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Agriculture in Urban Planning This page intentionally left blank Agriculture in Urban Planning Generating Livelihoods and Food Security Edited by Mark Redwood International Development Research Centre Ottawa . Cairo . Dakar . Montevideo . Nairobi . New Delhi . Singapore publishing for a sustainable future London . Sterling, VA First published in the UK and USA in 2009 by Earthscan and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Copyright # International Development Research Centre 2009 All rights reserved ISBN: 978-1-84407-668-0 IDRC publishes an e-book edition (ISBN: 978-1-55250-427-7) For further information: International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500 Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9, Canada [email protected]/www.idrc.ca Typeset by 4word Ltd, Bristol Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge Cover design by Yvonne Booth For a full list of publications, please contact: Earthscan Dunstan House 14a St Cross St London EC1N 8XA, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7841 1930 Fax: +44 (0)20 7242 1474 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Agriculture in urban planning: generating livelihoods and food security edited by Mark Redwood p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-84407-668-0 (hardback) 1. Urban agriculture–Developing countries. 2. Sustainable development–Developing countries. I. Redwood, Mark. S494.5U72A42 2009 0 630.9173 2–dc22 2008023954 The paper used for this book is FSC-certified and totally chlorine-free. FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xiv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvi Introduction 1 Mark Redwood Enter AGROPOLIS 2 The Rise of Cities and City Farming 3 Overview of this Book 8 Conclusion 18 References 19 1 Household Food Security Among Urban Farmers in Nairobi, Kenya 21 Eunice Wambui Njogu Introduction 21 Methodology 23 Food Security 28 Relationships between Variables 30 Changes in Agriculture and Livestock Extension Services 31 Conclusion and Recommendations 32 Acknowledgements 33 Notes 33 References 33 2 Urban Compost: A Socio-economic and Agronomic Evaluation in Kumasi, Ghana 35 Nikita S. Eriksen-Hamel and George Danso Introduction 35 Objectives 36 Methodology 37 Research Findings 40 Conclusions and Recommendations 46 Acknowledgements 46 Note 47 References 47 vi Agriculture in Urban Planning 3 Urban Agriculture as a Livelihood Strategy in Lima, Peru 49 Luis Maldonado Villavicencio Introduction 49 Methodology 50 Conceptual Framework 51 Research Findings 53 Conclusion 70 Acknowledgements 70 Note 70 References 70 4 The Social and Economic Implications of Urban Agriculture on Food Security in Harare, Zimbabwe 73 Charity Mutonodzo Introduction 73 Objectives and Hypotheses 74 Methods 75 Research Findings 80 Conclusions 88 Acknowledgements 89 Note 89 References 89 5 Urban Agriculture and Food Security in Lilongwe and Blantyre, Malawi 91 David Dalison Mkwambisi Introduction 91 Literature, Concepts and Objectives 92 Research Methodology 93 Results 95 Discussion 99 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 100 Acknowledgements 101 Notes 101 References 101 6 An Analysis of the Quality of Wastewater Used to Irrigate Vegetables in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana 105 Philip Amoah Introduction 105 Key Concepts 106 Methods 107 Results and Discussion 111 Conclusions and Recommendations 120 Acknowledgements 121 Contents vii Notes 121 References 122 7 Water Contamination and its Impact on Vegetable Production in the Rı´mac River, Peru 125 Henry Juarez Introduction 125 Methods 126 Research Findings and Discussions 132 Conclusions and Recommendations 141 Acknowledgements 143 Notes 143 References 143 8 Wastewater Use and Urban Agriculture in Kinshasa, DR Congo 147 Kifuani Kia Mayeko Introduction 147 Concepts, Objectives and Hypothesis 148 Methods 149 Research Findings 152 Conclusion and Recommendations 162 Acknowledgements 163 Notes 163 References 164 9 The Health Impacts of Farming on Producers in Rosario, Argentina 167 Patricia Silvia Propersi Introduction 167 Objectives and Hypotheses 168 Methods 169 Research Findings 171 Conclusion and Recommendations 177 Acknowledgements 178 Note 179 References 179 10 Using Participatory Education and Action Research for Health Risk Reduction Amongst Farmers in Dakar, Senegal 181 Nita Chaudhuri Introduction 181 Objectives and Hypothesis 184 Methods 184 Research Findings 189 Conclusions 197 Acknowledgements 198 viii Agriculture in Urban Planning Notes 198 References 198 11 Complex Ecologies and City Spaces: Social–Ecological Networks of Urban Agriculture 201 Laura J. Shillington Introduction 201 Objectives, Hypotheses and Concepts 202 Methodology 203 Research Findings 205 Conclusion and Recommendations 212 Acknowledgements 213 Notes 213 References 214 12 Urban Agriculture and Physical Planning: A Case Study of Zaria, Nigeria 217 Chuo Adamu Nsangu Introduction 217 Background, Objectives and Hypothesis 218 Methodology 220 Research Findings 220 Recommendations and Conclusions 231 Acknowledgements 233 Note 234 References 234 13 Conclusion 235 Mark Redwood References 242 Index 243 List of Figures and Tables FIGURES 1 Urban growth rates compared with the expansion of informal settlements in African cities 4 1.1 The (PANS) Triple-A approach 23 1.2 Nutrition status of children from households involved in the intervention 30 2.1 WTP for compost at different distances from the compost station 43 3.1 Location of the field research 51 3.2 The sustainable livelihoods systems framework 52 3.3 Urban agriculture in Carapongo 54 3.4 Carapongo land use change: 2002–2006 55 3.5 Livestock farmer in Carapongo 56 3.6 Different ways of transporting food from the field to urban market 57 3.7 Using traditional tools for soil management 58 3.8 Families participating in agricultural tasks 59 3.9 Women play a central role in urban agriculture in Carapongo 64 4.1 Average share of total budget allocated to food, by expenditure quartile 84 4.2 Mapping of views of policy makers and practitioners on UA 86 4.3 Trends in maize intake via the Grain Marketing Board 88 5.1 Modified map of Malawi showing Blantyre and Lilongwe 94 5.2 Average cereal equivalents (expressed in kilograms per member of each household per year) from UA 96 5.3 The relationship between education and UA to total household’s food bundle 97 5.4 Main agricultural constraints identified by urban farmers (n ¼ 330) 98 5.5 Average cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) between low-income (n ¼ 120) and high-income (n ¼ 210) households in urban Malawi 98 5.6 Average cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) between female-headed (n ¼ 87) and male-headed (n ¼ 243) households in urban Malawi 99 6.1 Agro-ecological map of Ghana showing the three urban study areas of Tamale, Kumasi and Accra, with details for Kumasi and Accra 108 x Agriculture in Urban Planning 6.2 Fecal coliform contamination levels of irrigation water used during the study period (piped water was excluded because no fecal coliforms were detected during the study period) 114 6.3 Fecal coliform counts at different entry points on the production–consumption pathway for irrigated lettuce using water from (A) wells, (B) streams and (C) piped water in Kumasi 116 6.4 Farmer irrigating with lowered watering can 119 6.5 Seller displaying vegetables in the market 120 7.1 Sampling location of water quality in the Rı´mac River basin conducted by SEDAPAL (white dots) and DIGESA (black dots) 127 7.2 Urban and peri-urban agriculture in and around Lima (agricultural plots shown in black, urban areas in grey) and three research locations: Carapongo, Nieverıá and Huachipa 129 7.3 Annual means for As, Cd, Cr, Pb and FC in the Rı´mac River, where the vertical lines represent the standard error of the mean 133 7.4 Spatial patterns of water contamination with As, Pb and FC in the Rı´mac River for the year of greatest contamination (2000 or 2001) and the most recent year (2004) 134 7.5 As and Pb in the upper part of the basin from 1997 to 2004, where vertical lines represent the standard error of the mean 135 7.6 Location of mines and populated places in the Rı´mac River basin 136 7.7 Total heavy metals in soils. Vertical lines represent the standard error of the mean 138 7.8 Available heavy metals in soils. Vertical lines represent the standard error of the mean 139 7.9 Total heavy metals in vegetables. Vertical lines represent the standard error of the mean 140 7.10 Levels of FC in vegetables in selected areas: Huachipa, Nieverıá and Carapongo 141 7.11 Effect of washing vegetables in the irrigation canals 141 8.1 Actor interactions in a sustainable development and good governance context 163 9.1 Distribution of horticultural farms by area 172 9.2 Access to services where workers reside 174 10.1 The Niayes area of Dakar: Main soil types 182 10.2 Cross-section through the Niayes Zone in Pikine 183 10.3 Focus group meetings with farmers in Pikine, 2005 187 10.4 Methods of data collection, participatory education and action research 188 10.5 Map produced by Pikine farmers, 2005 195 10.6 Maps produced by farmers, 2006 196 10.7 Maps produced by farmers, 2006 196 11.1 Map of Managua showing location of Barrio San Augusto 204 11.2 Map of patio in San Augusto 209 12.1 Distribution

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