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Natural Resource Management Plan for the Greenville Watersheds Table Rock North Saluda

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Natural Resource Management Plan for the Greenville Watersheds Table Rock North Saluda Natural Resource Management Plan for the Greenville Watersheds Table Rock North Saluda Produced by The Nature Conservancy January 2014 Primary Authors: Kristen Austin Eric Krueger Southern Blue Ridge Project Director Director of Science and Stewardship 27 Cleveland Street, Suite 203 1417 Stuart Engals Boulevard, Suite 100 Greenville, SC 29601 Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464 Date of Analysis: 2012-2013 (864) 233-4988 [email protected] (843) 937-6607 [email protected] Date of Report: January 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Nature Conservancy would like to thank the Greenville Water Commissioners and staff for their support and generous contributions of their time during the development of this plan. We specifically want to thank the Greenville Water Commissioners including Deb Sofield (chair), Jim Bannister, Phillip Kilgore (vice chair), David Suddeth, and Mayor Knox White. Thank you to Greenville Water personnel including David Bereskin (CEO), Chad Burrell, Jerry Crisp, Murray Dodd, Carl Hallberg, Grady McCombs, Robert Nix, and K.C. Price. We would like to thank The Nature Conservancy staff who developed and supported this planning effort including Nicole Allan, Colette DeGarady, Tom Dooley, Sarah Hartman, Neil Jordan, and Katherine Medlock. There were a number of partners who were consulted during the development of this plan that we want to thank including Mary Bunch, Josh Kelly, Dr. Joseph D. Lanham, John Moore, Emily Purcell, and Dan Rankin. On behalf of The Nature Conservancy it was an honor and a privilege to produce this report about the Greenville Watersheds. They are exceptional lands and waters, which contribute to the diversity of the Southern Blue Ridge region. We are grateful to have been a part of this endeavor. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………. ................4 PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS……………………………………………………..………………….… .........6 GEOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 SOILS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 CLIMATE......................................................................................................................................................................9 AQUATIC RESOURCES OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS…………..………………………………………………………………..... 10 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……10 BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......12 ROAD MANAGEMENT.………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………..…..……...18 FOREST HYDROLOGY...………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………....……….……..19 SUMMARY……………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..………..…..22 FOREST AND VEGETATION RESOURCES OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS…………..………………………………………… .... 24 FOREST AND VEGETATION COMMUNITIES…………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………….…24 NON-FOREST VEGETATION COMMUNITIES…………………………….…………………………………………………………………….……..…….…26 INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..….29 INVASIVE AND NUISANCE ANIMALS………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………...……32 PESTS AND PATHOGENS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…..….33 PRESCRIBED FIRE MANAGEMENT ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………….………..…..34 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOREST AND VEGETATION RESOURCES ………………………….……………………………………………..……….….35 WILDLIFE RESOURCES OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS……………………………………………………………………………. ... 38 RESEARCH AND MONITORING…………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….…………..….38 HABITAT SUITABILITY……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……...38 SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….…….41 PROPERTY ACCESS OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS……….……………………………………………………………………… .... 42 PUBLIC ACCESS…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….…….42 RECREATION……………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…..…42 NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND MONITORING………………….………………………………………………………….………………..…….43 CULTURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND MONITORING………………….…………………………………………………………………….…………..44 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROPERTY ACCESS………..………………….……………………………………………………………………..…..………46 LAW ENFORCEMENT OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS…...……………………………………………………………………… ..... 47 BACKGROUND…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..….……..47 OPTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…..…..47 SUMMARY…………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………...…….47 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. ... 49 FIGURES FIGURE 1: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH FIGURE 2: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH FIGURE 3: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED TOPOGRAPHIC MAP FIGURE 4: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED TOPOGRAPHIC MAP FIGURE 5: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED GEOLOGY FIGURE 6: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED GEOLOGY FIGURE 7A: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED SOILS FIGURE 7B: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED SOIL HYDROLOGIC GROUP FIGURE 7C: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED SOIL EROSION HAZARD FIGURE 8A: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED SOILS FIGURE 8B: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED SOIL HYDROLOGIC GROUP FIGURE 8C: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED SOIL EROSION HAZARD FIGURE 9: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED ECOLOGICAL LAND UNITS FIGURE 10: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED ECOLOGICAL LAND UNITS FIGURE 11: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED FOREST TYPES FIGURE 12: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED FOREST TYPES FIGURE 13: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED HISTORIC FIRE REGIME FIGURE 14: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED HISTORIC FIRE REGIME FIGURE 15: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED INVASIVE SPECIES FIGURE 16: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED HEMLOCK DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 17: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED HEMLOCK DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 18: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED WATER SENSITIVITY INDEX FIGURE 19: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED WATER SENSITIVITY MODEL FIGURE 20: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED ROADS & TRAILS FIGURE 21: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED ROADS & TRAILS FIGURE 22: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED DISTANCE TO ROADS FIGURE 23: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED DISTANCE TO ROADS FIGURE 24: NORTH SALUDA WATERSHED CULTURAL FEATURES FIGURE 25: TABLE ROCK WATERSHED CULTURAL FEATURES APPENDICES APPENDIX A: CONSERVATION EASEMENT AND AMENDMENTS..…………………………………………………………….……1 - 24 APPENDIX B: PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS…………………………………………………………….…1 - 7 APPENDIX C: AQUATIC RESOURCES OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS………………………………………………………….1 - 7 APPENDIX D: FOREST AND VEGETATION RESOURCES OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS ………………………………..…1 - 24 APPENDIX E: WILDLIFE RESOURCES OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS……………………………………………………………1 - 2 APPENDIX F: PROPERTY ACCESS OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS………………………………………………………………. 1 - 8 APPENDIX G: LAW ENFORCEMENT OF THE GREENVILLE WATERSHEDS.……………………………………………………………1 - 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Greenville Water (GW) manages two properties totaling approximately 30,000 acres known as the Greenville Watersheds (the Watersheds) in the northwest corner of South Carolina. Table Rock Watershed is approximately 10,000 acres along the northern Greenville-Pickens county line; and the North Saluda Watershed is approximately 20,000 acres in northern Greenville County (Figures 1-4). These two properties are separated by ~15.5 air miles. Both Watersheds comprise all the land and stream tributaries that drain into their reservoirs. The Watersheds have supplied drinking water to the greater Greenville area since the 1930s when the Table Rock Reservoir at the Table Rock Watershed was constructed. In the 1950s the Poinsett Reservoir was constructed at the North Saluda Watershed to expand Greenville’s growing population’s need for water. In 1985, a third water source, Lake Keowee, was added as another water supply for the present and future growth of the region, but is not included as a subject of this report. Public access to the Watersheds is not allowed to protect the water security. GW granted a conservation easement to The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in 1993 to further preserve the conservation values of the properties (Conservation Easement and Amendments found in Appendix A). The Watersheds are true Southern Appalachian treasures, which provide mature hardwood forests and premium freshwater. Based on GW’s historical passive management policy for the Watersheds, minimal activity has occurred on the properties, along with limited assessment of the natural resources. To provide a more comprehensive stewardship approach, TNC was contracted in March 2012 to develop a natural resource management plan (the Plan) for the Table Rock and North Saluda Watersheds. This report describes the current condition of the properties and identifies management recommendations to maintain and enhance the water quality and overall health of the properties. The Plan components include: Aquatic Resources Forest and Vegetation Resources Wildlife Resources Property Access Law Enforcement Work began in May 2012 by a 5-person Nature Conservancy team providing expertise in aquatic ecology, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and forest management. Data was assembled through aerial flyover and field visits of the properties, research and GIS analysis, and expert interviews. The plan also builds upon the information provided in the Properties of the Table Rock and Poinsett Reservoirs- Their Future, also known as the “Green Book”, assembled in early 1992. Workshops were conducted with GW staff and Commissioners to develop a mission statement for the Watersheds and address property policy issues. TNC staff approached the plan development through a filter that was not guided by the conservation easement. Staff took an unbiased approach to analyze the properties and base recommendations on the best scientific
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