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Kendall Haven Women at the Edge of Discovery: 40 True Science Adventures KENDALL HAVEN LIBRARIES UNLIMITED Women at the Edge of Discovery Women at the Edge of Discovery 40 True Science Adventures KENDALL HAVEN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Haven, Kendall F. Women at the edge of discovery : 40 true science adventures / Kendall Haven. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 1–59158–015–3 (alk. paper) 1. Women scientists—Biography. 2. Science—History—20th century. I. Title. Q141.H368 2003 509.2'2—dc21 2003054570 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2003 by Kendall Haven All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003054570 ISBN: 1–59158–015–3 First published in 2003 Libraries Unlimited, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 A Member of the Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.lu.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 This book is dedicated to the thousands of women who loved the sciences so much they forced their way into science schools, science jobs, and science careers, opening the doors of science to all women who followed. Women pio- neers of science undertook the greatest adventure of all. Contents Foreword xi Introduction xiii Table 1 Stories by Year of Occurrence xvii Table 2 Women Scientists by Field xix Hide and Seek: A Science Adventure 1 Christina Allen, Rain Forest Ecologist Suggested Topics to Explore 5 Fire and Ice: A Science Adventure 7 Marta Aznar, Volcanologist Suggested Topics to Explore 12 Shark Bait: A Science Adventure 14 Judith Bernard, Marine Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 20 Water Logged: A Science Adventure 22 Barbara Bond, Plant Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 28 “Sound” Advice: A Science Adventure 30 Ann Bowles, Bioacoustician Suggested Topics to Explore 36 Bold Mold: A Science Adventure 37 Rachel Fuller Brown, Biochemist Suggested Topics to Explore 42 viii / Contents The Stuff of “Scruff ”: A Science Adventure 43 Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Astronomer Suggested Topics to Explore 47 Deadly Sample: A Science Adventure 49 Eugenie Clark, Marine Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 55 Death Glow: A Science Adventure 56 Marie Curie, Physicist Suggested Topics to Explore 59 Dangerous Depth Dive: A Science Adventure 61 Sylvia Earle, Marine Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 66 The Great EscAPE: A Science Adventure 68 Dian Fossey, Primatologist Suggested Topics to Explore 73 “X” Communicated 74 Rosalind Franklin, X-Ray Crystallographer Suggested Topics to Explore 78 Monkey Business: A Science Adventure 80 Jane Goodall, Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 84 Deadly Detection: A Science Adventure 85 Alice Hamilton, Industrial Medicine Pioneer Suggested Topics to Explore 90 Shall We Dance? A Science Adventure 91 Janet Harrington, Insect Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 95 “Picture” Perfect: A Science Adventure 97 Dorothy Hodgkin, X-Ray Crystallographer Suggested Topics to Explore 102 Amazing Grace: A Science Adventure 103 Grace Hopper, Mathematician/Computer Scientist Suggested Topics to Explore 108 Cravin’ Cavin’: A Science Adventure 110 Louise Hose, Speleologist Suggested Topics to Explore 115 Contents / ix Big Bad Wolf: A Science Adventure 117 Rose Kellman, Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 123 “Sound” Discoveries: A Science Adventure 125 Darlene Ketten, Marine Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 130 Star Light, Star Bright: A Science Adventure 131 Jane Kirkwalter, Physicist Suggested Topics to Explore 136 Diggin’ It: A Science Adventure 137 Mary Leakey, Paleontologist/Archeologist Suggested Topics to Explore 142 Magnetic Personalities: A Science Adventure 143 Holly Lisanby, Neurological Researcher Suggested Topics to Explore 148 The “Gravity” of the Situation: A Science Adventure 150 Shannon Lucid, Chemical/Biological Engineer Suggested Topics to Explore 155 “Sowing” Lesson: A Science Adventure 157 Barbara McClintock, Geneticist Suggested Topics to Explore 161 “Call” of the Wild: A Science Adventure 163 Karen McComb, Field Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 167 Ta-lo-fa to You: A Science Adventure 169 Margaret Mead, Anthropologist Suggested Topics to Explore 173 A “Splitting” Headache: A Science Adventure 175 Lise Meitner, Physicist Suggested Topics to Explore 179 African Call: A Science Adventure 181 Cynthia Moss, Field Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 185 River Rescue: A Science Adventure 187 Ruth Patrick, River Ecologist (Limnologist) Suggested Topics to Explore 193 x / Contents Brain Pain: A Science Adventure 195 Candace Pert, Brain Chemist Suggested Topics to Explore 198 “Point” of Fact: A Science Adventure 200 Anna Roosevelt, Archeologist Suggested Topics to Explore 207 Family Matters: A Science Adventure 209 Teri Roth, Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 214 Missing Matter: A Science Adventure 216 Vera Cooper Rubin, Astronomer Suggested Topics to Explore 221 Blood Work: A Science Adventure 223 Florence Sabin, Histologist/Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 228 What a “Croc!” A Science Adventure 229 Karen Tejunga, Biologist Suggested Topics to Explore 233 Chilling Challenge: A Science Adventure 235 Helen Thayer, Climatologist Suggested Topics to Explore 240 Trailing Snails and Shrimp: A Science Adventure 242 Cindy Lee Van Dover, Marine Ecologist Suggested Topics to Explore 247 Tradition Transition: A Science Adventure 249 Annie Wauneka, Community Health Worker Suggested Topics to Explore 254 Expert Experimenter: A Science Adventure 256 Chien-Shiung Wu, Physicist Suggested Topics to Explore 261 Index 263 Foreword As someone who has made the recognition and celebration of women’s historic accomplishments the focus of my work and life, I was eager to read Women at the Edge of Discovery. My information about twentieth-century women scientists was limited, but I had no idea how limited or how much my knowledge base would be expanded by the stories I read. Women were and are the pioneers in so many scientific fields, and yet most of these women had escaped my discovery. Through Kendall Haven’s writing, I experienced the freezing Arctic wind; the oozing toxic air and caustic cave mud; the hot, wet, sticky rain forest, each bringing life-threatening danger to the scien- tist. Amazing courage and daring emerged as almost universal qual- ities of these women, along with a willingness to try, try, and try again. Reading about one remarkable woman after another, I was astonished at the many female stereotypes exploded by the actions of these scientists. Without exception each of these women demon- strated a fearless drive for knowledge and discovery. Each had a determined eagerness to pave new paths and do what had never been done before. These stories encouraged my own sense of wonder and appreci- ation for the skills related to scientific observation. I wondered how men and women might solve problems differently; and I considered the impact of having the female and male experience represented in developing scientific theories and methods of experimentation. Since women’s experience in biological field studies rewrote the manual for success, does that mean that women relate to animals differently than men relate to animals? xii / Foreword This wonderful collection presents an extraordinary array of sci- entific topics to explore and many thought-provoking questions for research and discussion. In addition, it provides an index for year, name, and field of discovery and an expansive bibliography for each story. Having said this, my hope is that this engaging resource will not be used exclusively in science classes. Instead, it should be required pleasure reading for those who daily make assumptions about who women are and what they have achieved. The telling of the accomplishments of women of the late twenti- eth century is long overdue. Because these stories are about women in science, this resource is all the more valuable. Each story is dif- ferent from the next. Yet, together these stories help create a vivid mosaic of women scientists of the twentieth century, and present women as problem solvers and essential contributors to the quality of life for the twenty-first century. I thank Kendall Haven for using his tremendous talent as a scholar and writer to tell the stories of these women and their dis- coveries. Molly Murphy MacGregor President and Cofounder National Women’s History Project www.nwhp.org Introduction Each time I ask students what makes a story fun to read, one of the first replies they offer is “adventure!” Thrilling stories of adventure makes reading, itself, an exciting adventure. But what is adventure? Dictionaries describe adventure as an unusual event or events that create excitement and danger. Facing a charging rhino in the wild is an adventure. Swinging by a vine across a river of molten lava is an adventure. Hacking your way across an uncharted jungle island is an adventure. But can ordinary science work be a thrilling adventure? Cer- tainly, science involves lots of careful, hard work and study. Cer- tainly reputable scientists try to take only carefully calculated risks and proceed to face dangerous moments only after as much study and preparation as possible. Many famous and productive scientists never face what we would call “adventures.” But many do. The process of doing many types of science work inherently
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