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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction “Bleeding Kansas” is the popular phrase had to adapt to the environment they found. describing the conflict over slavery in What happened as successive waves of set- Kansas that became nationally prominent tlers tried to remove others and as different just before and during the American Civil groups tried to change the beliefs of others War. Pro-slavery settlers from the South and caused the Kansas Conflict. The struggle anti-slavery activists from the north came to during the territorial period set the stage for the territory because it was located at the continued struggles, even today. In this intersection of Northern and Southern expan- adaptation, Kansas is a microcosm of our sion. Because of the Kansas conflict over nation, holding examples of many struggles whether the territory would become a free for freedom within its boundaries. state or not, Kansans first acted out the vio- lence that would engage all Americans Today, many places in the eastern Kansas beginning in 1861. Born in that early con- landscape look much as they did in the terri- flict, Kansas became the strategic center of torial period when Native Americans, an emerging continental nation. In the European Americans, and African Americans Kansas Conflict, American settlers first struggled to adapt to the treeless landscape fought to uphold their different and irrecon- and the harshly variable climate of the Great cilable principles of freedom and equality. Plains. Although these settlers recreated a The place where this crucial step toward the landscape of farms and towns like that of the outbreak of the Civil War occurred has not eastern United States, Kansas is still a fron- yet received the recognition accorded to tier where people struggle to make a living other Civil War landscapes. and live the good life. There are many sto- ries, storytellers, sites, and parks in that sig- Designation of the Bleeding Kansas National nificant landscape that deserve the recogni- Heritage Area will recognize the important tion of their role in the national story. These natural, cultural, and historic resources that people and places tell of the pain and tri- form a cohesive, nationally distinctive land- umph of learning to live in a different kind scape. This landscape reflects distinctive of landscape and learning to live with differ- patterns of human activity shaped by the ent groups in building a nation. Today the geography of the eastern border of the Great struggle for freedom is a vital issue that is Plains. Kansas Territory attracted waves of still associated with the real problem of dem- settlers—some driven from their homes by ocratic nation-building. others, some seeking their freedom, and some intending to enact their ideals and PROJECT PURPOSE beliefs. These settlers meant to decide the fate of the territory, especially on the slavery There are many stories to tell of Kansans’ question. But they were challenged by the role in Indian removal, national politics, the land, the weather, and the spirit of the place Civil War, and the enduring struggle for free- itself. Those who came to Kansas to dom that followed. Native, European, and improve their fortune or shape their destiny African American settlers, both men and 1 women, struggled for freedom in Kansas creating a free-state heritage. In January Territory and their descendants have contin- 2002, members of the Lawrence, Kansas, ued to contest the fundamental socio-politi- City Commission and the Douglas County cal structure of the United States. A substan- Commission appointed the Bleeding Kansas tial number of cultural and natural resources Heritage Area Committee to investigate the dating from the territorial and Civil War possibility of Lawrence and Douglas County period can be found in Kansas today. The applying for federal heritage area designa- interpretation of these buildings, landscapes, tion. The committee of seventeen members sites, and geographical features provide a produced a detailed report concluding that valuable conceptual framework for under- sufficient resources and public support exist- standing the territory’s critical contribution ed for a National Heritage Area. The com- to the history of the United States. Within mittee therefore recommended on September this thematic framework, the continued pro- 10, 2002, that the city and county proceed to tection of such resources can be enhanced. seek designation. The purpose of the study is to provide Congress with an analysis to determine if the The Douglas County Committee determined resources in the study area are suitable and unifying themes that marked the history of feasible for designation as a national heritage the area and focused on the theme of area. “Bleeding Kansas and the Enduring Struggle for Freedom” as the most distinctive theme The study area history outlines why people of national importance. The committee con- came to Kansas at a particular time, why cluded that, “even without official designa- they stayed, how they affected the environ- tion, the creation of a heritage area would ment of the Great Plains, and how that envi- confer a number of benefits. It would unify ronment affected them. The struggle to our fragmented but rich history in a cohesive adapt to the physical environment affected manner that would allow us to more easily the development of agriculture, transporta- educate residents and visitors about our his- tion, trade and business, and social and cul- tory. This would provide a source of com- tural patterns in rural and urban places in the munity pride and enhance our quality of life. study area. The National Heritage Area des- In addition, the area would become a her- ignation will help preserve remnants of the itage destination that would boost tourism territorial period landscape and interpret the and the economy.” stories of that interaction over time. These resources may be cooperatively preserved, Recognizing the broad reach of the heritage interpreted, and celebrated through designa- area concept, members of the Douglas tion as a National Heritage Area. County Committee helped organize a Heritage Summit Meeting held January 30- This feasibility study was commissioned by 31, 2003, in Lawrence, Kansas. the Territorial Kansas Heritage Alliance Approximately seventy-five representatives (TKHA) with the support of the Bleeding from twenty Kansas and Missouri communi- Kansas National Heritage Area Planning ties participated in a structured, facilitated Committee (BKNHA). Early formal discus- brainstorming process. This generated the sion of a National Heritage Area began in significant and unifying themes that could be Lawrence, Douglas County, a community used to organize the resources of a proposed that is justifiably proud of its central role in National Heritage Area. Fifteen educators, 2 fifteen government officials, seven tourism with Dale Nimz in September to undertake a professionals, six economic developers, five National Heritage Area feasibility study parks and recreation professionals, and sev- based on the theme of Bleeding Kansas and eral representatives of cultural groups and the Enduring Struggle for Freedom in east- private heritage attractions participated in the ern Kansas. The feasibility study was com- Heritage Summit Meeting. pleted January 30, 2004. Besides the Douglas County Committee STUDY PROCESS work, planning for the organization and study of a National Heritage Area built on The study team for this NHA feasibility the efforts of the Territorial Kansas Heritage study included representatives of the Alliance (TKHA), a non-profit grassroots Bleeding Kansas National Heritage Area organization established in 1999 and dedicat- planning committee and the consultants— ed to building and understanding of and Dale E. Nimz, Ph. D., historic preservation appreciation for the history, heritage, and consultant, Cathy Ambler, Ph.D., associate national impact of the Kansas Territory. In historian, and Mike Houts, M.A. mapping recognition of the Kansas Sesquicentennial technician. commemoration beginning in 2004, the TKHA has embarked on a series of projects, Investigating Kansas’s contributions to the including a brochure series, considering sig- conflict over slavery and the struggle for nificant topics in the history of the period. freedom that followed the Civil War required These include “John Brown of Kansas,” a review of the extensive literature on the “Native American Culture: Indian Nations events that occurred in Kansas Territory and of Kansas,” “African Americans and the the people that participated in the making of Kansas Territory,” “The Underground a free state between 1854 and 1865. The Railroad in Kansas Territory,” “Battles, study consultants selected this time period as Military Forts and Trails in the Kansas the most important to evaluate the national Territory,” “Natural Environment of the contribution of Kansas and Kansans to the Kansas Territory,” “Personalities of trends leading to the Civil War and subse- Territorial Kansas.”1 Many TKHA members quent nation-building. are active leaders in the Bleeding Kansas Heritage Area planning committee. The study process included: Regular monthly meetings of a regional Creating a public involvement strate- planning committee (BKNHA) began gy of extensive individual and February 13, 2003, and continued into 2004. organizational outreach, meetings, The BKNHA planning committee has con- and circulation of written materials. sulted with the National Park Service, This strategy promoted public under- Midwest
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