five gallon jug. He strained from rushing out to fight at described in 1911-1912 accounts by got the water, but in his headlong close range by older men. men who in July 1864 were digging a rush to get back he dropped the filled The Indians were after the mules grave for 18-year-old Ed Miller who jug. Another man, whose name the and kept up continuous "unearthly" had been ambushed, murdered. and three old men did not remembel' in noise and whooping day and night, scalped by Indians near the Trail 1914, went for water and was unable trying to stampede them from the west of the settlement of Marion, to get back to camp without being corral. Exhausted men caught naps east of the Cow Creek. A lone horse seen by Indians. He lay motionless under the wagons and sometimes man on a fleet chestnut sorrel horse, on his back in high grass near the rolled out on the wrong side where armed with a Spencer carbine and creek, where he remained in the hot the Indians were, then scuttled back heavy Colt's revolver; rode up and July sun for three days. The men on hands and knees. It was not possi told the men he was a wagonmaster found him after the siege ended, but ble to tell how many Indians were for 100 wagons corralled on Cow he died a few days later at Fort killed because they were lashed to Creek and surrounded by 2,000 or Larned.26 their ponies, and ifkilled or wounded 3,000 Kiowas and Comanches. Stock Although the Indians killed or ran l were thus carried ofe had been enclosed in a corral made off stock let out to graze or water, , . The Mexican man with Kerr's by running wagons behind each there was a slough just outside the train was killed, having received other in a circle and were starving camp where the men could risk wa Kerr's permission to go out to track for food and water. All the men's wa tering the animals at times. But the down a favorite mule, on "the first ter was gone except one ten gallon water was not fit for the men, and on day" (of direct attack?) or "the night keg reserved for his horse's ride. His "about the third or fourth day of the ofthe third day" (of being in corral?). picket men declined to make the run battle" or the day that Whittaker Ike Gray and others got the Mexican through the Indians, so he was rid was killed,27 they decided to dig for into camp, but he died "shortly af ing to Council Grove to get troops to water. Tom Carmichael and others ter." T. W. Carmichael wrote in 1923 rescue his train. began digging at noon and by night that he remembered "seeing a wagon He told an amazing story of leav time, at about ten feet down. they boss pulling an arrow from one ofour ing camp at 3:00 a.m. after tying a had struck muddy but drinkable wa wounded boys, and he had to place lariat to his horse in the corral, ter. The Indians drew off shortly his foot on the boy to keep from lift crawling through short buffalo thereafter. They may have learned of ing him from the ~round. The man grass, and by tying lariat to lariat approaching troops. but Tom be died the next day." 2 making a long cord which, when he lieved the Indians knew somehow The men fought off the Indians, pulled, signaled his men to let the that the men had water and the Indi but their water was gone by the horse .out. He got the horse, cut the ans' hope of forcing a surrender of 28 evening of the first day of battle. In lariat, mounted, and raced from the the mules and horses vanished. At dians swarmed between the camp Indians who were now alerted. He the same time help was on the way. and accessible water. G. W. Harrison lost them five or six miles before In January 1864 a new Depart asked for a volunteer to go for help. coming upon the burial party. Warn ment ofKansas had been formed and Presumably the man who agreed to ing the men not to linger, off he rode. Major General Curtis was sent from ride through the Indian lines, and Even allowing for some exaggera Missouri to command it. 29 In July whose name was forgotten by the old tion (2,000 to 3,000 Indians?) and the 1864 the War Department sent Gen survivors in 1914, carried with him lapse of time between 1864 and the eral Curtis to Fort Riley to obtain mi the July 21, 1864, appeal signed by telling of the event in 1911-1912, the litia to go to the aid of the besieged the four wagonmasters which re story's basic elements clearly relate trains at Cow Creek. Reportedly, on lated that the Indians had made to the siege at the Cow Creek Cross July 23, 1864, Colonel D. W: Scott, their attack "yesterday" and that ing. Was he a wagonmaster carrying commanding the 141h Regiment of "We rallied our forces and drove the appeal that he and the three oth- the Kansas State Militia at Fort
Angllst 2000 Wagon Trad~s 7
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 7 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
Riley, directed 2nd Lieutenant Calvin siege and battle nine or ten days af .oxen drew all of. the wagons the re- . Moses Dyche of Company F to raise ter it had begun, after the trains had mainder of the trip.38 all the well mounted men he could; broken camp and traveled several In early 1914 Tom Carmichael tell them to take a blanket or two, miles toward' Walnut Creek where . placed a notice in the Kansas City and prepare for field duty after being Fort Zarah was established by order survivi~g 35 Star in search of trailsmen armed by General Curtis. Dyche and of General Curtis on July 28. Tom from the wagon trains besieged at 26 men were sent to Cow Creek to Carmichael remembered that the Cow Creek Crossing. Of the ten men help the wagon trains,30 apparently trains left when the Indians drew off located, seven were unable to attend part of the "little army" of 396 men and advanced to the Arkansas River the reunion at Lyons: George W. that General Curtis wrote on July 28 where the "tired, dirty, 'Bull whack Harrison of Warrensburg, Missouri: and ,July 29 that he had raised and ers' plunge[d] into the cool water, • 31 M. C. Ryland of Kansas City, Mis marched to Cow Creek. clothes and all.,,36 sOUl'i; Oscar Galloway of Odessa, In a letter to General Curtis dated General Curtis wrote "In the Missouri; Horace Cox of Lee's Sum , Council Grove, July 25, 1864, Cap Field, July 28th" that he had raised mit, Missouri: William Cox of , tain Dodge followed up his July 24 and marched his militia and some Creighton, Missouri; and William letter and enclosed the appeal for volunteers "to this place," about 200 Still and James Wood ofOgden, Kan help signed by the wagonmasters miles. The trains that stood siege at sas. The three who did attend- T. which he had received at 10:00 p.m. Cow Creek were forming on his left, W. Carmichael of Odessa, Missouri; the 241h . Dodge, commanding the 9th relieved and moving forward. They John R. Kerr ofIndependence, Mis Battery, Wisconsin Volunteers, was had "formed corrals, and kept pick souri, 80 years old; and I. W. (Ike) ready to head for Cow Creek with ets. arming themselves from boxes of Gray of Urich, Missouri, 70 years old Captain Booth's company of one ar carbines they were transporting to - had a wonderful time. tillery section and some mounted mi New Mexico. They deserve great They were impressed with the litia to join Curtis's command. Dodge credit for holding out as they did." wonderful Kansan hospitality, su had been informed that the wagon He gave credit, too, to the perb food prepared for them, and masters were reliable and that the ranchman at Cow Creek (William groves of trees all over the land they trains included valuable ordnance "Buffalo Bill" Mathewson) who had remembered as largely treeless. Es stores for Fort Union, which the men 32 defended his ranch with a two pecially gratifying to them was their were using to defend the trains. pounder. He noted casualties, the success in finding the sites of their The wagonmasters' appeal re Mexican man and "E. Whittier," as old camp, the well they had dug in vealed that the Mexican train camp well as names of some of the survi 1864 in desperation - in 1914, a cir ed a mile and one-half below them vors. Curtis mentioned the attack on cular ridge ofearth with a central de had also been attacked and their the Mexican train and their loss of pression - and the graves of the two stock run off or killed, as had stock about 300 head of stock. Quite men killed and buried there. Carmi belonging to the U.S. Mail Company. pleased with his'"show" of force, chaelvisited with an old friend and The July 24 letter to J. C. Irwin, General Curtis wrote that his 396 plainsman, Alex Phillips, in Hays, • which referred to the five-day siege men were all brave, mounted, Kansas, before going home to Mis at Cow Creek, noted that a train "at "pretty well armed", and assisted by souri. Gray and Kerr returned to another place" had lost nearly all a section of the 9th Wisconsin artil Missouri. Kerr was making arrange their stock, ten or twelve men were lery. "Of course," he wrote, "no Indi ments for an Old Plainsmen reunion reported to have been killed, and the ans can stand against thisforce, kept at Independence, Missouri· for the mail stock had been taken as far as as I keep it, well organized and end of August.39 , Cottonwood Creek. In printing the guarded." Curtis wrote on the 29th The 17 descendants of 1864's be letter to -Irwin, the Leavenworth when he was reported to be eight sieged trailers who attended the Daily Conservative of July 27, 1864, miles from Larned, that the train 100th anniversary observance at Ly reported that the "captured" trains which had been besieged at Cow ons on July 18, 1964, included a son were presumed to be those of George Creek was safe with some of his and daughter ofT. W. Carmichael as Bryan, Ambrozio Armijo, Jesus M. troops in the rear.37 well as surprise attendee, Delmar Luna, Vincente Otero, and Lauriano The trains that had been at Cow Whitacre of Westmoreland, a grand Jaramillo. All except Bryan's were Creek had only minor incidents with nephew of E. Whittaker who was said to have loaded at Fort Leaven 4o 33 Indians on the road to Fort Larned. killed during the battle. worth and left on July 9. However, as far as John Kerr's 96 The year after the battle, Joshua The men who had buried Ed mules were concerned, the Indians Barton Carmichael went with a Miller and spoken with the hard had the last word. Ten days or so af wagon train on the. Oregon riding messenger, probably on July ter leaving camp at the Cow Creek California Trail to the Forks of the 23, learned that a cavalry troop Crossing, on Sunday night, August Platte, along the South Platte to Ju passed through their area about day 7, 1864, the trains were camped at lesburg, then to Fort Bridger, to Vir break the following day on its way to the old Cimarron Crossing of the Ar ginia City, and probably on to Cali Cow Creek. When the troops arrived, kansas River. During the night a fornia. From Fort Kearny on June they found the stock out grazing and small group of Indians sneaked close 30, 1865, he wrote to 19-year-old no Indians,34 According to one ac enough to frighten the mules, stam Tom, at home in Lafayette County count by the three old survivors in pede them over the barricade, and taking care of his mother and sib 1914, troops arrived at the site of the drive them away in the dark. The lings, "now got all the hands, will
8 Wagon Tracks Au.gu.st 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 8 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
leave in the morning with 60 wagons Crossing (Beach Valley P.O.)," Kansas 1864. in the train, have 500 miles ofIndian Historical Quarterly, 38 (Winter 1972): 21. Lyons Daily News. July 21, 1914; Lyons Re 437. country to pass through - they are publican, July 21, 1914; Letter from B. H. 3. Author's research of courthouse and Carmichael to Horace Jones. July 8. very bad on ahead, have killed some family records; Mrs. S. L McBurney, nee 1964. men - we have got the worst stock Maggie Carmichael, "The Beginning of 22. Lyons Daily News. July 21. 1914; Lyons Re to stampede in the world - they Odessa History As told by Some of the publican. July 17, 1914; T. W. Carm~ made a charge one stormy night out Older Settlers - Remembrances," Mis chaeL "The on." Odessa Missouri souri Ledger, Odessa, MO. August 5, Ledger. September 28. 1923. of the corral and killed one [?] and 1921. 23. Lyons Republican. July 17, 1914; Lyons wounded 3 men." J. B. Carmichael 41 4. United Daughters of the Confederacy. Daily News. July 21. 1914; Kansas Daily died in Odessa, December 5, 1901. Missouri Division, compilers, Record of Tribune. July 27. 1864: Leavenworth Daily • Missouri Confederate Veterans for Conservative. July 28. 1864. Tom made subsequent crossings, Joshua Barton Carmichael; Missouri Mili too, spending time at the ranch ofhis 24. "Toe Death of Ed Miller on the Santa Fe tory Records, Office of the Adjutant Trail," 12. 13. General for the State of Missouri; letter · cousin, Hamilton (Ham) Carmichael, 25. Lyons Daily News. July 21, 1914. ..· in Bandera County, Texas, and herd from B. H. Carmichael to Horace Jones, July 8, 1964, author's files; "Old Plains 26. Ibid.. July 21,1914. and August 17. 1946. ing longhorn cattle north from man Now a Model Farmer," Odessa 27. Lyons Republican. July 17. 1914. Texas. He came home to Odessa, Democrat, Odessa, MO, September 5, 28. Carmichael to Jones. July 8, 1964; Lyons where he was a school teacher, the 1913. Republican, July 17, 1914; Lyons Daily first clerk and Sunday School super- . 5. "A Iter Half a Century," Lyons Daily News, News. July 21, 1914. intendent for Odessa's First Baptist Lyons, KS, July 21, 1914; "Battle of Cow 29. Brownlee. Gray Ghosts of the Confeder Creek", Lyons Daily News, August 17, Church, a breeder offox hounds, and acy. 181. 1946; Horace Jones, The Story of Early 30. Letter from Headquarters. Department a noted Lafayette County breeder of Rice County (Lyons: Lyons Daily News of Kansas at Fort Leavenworth, written prize-winning Hereford cattle. He Plant, 1959),76.77. by Major & AAG C. S. Charlot to Messrs. married at age 56 to Mary Frances 6. "The Death of Ed Miller on the Santa Fe Wilder & Weightman. July 27. 1864. Leav Burdette (Birdie) Pearson, and they Trail, Articles from the Marion County Re enworth Daily Conservative. July 27. cord, Marion, KS, 1911-1912." Wagon 1864; "Theodore Weichselbaum: Mer had four children before her death at Tracks, 10 (February 1996): 11, 12, 13; chant on the Trail. Part I," Wagon Tracks. age 34 on May 12, 1908. He was Darlis A. Miller, "Freighting for Uncle 6 (November 1991): 9. 10; Mary Jo Cun known as "Uncle Tom" or "Mister Sam." Wagon Tracks, 5 (November ningham. "Calvin Moses Dyche: Tom" when he was older, and he 1990): 12; James Brice, "James Brice's Freighter on the Trail," Wagon Tracks. 7 Trail Reminiscences, Part 1",· Wagon (May 1993): 18. 19. fn II & 12. wrote many articles for the Odessa Tracks, 6 (May 1992): 1; "James Brice's 31. Kansas Daily Tribune. August 7, 1864. Trail Reminiscences, Part III". Wagon newspapers and the American Here 32. Ibid .. 27. 1864. Tracks, 7 (November 1992): 12. ford Journal. When he died, July 5, 33. Ibid.; Leavenworth Daily Conservative. 1928, nearly 83 years of age, the 7. Lyons Daily News, July 21, 1914, August July 27 & 28. 1864. 17, 1946; "Plainsmen Change Date," Ly Odessa Democrat obituary for him ons Republican, July 17, 1914; "Plains 34. "The Death of Ed Miller on the Santa Fe . was headed "Old Plainsman and In men Visit Old Battleground," Lyons Re TraiL" 12. dian Fighter Dead." The story noted publican, July 2.1, 1914.. 35. Lyons Daily News. July 21. 1914. that he regularly visited the Kansas 8. Appeal from 4 wagonmasters to Brig. 36. Lyons Republican. July 17. 1914 City stockyards and entertained his Gen. Wood, July 21, 1864, Kansas Daily 37. Kansas Daily Tribune. August 7. 1864. Tribune, Lawrence, KS, July 27, 1864, and companions with stories of early 38. Lyons Daily News. July 21. 1914, & August 42 Leavenworth Daily Conservative, Leav 17.1946. days in Missouri and the West. enworth, KS. July 28, 1864; Barry, "The 39. Ibid.. July 21. 1914: Lyons Republican. In 1923, friends in Kansas City ·Ranch at Cow Creek Crossing," 432. July 21 & 28,&August 11, 1914. talked Tom Carmichael into going 9. "Theodore Weichselbaum: Trail Merchant 40. Lyons Daily News. July 20. 1964. Part II," Wagon Tracks, 6 (February 1992); 41. Letter from J. B.· Carmichael at Fort with them to a movie. He didn't care 14. for movies, but he went to this one, Kearny to "Dear Son." June 30. 1865. in 10. Lyons Daily News, July 21, 1914; T. W. Car the possession of a granddaughter of The Covered Wagon. He gave the michael, "The Covered Wagon," Odes Thomas White Carmichael; "In Memo movie a mixed review, but it brought sa Missouri Ledger, September 28, 1923. riam." Odessa Democrat, December 21, back memories. He wrote: "And 11. Wagonmasters' appeal for help, July 21. 1901. 1864, Kansas Daily Tribune, July 27, 1864; 42. Author's research of courthouse, church. when the pictures began to appear Leavenworth Daily Conservative. July on the screen and the scenes and in and family records; "Fought Indians Nine 28, 1864. Days." Odessa Democrat. July 11. 1924; cidents that I had witnessed fifty 12. Lyons Daily News, Lyons, KS, July 21. 1914; T. W. Carmichael, "He Learned by Expe nine years ago, how I wished for Lyons Republican, July 21, 1914. rience." American" Hereford Journal. John Cobb, Jimmie Renick, George 13. Letter of General Samuel R. Curtis. July (September 1, 1914); 31; T. W. Carm~ Boxley, Tom Hockensmith and Oscar 28, 1864, Kansas Daily Tribune. August 7. chaeL "Learning the Lessons of Values in 1864. Registered Hereford Cattle." American Galloway, all old plainsmen of sixty 14. Letter to J. C. Irwin. July 24, 1864, Leav Hereford Journal. (May 15. 1920): 226; years or more ago.· How we would enworth Daily Conservative. July 27, "Old Plainsman and Indian Fighter have enjoyed together the old camps 1864. Dead." Odessa Democrat. July 13. 1928; and other scenes.,,43 15. Lyons Daily News. July 21, 1914. "Odessa Loses Two Pioneers." Missouri Ledger, July?, 1928; '''Uncle Tom' Car 16. Lyons Republican. NOTES July 21 & 31, 1914. michael Dead." American Hereford 1. Beverly C. Ryan (unpublished manuscript, 17. Lyons Daily News. July 21, 1914; LyonsRe Journal, (July 15. 1928): 8. 1990) . publican, July17 & 21, 1914. 43. T. W. Carmichael, "The Covered Wa 2. Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the 18. Kansas Daily Tribune. July 27. 1864; Leav gon." Odessa Missouri Ledger. Septem Confederacy - Guerrilla Warfare in the enworth Daily Conservative. July 28, ber 28. 1923; and see Donald R. Hale West 1861-1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana 1864. (Mark L. Gardner. ed.), "The Old Plains State University Press, 1958), 6, 144: Lou 19. Kansas Daily Tribune. July 27, 1864. men's Association," Wagon Tracks. 14 ise Barry, "The Ranch at Cow Creek 20. Leavenworth Daily Conservative, July 27. (May 2000): 15 - 17.
Angnst 2000 . Wagon Tracks 9
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 9 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
SPECIE ON THE SANTA FE TRAIL by E. Donald Kaye (SFTA member Kaye, Santa Fe, is a later in relation to the silver coins retl:red army office and attorney who that were struck with machinery has a longtime interest in the history and had designs on the edges to dis ofthe Southwest, including the Trail. courage counterfeiting.7 He is a sometime collector of historic The answers to some of these and coins, including those ofMexico. The similar questions are easy, but there illustrations in this article are tallen, are complexities. As to what was ull:th permission, from the auction used on the Trail, it is safe to assume catalogs of Richard A. Long of Lan that most if not all of the coins used glois, Oregon. Long is a leading ex were Spanish, then Mexican, coins, pert, lecturer on, and dealer in the at least until the middle of the nine~ coins ofMexico.) teenth century when U.S. coins be PIECES of eight! pieces of eight! came common. Even then the bulk of pieces of eight! pieces of eight!" I specie coming back from Mexico and '''My father saw them unload New Mexico was likely of Mexican when they returned,' says H. H. Har-· origin. So what was in use? ris. as quoted by George P. More For simplicity's sake this article house, 'and when their rawhide will first discuss silver and then gold. packages of silver dollars were Silver was far more common than dumped on the sidewalk one of the gold. Leaving aside the smaller de men cut the thongs and money nominations which are never men spilled out and clinking on the stone tioned in the literature of the Trail, pavement rolled into the gutter."'2 the "dollars" that William Becknell would have brought back to Missouri "In 1839 the Santa Fe traders are were ocho real coins, or. pieces of said to have saved the Bank of Mis eight. In 1822 these were the· most souri from a dangerous run by send Silver eight real, the "Liberty Cap" coin, common major denomination coin ing to its vaults some $45,000 in spe- minted from 1824 to 1897. These were not only in Mexico but in the U.S. .cie. Said Captain A. Harris, writing the most common coins used in the and in much ofthe world. There were in 1840 to Representative Cross of Santa Fe trade. so many of them minted in Mexico Arkansas: 'The State of Missouri is so forth are used in Trail literature that this author was able to buy in at this dav the soundest in the Union " and other histories describing non 1999, and make into a bolo tie, an in her monetary affairs. She is filled Trail events during the period of the ocho real dated 1749, in very nice with specie: and the interior Mexi ·Trail, but none that this author has condition for $35.00. In 1997 Super can states have supplied it.",3 seen offer much in the way·of defini intendent Harry Myers ,at Fort Un "... while upon the board was dis tion. ion National Monument, a SFT played not only the lure in the shape What is a Spanish dollar? What is authority, found an almost-mint of Mexican dollars and Spanish dou a peso? How much is a peso? One eight real piece at Fort Union bear bloons, or 'ounces' as they are called reads about pesos almost from the . h . ,,4 ing the date 1850. Reproductions of In t at reglOn.... "git-go" in Spanish colonial times, this coin are available in silver or "After the slaying, Chavez's body but there·was not a coin that said nickel at Fort Union or through was searched and he was found to peso on it until well into the nine SFTA Last Chance Store. The eight have been wearing a money belt. It teenth century. What is an "ounce"? real pieces ofMexican Spain (minted produced, by McDaniel's own admis Did people back in the States take up to the time of independence in sion, thirty-nine gold doubloons."5 kindly to having a bunch of foreign 1821) and the eight' real pieces of What is specie? The first defini coins around? Josiah Gregg and Mexico in 1850 were different coins, tion in the American Heritage Dic many other writers of "tales of the and there was still no "peso" coin. tl:onary is "minted money" or coins, Trail" have numerous mentions of .When the Spanish in Mexico even ifthat definition is way down on the values of goods in U.S. dollars, started minting coins, there were all the list in the Oxford Dictionary of but were they trading U.S. dollars? sorts of complications. For example, the English Language. What's a dou Probably not. . a vice-regal order of 1536 stated in bloon? For that matter, what's a From the beginning of the United part: "Before there was a mint in this peso? What coins were used on the States until 1857, when they ceased city ... and silver money coined, Santa Fe Trail? The quotations to be legal tender, the Spanish (later there was a great deal of trading by above are just a sample, but they in Mexican) milled dollar was at times means of tepuzque gold. All tepl/.zqne dicate that, at least for a long time, the most common major coin, always gold debts and contracts made from Spanish and then Mexican coins a common coin in American pockets, the first day of April of the present were used. The terms doubloons, and, as indicated above, in American year are to be paid in the said gold in Mexican or Spanish dollars, Spanish banks.6 The term "milled dollar" was terms of the ... silver reales that cir or Mexican milled dollars, pesos, and used in American Colonial times and culate at thirty-four nwrauedies
10 Wagon Tracks August 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 10 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
each, one real for one tomin, and we need only be concerned with coins eight reales for one peso [here is that that were still common then. As term] of tepuzque gold." An act of the noted above, these would include the Cabildo of that same year said: common trade coins used in the "Relative to the silver reales now be 1700s and 1800s, and very likely ing made and used in trade in the nothing earlier. city, there is much confusion because The early coins in Spanish Amer some accept them at eleven grains ica, including those made in Mexico, and others at twelve grains of te- ,,8 were "cobs" or coins cut by hand from pnzque gold. a bar of silver with a design affixed. Tepnzque gold was gold that was with dies on each side. Often, the so debased by the addition of copper "shipwreck coins" that one sees or reads about are cobs. They were '. that the natives called it tepuzque, •\. which in Nahuatl means "copper." crude; they were irregularly shaped; Ten years before, in 1526, the Ca and most often they had no date on bildo had allowed individuals to have them. Beginning in 1732, round 1 their gold made into slugs of various coins were· produced. I The silver sizes, including one, two, or four pe eight real coins were often called ws~oro.Ap~o~oro,orp~oof "pillar dollars" because of the design gold, was a term used to indicate a on the obverse side which was the portion of gold weighing 96 grains.9 two hemispheres, flanked by the Pil Remember, there was no coin that lars of Hercules and surmounted by said on it that it was a peso de oro, or a crown. The reverse of this coin car any other kind ofpeso. ried the coat-of-arms (escutcheon or The silver Spanish· colonial "portrait" The matter of value ofpesos, tom escudo) of the reigning monarch. In milled dollar featured portraits of the 1772 the "pillars" were abandoned various monarchs. These were minted ins, and maravedies is so compli from 1772 to 1823. cated that even modern scholars, in and instead the obverse showed the this author's opinion, are as confused bust of the current monarch. 12 These Mexicans or the Americans. The as is this author. For example, John eight real pieces, or pieces of eight, coins of Iturbide and later Maximil Kessell et al., in Remote Beyond lasted until the end of the Spanish ian (see below) and Mexican Repub ..., 'Compare, one of the De Vargas Pro era, to be replaced in part with a lic coins would have been accepted as " ject volumes published by the Uni hodge-podge of insurgency coins, the readily as the coins of Spain. versity of New Mexico Press in 1989, latter unlikely to have been accepted In 1822-1823, the Emperor (see contains on page xiii, a table compar by the Santa Fe traders, either the what you sometimes get with a revo ing a ducado with a silver real, a vel lution) Agustin Iturbide .minted lon real with a maravedi, a silver coins with his bust on one side and a
piece of eight with velton rea1es, an Mexican eagle on the other, and in ',' . '. escudo with a mamvedi, a peso (ah • 1823, the· Republic of Mexico began hal) with an escudo, and so forth, as its series of eight real silver coins of 1686. In Northern New Spain, A . with the eagle on one side and what Research Guide by Thomas C. Bar is called the "Liberty Cap" on the nes, Thomas N. Naylor, and Charles other. The latter is a cap on which is W. Polzer, published by the Univer incused the word "Liberty," with sity ofArizona in 1981, an article on rays coming from the cap over the "Money and Currency" contains a ta top half of that side of the coin. The ble comparing various monetary val eagle side is inscribed "Republica ues in gold and in silver for ducados, Mexicana," and the inscription on pesos, granos, maravedies, etc. It is the other side contains information difficult to determine the dates for concerning the date, value, initials of the values given, but they do not ap the assayers, and the lnint location. pear to agree with the table in Re It is almost certain that these coins mote Beyond Compare. However, and their successor varieties, to these authors throw some light on gether with the pillar or the portrait the murky issue of "pesos" by saying dollars mentioned above, constituted that the term, meaning a "weight," the bulk of the "silver dollars" that was applied in the Spanish colonies came across the Trail from west to to the silver piece of eight. 10 east-at least until the mid to late The above is mentioned here only 1800s. to show the complications that arise The famous "pillar dollar," the first of the The later varieties included the Spanish colonial milled dollars minted short-lived Maximilian coins with when one tries to delve into the early in New Spain, which circulated all over history of Mexican coins. Fortu the world and on which U.S. Coinage his face on one side and his coat-of nately, given that the Santa Fe Trail was based as to value. These were arms on the other, from 1864-1867, did not officially "open" until 1821, minted from 1732 to 1772. and from 1869-1873, a coin that once
Angnst 2000 Wagon Trachs 11
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 11 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
again showed the Mexican eagle, but coins ceased to be legal tender in the on the other side had a design show States. But, does the common use of ing a scale and the Liberty Cap, Spanish and Mexican coinage on the these coins unsurprisingly called Trail (and elsewhere in the States Balance Scale pesos. The latter, first from before the American Revolu minted in 1869, were the first Mexi tion) have anything to do with today? can major coins that had a stated Yes. it does. Although Span value in pesos, rather than in reales. ish/Mexican gold coinage was not They only lasted until 1873, primar , that important for the Santa Fe ily because they were not accepted in trade or to the U.S. today. the silver the Far East where "everybody" of. the time has made a lasting im , knew the real coin was an eight real pression. How so? Well, you have coin. 13 From 1873 to 1897, the eight probably heard the expression "two , real coin was again minted, and so it bits" as a slang term for a quarter of • is probable that some of these came a dollar. Because of the scarcity over into use on the Santa Fe Trail in the the years of small denomination last years of its existence. coins, Spanish milled dollars (eight Turning to gold, there was a simi real pieces) were often cut up into lar pattern. As noted, the early his eight pieces, or "bits." Two of those tory of Mexican gold is too compli made a quarter ofan eight real piece, cated to worry about, much more so or a Spanish or Mexican dollar. than hinted at above. Gold was not Likewise, in the mid and late officially minted in Mexico until the 1800s and early 1900s, if you bought end of 1679. Again; the first coins A gold eight escudo piece of the "lib a drink in a saloon, you probably were cobs, and round coinage began erty in the Law" type, this one dated paid 12~¢ for it-a bit. Tokens ofthose around 1732. These bore the portrait 1828. The eight escudo coins were days, sometimes called "Good Fors" of the reigning monarch with es commonly called "doubloons." that were issued by business estab cutcheons (escudos) on the other lishments, were frequently "Good for side, and were made in various de It is this author's opinion, based 12~¢ in Trade." Those of us who nominations, with the eight escudo on his perusal of Trail literature, know something about the oil busi piece, the gold ounce or "onza de oro" that gold specie and gold dust and ness, know that if one leases miner being the largest. These were minted bullion were relatively unimportant als to an oil company or producer until the end ofthe Spanish period in in the Santa Fe trade, although who drills a well, the royalty (a tell- Mexico. The "ounce," however, sel there are certainly mentions of trad '. ing phrase in itself) to the land dom if ever weighed an ounce. As in ers carrying all three. There are a va owner-the landowner's share-is silver, Iturbide had his gold coins, riety of reasons for this, but they in one-eighth. Why? You know why. clude the fact that silver was far and the first gold Republic eight es And finally, why are stocks traded more abundant than gold in both cudo pieces were minted in 1823. in eighths? Ifyou buy a share ofGen Mexico and later in New Mexico, and These had on one sIde the Mexican eral Electric stock, you buy it at x that silver was "cheaper" and there eagle and on the other side a design dollars and so-many eighths, e.g., fore more available to traders than incorporating the liberty hat being $56~ or $55i. not in decimals. Admit was gold. Had there been gold in held by a hand that also points at a tedly, this kind of pricing (by rule of quantity, there would not have been book, with the legend "Libertad En the Securities and Exchange Com such a trade in silver coinage be La Ley," roughly "Liberty in the mission) is changing to a decimal cause gold of a given value is cer- Law." This coin was minted until system, but historically and now, it . tainly easier to transport than silver 1873, wIth a time-out for Maximilian is largely eighths and more lately, "dollars" of the same value. coins looking much like his silver sixteenths. The system of eighths is coins. 14 Afterthat, decimal gold coins So, hopefully we now know what not because it is easier to do arith denominated in pesos were minted, kind of specie, or coins, were used on metic that way, but because of the but it is doubtful that they played the Santa Fe Trail. The coins were overriding "commonness" for many much of a part in' the commerce of the various kinds of Spanish or years in the United States, east and the Santa Fe Trail. All eight escndo Mexican "milled dollars," plus the west, of the silver eight real'piece of pieces prior to the decimals were the doubloons, the latter famed in pirate Mexico-the coin of the Santa Fe famed· "doubloons." This was the and sunken galleon literature, but Trail. famed pirate gold, and the name not common on the Santa Fe Trail as NOTES given to Spanish and Spanish far as can be ascertained. When, if 1. Spoken by Long John Silver's parrot in the American gold coins through the ever, United States coins became the children's adventure book Treasure Is eighteenth century. "In· time, the "stock in trade" on the Trail, remains land, first published as a serial for a boys' name 'doubloon' which began as a unknown. One may assume, without newspaper in England. Although ·the parrot spoke of "pirate money." it is double excelente ... was transferred knowing, that U.S. coins became quoted here as the most famous refer to the eight-escudo piece ... and it is more and more common after New ence in all literature to this important this . doubloon most commonly Mexico became a U.S. Territory and coin. thought of when the word is used.,,15 particularly after 1857 when foreign 2. Robert L. Duffus, The Santa Fe Trail (New
12 Wagon Tracks August 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 12 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
• York: Longman's Green and Co., 1931),68, Jared L. Sanderson of Westport. they were lucky enough to have one. referring fa the arrival back in Missouri of William Becknell's first venture to Sanfa This line went from Westport to Fort Others used Dutch ovens with the Fe, 1821-1822. Scott, It is believed there were other method that is replicated during 3. Ibid., 111. stage lines that stopped at the Ma Bullwhacker Days. Dutch ovens date 4. George D. Brewerton, Overland with Kit haffies. Research is difficult since to the 1600s, with minor improve Carson (Lincoln: Universify of Nebraska there is little documentation left of ments made throughout time. Ti"av Press, 1993), 188, describing a "gambling the life ofthese Olathe founders. The elers, settlers, and chuck-wagon hell" in Sanfa Fe in 1848. Mahaffies are important to Olathe 5. Marc Simmons, Murder on the Santa Fe cooks considered Dutch ovens a sta Trail (EI Paso: Texas Western Press, 1987), and interesting to the Trail because ple on their journeys. Dutch ovens 32. their incredible limestone hO\J.se and have been popular. Today children 6. For a detailed discussion of the use of for two-story icehouse remain, a major learning outdoor skills with scouting eign coins in fhe U.S .. see Oscar G. historic site on the Santa Fe Trail. organizations learn how to cook this Schilke and Raphael E. Soloman, Ameri way. ., ca's Foreign Coins, Foreign Coins With Written and oral accounts from Legal Status in the United States, 1793 the Mahaffies are testament to the All cooking starts with fire build .' 1857 (New York: The Coin and Currency involvement with stage lines and ing, and Dutch-oven baking starts Institute, Inc., 1964). covered wagons. Horses were tended with using hot embers. At Bull 7. See Raphael Soloman, "Foreign Specie Coins in the American Colonies," Studies to, wagons or stages repaired, and whacker Days, keeping the fire going on Money in Early America, ed. by Eric P. travelers served meals. This was a for the entire day requires a signifi Newman and Richard G. Dofy (New regular meal stop for stagecoach pas cant number ofcoals. The fire is built York: American Numismatic Society, sengers. Lucinda, her family, and in an oval pit two feet deep and three 1976), chap. 4. hired workers served these guests in by five feet across. As wood is added 8. Roberf I. Nesmifh, Coinage of the First Mint of the Americas at Mexico City, the basement of the home. Food to the fire. almost one dozen new 1536-1572 (New York: American Numis came from the farm's livestock, vege pieces offreshly cut hedge are added matic Society, 1955),8-9. table and herb gardens, orchard and at a time. As the new wood catches 9. Alberto Francisco Pradeau, Numismatic walnut groves. The Mahaffie farm on fire, one can hear the cracking History of Mexico (1938, reprinted New stead was a self-sufficient home and see the sparks fly. The wood is York: Sanford J. Durst), 21. 10. Those interested in "real-life" problems where everything was produced to added for about two hours in order to with the value of a peso in New Mexico, survive a long harsh winter or blis get enough coals to use for baking. circa 1775, where silver money rarely cir tering hot summer drought. No The fire is huge.and its intense heat cuated' should see Ross H. Frank, From doubt Lucinda gathered vast garden may be likened to the heat of a rag Settler to Citizen: New Mexico Economic Development and the Creation of the produce to utilize throughout the ing prairie fire. Vecino Society, 1750-1820 (Berkeley: year. Methods of storing the harvest Baking in a Dutch oven involves University of California Press, 2000, in included canning in glass, air adding heat below and above the press) . drying, pickling, and smoking. food. A shovel full of hot embers is 11. Pradeau, Numismatic History of Mexico, 53. Gardening, harvesting, cooking, placed outside the fire pit. The heavy 12. See, among many references, Wayte and tending to her household and cast iron Dutch oven with its short Raymond, The Silver Dollars of North and many visitors was a heavy task. legs attached is placed on top of the South America, 2nd ed. (Racine WI: Whit Lucinda cooked meals for 'many hot ashes. There are a couple of man Publishing Co., 1964), 78 tt. every day. Imagine the fragrant Dutches that do not have these legs, 13. Neil S. Utberg, The Coins of Mexico, /536 1963 (self-published, 1964), 75. smells of tart gooseberry pie, warm instead a small circular fire ring is 14. Theodore V. Buttrey and Clyde Hubbard, apple cobbler, fresh baked bread used, Inside the Dutch oven a few A Guide Book of Mexican Coins, 1822 to with butter, the pungent aroma of flat rocks are placed to raise the pan Date (lola, WI: Krause Publications, sauerkraut or pickles; and meat cur up from the oven and allow the circu 1992), among other references. ing in the smokehouse. The air must lation of hot air to cook food evenly. 15. Richard G. Doty, The Macmillan Ency have been filled with scents that The pan is placed carefully inside the clopedic Dictionary of Numismatics (New York: Macmillan PUblishing Co., brought people together for a com Dutch oven, then the flanged lid is 1982), 111. mon purpose-nourishment and sur-' added to seal the oven. On top of the I, vival. Certainly a significant amount lid a second shovel full of hot coals is HISTORIC COOKING of firewood had to be gathered to placed. Then it is time to wait and (continued from page 1) help with the cooking of food. Al check while the food bakes. ens is no easy task. The air tempera though J, B. hated to cut trees with Removing the pan from the Dutch ture at Bullwhacker Days is always out a purpose, the Mahaffies were ovens can be quite a challenge. It is a in the nineties. Although there was a fortunate to have sufficient wood on delicate balance of grace with a good moment of hope when the tempera their farmstead. Perhaps J. B. was heap of prayers. Women need to be ture was in the eighties earlier that an early arboriculturist. careful that their long dresses do not week, most knew that it was going to When replicating what the Ma catch on fire. One of the cooks care be hot, with a heat index over 100 de haffies cooked, it becomes apparent fully lifts the lid with a pot. hook grees. This year was no exception. there are few primary sources avail made by the blacksmith. The lifting Some wonder how the pioneers able. Volunteers at the Mahaffie site has to be just right or the ashes fall managed in these extreme tempera" improvise and continue to research. onto the baked food, adding some ex- tures. J. B. and Lucinda Mahaffie's It is not known which pots or what . tra "pepper" or "spice" as the story is . home in Olathe Kansas was a stage ovens Lucinda used, Women of her told. If the wind is wrong and you're coach stop for a stage line owned by time generally used baking ovens if not prepared, watch out for ashes
August 2000 Wagon Tracks 13
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 13 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
Trail by.Sam Arnold. Glenda was The biggest treat that many peo most excited when she found an 1846 ple look forward to is the sourdough I recipe served to Susan Magoffin, rolls made by Anne Mallinson. Ap I ,I "Corn and Bean Soup." Due to the parently the sourdough starter is I. I number ofpeople expected, a ten-fold older than anybody would like to ad batch of soup was mixed, including mit. Anne painstakingly mixes .and -- ten cups of red chili puree as the rec kneads the bread dough. When the ipe lists. Red chili puree can be found dough rises, she shapes it into balls, in the Mexican or Oriental sections then lets it rise again. Many hours of your grocery store. The recipe was after starting this process the sour: followed to the letter and the food' dough rolls are baked. They have the placed inside a large cast iron pot. most incredible flavor and are served '1 Corn and Bean Soup with either fresh butter or honey by Sam 'I P. Arnold, Eating Up the Santa butter made with honey from' the !• Fe Trail, p. 101. beekeeper at Mahaffie. The rolls are 1 pint fresh ·corn, cut from ears~ can- always the first to go. Now I've tried ned, or frozen these at home, but they just. don't 1 pint pinto beans . s~em to be as'good as the ones made 2 quarts cold water by Anne. I wonder if she has a secret Anne Mallinson cooking at Bullwhack 1 onion, sliced ingredient? er Days. 1 large clove garlic Sourdough Rolls and sparks everywhere. 1 cup red chile puree .by Anne Mallinson 1 tablespoon oregano . , Next the cook finds the pan lifter, 4 cups flour ,. another special tool from the black pinch cumin 1 teaspoon salt smith. These tools are semicircular 2 teaspoons salt 3 Tablespoons sugar or honey and fit just under the lip of the bak Soak beans overnight in cold water, 1 cup warm water ing pan. Carefully sliding the pan then slowly boil for most of the day until 1 package yeast soft. Add corn and other ingredients, 1 teaspoon baking soda lifters in the Dutch, the cook pulls reserving salt till last. When you need to I cup sourdough starter out the hot pan of food. Bellowing, add water to the cooking beans, add "Coming through on the right," the hot water; putting cold water onto Blend the salt, sugar, yeast and bat cook places the beautifully browned cooking beans toughens them. Serve ter. Add 3 cups flour and mix for three food on the serving table for all to see the bean-and-corn soup with some or four minutes. Cover, let rise until dou and admire. Visitors want samples grated goat's mild cheese or Monterey bled. Mix the soda with the remaining Jack. Fried croutons add a nice touch. flour and stir into dough. Knead 8 to 10 right away. The truth is the food minutes. Divide the dough into two needs to cool about 20 minutes bef The pot was hung from a cast iron pieces then shape into small balls ore it can be served. Sometimes the tripod which brought the food close enough to make two pans of rolls. Let fruit filling in cobbler gets so hot that to the fire, but distant enough for the rise until doubled. Bake for 35 to 40 min it takes up to one hour to cool down. soup to be stirred. The cooks knew it utes. At Bullwhacker Days the process was going to be flavorful, but that Cooking stories are handed down continues for hours. Batter is mixed, can't even begin to describe' its from generation to generation. These then poured into a baking pan. Hot power. When the ingredients were wonderful bits of truth and humor embers are shoveled on the ground bubbling and flavors cooked are s1).ared with many. There are and the empty Dutch oven is placed through, a sample bowl was ladled. more stories at Bullwhacker Days. on the coals. The baking pan is added It was given to the bravest soul to Every year a trip is made to the local to the Dutch, the lid sealed, and an sample. The response was an over mercantile where ingredients are: other fresh shovel of embers added. whelming "too hot, way too hot, fire purchased. Every year the flour, This process continues all day, bak hot." Fire hot, surely not? As others cornmeal, sugar, baking soda, and ing hot samples for the visitors. were asked to try, the consensus was baking powder are placed into the la . .- .'... 0-1 This year the food was very hot at building. beled wood banded boxes. They . -.: Bullwhacker Days, but in a different A visitor stopped by claiming to adorn the table along with the mix manner. The weekend was a rein like extremely spicy food and could ing bowls, spoons, and pitchers. The vention of the original Bullwhacker eat anything. After sampling the visitors enjoy looking at the ingredi Days and celebrated the fact that soup, this dear soul had to change ents at the mixing table-it sets a Easterners traveled down the Santa. his statement, agreeing that the food nice image. Every year, the cooks get Fe Trail and Mexican merchandise was too spicy to serve. After some in to figure out what a teaspoon, table' came back up this Trail. Instead of genious methods of cooking, most of spoon, and cup look like. Every year cookin'g only the traditional soups, the spice was removed and a new the cooks remind themselves what is breads, and cobblers, these MRO recipe was served. The next batch of really in the boxes rather than what members decided to try their hands soup was made with only one jar of the boxes might say. Every year the at cooking some Mexican food. red chili puree, one-tenth the origi cooks remind themselves about the There was no choice but to use nal amount. Guests still thought the salt that doesn't seem to have a recipes from Eating up the Santo. Fe food was spicy, but they did not know quaint box of its own. . . the real story. One of the most popular recipes is
14 Wagon Trachs AI/gust 2000
https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 14 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
Quickly the cooks look at each other and think "Oh no, not again." After apologizing, the cobbler is removed from the serving table to sample by the cooks. Of course, the visitor is right. The air fills with cackles and laughs as the cooks realize that somebody added 2 tablespoons of salt instead of sugar. Every year the promise is made to purchase a con tainer just for the salt. Every year it doesn't happen and another story to add to the collection. 1: ,< New recipes are fun to try. One year, creamed potato soup was a hit. The recipe used milk as a base and : '.', had chopped potatoes. onions, car 1 I' rots, celery, and spices. The cooks :i _I . , i .. ,.,, liked this recipe since the ingredi I, , ents depended upon the vegetables I that were ready to harvest. The Ma haffies and other Trail travelers Judy Leary and Anne Mallinson cooking at Bullwhacker Days. Judy is serving one would have cooked something like of Anne's famous sourdough rolls. this if they were fortunate to have cobbler. It is made from a special se bIer production begins in full force milk. cret recipe, freely given to anybody . and there are up to four Dutch ovens . A traveler down the Trail brought who inquires and published here. baking cobbler. It is a fun sight to see a Ginger Snaps recipe from the John One of the secrets is that the fruit with adults, kids, embers flying eve Wornall House in Missouri. That filling is not always made from rywhere while the fruity aroma of' recipe was tried, but the cookies scratch in our ovens, sometimes it cobbler fills the air. burned easily and stuck on the pan. gets that homemade flavor from the . As the cobbler comes out of the It was hard to produce in quantity. mercantile where it is purchased in Dutches and is cooled down, visitors .Ginger Cookies the form of canned pie filling. Fully stop for samples and enjoy its sweet from John Warnall House understanding this approach is eas taste. It is fun to watch the smiles ier than making. the filling from Cream together: and hear their explanations to the kup butter scratch, the volunteers are satisfied children "See they made this from 2 cups white sugar with this tradeoff. The visitors never that fire." Not exactly as the com Stir in: know the difference. Cobblers in plete process is explained.. 2 well beaten eggs clude cherry, apricot, peach, blue Every year there are unexpected ~ cup molasses berry, and more. reactions. After cooking for so many 2 teaspoons vinegar Fruit Cobbler years, one might think that the un Sift in: from Glenda Sours expected should be expected, but it 3i cups flour Blend together: 2 teaspoons ground ginger always catches the cooks off guard. 1~ teaspoons baking soda 1 egg This year, with a wonderful batch of ~ t cup milk teaspoon cinnamon peach cobbler made and the food t teaspoon ground cloves t cup oil cooled down, samples were placed in Add dry ingredients: Let the dough sit for 15 to 30 minutes < the cups with. spoons. A visitor teaspoon salt at room temperature. Form into 31.-inch '. t balls. Bake on greased cookie sheet in . }.' 1~ teaspoons baking powder stopped by and took one little' cup. t< 2 tablespoons sugar She picked up the spoon and moved oven for 9- 10 minutes. ~ 1 cup flour it toward her mouth. She commented Many pies have been baked each Grease the inside of a pie pan. about the aroma from the peaches year for Bullwhacker Days, includ Spoon batter onto fruit pie filling (can . and the cobbler's golden color. The ing gooseberry and wild berry pies. ned) < Bake in Dutch oven until batter is cooks stand back and are pleased The year a gooseberry pie was made, done. with their work. Dave Cain, one of the Missouri . Several young and energetic help The visitor takes a bite of the cob Freetrappers, stopped by and the pie ers assist in the cooking as they bler. Then the lips .pucker, the head was fed to him. The cooks weren't learn how to cook and tell ingredi slips back into the neck, the shoul certain how much sugar to add, so ents apart. After help with a couple ders scrunch up, and the brow they just guessed. Anne Mallinson of recipes, the younger cooks are frowns. The creases around the eyes said she doesn't know about the pie turned loose to make a cobbler alone. and mouth show as the visitor de as Cain "ate it anyway, or hid the evic The adults are mixing up a batch or clares, "I think something is wrong dence. Don't know which." The truth two at the same time. Soon the cob- with this cobbler, it tastes funny." may never be known.
August 2000 Wagon Tracks 15
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 15 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
FOLLOW THE GREEN PICKUp· (continued from page 1) That evening, members gathered at the historic Eklund Hotel Dining Room and Saloon for a no-host din ner with cocktails. The Dutch-treat affair has the advantage of allowing members to order from the menu.
There. was no registration fee'' how- ever, the planners of future similar events are encouraged to impose a modest charge so that name tags "Now was that salt or sugar?" L-R: Judy may be provided and organizers may Leary, Julie Daicoff, and Glenda Sours have a more accurate "nose count." cooking at Bullwhacker Days. Saturday evening's program was Memories are part of any success at the Don R. Wood Auditorium on ful event. This year was especially the Clayton High School campus . colorful with the Mexican dancers (just follow the green pickup). Rob adorned in their colorful costumes. erta Courtney Meyers of Taos pre Rather than a complete line up of sented her costumed impersonation traditional 1800s music, the air was of Josepha Jaramillo Carson, third filled with rich Mexican sounds and wife of Kit Carson. The talk was es the beautiful Spanish language. The pecially well received with a lively Walter Hall, forest service specialist Fiesta Bullwhacker Days brought question and answer period. Meyers with the Kiowa National Grassland, new people to the site that might not was secured by the host chapter conducted the tours of Trail sites in Un have visited. Some will always re through the New Mexico Endow ion County. He drove the green pickup. (Photo courtesy Inez Ross.) member the colorful clothing, rich ment for the Humanities. language, festive music, and the In The joint session continued Sun dian tacos. Others will chuckle about day morning following a breakfast the salty cobbler, the spicy soup, and buffet at the Hi Ho Cafe. The various the incredible sourdough biscuits. If chapters were recognized and the you would like to sample some of spokespersons were asked to intro that incredible sourdough or hear duce their delegates and give reports some more true stories, come to Bull on the group activities. Those check whacker Days next year. Ifyou help ingin were Cimarron Cutoff, Wagon cook, somebody might even be able to bed Spring, Wet/Dry 'Routes, Bent's rustle up a historically-accurate root Fort, Corazon de los Caminos, and beer float. End of the Trail, with reports also heard from Missouri River Outfit BIBLIOGRAPHY Phyllis Morgan and Inez Ross in a rut in ters and Texas Panhandle. Words of Union County during the tour (photo Arnold, Sam'I P., Eating Up the Santo Fe Trail. encouragement were also offered by courtesy Inez Ross). Niwot: University Press Colorado, 1990. Gould, Mary Earle, The Early American House, /620-/850. Rutland VT: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1965. Heisler, E. F. and D. M. Smith, Atlas Map at Johnson County, Kansas. Wyandotte KS: E. F. Heisler & Co., 1874. . Holloway, J. N., History of Kansas. Lafayette IN: James Emmons & Co., 1868. Jackson, Grace, Mahaffie Milestones. Abilene TX: np, 1980. "• "The Mahaffie House," History of Johnson County, Kansas. Np, 1915, p. 85. Mahaffie, James Beatty. Handwritten notes, untitled accounts at his early days in' Olathe believed to be written for Old Settler's Day 1907, reprinted in Olathe Doily News, September 7, 1983. "The Mahaffie Stagecoach Station," Arrows to Atoms, 1857-1957: A Historical Album at Olathe. Kansas. Baldwin: Baldwin Ledger, 1957. Walters, Lon, The Old West Baking Book. Dub Couch of Rocky Ford, CO, and Walter and Teresa Pickett of Los Alamos, NM, Flagstaff: Northland Publishing Com enjoy the Saturday evening banquet at the Eklund in Clayton. (Photo courtesy Inez pany, 1996. Ross.) .
16 Wagon Tracks Angnst 2000
https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 16 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
curate mailing list for publication purposes, the fact of life is that not everybody pays on time. Dues trickle in. People need to be reminded. I should not be surprised if the na tional dues come in, the same way. And even if this harebrained idea passes muster (presumably there has to be a change in the national bv laws) the trickle will still continue~ So how will the chapters get their remittances? Will they get a monthly , SFTA President Margaret Sears of Santa Fe, on right, points out the swales to another check and a notice about who has •I, Trail enthusiast during the Sunday afternoon tour of the Turkey Creek Campground joined (or re-upped), and thus to region. (Photo courtesy Inez Ross.) whom can the chapter now send its SFTA President Margaret Sears of On the Gaines Ranch at Point of monthly newsletters? Will the chap Santa Fe and Vice President Sam Rocks, New Mexico, she was espe ters now have only two classifica Arnold of Denver. cially thrilled to see and hike along tions, e.g., single and family? Will The morning session was con deep swales. Her' poem "Trail Larned turn around with each mail cluded just in time to make it to Ghosts" expresses that elation. ing and send the appropriate dues, Clayton Lake State Park where the trickle, trickle, trickle? At best there Hi Ho Cafe served an ample barbe TRAIL GHOSTS will be a delay ofa month and people cue lunch. The fee was $5.00 per by Inez Ross will miss a month's issue. Moreover, plate plus the regular $4 a car day- ' Here the wagons traveled four abreast I doubt if the present office contin-' gent can,take on .the task of collect use fee at the park. It was said the Rolling down to Point of Rocks costs ,of the joint meeting were most And thence to Wagon Mound. ing and remitting; how many new people will have 'to be hired to make reasonable. Now we walk in the grassy troughs Shouldering camera and tripod like a the proposal work? Will the antici After lunch and after those inter rifle pated income be greater than hiring ested had opportunity to inspect the A nd finding cloud patterns in the end a person(s) to do the remitting? dinosaur tracks at ClaytonLake, the less sky. first joint meeting of the western Now, personally, I support the na But when the wind blows, tional organization because I like our chapters concluded with tours' of We hear the crack of the ox drover's Turkey Creek, the national grass excellent quarterly, Wagon Trachs.' Whip But there are others, although they land swales, and McNees Crossing. A nd the creaking wheels of the carts Just follow the green pickup. like WT, who feel that they get noth Burdened with bright bolts of calico ing else ofvalue from the national of For the dark-eyed gals of Santa Fe. TRAIL TROUBADOUR fice. THE WAGON TONGUE So, to the board of directors, I say, -Traffic in Verse if it ain't broke, don't fix it. Sandra M. Doe, Editor -OBSERVATIONS &OPINIONS- Bernt Winkel Corazon de los Caminos Chapter This column seeks poetry which If it ain't broke, don't fix it. I am referring to the questionnaire, pre PO Box 1688 addresses the history, realism, ro Las Vegas NM 87701 mance, and diversity ofthe Trail and sumably authorized by the SFTA demonstrates authentic emotion, president, circulating through Trail POST OFFICE OAK original images, and skill incrafts country asking our opinion about the -LETTERS- manship. Submit poetry, in open or national office collecting all the '! closed form, along with a brief biog dues, both national and chapter. Is Editor: raphy to Sandra M. Doe, Dept. of this done to improve collection The article in the last issue about English, Campus Box 32, Metropoli because, although all chapter bylaws the Old Plainsmen's Association, at •t, tan State College of Denver, PO Box state that belonging to a chapter tributed to Donald Hale and edited 173362, Denver CO 80217-3362. requires that one also belong to the by Mark L. Gardner, contains infor Inez Ross, a member ofthe End of national organization, there are mation and lists of Old Plainsmen the Trail Chapter, is planning to denizens who support financially the that was published in W. Z. Hick hike the entire SFT from west to local organization but do not remit man's History of Jackson County east, using the Cimarron Route. Cov the obulus to Larned? Missouri, pp. 127-133. This book was ering about ten miles a day, with This questionnaire praises the first printed in 1920 and reprints are three other women, she has gone out proposed collection scheme in the still available. It is an invaluable on weekends, hiking along the roads most glowing terms, e.g., how this source for Jackson County history, that most closely parallel the Trail. will make life easy for us locals. Hav including the Santa Fe Trail. More When she can get permission, she ing been the treasurer of our chap than half the 800+ pages contain bi and her companions hike cross coun ter, and working closely with the ographies of some 400 people. It ap tryon the actual route of the Trail. present treasurer to maintain an ac- pears that Hale relied on Hickman's
AllgllSt 2000 Wagon Tracks 17
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 17 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
book for some ofhis information. The gram for marking the graves of sol How about some old-fashioned book is recommended to any student diers who died along the Trail during fun? At the Great Bend, Barton of Trail history. the Mexican War. The chapter will County Museum on August 13, Jane Mallinson place additional markers as docu "Good Old Summertime" will be PO Box 8604 mentation is found. heating up with demonstrations, re Sugar Creek MO 64054 enactments, games, music, and dis THE CACHES plays. Grounds will open at 10:00 A.M.. church service at 10:30 A.M., -MUSEUM NEWS- and the fun keeps on going until 5:00 Anna Belle Cartwright, Editor P.M. At Pecos Historic Site, in June, (Please l-wep sending those newslet nearby area forest fires and the pres ters, your important dates, and hap ence of fire fighters (who utilized a penings to Anna Belle Cartwright, great deal of space to do their effec SFTA Mu.seums Coordinator, 5317 tive .work) curtailed some of the Charlotte St, Kansas City MO 64110, planned summer activities, includ e-mail
18 Wagon Tracks Augzi.st 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 18 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
where the action is every Saturday documents, and artifacts large and Through the glass is seen a revealing during the summer season and small tell the story. Call (505) 476 glimpse of changes at the fort and where the blacksmith hammers ring 5001. the life of soldiering, be it on duty, in out. Hats Off! sick bay. or during leisure hours. For years old tool collectors, Tip your caps, sun hats, straws, " wagon experts, would-be wheel boaters, bowlers, cowboys,. and .. ~ ...., wrights, and blacksmiths have gath "Smoky the Bears". in recognition of ered in the barn to recreate the pro the wonderful students, antique en cesses used in wagon making, swap thusiasts, and volunteers who swell CONVERSE OF THE PRAIRIES ping yarns, sharing choice tools and the ranks of museum summer staffs, information, choosing just the right bolstering with energy, ideas, and -BOOK NOTICES- seasoned woods-elm or Osage or expertise. They may be seen: Mark L. Gardner, Wagons (or. the ange to make hubs, and using wagon Exploring Black history in Arrow Santa Fe Trade: Wheeled Vehicles i spokes supplied by Mennonite Rock, MO, where the University of and Their Mahers, 1822-1880. Albu craftsmen in Jamesport, MO. David St. Louis is sponsoring July archeol querque: University of New Mexico Hoopes is the head blacksmith and is ogy digs in the old Lodge Hall and Press, 2000. Pp. xx .+ 204. Illustra on hand early to fire up the forge for the African American Methodist tions, notes, bibliography. index. the day's work. Episcopal Church on Second Street. Cloth. $40.00; paper, $19.95. Avail David has been around since the At nearby Missouri Valley College able from Last Chance Store. early 1990s and is noted for his ex collaborating in writing a script and· This is the first and quite possibly perimental prowess. The small student docent tour for the portrayal the definitive study of wagons and group changes with the years, but of John and Nannie Sites in their other vehicles used on the Sarita Fe each and every member leaves some 1875 Arrow Rock Home, a new pres Trail. The research is thorough. doc thing behind, be it a special tool for entation this summer. umentation is copious, and many of the collections, his expertise, wagon At the Old Castle Museum in the illustrations are quite spectacu blueprints, or a whole wall of speciaL Baldwin City, KS, hanging window lar. There are still a few unknowns tools on display. Wheel making is an shades, attending auctions to find about wagons used on the Trail (the awe-inspiring craft, even to children used furnishings for reorganizing records either do not exist or have learning the difference between a the third floor archives, the history riot yet surfaced), but what is known spoke-dog and a wheel buck. . majors and interns are learning is well presented by Gardner. Exhibits ·every aspect of the museum business The vehicles of the early years, From the Stauth Memorial Mu from the ground up, while from the 1822-1830, are the most 'difficult to seum, Montezuma, Kansas: top down, participating in historical pin down, and Gardner treats them Sept. IO-Oct. 15, Kansas Artists research methods using actual arti as "an odd assortment" (p. 7). The Postcard Annual Competition facts and documents. With their question as to whether Conestoga and Exhibition. Artists submit thorough training, Baker University wagons were used is answered original artwork in postcard size. A history grads are finding niches in clearly in the affirmative, with a selection of 26 postcards selected for some good grad schools. .number of adaptations and varia this year will join winners from past Just about everywhere at Pecos tions thereof. The Conestoga influ years to make up an exhibition of570 Historic Site where six Youth Con ence decreased by the 1850s. There pieces of postcard-sized art. Spon servation Corpsmen work in every is also information about draft ani sored by Association of Community division of the park, as interpreters, mals. Ar:ts Agencies of Kansas. Free ad making adobe, working with collec Everything one would want to mIsswn. tions, or maintaining the grounds. know about freight wagons is here, Oct. 22-Dec. 3, Christmas.Tradi The two charming young ladies tend including wheels, tires. axles. bodies, tions of Southwest Kansas. Par ing the Visitors' Center entrance bows, tongues, colors, hauling capac •• ticipants of southw~stKansas create desk are there via the Southwest ity, and price. Other vehicles used on exhibits in the traditions ofhow they Parks and Monuments Association. the Trail are described: Dearborn, decorate their homeslbusinesses etc. Working out of Boggsville, an Jersey Wagon, Rockaway, ambu for Christmas and/or the holidays. other Field School archeology team lance, Dougherty, and others. While Tours/groups welcome by appoint from the University of Colorado at descrIptions and illustrations pro ment, call (316) 846-2527 to set up a Colorado Springs continues the work vide details about vehicles used; the tour. Free admission. of previous summer explorations at sections on wagon makers is espe- In Santa Fe: Fort Wise and Big Timbers. This cially informative. . Oct. 15, "Jewish Pioneers," Pal year they will enjoy hot showers, There are sections on manufactur ace ofthe Governors in Santa Fe. thanks to a community fund drive. ers in Pennsylvania, in Missouri, The opening of this much-awaited At Fort Union when glassware and in other states. There are detail exhibit featuring Jewish Santa Fe comes out of storage for the day, the ed stories of wagon makers, in traders and other well known entre New MexicoBottle Club, the Marble cluding Hiram Young of Independ preneurs and their accomplishments Club, and the Glass Insulator Club. ence, Joseph Murphy and Louis will be an event well worth the time come to share their expertise about Espenschied of St. Louis, and many and effort of the curation. Photos, the fort's extensive collections. others, and the processes of manu-
August 2000 Wagon Trachs 1.9
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 19 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
facturing are explained. Doniphan's remarkable military Comes For the Archbl:shop (1927), is There is a chapter on wind wagons feats in the war with Mexico, 1846 recognized as "the first writer able to and the efforts (nearly successful) of 1847. portray Westering as a significant William Thomas to sail the prairie. He provides a cogent analysis of and universal human experience" (p. The drawings for Thomas's wind the colonel and his troops as they 155). This pioneering study of un wagon patent application are pub marched over the Santa Fe Trail to daunted, hardworking, and dynamic lished here for the first time. This New Mexico as part of Kearny's Ar individual women will engage most book is essential for anyone inter my of the West and then proceeded readers, even those steeped in estedin understanding how traders south into Chihuahua, achieving sig women's studies. traveled the Santa Fe Trail. nificant victories at Brazito near El -Bonita M. Oliva •• • • Paso and Sacramento near Chihua David L. Bigler and Will Bagley, hua City. SAND CREEK PROPOSED eds., Army ofIsrael: Mannon Battal This is more than military his NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE ion Narratives, vol. 4 in the Kingdom tory, and Dawson describes the land (The following is provided by Ben- in the West series. Spokane: Arthur and people encountered as well as . trup News Service maintained' by H. Clark Co., 2000. Pp. 492. Illustra the Missouri volunteers and their SFTA Ambassador Panl Bentrnp, tions, maps, notes, bibliography, in heroic leader. It is refreshing to see who says his BNS emphasizes the dex. Cloth, $45.00. Doniphan receiving the attention he News and not the BS.) The Mormon Battalion that fol richly deserves. lowed General Stephen W. Kearny's • •• • SENATOR Ben Nighthorse Camp Army of the West to California via Dorothy Gray, Women of the West. bell (R-CO) has introduced a bill to the Santa Fe Trail, 1846-1847, is an Lincoln: University of Nebraska designate the site of the 1864 Sand important part of Trail history. A Press, 1976, 1998. Pp. ix + 179. Illus Creek Massacre of Cheyennes and number of diaries of participants trations, notes, bibliography, index. Arapahos as a national historic site have been published. A good history Paper, $10.00. to be administered by the National of the battalion is Norma Baldwin This collection of short biographi Park Service. Recent extensive in Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion cal sketches of 20 women, first pub vestigations determined where the (1996). This new collection of docu lished.in 1976, has limited connec massacre occurred. The legislation is ments contains many of the primary tion to the Santa Fe Trail. Among endorsed by descendants of the more sources (many not previously pub the subjects are Narcissa Whitman, than 150 Cheyennes and Arapahos lished) upon which Ricketts and oth who traveled to the Northwest in who were killed in 1864. ers who have written about the sub 1836; Dame Shirley, who wrote Laird Cometsevah, president of ject based their research. about life in California mining the Southern Cheyenne Sand Creek For the serious student of history camps; Ann Eliza Young, Brigham Descendants organization expressed nothing is better than the accounts Young's nineteenth wife; a number satisfaction with the proposed legis of participants. It may be notewor of women on the ranching frontier, lation, and he promised that, when thy that the Mormon Battalion in including Agnes Morley Cleaveland; the historic site is established, the cluded more literate people who two pioneer professional women; two Cheyennes (including the Northern wrote about their experiences than early suffragettes; minority women, Cheyennes) will seek the reparations any other group that traveled the" including Sacajawea and Bright promised by Congress following an Trail. Eyes La Flesche; and Donaldina 1865 federal investigation of the The section covering the Trail in Cameron who fought the Chinese massacre. cludes selections by army officers slave trade. Ifcreated, the Sand Creek Massa and several Mormons, including The account of Juliet Brier, who cre National Historic Site will be the Levi Hancock, Jefferson Hunt, and was responsible for successfully get first national park to commemorate John D. Lee. This excellent collection ting her husband, three sons, their one of several massacres of Indians is highly recommended. cattle, and most of the rest of the in the West. The Little Bighorn Bat • • • • • company through Death Valley on tlefield National Monument honors Joseph G. Dawson III, Doniphan's the Old Spanish Trail in 1849 will one of the Indian victories in the Epic March: The 1st Missouri Volun ' enthrall most Trail enthusiasts. An Plains Indian Wars. •. teers in the Mexican War. Lawrence: other especially interesting vignette The bill introduced defines the University Press of Kansas, 1999. is that of Kansas pioneer Miriam boundaries of the potential historic Pp. xii + 325. Illustrations, maps, Colt Davis, who with two children site and authorizes purchase from notes, bibliography, index. Cloth, accompanied her. husband to join a landowners who are willing to sell.' $3[).00. vegetarian settlement near Fort The bill gives no authority to acquire Colonel Doniphan, commander of Scott in 1856. Weakened by malaria, private property by condemnation. the First Missouri Volunteers during the family determined to leave Kan Several of the 13 landowners in the Mexican War, has recently be sas, and Miriam buried her husband volved have declared they will not come a topic of special interest. and son in Boonville, MO. She had a sell, while others are interested. Roger D. Launius provided a good bi brief Santa Fe Trail connection. Her There appears to be broad support of ography,. Alexander William Doni diary, Went to Kansas (1862), is a the legislation which is expected to phan: Portrait of a Missouri Moder gem. pass before Congress adjourns in Oc ate (1997). Now Dawson looks at Willa Cather, author of Death tober.
20 Wagon TracllS Angnst 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 20 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
. .. MR. SELIGMAN, MERCHANT Slpp!. . Visitor Center, Dr. Tom Hall and Sue Stubbs will present "The Life by Marc Simmons Bernard served terms in both houses of the territorial legislature and Times of John and Na~mie Sites (Simmons kindlygrantedpermission and was treasurer from 1886 to in Arrow Rock." They both were in to reprint this article which appeared 1891. Sigmund was a Santa Fe strumental in the recent restoration in Prime Time (Albuquerque) June County commissioner when he died of the Sites House and Gun Shop. 2000.) . in 1876. There will be period worship ser IN the years after 1850, a number of Before the first bank was char vices on Sunday morning. At 2:30 Jewish merchants from Germany tered in Santa Fe in 1870, Seligman p.m. Gary Kremer.will present a pro entered the overland trade, freight Bros. engaged in private banking on gram on "Post-Civil War Missouri." ing goods between Missouri and the the side. That was a valuable service There will again be reenactment Southwest. Opening stores in Santa for Santa Fe traders and others who tours of the Sites House and Gun Shop. From 1:00-3:00 p.m. on Sun I Fe, Albuquerque, and El Paso, they were accustomed to carrying thou became leaders in economic and po sands of dollars on their persons. day Jill and ShIrley, Missouri mules liticallife. The firm also helped finance con from the Missouri Unjversity Col lege of Veterinary Science, will pro A leading example of such men struction of the Denver & Rio vide free wagon rides around town. was Bernard Seligman. Born near Grande Railroad. the Rhine River in 1837, he got a At the end of his life, Bernard Se The special weekend is made pos good education and learned to speak ligman returned to live in Philadel sible by a grant from the Missouri six languages. Coming to the United phia. He died there in 1903, leaving a Humanities Council with support States as a youth, he worked briefly wife and four grown children. . from the National Endowment for in Philadelphia. His son Arthur, born at Santa Fe the Humanities and the State ofMis souri. Plan now to enjoy a weekend In 1856 Bernard went west, trav in 1871, made a name for himself in in Arrow Rock. eling .the Santa Fe Trail to New Mex~ New Mexico politics. He won election ico. He was going to join his· older as Santa Fe mayor, 1910-1912, and DRAWING FOR OLD GUARD brother Sigmund, who had settled in as governor of the state from 1930 to PRINT AT RENDEZVOUS New Mexico's capital six years ear 1933. lier. Although active figures on the THE Fort Larned Old Guard is sell He had gone into merchandising, Southwestern frontier, the Selig ing chances on a framed print of operating a store on the plaza and mans did not lead exciting lives Jerry Thomas's painting, "Bold and engaging in a flourishing trade on fighting Indians and chasing out Fearless," depicting the Indian vil the Trail. Bernard joined the firm. laws. Rather, they worked quietly lage on Pawnee Fork on April 14, and when he became a full partner in and contributed much. Unfortu 1867. The Old Guard is using the 1862, it became known as Seligman nately, such people are often over print to help raise funds to pay for Bros. looked by history. the village site which has now been purchased. A part of the Santa Fe We know that Bernard went to ARROW ROCK CELEBRATES Trail Rendezvous in 1998 was held New York in 1866. He was probably at the village site. buying for the firm and shipping 19TH-CENTURY WEEKEND goods to the head of the Santa Fe THE historic town of Arrow Rock, The framed print will be given at Trail in Missouri. How many other MO, near the eastern end· of the the September 23 evening session of trips he made east is not known. So Santa Fe Trail, will present "Gun this year's Rendezvous at Fort far, no diaries of his Trail travels stocks and Bustles: A 19th-Century Larned. A donation of $3 receives have come to light. Weekend," September 16-17. From one chance for the drawing, $15 re ceives a book of six tickets. Tickets One record shows that Seligman 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day the unique village will host lectures, tours, and will beavailable during Rendezvous. Bros. loaded on a single day in Kan Orders may be sent to FLOG, PO sas City 83 wagons. Each one carried a variety of events sponsored by the • Friends ofArrow Rock. There will be Box 1, Woodston KS 67675. You need 5,000 pounds of merchandise. Their not be present to win. store in Santa Fe usually contained music, food, and children's games. $200,000 worth of stock on the All events (except for the food) will be . COUNCIL TROVE shelves. free to visitors. -DOCUMENTS Total sales of $10 million were re At 10 a.m. on Saturday Wallace ported to have been reached during Gusler, the master gunsmith at Co FREIGHTING INDIAN ANNUITY GO.ODS the life of the company. Not only lonial Williamsburg, will present a ON THE SANTA FE TRAIL, 1867 were the Seligmans personally suc program "FromVirginia to Missouri: The following collection of docu cessful, they contributed to the A H;eritage of Gunsmithing." At ments, found in army and Indian de growth and prosperity of the Terri 11:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. there will be partment records at the National Ar tory. Both brothers took an active reenactment tours ofthe Sites House chives, compiled by George Elmore role in civic life. In 1859 Bernard and Gun Shop. Interpreters in the at Fort Larned, illustrates some of joined with other prominent figures role of John and Nannie Sites will the troubles and conflicts in which and founded the Historical Society of discuss life in 19th-century Arrow freighters on the Trail became in New Mexico. It was the first organi Rock. volved. The story, or portions of it, zation of its kind west of the Missis- Also at 2:30 p.m., at the State unfold through the sequence of let-
August 2000 Wagon Trac!?'s 21
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 21 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
tel'S, but the final' outcome remains their distribution, or any portion of them era1Winfield S. Hancock, command unknown. to any of said Indians until you receive er ofthe Department ofthe Missouri: further orders from me. The commodities transported by General, the wagon train involved in this Trouble began when the wagon I respectfully report that on the arri story included annuities to be dis train led by Carmichael arrived near val of the A nnuity goods at this Post, on tributed to several Plains tribes and Fort Larned and the Indian agents to the 24 th inst. I exhibited to Mr. Carmi goods to be distributed to the Indians whom he was to deliver the cargo chael, the freight Contractor in charge at the Medicine Lodge peace treaty were not present. As the following of them, a copy of Special Orders No letters indicate, the commander at 177 c.s. Headquarters Dept of the Mo. negotiations in October 1867. These and offered to receive the goods and records illustrate the bureaucratic Fort Larned (Major Meredith Helm Kidd, Tenth Cavalry) requested the store them, but he refused to deliver complications of getting the items to them, alleging his instructions were to the Medicine Lodge conference. A wagon train be delivered to him, but transfer them to the Indian A gents, nei search for additional records contin Carmichael refused to turn the sup ther of whom were here. ues. If anyone has additional infor plies over to the army. I then determined to guard the train mation, please send it to the editor. On August 25 Lieutenant George carefully and defer unloading the The frustrations for D. Carmi F. Raulston (whose name is spelled a wagons, until the arrival of Col. Wyn variety of ways in the documents), coop, Indian Agent, and directed Mr. chael, the freighter, are attributable 'Carmichael to move his train, which in part to the division of authority Tenth Cavalry, sent the following re port from Fort Larned to Assistant was in camp over a mile from the Garri- over Indian affairs between the army . son, to a designated place near Adjutant General Chauncey McKee~ in the war department and the bu enough to enable me to protect the reau of Indian affairs in the depart vel', Department of the Missouri: goods: this he refused to do and or ment of the' interior. The arrange I was ordered about 12 o'clock. M., dered his employes not to aid in doing ment was confusing to military offi to proceed to the train containing In so, on pain of instant dismissal. I then cials, Indian agents, and, in this dian Goods, camped nearly two miles sent an Officer with a detachment of East of Post, and in charge of Mr., Car case, freighters caught in the middle. men, and placed the train near, where michael and to bring said train to this it could be guarded; on which he The "Commissioners" referred to Post, and in case Mr. Carmichael re abandoned all care of it, and has since in the following letters were the In fused to bring up his train I was to take refused to have anything to do with it. dian Peace Commission created by charge and have his men to remove it This morning Col. Wyncciop returned . Congress to negotiate a settlement up, but if he hod given his men orders and I had an interview with him in re with the Plains tribes named in the not to remove it, I was to arrest and gard to the disposition of the goods. confine him. I proceeded to train Mr. correspondence. The Commissioners He declined receiving or receipting Carmichael refused to move train and for them unless with the express under met with Indians at Medicine Lodge hod given orders to his men not to standing that I would deliver them Creek and concluded the Treaty of move it. I then arrested him, Mr. Carmi upon his order. To this I replied, that I Medicine Lodge, noted above, which chael, and brought him to Major Kidd, could not do so until the order above failed the following year. when he ordered him to the Post· referred to was modified. On August 8, 1867, Commissioner Guard House. I was then sent with "A" Co. 10 Reglrs, to hitch up the train and' I have therefore directed the goods of Indian Affairs N. G. Taylor, a to be unloaded and stored. member of the Peace Commission, to bring it up which I did and camped a short distance South of Post, and was Fully impressed with the delicacy of wrote to Superintendent of Indian then ordered to turn the cottle loose if interferring in their affairs, and anxious Affairs Thomas Murphy, whose there was no men with the train to take to ovoid a collision with the Indian headquarters were at St. Louis but charge of them, there was no men to Agents, Ihave found it impossible to do who was, at the time, at Atchison, take charge of them and they were so and obey my orders. Kansas, to oversee the shipment of turned loose according to orders. No ill feeling exists on the part of Col. annuities and goods to be distributed Ifurther certify that this correct as far Wyncoop, and he expresses the belief at the peace conference: as my orders was concerned. that on a report of the facts, the Major Have contractors train proceed with On the same date, August 25, Su General Commanding will be able to remove the misunderstanding. goods to Fort Larned at once, and de perintendent Murphy, then at Fort liver them to the proper A gents, who Harker, Kansas, sent the following On September 4 Carmichael was will retain them, issuing only to Indians message to "D. Carmichae.l, Govern back at Atchinson and wrote the fol known to them to be peaceable, until ment Contractor for Transportation lowing to General Hancock in re . '\ the Commissioners have met the Indi • of Indian Freight," at Fort Larned: sponse to a request for his side of the ans, also complying strictly with pre story: vious instructions. Dr Sir: You are authorized and directed to Sir, A few days later, on August 13, In accordance with your request I Taylor handed a message to Murphy, turn over to Colonel E. W. Wynkoop, U.S. Indian Agent for the Cheyennes, herewith transmit to you a statement of when they were both at Leaven Arapahoes and Apaches at Fort facts connected with the taken pos worth City, Kansas: Larned, not only the annuity goods be session of my train containing Indian Sir, longing to his Indians, but also those in A nnuity goods for the A gencies of The order heretofore given you by tended for the Indians of Colonel Leav Wynkoop and Leavenworth by Maj. Telegraph, in relation to the Indian enworth's Agency, he (Wynkoop) re Kidd. goods for the Kiowas, Comanches, ceiving and receipting to you for them. On the morning of the 24th ult., I ar Apaches, Cheyennes,and Arapahoes, On August 28 Major Kidd, com rived within three miles of the Post, is hereby revoked so for as to prevent manding Fort Larned, wrote to Gen- there I halted the train until I could see the A gents that I was instructed to de-
22 Wagon Tracks August 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 22 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
liver the goods to. I went to the Post ing them to the wagons and at or His employees afterward collected and found Wynkoop was absent. I about dusk they arrived at the Post with the cattle and drove them in the direc called on Capt. [Almon F.] Rockwell he the train excepting one or two wagons tion of Fort Harker-as they expressed it directed me to Major Kidd, I called on that they broke. On the arrival of the "without the loss of an animal." Kidd he told me that he had orders to train at the Post the Lieut. asked Major A sub-contractor in charge of 13 of receive and store the goods, I asked to Kidd what he should do with the cattle; these wagons remained in charge of see his order, he showed me a printer Kidd told him if there was no men with them, and when unloaded drove them order issued by Hancock; Itold him that the train to take charge of the cattle to away in good order. I could not deliver the goods to him, turn them loose and let them go to the As shown by the Bill of Lading there that my orders was to deliver the goods devil. On the following day seeing that were forty one wagon loads of these to the Agents and without the Agents' the Cattle was straying away, Iordered goods left Atchison;only thirty four receipts that I could not collect my my wagon-m,aster to collect all of them loads reached Fort Larned, and the freight bills, he insisted that he was go together that he could find and bring goods received were at least five loads ing to unload the goods on Monday, I them to Fort Harker & there to remain less in quantity.-In this fact alone have told him that he should not unload the with them until I could communicate I been able to find a solution of the goods with my consent. On Sunday with you. A II Of which is respectfully sub strange conduct of this man Carmi th evening,- the 25 , he sent a verbal or mitted. chael in abandoning his train solely be der by Captain [Edward] Byrne for me On the same day, September 4, cause it was moved to a place of to bring the the train to the Post in the . Major Kidd, who was then at Leav safety. . morning for the purpose of unloading enworth, wrote his explanation of The friction between militarv offi- it. I objected to do ~o as my orders was " to deliver the goods to the Agents. On events to Assistant Adjutant Gen cers and Indian bureau officials con- Monday morning I went to the Post, eral McKeever: tinued. On September 28 Major had an interview with Kidd, he told me General Kidd, back at Fort Larned. ad to bring the train to the Post, I told him Having availed myself of a short dressed the following to Captain that I had no objection to bring the leave of absence, on the 3d inst I met Samuel S. Barr, Acting Assistant train to the Post if he would not unload the Brvt Maj Gen Comdj the Dist of Adjutant General for the District of it, and guard my Cattle, he told me U[pper]. A [rkansas]. who directed me the Upper Arkansas,'at Fort Harker: that he had nothing to do with my cat to make a more particularreport of my tle, that he had no men to guard cat transactions 'at Fort Larned Ks. in refer Captain tle; Ithen told him that Iwould not bring ence to the teams and wagons which Mr Murphy, Supt. Indian Affairs for the wagons up; as my wagons was the brought the Indian Annuity goods to Kas. is assembling the Indians, one hun only protection that I had for my cattle that Post; in obedience to which Ihave dred (100) miles south of this Post and in case of danger and that I consid the honor to submit the following- has called on the A. Q. M. [post quar- . . termaster] for twenty (20) six mule ered my cattle as of much importance On the 25th of last month this train in . teams to transport Subsistence Stores as the goods. Monday morning I charge of Mr. Carmichael was en to them: My instructions from General moved my train. to a point within two camped over a mile from the Post, and , Hancock are, to deliver these stores on miles of the Post where there was good I directed him to move it near enough this bank of the Arkansas river: and grass convenient to the Corrall and a to insure safety-He made no objec- . while the Indians are daily attacking .. good spring of water for my men and tion and I supposed he would comply. trains and murdering soldiers and citi between where Capt. Byrne's com The next day I learned he refused to do zens, sixty miles west, I am not willing to mand was in camp and the Post, so and had directed the teamsters to send trains one hundred (100) miles where I intended to remain until pay no attention to my orders. I then south, without a sufficient escort, which Wynkoop's return who was expected had an interview with him and re the strength of this garrison will not al daily. About noon on the 26th Leiut Ral peated what I had, heard and asked low me to furnish. ston with a detachment of troop came them if these things were true. He re to the camp where my wagons was plied they were and declared his reso Mr. Murphy represents that perhaps corralled and ordered me to bring the lution to adhere to them. In his pres their very lives depend on supplying train to the Post, I asked him for his or ence I then directed Lieut. Rallston lOth these stores but I am unwilling to as ders in writing and that I would reply in U.S. Cav. to place the wagons where I sume the responsibility of exceeding writing, he told me that he had a ver had designated, but not to take pos my instructions in the present threaten bal order from Major Kidd and that he session of or interfere with them further ing condition of affairs. • was further ordered to arrest me if I re than was absolutely necessary to If it is deemed proper to send these fused to obey, I told him that I was not obeying order, and particularly to al wagons south of the Arkansas river, Ire subject to military orders, that I had or low the men in charge to remain with spectfully request instructions to this ef ; . ders from the Interior Department and them. fect. •• that Iwas going to obey them if I could For this contempt and disregard of The following day, September 29, whereupon Iwas arrested and brought my orders, and endeavors to obstruct Captain Barr responded to Major before Major Kidd who after making' their execution I arrested and confined use of very insulting and' ungentle Kidd: Mr. Carmichael for the space of two Major. manly language ordered me to the hours-A fter the wagons had been The Bvt. Major Genl Comdg directs Post Guard House where I remained moved as directed and Mr. Carmi that you comply implicitly with the or four hours, during this time the Lieut. chael released. Leiut. Rallston informed ders sent you from Dept. Hd. Qrs. and was ordered to take his men and bring him his cattle were at his disposal. He will furnish no escorts or be responsible the train to the Post and not to allow my refused to have anything to do with for the delivery of any goods, beyond men to come near the wagons which them, and they were turned loose. I the point designated in G.O. No. 177. order he proceeded to execute and have not since interfered with them. Par. 5. after subjecting my cattle to a great The wagons were unloaded during the deal of beating and abuse they suc next three days, and no control has You will inform Mr. Murphy, Supt In ceeded in yokeing them up and hitch- dian affairs of this; Instruct him that it is ,been exercised over them since.
Allgnst 2000 Wagon Trachs 23
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 23 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
of the utmost importance that these in Trails Center in Independence, MO, four entries related to the SFT but structions be carried into effect. is now in place. Itis part ofa walking none was a state winner, so the $200 At some point the supplies for the trail featuring the historic rem award was not given. Anne Neilsen, Medicine Lodge conference were nants. The bridge and trail were Wamego, KS, dicl merit the $50 transported to the intended site. funded by substantial grants. award for her video presentation on Meanwhile, Carmichael submitted a • • • • the Trail. Chapter member Joanne claim for damages for what hap More than 2,000 children enjoyed VanCoevern was the judge for the pened to his wagon train at Fort one of the six education programs for chapter's award. Larned. Major Kidd wrote the follow K-8th graders offered by the Friends • • •• ing the General McKeever: of Arrow Rock and Arrow Rock State Jean Hinkle, historian of the Co General. Historic Site during April and May razon Chapter, is preparing a large I respectfully request to be furnished 2000. Begun in 1984, the programs scrapbook that tells the story of the with a copy of my supplemental report offer children a hands-on look at chapter. It should be ready this fall. in regard to the Indian annuity goods. their Missouri heritage. of date Sept 4th 1867. • • • • CAMP TALES This report was made while I was at SFTA founder and first President Leavenworth on leave of absence and Marc Simmons presented the key -CHAPTER REPORTS- no copy retained. note address "Kit Carson and the Ro Wet/Dry Routes Chapter Web One should be on file as part of the mance of the Old Spanish Trail" at records of this office. master Larry Mix has offered to put the Old Spanish Trail Association all current chapter newsletters on I also request permission to furnish conference in Taos June 10. A record the WetlDry Routes Chapter web copies of all my reports on this subject. crowd was in attendance. to one or more member of Congress. page. Send him your newsletter by e • • • • mail or on disk (he will not keyboard Mr. Carmichael claims ofthe Gov The draft report on the Old from your hard copy) to 202 N Gray ernment $14,000 damages in conse Spanish Trail National Historic St, St John KS 67576
24 Wagon Tracks August 2000 • https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 24 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
. Wildcat Bluff Nature Center excellent and interesting "visit" by End of the Trail hosted the April Meeting. Collabo Josepha Carson, Kit Carson's last President Tom Steel rating with the members of this Na wife. Roberta Courtney Myers of 691 Callecita Jicarilla ture Center has produced a new ven Taos entertained and informed the Santa Fe NM 87502 ture in trail preservation. The Cen crowd regarding the family and last (505) 982-0254 ter is located on the western edge of years of Kit Carson.
August 2000 Wagon Tracks 25
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 25 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
book he bought at a garage sale in meeting next year will be hosted by Santa Fe. It was published in France the Bent's Fort chapter the second in the 1840s. Marc believes the little weekend of June. book, covered in brown and white The meeting adjourned to the checked calico, came to Santa Fe Clayton Lake State Park for a barbe with Bishop Lamy on a trip from St. cue dinner. Our next stop was the Louis in 1858. Among purchases Kiowa National Grassland and .a made there were listed "books." Be tour of the Turkey Creek camp sides cargo, Lamy had with him Sis ground. ters of Loretto from Kentucky to be On August 20 at 1:30 p.m. a trip to gin a school in Santa Fe. Villa Philmont is planned. Meet at Thirty-four members and guests the Philmont Museum, about four enjoyed the reminiscing. Several miles from Cimarron on Highway 21. said it was one of our best meetings. Steve Zimmer, curator· of the mu Carazon de los Caminos seum, will discuss his book, For Good President Faye Gaines or Bad ... People of Cimarron He 60 Box 27 County. After that we will caravan to Jon Hunner and Marc Simmons remi Springer, NM 87747 the Villa for a tour of the Phillips' nisce about the history of End of the (505) 485-2473 . home. Trail Chapter at the May meeting. . About 100 Trail aficionados ga Chapter mapping of the Trail is ico State University." thered for history .and geology resuming. Ray Marchi is mapping lessons by Mike Taylor, coordinator Jon viewed his experience in help committee chair. A mapping session for our visit to the Daniels' Ranch ing to organize the chapter and his will be held August 22 at the Point of near Wagon Mound in June. Nancy Rocks Ranch at 9:00 a.m. This involvement in the history of the Robertson and Thomas Merlan also session will primarily be a training Trail as a turning point in his life. He provided background information. exercise to get everyone on the "same talked of all who showed and helped Marie Belt's booklet on legends him along the way and thanked the page." In the coming months we will about Wagon Mound was available concentrate on both branches of the charter members for the ideas they for the members to peruse and order. Trail going north from Las Vegas generated and their support. We all enjoyed a dinner of succulent toward Point ofRocks and Cimarron. Jon, Mary "Molly" MacLoed, Doris barbecued buffalo, pinto beans, For more information contact Ray Lvons (Larry represented Doris), roasted potatoes and onions, slaw, Marchi at (505) 387-5082. a~d Marc Simmons, all present, fruit salad, watermelon, tea, and Wet/Dry Routes were at the first organizing meeting, lemonade served by the Daniels, and Oct. 7, 1989. Others who could not a .caravan up the Santa Clara President Howard Losey 726 James Sf attend were Mike McDonald, Mary Canyon to visit petroglyph sites, see Moorehead, and Evelyn Vinogradov, Maize KS 67101 buffalo herds, enjoy the coolness of (316) 722-8669 who sent their regrets. Mike wrote the Santa Clara Springs, and about his experience in the early
26 Wagon Trachs Angnst 2000 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 26 : Wagon Tracks. Volume 14, Issue 4 (August, 2000)
Nearly 100 people attended the Cottonwood Crossing Ranch subunit of the battlefield. chapter's third annual sponsorship· President Dale E. Brooks However, the process was aban of a living-history presentation for· 316 W 16 St doned in 1996, and now the depart Fort Dodge Day 2000. The event was Newton KS 671 14 ment proposes to widen the highway held in Eisenhower Hall at Fort (316)283-6454 rather than reroute. Dodge, Saturday, July 1, 2000. No report. You can help get the rerouting of Marna and Doug Davis of Abilene, Bent's Fort NM 50 back on track by requesting KS, portrayed Annie. Oakley and support from Governor Gary John husband Frank Butler. Along with President Mark Mitchell Comanche National Grassland son. In your letter, please urge the the early history of Annie's life, the 1420 E3rd St governor to direct the NM Highway audience was entertained with sev La Junta CO 81050 and Transportation Dept.: eral skilled shooting demonstra j (719) 384-2181 1. To resume the Environmental Im ..H tions. The gun safety portion of the Sixteen members attended the pact Statement for relocation of program for the children· was tour at Trinidad on June 8 in NM 50 away from the Santa Fe stressed: if you see a real gun-Do connection with Trinidad's Santa Fe Trail and Glorieta Battlefield. not touch! And then tell an adult. Trail annual celebration. A most 2. Emphasize the destructive impact The Fort Dodge Day planners educatio~al program was presented widening NM 50 would have on have invited our chapter to present .by Richard Louden at the Louden these resources through increased another living history reenactment Henritze Archaeological Museum. traffic. noise, fumes, destruction for July 7, 2001. Comments were made in apprecia of Trail remnants. and structural The chapter will meet on Sept. 30, tion of Richard for sharing his damage to Pigeon's Ranch. 3:00 p.m., at the Stauth Museum in wealth of knowledge with the group. 3. Express the importance of these Montezuma. Alan Bailey will speak The group also enjoyed visiting the. resources to our nation's historic about the Dodge City/Montezuma Santa Fe Museum in the afternoon. and cultural heritage. Railway. Roger and Mary Ann Davis assisted The National Parks & Conserva Missouri River Outfitters with this. Many activities were going on at the museum and in the down tion Association, a private-sector na President Roger Slusher town area. tional parks advocate, is partnering 141 2 South St with the End of the Trail Chapterin Lexington MO 64067 The chapter scheduled the third this campaign. Please send a letter (660) 259-2900 tour of the 2000 season at Bent's as soon as possible. The chapter met at the National New Fort and Fort Wise/Fort Lyon. on Saturday July 8. Hosts for the Write to: Frontier Trails Center, Independ The Honorable Gary E. Johnson ence, MO, on July 23. The board met event were Phil Peterson, Richard Carrillo, and Kellie Yap. The tour Governor of New Mexico afterward and discussed the na State Capitol, Suite 4010 tional bylaws questionnaire sent out began at Bent's New Fort. Phil and Richard discussed the history of the Santa Fe NM 87503 by Helen Brown. Anne Mallinson re Send copy to: ported on meetings that have been area and showed what has been National Parks & Conservation Assn held regarding the 2003 symposium. accomplished with the mapping of Southwest Regional Office One MRO member attended the Bent's New Fort and the Trail and the excavation work accomplished at 823 Gold Ave SW western chapters meeting at Clay Albuquerque NM 87102 ton, NM. Fort Wise/Fort Lyon. The next chapter meeting will be HELP NEEDED TO PROTECT I__...... ;..;,H,;;;,;EL~P...;W..;",;A...;.N...;.T;.,;;;E...;.D__.....I September 21; 7 p.m., at the Na TRAIL AND GLORIETA SITE tional Frontier Trails Center. MRO I am attempting to locate any an board me~ber Mary Conrad will THE End of the Trail Chapter has tique maps or guide books on the issued the following call to action. t. present the program. The October 21 Santa Fe Trail. Any help or sugges program will be a tour ofArrow Rock Every SFTA member is encouraged tions would be greatly appreciated. and a program by Michael Dickey to express concern as requested. Thanks. who will tell how the Santa Fe trade The Santa Fe Trail and Glorieta Barbara Simms influenced the' banking industry in Battlefield in Pecos National' His
August 2000 Wagon Tracks 27
Published by UNM Digital Repository, 2000 27 Wagon Tracks, Vol. 14 [2000], Iss. 4, Art. 1
I· NEW S~iA MEMBERS Sept. 21,2000: Missouri River Out Dec.·3, 2000: Missouri River Outfit I fitters Chapter meeting, National ters Chapter meeting, 2:30 pm, Lex This list includes new member Frontier Trails Center, 7 pm. ington, MO. ships received since the last issue. Sept. 21-23,2000: SFT Rendezvous, April 28, 2001: Texas Panhandle Those received after this printing Larned, Santa Fe Trail Center, and Chapter, Wildcat Bluff Nature Cen will appear in the next issue. Ifthere Fort Larned NHS. ter, and Amarillo Botanical Gardens is an error in this information, Sept. 21-24, 2000: 15th National festival. Call Kathy Revett at (806) please send corrections to the editor. Trails Symposium, Redding CA, 371-9309 or e-mail
Santa Fe Trail Association •••• NONPROFIT ORGANIZAnON 11;.,"'-1-.. -) PO Box 31 U.S. POSTAGE .j
~ ~rT!~ PAID· ~.. ~.: Woodston, KS67675 ...~. !~ "Ii' PERMIT NO.2 ~, ' Change Service Requ.ested WOODSTON KS 67675
28 Wagon Tracks August 2000
https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/wagon_tracks/vol14/iss4/1 28