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The Case of Shell Money and the Wala Lagoon Communities of Malaita

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The Case of Shell Money and the Wala Lagoon Communities of Malaita LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS: The Case of Shell Money and the Wala Lagoon Communities of Malaita David FARADATOLO i LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS: The Case of Shell Money and the Wala Lagoon Communities of Malaita © David FARADATOLO A Supervised Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Development Studies Development Studies Program Pacific Institute of Advanced Studies in Development and Governance Faculty of Arts and Law University of the South Pacific 12 August 2008 ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Several institutions and people contribute to the completion of this research. First, I would like to thank Dr. Miliakere Kaitani, my only supervisor who helped me put together the research parameters and critic the write up of the chapters. I could never thank you enough for your assistance and for putting up with me. I am also grateful to the University Research Committee at USP for providing the funds for the fieldwork in the Solomon Islands and the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development in Solomon Islands for providing the scholarship for my tenure at the USP. In this regard I would also like to thank my employer, the Solomon Islands College of Higher Education for the study opportunity at USP. I am also grateful to the people who helped in the data collection phase. These include public servants in Honiara and Auki and the 30 households in Aoke and Laulasi regions of Wala Lagoon, Malaita, Solomon Islands who participated in the household questionnaire. Many individuals in Wala Lagoon also helped but I want to acknowldge Silas Waletofea of Talakali village, Jack Aru of Molou village and late Bart Ulufa’alu, the national MP for the Aoke Langalanga Constituency. I would also like to acknowledge my late mother, Mere Anifaemamu, who passed away during the data collection phase of my research. Even though she was critically sick, she was willing to share her experiences about livelihood in Wala Lagoon. These included experiences of rasing five children alone after she lost her husband in 1984. Finally, I would like to thank my family, Rose, Verity and Kerrie for their understanding during this work. iv ABSTRACT Accessing income opportunities and resources for livelihood is very difficult in the Wala lagoon of Malaita, Solomon Islands. There is limited land for agriculture and marine resources have been depleted. Shell money has been a livelihood strategy for the people in the society for generations. Despite the forces of colonialism, Christianity and the introduction of the cash economy, Wala still produce shell money for trade in Malaita, Guadalcanal and Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. The research examines if shell money will continue to be a viable livelihood strategy for households in the Wala Lagoon. The results show that shell money is still a livelihood strategy because of viable demands from institutions like bride price, compensation, government and the tourism industry. The study shows that about half of households in Wala participate in shell money production for their livelihood. Most of these households come from the Laulasi region while only a few are from the Aoke region. For the Wala households that participate in shell money production about half of their income is from shell money. Looking at the individual households that produce shell money, some households received a low proportion of their income from shell money while many others received almost all income from shell money. In comparison to other sources of household income, shell money came third after village based businesses and subsistence. Shell money also contributes significantly to business and community development in the Wala region. Many small businesses owned by Wala people in Wala Lagoon, Auki v and Honiara obtained seed money from shell money. Community projects also received assistance from shell money. To sustain the livelihood of households depending on shell money, it is important that the supply side of shell money production is secured. Management of the Wala Lagoon marine system has to revert back to tribes backed by a provincial or national legislation. vi TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................iii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENT...............................................................................vi LIST OF BOXES.........................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................ix LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................ x ACRONYMS ...............................................................................................xi GLOSSARY................................................................................................xii Chapter 1: Introduction: Setting the Study Scene......................................... 1 1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................1 1.2. Motivation........................................................................................... 1 1.3. Premises .................................................................................................................4 1.4. Research Question .................................................................................................5 1.5. Objectives ..............................................................................................................5 1.6. Thesis Overview ....................................................................................................6 1.7. Summary ................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: Development and Rural Livelihood: A Theoretical Review ..... 8 2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................8 2.2. The Concept of Development ................................................................................8 2.2.1. The Path of Development ...................................................................................9 2.2.2. The Concept of Rural Development .................................................................11 2.3. Rural Development and Livelihood in the Pacific...............................................14 2.4. The Concept of Livelihood ..................................................................................14 2.5. Frameworks for Analysing Livelihood Strategies ...............................................17 2.5.1. The IDS Sustainable Livelihood Framework ...................................................18 2.5.2. The IMM Coastal Livelihood Framework........................................................20 2.5.3. Livelihood Resources........................................................................................22 2.5.4. Institutional Processes and Organizational Structures......................................24 2.5.5. Livelihood Strategies ........................................................................................24 2.5.6. Livelihood Outcomes, Constraints and Resilience ...........................................25 2.6. Development and Livelihood in Solomon Islands...............................................26 2.6.1. Major Phases of Development in Solomon Islands ..........................................26 2.6.1.1. Development through Plantations..................................................................26 2.6.1.2. Development through National Corporations................................................27 2.6.1.3. Development through the Extraction Industry...............................................28 2.6.1.4. Development through Funding Assistance ....................................................28 2.6.1.5. Development in the Conflict Years................................................................31 2.6.1.6. Post-Conflict Development............................................................................31 2.6.1.7. The Proposed Bottom-Up Approach for Development .................................32 2.6.2. Rural Development and Livelihood Initiatives in Solomon Islands.................33 2.7. Summary ..............................................................................................................35 Chapter 3: Methodology of the Study......................................................... 38 3.1. Introduction..........................................................................................................38 vii 3.2. Research Methodology ........................................................................................38 3.3.1. Questionnaire ....................................................................................................39 3.3.1.1. Sampling for the Household Questionnaire...................................................40 3.3.1.2. Structure of the Household Questionnaire.....................................................43 3.3.2. Interviews..........................................................................................................44 3.3.2.1. Recording of Interview Data..........................................................................46
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