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Analizando El Caso De Los Pueblos Indígenas Transfronterizos De La Amazonía

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Analizando El Caso De Los Pueblos Indígenas Transfronterizos De La Amazonía 1 UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO ITAJAÍ – UNIVALI PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA, PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO, EXTENSÃO E CULTURA – PROPPEC CENTRO DE EDUCAÇÃO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS E JURÍDICAS – CEJURPS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO STRICTO SENSU EM CIÊNCIA JURÍDICA – PPCJ CURSO DE DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIA JURÍDICA – CDCJ ÁREA DE CONCENTRAÇÃO: CONSTITUCIONALIDADE, TRANSNACIONALIDADE E PRODUÇÃO DO DIREITO La Protección de los Derechos Fundamentales de los Pueblos Indígenas Nómadas: Analizando el Caso de los Pueblos Indígenas Transfronterizos de la Amazonía Peruano - Brasileña GUIDO CÉSAR AGUILA GRADOS Itajaí-SC 2015 2 UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO ITAJAÍ – UNIVALI PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA, PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO, EXTENSÃO E CULTURA – PROPPEC CENTRO DE EDUCAÇÃO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS E JURÍDICAS – CEJURPS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO STRICTO SENSU EM CIÊNCIA JURÍDICA – PPCJ CURSO DE DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIA JURÍDICA – CDCJ ÁREA DE CONCENTRAÇÃO: CONSTITUCIONALIDADE, TRANSNACIONALIDADE E PRODUÇÃO DO DIREITO La Protección de los Derechos Fundamentales de los Pueblos Indígenas Nómadas: Analizando el Caso de los Pueblos Indígenas Transfronterizos de la Amazonía Peruano- Brasileña GUIDO CÉSAR AGUILA GRADOS Tesis de Doctorado presentada al Curso de Doctorado en Ciencia Jurídica de la Universidad del Valle de Itajaí – UNIVALI. Orientador: Professor José Antonio Savaris Itajaí-SC 2015 3 AGRADECIMIENTO Quiero agradecer el haber llegado a este estado del Doctorado en Ciencia Jurídica en la Universidad del Valle de Itajaí (UNIVALI) a las personas que –cada una de ellas en su ámbito de incidencia en mi vida– han hecho posible esta realidad. En primer lugar a Dios, que me demuestra su generosidad, una y otra vez, colocándome en lugares inmerecidos y situaciones de felicidad personal y profesional que me hacen un ser bendecido. En segundo lugar, a mis profesores Paulo Márcio Cruz y José Antonio Savaris. El primero, porque hace cuatro años me conoció e inmediatamente confió en mí para tener esta extraordinaria experiencia académica y personal; al segundo, por su paciencia y amistad. Ambos supieron con el cariño de amigo y la exigencia de maestros enrumbarme cada vez que desviaba mi ruta académica. En tercer lugar, a los hermanos que este doctorado me dio: Kleber Cazzaro y Márcio Ricardo Staffen. Ellos han sido un permanente apoyo y soporte durante mi estadía en tierras brasileñas y a la distancia en la preparación de la presente tesis. Por último, a mi esposa Ana Cecilia Calderón Sumarriva. Ella ha sido el combustible inagotable que ha movilizado mi voluntad y trabajo en los momentos más difíciles. Todo lo bueno que pueda ocurrir durante la defensa de la presente tesis, es obra de todos los mencionados. Lo negativo, es absoluta responsabilidad del suscrito. No es fingir de héroes. Es de absoluta justicia. Guido Aguila Grados 4 DEDICATORIA A mis padres, Guido Alberto y Elizabeth. A mis hijas, Ana María y Grecia Mía 5 TÉRMINO DE EXENCIÓN DE RESPONSABILIDAD Declaro, para todos los fines legales, que asumo total responsabilidad por el aporte ideológico contenido en el presente trabajo, exonerando a la Universidad del Valle de Itajaí, a la Coordinación del Curso de Doctorado en Ciencia Jurídica, al Jurado Examinador y al Orientador de toda y cualquier responsabilidad acerca del mismo. Itajaí-SC, septiembre de 2015 Itajaí, SC septiembre de 2015 Guido César Aguila Grados Doctorando 6 PÁGINA DE APROBACIÓN (A SER ENTREGADA POR LA SECRETARÍA DE PPCJ/UNIVALI) 7 ROL DE ABREVIATURAS Y SIGLAS AI Amnistía Internacional ANP Área Natural Protegida CADH Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos CAN Comunidad Andina CEDH Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos CICR Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja CII Coordinación de Indios Aislados DGPOA Dirección General de Pueblos Originarios y Afroperuano DNUDPI Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas DPPIA Directrices de Protección para los Pueblos Indígenas en Aislamiento Voluntario y en Contacto Inicial de la Región Amazónica y el Gran Chaco ECOSOC Consejo Económico y Social FIDA Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola FUNAI Fundação Nacional do Índio GEF Global Environment Fund INDEPA Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo de Pueblo Andinos, Amazónicos y Afroperuano IRA Indian Reorganization Act MIMDES Ministerio de la Mujer y Desarrollo Social 8 OEA Organización de Estados Americanos OIT Organización International del Trabajo ONG´s Internacionales Organizaciones No Gubernamentales Internacionales PIDCP Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos PIDESC Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales PNUD Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo SADH Sistema Africano de Derechos Humanos SEDH Sistema Europeo de Derechos Humanos SID Secretaría de Identidad y Diversidad Cultural SIDH Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos SPII Sistema de Protección del Indio Aislado SUDH Sistema Universal de Protección de Derechos Humanos TEDH Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos TIPNIS Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services 9 ROL DE CATEGORÍAS Constitución: Conjunto de normas fundamentales de un determinado ordenamiento jurídico, consideradas de dicho rango en tanto disciplinan la organización del Estado, el ejercicio del poder estatal y la conformación de los órganos que ejercen esos poderes. Por lo demás, también disciplinan las relaciones entre el Estado y los ciudadanos; disciplinan la “legislación” y expresan valores y principios que informan todo el sistema jurídico con carácter imperativo y jerárquicamente superior a las normas ordinarias. (GUASTINI , Riccardo. Sobre el concepto de Constitución. En: Cuestiones Constitucionales. México: UNAM, 1999, p. 165. ). Ahora bien, debe tenerse en cuenta que dicho concepto ha venido evolucionando en el presente siglo, produciéndose su mutación desde un término “político”, a uno estrictamente “jurídico” como consecuencia del reconocimiento de su supremacía normativa real y vinculante. A esto es a lo que se le denomina la mutación de un Estado (Legal) de Derecho a un Estado Constitucional de Derecho. Constitucionalismo: El concepto del constitucionalismo se centra en la idea de la limitación del poder. Ahora, debe tenerse presente que el constitucionalismo ha tenido un desarrollo indetenible desde su origen a fines del siglo XVIII, reflejándose esto en sus manifestaciones como constitucionalismo liberal, constitucionalismo social o neoconstitucionalismo. Ahora bien, ha sido en el neoconstitucionalismo en el que se ha enmarcado la transnacionalidad y la efectivización de los derechos fundamentales, razón por la cual es de especial importancia para nuestro estudio. Dado este surgimiento, desde mediados del siglo pasado esta manifestación ha venido a proyectarse, por ejemplo, en Brasil en la constitución de 1988 y el proceso de re-democratización que ella ayudó a protagonizar. (BARROSO, Luis Roberto. El Neoconstitucionalismo y la Constitucionalización del Derecho. México. Editora de la UNAM. 2008. p.1.) En el caso peruano, este nuevo periodo de evolución constitucional comenzó tímidamente con la constitución de 1979 y luego se consolidó con la Constitución de 1993. Derechos Fundamentales: Concepto que comprende tanto los presupuestos éticos, 10 como los componentes jurídicos, que incluye una posición moral respecto a la dignidad humana; su relevancia jurídica se produce cuando se ve concretizado en derechos que forman parte de la norma básica material del ordenamiento. (PECES BARBA, Gregorio. Curso de Derechos Fundamentales. Teoría General. Madrid: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1999, p. 37.) Estos derechos fundamentales tienen una doble dimensión; así, los derechos fundamentales en su dimensión subjetiva protegen a las personas de las intervenciones injustificadas y arbitrarias del Estado y de terceros, y facultan al ciudadano a exigirle al Estado determinadas prestaciones concretas. El carácter objetivo de dichos derechos radica en que ellos son elementos constitutivos y legitimadores de todo el ordenamiento jurídico, en tanto que comportan valores materiales o instituciones sobre los cuales se estructura (o debe estructurarse) la sociedad democrática y el Estado constitucional. (Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional Peruano 3330-2004-AA/TC (FJ 9). Estado: Se refiere a toda organización política compleja que se diferencia de la población; aquella organización no necesariamente debe reunir las características ni los elementos del estado moderno (soberanía, territorio y población). En Perú y Brasil, que son los estados en los que focalizamos nuestro trabajo, la organización estatal descansa en una democracia representativa, esto es, aquella herramienta que permite articular y conjugar gobernantes y gobernados. Estado de Derecho: Tiende a configurarse como un Estado centrado en la Ley, por consiguiente es un Estado Legal. (GARCÍA PELAYO, Manuel. Estado Legal y Estado Constitucional de Derecho. Tribunal Constitucional Español. ILANUD. Año 9-10. n. 23 y 24, p. 11.). También es conocido como Estado Legal de Derecho. En este contexto, el Derecho se equipara a la norma escrita y todo gira en torno al principio de legalidad y la supremacía del Poder Legislativo (momento más importante del positivismo clásico). El neoconstitucionalismo representará su crisis, pues toda norma quedará sometida –bajo su concepción– a una interpretación desde la Constitución o principio de constitucionalidad. Con ello, el tradicional Derecho legalista da paso al Derecho jurisprudencial, esto es al predominio de las Cortes o Tribunales Constitucionales.
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