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Ministry of Health of Ukraine Danylo Halytsky Lviv MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY MCQs in biochemistry (SECOND EDITION) for the students of medical faculty Lviv 2019 Prepared by: Prof. Sklyarov O.Y., M.D., Ph.D, Dr.sci Prof. Fomenko I.S., Ph.D, Dr.sci Nasadyuk C.M., M.D., PhD Lozynska I.I., PhD Denysenko N.V., master of pharmacy Editor: Prof. Sklyarov O.Y., M.D., Ph.D, Dr.sci Reviewer: Prof. Pinyazhko O.R., M.D., Ph.D, Dr.sci The guide was prepared for the students of the medical faculty, who study according to the specialty “General Medicine” in English language. The book may also be helpful for the students of Dentistry and Pharmacy faculties. The guide was approved and recommended for publication by the Scientific Council of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University. FOREWORD Biological chemistry is a fundamental medical discipline. The understanding of the processes of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and water turnover as well as the role of vitamins, trace elements and regulatory mechanisms in the organism is the background for the interpretation of the laboratory indices in health and disease in clinical practice. The obtaining of the proper knowledge, based on the use of the different methodological approaches, in particular test control, is one of the main tutorial elements for the students of the higher educational medical institutions worldwide. Aimed at the improvement of the students’ knowledge and assisting them in preparation to the practical classes, final exam and Integrated State Qualification Exam, that contains Krok-1, the department prepared a guide, which includes main multiple choice questions according to the Biochemistry course programe. The guide was elaborated according to educational and qualification characteristics and educational-professional programmes of the training of specialists in compliance with the Standard of the Higher Education of Ukraine (the second masters’ level). The multiple choice questions are distributed into 2 main chapters according to the programme of 2 semesters, matching the title and content of the relevant topic. Hence, the first semester chapter includes multiple choice questions to 16 topics, devoted to general assignments of biochemistry, enzymology, bioenergetics, turnover of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. The 2nd chapter contains 18 topics on the study of DNA and RNA composition, processes of DNA replication, RNA transcription, molecular mechanisms of the effect of hormones, digestion and vitaminology as well as issues of functional biochemistry, e.g. biochemistry of blood, liver, water and minerals turnover, biochemical composition of muscular and connective tissues. The authors hope that the use of this guide will improve the level of students’ knowledge and score in exams. Contents I semester 1. Objectives and assignments of biochemistry. Aims and methods of biochemical investigations, their clinical and diagnostic significance ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Structure and physico-chemical properties of enzymes. The employment of special methods for investigation of enzymes in biological material. Study of mechanisms and kinetics of enzymatic reaction ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Regulation of enzymatic reactions and mechanisms of enzymopathias appearance. Medical enzymology ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. The role of cofactors, vitamins and their coenzyme forms in enzyme catalysis. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Metabolic pathways and bioenergetics. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and its regulation ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Biological oxidation and oxidative phopshorylation. Mechanisms of ATP synthesis. Inhibition and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Studies on glycolysis – oxidation of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. Glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions and alternative metabolic pathways of monosaccharides metabolism ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Breakdown and biosynthesis of glycogen. Regulation of glycogen metabolism, biosynthesis of glucose – gluconeogenesis ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. Studies on mechanisms of metabolic and humoral regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes mellitus ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. Catabolism and biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Intracellular lipolysis and molecular mechanisms of its regulation ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. β-Oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids. Metabolism of fatty acids and ketone bodies ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. Biosynthesis and biotransformation of cholesterol. Disorders of lipid metabolism: steatorrhea, atherosclerosis, obesity. Transport forms of lipids – lipoproteins of blood plasma ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 14. Studies on amino acid metabolism (deamination, transamination, decarboxylation) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. Detoxification of ammonia and urea biosynthesis ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. Metabolism of individual amino acids. Biosynthesis of porphyrins. Porphyrias .……………………………………………………………………………………………… II semester 1. Investigation of biochemical composition of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides Biochemical function of nucleotides and nucleic acids …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 2. Metabolism of purine nucleotides, determination of end products of their metabolism. Hereditary disorders of nucleotide metabolism …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 3. Replication of DNA and transcription of RNA. Analysis of the mechanisms of mutations, reparation of DNA. Principles of recombinant DNA technology, production of transgenic proteins …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 4. Protein biosynthesis in ribosomes, investigation of initiation, elongation and termination stages in synthesis of polypeptide chain. Inhibitory effect of antibiotics. Principles of gene engineering and cloning of gene, their application in modern medicine …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 5. Investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of protein and peptide hormones on target cells. Mechanism of hormonal action of amino acid derivatives and biogenic amines. Hormonal regulation of calcium homeostasis …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 6. Investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of steroid and thyroid hormones upon target cells …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 7. Investigation of nerve tissue. Pathochemistry of psychotic disorders …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 8. Digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in digestive tract …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 9. Functional role of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins in metabolism …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 10. Acid-base balance and respiratory function of red blood cells. Pathological forms of hemoglobin …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 11. Proteins of blood plasma: proteins of acute phase, genuine and indicatory enzymes. Nonprotein nitrogen containing and nitrogen free components of blood …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 12. Blood coagulation, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems of blood. Biochemistry of immune reactions. Immunodeficient states …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 13. Investigation of end products of heme catabolism. Pathobiochemistry of jaundices. …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 14. Biotransformation of xenobiotics. Microsomal oxidation, cytochrome P-450 …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 15. Investigation of water and mineral metabolism …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 16. Urine production in kidneys. Normal and pathological constituents of urine …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 17. Investigation of muscle contraction …………………………………………………………………………………………… … 18. Investigation of biochemical components of connective tissue. I SEMESTER TOPIC №1. AN OBJECT AND ASSIGNMENTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, ITS PRINCIPAL TRENDS AND PARTS. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION; THEIR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE 1. A patient has been hospitalized with provisional diagnosis of virus B hepatitis. Serological reaction based oя n complementation of antigen with antibody chemically bound to peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase has been used for disease diagnostics. What is the name of the applied serological reaction? A. Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay B. Radioimmunoassay technique C. Immunofluorescence test D. Complement fixation test E. Immobilization test 2. In investigation of serum proteins various physical and physico-chemical methods can be used. In particular, serum albumins and globulins can be separated by the method of: A. Electrophoresis B. Polarography C. Dialysis D. Spectrography E. Refractometry 3. Labelled amino acids alanine and tryptophan were injected to a mouse in order to study localization of protein synthesis in its cells. The labelled amino acids will be accumulated around the following organelles: A. Ribosomes B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Cell center D. Lysosomes E. Golgi apparatus 4. In course of practical training students studied a stained blood smear of a mouse with bacteria phagocyted by leukocytes. What cell organelle completes digestion of these bacteria? A. Lysosomes B. Mitochondrion C. Granular endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus E. Ribosomes 5. Healthy parents have got a fair haired, blue-eyed girl. Irritability, anxiety, sleep and feeding disturbance developed in the first months of the infant’s
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