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(NYF)-Pegmatites in the Tysfjord Region, Nordland, Norway By

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(NYF)-Pegmatites in the Tysfjord Region, Nordland, Norway By Age and Tectonic Significance of Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine (NYF)-Pegmatites in the Tysfjord Region, Nordland, Norway by Georgene Aaroe, BS A Thesis In Geosciences Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCES Approved Dr. Callum Hetherington Chair of Committee Dr. Calvin Barnes Dr. Paul Sylvester Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School August, 2017 Copyright 2017, Georgene Aaroe Texas Tech University, Georgene Aaroe, August 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge and convey my gratitude to all those who have supported this project. I am so grateful to my advisor and this committee’s chair, Dr. Hetherington, for helping to develop this study and for lending support and guidance through its completion. Tomas Husdal (UiT) completed the sample collection for this study and lent support with preliminary mineral identification. Dr. Melanie Barnes graciously facilitated the collection of laser ablation data in her laboratory, and Dr. Brent Miller (Texas A&M) provided his laboratory and expertise in the collection of thermal ionization mass spectrometry data. Also, thank you to The University of Massachusetts (Amherst) for providing their laboratory facilities for collection of Electron Microprobe data. Thank you to my professors at Texas Tech, specifically the members of this committee, Dr. Cal Barnes and Dr. Paul Sylvester, for their insights in the classroom as well as their feedback on this project. Thank you also to Dr. Kate Souders, as well as all of my colleagues in the graduate program, who provided endless knowledge, insight, and support. ii Texas Tech University, Georgene Aaroe, August 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ v 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 3 Classification of Pegmatites .............................................................................. 3 Origins of LCT vs. NYF Pegmatites: ................................................................ 4 Study Area and Samples: .................................................................................. 5 The Tysfjord Gneiss Granite ....................................................................... 6 3. RESEARCH GOALS ....................................................................................... 8 Elucidating the nature of NYF pegmatite formation......................................... 8 Hypothesis 1 ................................................................................................ 8 Hypothesis 2 ................................................................................................ 9 Hypothesis 3 ................................................................................................ 9 Hypothesis 4 ................................................................................................ 9 Development of accessory mineral geochronometers ..................................... 10 4. METHODS ...................................................................................................... 11 Sample Preparation and Phase Identification .................................................. 11 Scanning Electron Microscopy ....................................................................... 11 Electron-Probe Micro-Analysis ...................................................................... 11 Isotope Dilution-Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ID-TIMS) ............ 13 Fergusonite and Allanite ........................................................................... 13 Zircon ........................................................................................................ 14 LA ICP-MS ..................................................................................................... 15 5. SAMPLE DESCRIPTION AND PETROGRAPHY ................................... 17 Hundholmen Pegmatite ................................................................................... 17 Stetind Pegmatite ............................................................................................ 20 Håkonhals Pegmatite ....................................................................................... 27 6. RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 28 iii Texas Tech University, Georgene Aaroe, August 2017 Geochronology: Electron-Probe Micro-Analysis ........................................... 28 Geochronology: ID-TIMS ............................................................................... 31 ST-02 ......................................................................................................... 31 ST-05 ......................................................................................................... 35 ST-09 ......................................................................................................... 38 ST-10 ......................................................................................................... 43 HA-01 ........................................................................................................ 43 LA-ICP-MS data ............................................................................................. 46 7. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 50 ID-TIMS Data ................................................................................................. 50 Zircon Data Quality .................................................................................. 50 Concordia Ages ......................................................................................... 53 Allanite ...................................................................................................... 54 Ultrachron Data ............................................................................................... 54 Integration of Traditional with Non-Traditional Chronometers ............... 55 Significance of Ages ....................................................................................... 56 Geochronology of Pegmatite Formation in Northern Norway ....................... 57 Pegmatite Formation ....................................................................................... 59 Overview of Classic Models ..................................................................... 60 Formation of the Stetind Pegmatite & Implications for NYF Pegmatite Emplacement ................................................................................................... 65 8. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................. 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 70 APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................... 76 APPENDIX B ...................................................................................................... 86 APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX D ...................................................................................................... 90 APPENDIX E ...................................................................................................... 95 iv Texas Tech University, Georgene Aaroe, August 2017 ABSTRACT Niobium-yttrium-fluorine (NYF) pegmatites comprise a subset of the rare- element pegmatite class. Because of their composition and geochemistry, these pegmatites are commonly associated with A-type magmatism in extensional environments. NYF pegmatites exposed in the Nordland area of the Norwegian Caledonides have been proposed to be coeval, and genetically related to their 1.7 Ga A-type Tysfjord granitic-gneiss host. A geochronological study, using U-Pb Isotope Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ID-TIMS) and Electron-Probe Micro- Analysis (EPMA) total U-Th-Pb techniques applied to zircon, fergusonite and xenotime provide ages of 400 Ma. Petrographic analysis by optical and back- scattered electron (BSE) imaging shows evidence of fergusonite dissolution and growth of xenotime halos around apatite occurring in a fluorine-rich siliceous-melt, and allanite and zircon display primary growth textures attributed to pegmatite emplacement with no evidence of metamorphic overprint. Based on the textural evidence it is proposed that the geochronological data represents the age of primary pegmatite crystallization. This study concludes crystallization of NYF pegmatites through partial melting of their host during late pro-grade metamorphism associated with Caledonian nappe emplacement. Partial melting was likely aided by H2O, made available through local metamorphism, and fluorine, also released by metamorphism of the host. A Caledonian-aged emplacement and crystallization of NYF pegmatites in Nordland challenges the existing model that these pegmatites were part of the host Tysfjord Granite magmatic event. Furthermore, it suggests that the primary model for NYF- pegmatite emplacement that ties them to
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