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UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto De Geociências UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto de Geociências FÁBIO SIMPLICIO SISTEMAS DESÉRTICOS ANTIGOS: DISTRIBUIÇÃO DAS FÁCIES E SEQUÊNCIAS SEDIMENTARES (FORMAÇÃO BANDEIRINHA - MESOPROTEROZOICO E O GRUPO AREADO - CRETÁCEO INFERIOR) CAMPINAS 2017 FÁBIO SIMPLICIO SISTEMAS DESÉRTICOS ANTIGOS: DISTRIBUIÇÃO DAS FÁCIES E SEQUÊNCIAS SEDIMENTARES (FORMAÇÃO BANDEIRINHA - MESOPROTEROZOICO E O GRUPO AREADO - CRETÁCEO INFERIOR) TESE DE DOUTORADO APRESENTADA AO INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS PARA OBTENÇÃO DO TÍTULO DE DOUTOR EM CIÊNCIAS, ÁREA DE GEOLOGIA E RECURSOS NATURAIS. ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. GIORGIO BASILICI CO-ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. TAPAN CHAKRABORTY ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO FÁBIO SIMPLICIO E ORIENTADO PELO PROF. DR. GIORGIO BASILICI CAMPINAS 2017 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): CNPq, 4742272013-8 ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9391-122X Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Geociências Cássia Raquel da Silva - CRB 8/5752 Simplicio, Fábio, 1985- Si57s SimSistemas desérticos antigos : distribuição das fácies e sequências sedimentares (Formação Bandeirinha - Mesoproterozoico e o Grupo Areado - Cretáceo Inferior) / Fábio Simplicio. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2017. SimOrientador: Giorgio Basilici. SimCoorientador: Tapan Chakraborty. SimTese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências. Sim1. Sedimentos e depósitos. 2. Sedimentação eólica. 3. Bacias sedimentares. I. Basilici, Giorgio,1959-. II. Chakraborty, Tapan. III. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Geociências. IV. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Ancient desert systems : facies distribution and sedimentary sequences (Bandeirinha Formation - Mesoproterozoic and the Areado Group - Early Cretaceous) Palavras-chave em inglês: Sediments and deposits Eolian sedimentation Sedimentary basins Área de concentração: Geologia e Recursos Naturais Titulação: Doutor em Geociências Banca examinadora: Giorgio Basilici [Orientador] Geraldo Norberto Chaves Sgarbi Patrick Francisco Führ Dal' Bó Alexandre Campane Vidal Celso Dal Ré Carneiro Data de defesa: 21-08-2017 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Geociências Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS AUTOR: Fábio Simplicio SISTEMAS DESÉRTICOS ANTIGOS: DISTRIBUIÇÃO DAS FÁCIES E SEQUÊNCIAS SEDIMENTARES (FORMAÇÃO BANDEIRINHA - MESOPROTEROZOICO E O GRUPO AREADO - CRETÁCEO INFERIOR) ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Giorgio Basilici COORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Tapan Chakraborty Aprovado em: 21 / 08 / 2017 EXAMINADORES: Prof. Dr. Giorgio Basilici - Presidente Prof. Dr. Geraldo Norberto Chaves Sgarbi Prof. Dr. Patrick Francisco Führ Dal’ Bó Prof. Dr. Alexandre Campane Vidal Prof. Dr. Celso Dal Ré Carneiro A Ata de Defesa assinada pelos membros da Comissão Examinadora, consta no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. Campinas, 21 de agosto de 2017. BIOGRAFIA Fábio Simplicio é Bacharel em Geologia, formado pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp no ano de 2011. Na mesma Universidade posteriormente obteve o título de Mestre Geociências, no ano de 2013 e posteriormente de Doutor na mesma área de Geologia e Recursos Naturais, no ano de 2017. O autor tem experiência na área de Geociências, onde atua principalmente com análise de sistemas deposicionais de ambientes desérticos constituídos em bacias sedimentares antigas, do pre-cambriano e fanerozoico. Durante o período de trabalho da pesquisa de doutorado, o autor da tese participou de inúmeras atividades didáticas, em estágios de capacitação docente, nas disciplinas de sedimentologia, estratigrafia e geologia de campo I (mapeamento de rochas sedimentares). Além dessas atividades, Fábio Simplicio teve experiências acadêmicas na Índia, onde realizou uma conferência sobre os estudos na Formação Bandeirinha, participou de um curso de sobre análise de paleossolos e também atividades de pesquisa em campo, sobre depósitos eólicos e fluviais. Dedico esta tese a quem nunca me faltou durante este período, a minha esposa Mayara R. Quilicone por seu amor e afeto. Também dedico aos meus pais, Sueli S. B. Simplicio e Adilson Ap. Simplicio, por todo suporte e empenho a mim dedicado, bem como aos meus irmãos, Renato e Caroline Simplicio. AGRADECIMENTO Agradeço a todas as pessoas que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a realização desse trabalho. Agradeço em primeiro lugar ao meu orientador Sir Giorgio Basilici, pois me acolheu e aconselhou ao longo de todos esses anos, e a quem devo muito da minha formação. Também agradeço ao professor Tapan Chakraborty, pelos valorosos conselhos que me dirigiu, sobretudo durante as atividades de campo na Índia e no Brasil. Deixo meu agradecimento aos Professores e Doutores Geraldo N. C. Sgarbi, Celso Dal Ré Carneiro, Alexandre Campane Vidal e Patrick Francisco Führ Dal’ Bó, por aceitarem os convites de participação como membros da banca de qualificação e defesa dessa tese de doutorado. Os apontamento e conselhos ajudaram a melhorar a tese e, sobretudo os artigos. Agradeço as agências de fomento. A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de estudos, ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo auxilio financeiro concedido para parte da pesquisa. A PRP/FAEPEX da Unicamp, pelo subsídio a participação de evento científico e também a International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS) pela concessão de Travel Grant direcionado a participação em evento internacional. Também deixo meu obrigado, do fundo do meu coração, a minha amada Mayara Ribeiro Quilicone, pois sem seu apoio penso que teria sido difícil concluir essa etapa com sucesso. Nesse sentido, meu agradecimento se estende aos meus familiares mais próximos, aos meus pais Sueli S. B. Simplicio e Adilson Ap. Simplicio, pois sempre me apoiaram quanto as minhas decisões e toleraram todo estresse e mau humor distribuído com eles. Agradeço também aos meus irmãos Caroline e Renato Simplicio, aos meus cunhados e cunhadas, Natalia, Laura, Thiago e Arthur. A minha sogra, Ivani da Graça Ribeiro, pelo apoio e afeição, também agradeço. Agradeço imensamente. Não deixaria de fora meus colegas e amigos Mestres José H. Mattos, Rogério Araújo, Paulo Locatelli, Gustavo Melo, Luiz R. M. Fernandes, Emerson Oliveira, Thiago Araújo e Bruno Mortatti, e aos Doutores Danilo Barbuena e Patrick Dal`Bó, pela amizade e discussões enriquecedoras. Por ultimo, mas não menos importante, agradeço a todos os funcionários, especialmente Valdirene, Gorete, Cristina, Jô e Valdir, bem como a outras pessoas que compõem a comunidade do Instituto de Geociências da Unicamp, pelo apoio. A todos meus sinceros agradecimentos. Triste de quem vive em casa, Contente com seu lar, Sem que um sonho, no erguer de asa, Faça até mais rubra a brasa Da lareira a abandonar Fernando Pessoa RESUMO Os sistemas desérticos atuais são controlados por diversos fatores, dentre os quais se destaca o grau de aridez, razão entre entrada e saída de água. Os parâmetros que diferenciam os ambientes deposicionais são intrinsicamente ligados às variações congruentes a essa razão. Controlados por tectônica e/ou clima, os parâmetros são conexos às proporções de sedimentos clásticos, água e solutos dissolvidos. Os ambientes se particularizam pelos tipos de associações a que estejam envolvidos. Associados a um mesmo ambiente, podem existir leques aluviais, rios efêmeros ou perenes, lagos salinos ou de água doce, playa lakes, lençóis de areia eólica e/ou campos de dunas eólicas. A fim de compreender quais foram e de que modo atuaram os principais fatores de controle nos paleoambientes desérticos, foram selecionadas duas unidades diferentes para estudo sedimentológico, a Formação Bandeirinha e o Grupo Areado. A Formação Bandeirinha, base da Bacia Espinhaço, é datada do inicio do mesoproterozoico, e consiste em uma sucessão sedimentar composta por arenitos depositados em lençóis de areia eólica e conglomerados depositados em rios efêmeros, nos quais os eventos de enxurradas eram geralmente catastróficos e ocorriam em intervalos de deposição distintos daqueles de deposição eólica. Os fluxos de alta energia provocaram a canibalização de parte do substrato arenoso, o qual se encontrava previamente cimentado, como sugerido pelos principais registros desse processo, que consistem em intraclastos de arenitos com estruturas eólicas preservadas. Logo, entende-se que os processos que produziram os depósitos dessa unidade foram induzidos por mudanças no balanço hídrico, em intervalos de tempo distintos. O Grupo Areado, base da Bacia Sanfranciscana, é datado do Cretáceo Inferior, e consiste em uma sequência composta por depósitos de ambiente lacustre, de playa lake (i.e., planícies lamosas salinas e eventuais depósitos subaquáticos e/ou eólicos intercalados) e de campos de dunas eólicas, os quais representam o final do processo de evolução observado na sequência sedimentar. Ao longo do intervalo de deposição dessa sequência sedimentar inúmeras variações no aporte de água levaram a diversas modificações nos ambientes, que tiveram intervalos cujo balanço hídrico foi positivo, que permitiu a formação e permanência de sistemas lacustres; variável, que levou a formação de playa lakes, nos quais se alternavam períodos de exposição subaérea, com ampla distribuição de crostas salinas eflorescentes, e inundações efêmeras; e negativo, que levou ao aumento da disponibilidade de sedimentos para construção de campos de dunas
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