Blighia Sapida Konig Sapindaceae
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Approved Plant List 10/04/12
FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,182,967 B1 Sturdy (45) Date of Patent: Feb
US007182967B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,182,967 B1 Sturdy (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 27, 2007 (54) METHOD FOR STERILIZING CANNED (56) References Cited ACKEE U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (76) Inventor: Ian Charles Sturdy, 3606 Bay Way, 5,599,872 A * 2/1997 Sulewski ... ... 524,522 Hollywood FL (US) 33026 5,645,879 A * 7/1997 Bourne ...... ... 426/321 s 5,843,511 A 12, 1998 Bourne ....................... 426,509 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this * cited by examiner patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Primary Examiner Milton I. Cano U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Assistant Examiner Jyoti Chawla (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Malin, Haley & DiMaggio, (21) Appl. No.: 11/164,680 P.A. (22) Filed: Dec. 1, 2005 (57) ABSTRACT (51) Int. Cl. A method for sterilizing canned ackee using an acidic brine B65B 55/00 (2006.01) Solution placed into a container holding either whole or diced ackee arils and heating the container and ackee arils (52) U.S. Cl. ....................... 426/392: 426/397; 426/407 within to a temperature not to exceed the boiling point of (58) Field of Classification Search ................ 426/392, Water. 426/397, 407,442 See application file for complete search history. 12 Claims, No Drawings US 7,182,967 B1 1. 2 METHOD FOR STERILIZING CANNED be used. The fruit lacquered metallic can includes a lining ACKEE that renders the can rust-resistant. After sealing the ackee arils within the container, said container and the arils inside FIELD OF THE INVENTION of said container are heated to a temperature of no more than 210 degrees Fahrenheit for 15 minutes. -
Impacts of Global Climate Change on the Phenology of African Tropical Ecosystems
IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE PHENOLOGY OF AFRICAN TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS GABRIELA S. ADAMESCU MSc by Research UNIVERSITY OF YORK Biology October 2016 1 Abstract The climate has been changing at an unprecedented rate, affecting natural systems around the globe. Its impact has been mostly reflected through changes in species’ phenology, which has received extensive attention in the current global-change research, mainly in temperate regions. However, little is known about phenology in African tropical forests. Africa is known to be vulnerable to climate change and filling the gaps is an urgent matter. In this study we assess plant phenology at the individual, site and continental level. We first compare flowering and fruiting events of species shared between multiple sites, accounting for three quantitative indicators, such as frequency, fidelity for conserving a certain frequency and seasonal phase. We complement this analysis by assessing interannual trends of flowering and fruiting frequency and fidelity to their dominant frequency at 11 sites. We complete the bigger picture by analysing flowering and fruiting frequency of African tropical trees at the site and community level. Next, we correlate three climatic indices (ENSO, IOD and NAO) with flowering and fruiting events at the canopy level, at 16 sites. Our results suggest that 30 % of the studied species show plasticity or adaptability to different environments and will most likely be resilient to moderate future climate change. At both site and continental level, we found that annual flowering cycles are dominant, indicating strong seasonality in the case of more than 50% of African tropical species under investigation. -
Isovaleryl-Coa Dehydrogenase Activity in Isovaleric Acidemia Fibroblasts Using an Improved Tritium Release Assay
003 1-3998/86/2001-0059$02.00/0 PEDIATRlC RESEARCH Vol. 20, No. 1, 1986 Copyright 63 1986 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in U.S. A. Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Activity in Isovaleric Acidemia Fibroblasts Using an Improved Tritium Release Assay DAVID B. HYMAN1 AND KAY TANAKA Yale University School ofMedicine, Department of Human Genetics, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 ABSTRAm. Isovaleric acidemia is a disorder of leucine However, this clinical classification is rather arbitrary. In those metabolism caused by a deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA de- patients with the severe type who survive the first 2 wk of life hydrogenase. At least two clinical subgroups of patients with appropriate treatment, the subsequent course is not dis- exist: a severe form, in which symptoms occur within the tinctly different from that of the mild type (3). 1st wk of life, and a milder variant in which manifestations The enzyme defect in isovaleric acidemia had been assumed develop later in life. We developed a modified version of to be at the level of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase because of the the tritium release assay to accurately measure residual accumulation of isovaleric acid in blood (4) and isovalerylglycine isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in fibroblasts from in urine (5). Rhead and Tanaka (6) developed a tritium release patients with both forms of isovaleric acidemia. In the assay for the determination of the activity of this enzyme, which modified assay, specific isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase- measured 3H20 formed through enzyme-catalyzed dehydrogen- catalyzed tritium release from [2,3-3H]isovaleryl-CoAwas ation of [2,3-3H]isovaleryl-CoA, and they demonstrated that determined by including an inhibitor of isovaleryl-CoA residual isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in cultured fibro- dehydrogenase, (methylenecyclopropy1)acetyl-CoA, in one blast mitochondria from five isovaleric acidemia patients was of the tubes in paired assays, to determine the nonspecifi- 13% of control activity (1). -
"Plant Anatomy". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
Plant Anatomy Introductory article Gregor Barclay, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago Article Contents . Introduction Plant anatomy describes the structure and organization of the cells, tissues and organs . Meristems of plants in relation to their development and function. Dermal Layers . Ground Tissues Introduction . Vascular Tissues . The Organ System Higher plants differ enormously in their size and appear- . Acknowledgements ance, yet all are constructed of tissues classed as dermal (delineating boundaries created at tissue surfaces), ground (storage, support) or vascular (transport). These are meristems arise in the embryo, the ground meristem, which organized to form three vegetative organs: roots, which produces cortex and pith, and the procambium, which function mainly to provide anchorage, water, and nutri- produces primary vascular tissues. In shoot and root tips, ents;stems, which provide support;and leaves, which apical meristems add length to the plant, and axillary buds produce food for growth. Organs are variously modified to give rise to branches. Intercalary meristems, common in perform functions different from those intended, and grasses, are found at the nodes of stems (where leaves arise) indeed the flowers of angiosperms are merely collections of and in the basal regions of leaves, and cause these organs to leaves highly modified for reproduction. The growth and elongate. All of these are primary meristems, which development of tissues and organs are controlled in part by establish the pattern of primary growth in plants. groups of cells called meristems. This introduction to plant Stems and roots add girth through the activity of anatomy begins with a description of meristems, then vascular cambium and cork cambium, lateral meristems describes the structure and function of the tissues and that arise in secondary growth, a process common in organs, modifications of the organs, and finally describes dicotyledonous plants (Figure 2). -
Seed Dispersal by Ceratogymna Hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon
Journal of Tropical Ecology (1998) 14:351–371. With 2 figures Copyright 1998 Cambridge University Press Seed dispersal by Ceratogymna hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon KENNETH D. WHITNEY*†1, MARK K. FOGIEL*, AARON M. LAMPERTI*, KIMBERLY M. HOLBROOK*, DONALD J. STAUFFER*, BRITTA DENISE HARDESTY*, V. THOMAS PARKER* and THOMAS B. SMITH*† *Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132 U.S.A. †Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8755 U.S.A. (Accepted 13 January 1998) ABSTRACT. Seed dispersal is a process critical to the maintenance of tropical forests, yet little is known about the interactions of most dispersers with their communities. In the Dja Reserve, Cameroon, seed dispersal by the hornbills Cerato- gymna atrata, C. cylindricus and C. fistulator (Aves: Bucerotidae) was evaluated with respect to the taxonomic breadth of plants dispersed, location of seed deposition and effects on seed germination. Collectively, the three hornbill species consumed fruits from 59 tree and liana species, and likely provided dispersal for 56 of them. Hornbill-dispersed tree species composed 22% of the known tree flora of the site. Hornbill visit lengths, visit frequencies, and seed passage times indicated that few seeds were deposited beneath parent trees; in five hornbill/tree species pairings studied, 69–100% of the seeds ingested were deposited away from the parent trees. Germination trials showed that hornbill gut passage is gentle on seeds. Of 24 tree species tested, 23 germinated after passage by hornbills; of 17 planted with con- trols taken directly from trees, only four species showed evidence of inhibition of germination rate, while seven experienced unchanged germination rates and six experienced enhanced germination rates. -
BLIGHIA SAPIDA; the PLANT and ITS HYPOGLYCINS an OVERVIEW 1Atolani Olubunmi*, 2Olatunji Gabriel Ademola, 2Fabiyi Oluwatoyin Adenike
Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 0555-7674 Vol. XXXIX No. 2, December, 2009 BLIGHIA SAPIDA; THE PLANT AND ITS HYPOGLYCINS AN OVERVIEW 1Atolani Olubunmi*, 2Olatunji Gabriel Ademola, 2Fabiyi Oluwatoyin Adenike. 1Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemers' University, Lagos, Nigeria. 2Department of Crop Protection, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. *Corresponding author's e-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +2348034467136 Abstract: Blighia sapida Köenig; family Sapindaceae is a multi purpose medicinal plant popular in the western Africa. It is well known for its food value and its poisonous chemical contents being hypoglycins A & B (unusual amino acids.) The hypoglycin A is more available in the fruit than hypoglycin B. Hypoglycin A have been used as glucose inhibitor therapy, thereby giving room for the plant to be used for orthodox medicinal purposes in future. Its other therapeutic values have been reported as well. The ingestion of hypoglycin A forms a metabolite called methylenecyclopropane acetyl CoA (MCPACoA) which inhibit several enzymes A dehydrogenases which are essential for gluconeogenesis. This review covers history, description, origin and uses of Blighia sapida with emphasy on the fruit and its associated biologically active component (hypoglycins) and tries to show why the plant can be used as the sources of many potential drugs in treatment of diseases, especially glucose related ones. The mechanism of hypoglycin A metabolism is also explained. The hypoglycin A potential glucose- suppressing activities warranted further studies for the development of new anti-diabetes drugs with improved therapeutic values. KEYWORD: Blighia sapida, Sapindaceae, hypoglycins, dehydrogenases, metabolism. Introduction huevo and pera roja (mexico); bien me Throughout history, man has turned sabe or pan quesito (colombia); aki nature into various substances such as (costa Rica). -
Research Article Free Radical Scavenging Capacity, Carotenoid Content, and NMR Characterization of Blighia Sapida Aril Oil
Hindawi Journal of Lipids Volume 2018, Article ID 1762342, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1762342 Research Article Free Radical Scavenging Capacity, Carotenoid Content, and NMR Characterization of Blighia sapida Aril Oil Andrea Goldson Barnaby ,1 Jesse Clarke,1,2 Dane Warren,1 and Kailesha Duffus1 1 Te Department of Chemistry, Te University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica 2College of Health Sciences, Medical Technology Department, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica Correspondence should be addressed to Andrea Goldson Barnaby; [email protected] Received 21 May 2018; Accepted 5 August 2018; Published 13 August 2018 Academic Editor: Cliford A. Lingwood Copyright © 2018 Andrea Goldson Barnaby et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Blighia sapida aril oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids but is however currently not utilized industrially. Te oil was characterized utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). A spectrophotometric assay was conducted to determine the free radical scavenging properties and carotenoid content of the oil. 1 Chemical shifs resonating between � 5.30 and 5.32 in the H NMR are indicative of olefnic protons present in ackee aril oil which −1 are due to the presence of oleic acid. A peak at 3006 cm in the FTIR spectra confrms the high levels of monounsaturation. Te oil has a free radical scavenging activity of 48% ± 2.8% and carotenoid content of 21 ± 0.2 ppm. -
Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis Capitata (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)1 M
EENY-214 Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)1 M. C. Thomas, J. B. Heppner, R. E. Woodruff, H. V. Weems, G. J. Steck, and T. R. Fasulo2 Introduction Because of its wide distribution over the world, its ability to tolerate cooler climates better than most other species of The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiede- tropical fruit flies, and its wide range of hosts, it is ranked mann), is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests. first among economically important fruit fly species. Its The species originated in sub-Saharan Africa and is not larvae feed and develop on many deciduous, subtropical, known to be established in the continental United States. and tropical fruits and some vegetables. Although it may be When it has been detected in Florida, California, and Texas, a major pest of citrus, often it is a more serious pest of some especially in recent years, each infestation necessitated deciduous fruits, such as peach, pear, and apple. The larvae intensive and massive eradication and detection procedures feed upon the pulp of host fruits, sometimes tunneling so that the pest did not become established. through it and eventually reducing the whole to a juicy, inedible mass. In some of the Mediterranean countries, only the earlier varieties of citrus are grown, because the flies develop so rapidly that late-season fruits are too heav- ily infested to be marketable. Some areas have had almost 100% infestation in stone fruits. Harvesting before complete maturity also is practiced in Mediterranean areas generally infested with this fruit fly. -
Seeing Central African Forests Through Their Largest Trees J
Seeing Central African forests through their largest trees J. Bastin, N. Barbier, M. Réjou-Méchain, A. Fayolle, S. Gourlet-Fleury, D. Maniatis, T. de Haulleville, F. Baya, H. Beeckman, D. Beina, et al. To cite this version: J. Bastin, N. Barbier, M. Réjou-Méchain, A. Fayolle, S. Gourlet-Fleury, et al.. Seeing Central African forests through their largest trees. Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 2015, 5 (1), 10.1038/srep13156. hal-01892195 HAL Id: hal-01892195 https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-01892195 Submitted on 3 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Seeing Central African forests through their largest trees J.-F. Bastin1,2,3, N. Barbier4, M. Réjou-Méchain4,5, A. Fayolle2, S. Gourlet-Fleury5, D. Maniatis6, T. de Haulleville2,7, F. Baya8, H. Beeckman7, D. Beina9, P. Couteron4, Received: 03 December 2014 G. Chuyong10, G. Dauby11, J.-L. Doucet2, V. Droissart4, M. Dufrêne2, C. Ewango12, Accepted: 17 July 2015 J.F. Gillet2, C.H. Gonmadje5,13,14, T. Hart15, T. Kavali16, D. Kenfack17, M. Libalah4,21, Y. -
Blighia Sapida in Africa
Blighia sapida in Africa 1 origin, distribution and local names 2 Traditional uses 3 Aril composition 4 Blighia sapida, the Ackee tree, still a sword of Damocles over children in Africa? 1 origin, distribution and local names Blighia sapida Koenig (Sapindales, Sapindaceae), the Ackee tree, is a species native to the semi‐deciduous forests of western Africa (Ivory Coast, Ghana). It was introduced by man in many tropical regions of the world, especially America and the Caribbean to the west and India to the east. In West Africa, it was introduced in the villages and fields of savannah regions north of its original area, where it has become very common. He is well known for example from the Malinke, who call it Finzan, which gave the name that is sometimes used in French, "Fisanier". Its name in English speaking countries, ackee (or akee, akee apple tree or savor akee), comes from the Ashanti and is now used worldwide, including in French speaking countries. Ackee was also planted along avenues in cities where its dense foliage is a source of shade and where fruit with bright red and yellow colors are very decorative. It is a tree that reaches only a few meters when planted in full light, but that is much more developed in forest, where it reaches 10‐15 meters. Flowering in or near the region of origin, takes place from January to May, and fruiting from March to June. In the northern regions, the tree is earlier (flowering from November to December and fruiting from January to March, and a second flowering may take place in May‐June, followed by a fruiting in July‐August). -
The One Hundred Tree Species Prioritized for Planting in the Tropics and Subtropics As Indicated by Database Mining
The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass LIMITED CIRCULATION Correct citation: Kindt R, Dawson IK, Lillesø J-PB, Muchugi A, Pedercini F, Roshetko JM, van Noordwijk M, Graudal L, Jamnadass R. 2021. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. Working Paper No. 312. World Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP21001.PDF The titles of the Working Paper Series are intended to disseminate provisional results of agroforestry research and practices and to stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other World Agroforestry publication series include Technical Manuals, Occasional Papers and the Trees for Change Series. Published by World Agroforestry (ICRAF) PO Box 30677, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254(0)20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254(0)20 7224001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: [email protected] Website: www.worldagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry 2021 Working Paper No. 312 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of World Agroforestry. Articles appearing in this publication series may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged.