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Studija Naplate Zagušenja

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Studija Naplate Zagušenja Studija naplate zagušenja Congestion charging study Measure/WP : 3.2-ZAG Study of congestion charging and dialogue on pricing / WP3 Demand man- agement Zagreb, 4 studeni 2011. Sadržaj 1. UVOD ............................................................................................ 5 2. METODE UPRAVLJANJA PROMETNOM POTRAŽNJOM .......... 7 2.1. UPRAVLJANJE PROMETNOM POTRAŽNJOM NAPLATOM KORIŠTENJA CESTOVNE INFRASTRUKTURE ................................................................... 7 2.2. UPRAVLJANJE PROMETNOM POTRAŽNJOM FINANCIJSKIM POTICAJIMA, POREZIMA I GODIŠNJIM NAKNADAMA ......................................................... 9 2.3. UPRAVLJANJE PROMETNOM POTRAŽNJOM NAPLATOM PARKIRANJA ............ 9 2.4. UPRAVLJANJE PROMETNOM POTRAŽNJOM POTICANJEM ALTERNATIVNIH PRIJEVOZNIH MODALITETA ........................................................................ 9 3. CILJEVI ....................................................................................... 11 3.1. SMANJENJE ZAGUŠENJA ........................................................................ 11 3.2. PRAVEDNOST I DRUŠTVENA UKLJUČENOST .............................................. 12 3.3. ZAŠTITA OKOLIŠA .................................................................................. 12 3.4. STVARANJE PRIHODA ............................................................................. 13 3.5. EKONOMIJA ........................................................................................... 13 3.6. ZDRAVLJE ............................................................................................. 13 3.7. SIGURNOST ........................................................................................... 14 3.8. MEĐUGENERACIJSKA PRAVEDNOST ........................................................ 14 3.9. UGODNOST ZA ŽIVLJENJE ....................................................................... 14 4. DIZAJN SUSTAVA ...................................................................... 15 4.1. BITNI ZAHTJEVI ZA SVE SUSTAVE NAPLATE CESTARINE ............................. 15 4.1.1. Kako se ljudi suočavaju sa kompleksnostima sustava ? ...................................16 4.1.2. Zaključci o dizajnu sustava iz projekata CUPID i PROGRESS .........................16 4.2. KAKO SUSTAV MOŽE BITI DIZAJNIRAN ? ................................................... 17 4.2.1. Naplaćivanje kao dio cjelokupne urbane strategije ...........................................17 4.2.2. Kritični pristupi dizajnu područja naplate...........................................................17 5. ANALIZA MOGUĆIH TEHNIČKIH RJEŠENJA NAPLATE KORIŠTENJA CESTOVNE INFRASTRUKTURE U URBANIM SREDIŠTIMA ............................................................. 19 5.1. MODELI NEIZRAVNE NAPLATE KORIŠTENJA CESTOVNE INFRASTRUKTURE .. 19 5.2. MODELI IZRAVNE NAPLATE KORIŠTENJA CESTOVNE INFRASTRUKTURE ...... 19 5.3. ELEKTRONSKA NAPLATA KORIŠTENJA CESTOVNE INFRASTRUKTURE ......... 20 5.3.1. Aktivni elektronski sustavi naplate korištenja cestovne infrastrukture ...............20 5.3.2. Elektronska naplata korištenjem uređaja baziranih na komunikacijskom protokolu kratkog dometa (DSRC) ...................................................................20 5.3.3. Elektronska naplata korištenjem satelitske navigacije i radiokomunikacijske tehnologije........................................................................................................21 5.3.4. Pasivni sustavi naplate korištenja cestovne infrastrukture ................................23 5.4. KOMPARATIVNA ANALIZA PREDNOSTI I NEDOSTATAKA RAZLIČITIH SUSTAVA NAPLATE ................................................................................. 24 2 6. ANALIZA POSTOJEĆIH MODELA NAPLATE ZAGUŠENJA U EUROPSKIM GRADOVIMA .............................. 27 6.1. MODELI NAPLATE KORIŠTENJA CESTOVNE INFRASTRUKTURE U ITALIJI ...... 27 6.1.1. Model naplate korištenja cestovne infrastrukture u Milanu ...............................28 6.1.2. Model naplate korištenja cestovne infrastrukture u Bologni ..............................32 6.1.3. Model naplate korištenja cestovne infrastrukture u Firenzi ...............................34 6.2. MODEL NAPLATE KORIŠTENJA CESTOVNE INFRASTRUKTURE U NJEMAČKOJ .......................................................................................... 36 6.2.1. Ekološke zone ..................................................................................................36 6.2.2. Ekološka zona u Dortmundu ............................................................................40 6.2.3. Ekološka zona u Münchenu .............................................................................42 7. ZAŠTITA OKOLIŠA ..................................................................... 43 7.1. KOLIKI JE ZNAČAJ TEME ? ............................................................... 43 7.2. ŠTO ZNAMO O TEMI ? ....................................................................... 44 7.2.1. Smanjenje emisije stakleničnih plinova ............................................................44 7.2.2. Kvaliteta mjesnog zraka ...................................................................................45 7.2.3. Buka .................................................................................................................45 7.2.4. Kvaliteta grada - izgled grada i prikladnost za ljude ..........................................46 7.2.5. Promjena flote automobila ................................................................................46 7.2.6. Nova infrastruktura ...........................................................................................47 8. ISKUSTVA GRADOVA VEZANA UZ PRIHVATLJIVOST RJEŠENJA NAPLATE ZAGUŠENJA .......................................... 48 8.1. VAŽNOST PRIHVATLJIVOSTI .................................................................... 48 8.2. DEFINICIJA PRIHVATLJIVOSTI .................................................................. 48 9. ANALIZA POSTOJEĆEG PROMETNOG SUSTAVA U GRADU ZAGREBU ..................................................................... 50 9.1. CESTOVNI PROMET ................................................................................ 51 9.2. TRAMVAJSKI PROMET ............................................................................ 53 9.3. AUTOBUSNI PROMET .............................................................................. 54 9.4. ŽELJEZNIČKI PROMET ............................................................................ 54 9.5. TAKSI ................................................................................................... 57 9.6. PARKIRANJE .......................................................................................... 57 9.7. "PARK & RIDE" SUSTAV ......................................................................... 60 9.8. BICIKLISTIČKI PROMET ........................................................................... 61 9.9. PJEŠAČKA ZONA .................................................................................... 61 10. ANALIZA KVALITETE ZRAKA U GRADU ZAGREBU ............... 63 11. PRIJEDLOG IDEJNOG RJEŠENJA NAPLATE ZAGUŠENJA U GRADU ZAGREBU ........................................... 67 11.1. DEFINIRANJE ZONE ................................................................................ 67 11.2. DEFINIRANJE TARIFNOG SUSTAVA .......................................................... 70 11.3. OSOBNA VOZILA KOJA SU OSLOBOĐENA KUPNJE VINJETE......................... 73 12. PREDVIĐANJE UČINAKA NAPLATE ZAGUŠENJA .................. 74 13. ISTRAŽIVANJE PRIHVATLJIVOSTI ODABRANOG RJEŠENJA .................................................................................. 75 13.1. ANKETA O PRIHVATLJIVOSTI NAPLATE ZAGUŠENJA U 2009. GODINI ........... 75 3 13.2. ANKETA O PRIHVATLJIVOSTI NAPLATE ZAGUŠENJA OD STRANE POSLOVNIH SUBJEKATA U 2010. GODINI ................................................................... 77 13.3. ANKETA O PRIHVATLJIVOSTI NAPLATE ZAGUŠENJA U 2011. GODINI ........... 82 14. ZAKLJUČAK ............................................................................... 84 POPIS KRATICA .................................................................................. 87 LITERATURA ....................................................................................... 89 POPIS SLIKA ....................................................................................... 93 POPIS TABLICA .................................................................................. 95 4 1. UVOD Svrha izrade Studije naplate zagušenja je definiranje ciljeva naplate zagušenja, dizajna sustava i ispitivanje prihvatljivosti odabranog rješenja. Temeljni cilj Studije naplate zagušenja je u tome da sa predloženim rješenjem doprinese smanjenju zagušenja automobilskog prometa u centru Grada Zagreba i osigura održivi razvitak grada. Naplata zagušenja može se primjenjivati na nekoliko načina, koristeći fiksna mjesta naplate (potrebno zaustavljanje), na temelju dozvole za određeno područje tj. za vožnju unutar područja treba imati naljepnicu (vinjetu), prema području naplate gdje razlikujemo zonalnu naplatu, kordonsku i višekordonsku naplatu (osnovna razlika je što kod zonalne naplate kada se uđe u područje naplate moguće je više puta ulaziti i izlaziti iz zone s jednim plaćanjem, dok kod kordonske naplate svaki prolazak kroz zonu ili područje se naplaćiva, i naplatu temeljenu na vremenu ili na udaljenosti (naplata se temelji na udaljenosti koju vozilo pređe ili na vremenu koje vozilo provede na zagušenoj
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