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Host Plants of the Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa

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Host Plants of the Carpenter Bee, X y locopa brasilianorum L. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in P uerto Rico 1 George C. J ack son and Roy 0. Wood bury 2 ABSTRACT T he host plan ts of the carpenter bee, cigarr6n , X y locopa brasiliqno­ rum L., whose flo wers supply adult foods, nectar, and pollen, and whose woods are used as nesting sites are reported. More than ten year,; of observations and accumulated notes indicate t hat more t han 284 dicotyledonous and one monocotyledonous species (male ba mboo, Uen­ drocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees) are used for food . Of these 285 plants, 277 are reported for the first time for Puerto Rico. T hirteen species are used as nesting sites, with eight being first reports also. It is suggested that the carpenter bee inadverten t ly, directly or indirectly may be re­ sponsible for the pollination of 25 fruit and seed crops that are used as food by man in Puerto Rico. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to present some observations made on the biology of the carpenter bee, cigarr6n, X y locopa brasilianorum L. (Fig. 1) in Puerto R ico. It is hoped that this report on the host plan ts that serve as nesting sites and t heir f1 owers which provide adult food (nectar and pollen) will add to our knowledge of the habits of our single species of this widespread genus. It is also hoped that these additional data will stimulate research on this insect in the Caribbean Basin. Dr. Agustin Stahl (20), is credited with the first reporting of Xylocopi­ dea in Puerto R ico. In his collection of insular fauna, there were two specimens of X. m ario Fab., one male (Cat. No. 58- 97) and one female (Cat . No. 82- 99) . Gundlach (4) observed that the carpenter bee is very common in Puerto Rico, as it is in Cuba . He also noted t he color differentiation between males (yellow) and females (black), and men­ tioned their wood nesting habits. Wolcott (21) lists the Puerto Rico species as X. brasilianorum L., based on determinations by S. A. Rhower, indicating that X . moria Fab. and X . aenip ennis L. are synonyms to X. brasilianorum L. H e further reports adults nesting in dead trunks of ' Manu script submitted to the Editoria l Board, October 2, 1975. P arts of this paper were presented at the Annual Meeting of t he Sociedad Puertorriq ueiia de Ciencias Agrico­ las, Mayagiiez Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Mayagiiez, P R. October 17. 1973 . ' Associate Horticultur ist and Plant T axonomist, Agricultural Experiment Station, respectively, Mayagl.iez Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Rio P iedras, P.R. 640 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF UI'J !V ERSITY OF PUERTO RICO FIG. 1. - T he Carpenter Bee Xylocopa brasllianurum L. on flo wer of the whi te clock­ vine, Thunbergia grandifl ora Roxb. 'Alba'. Insect 1.6 x (Photo G. C. Jackson.) hibiscus, H ibiscus sp. at Rfo P iedras (24), and in fence posts at fi ve different geographic locations (21, 22) . Martorell (16) relat es on those insects nesting in dead trunks and branches of the tall albizia, Albizia proccra (Will d.) Benth., Ficus trigonata L. (F. stahlii Warb.) and West Indian mahogany, Su·irtenia m ahagoni Jacq. in Puerto Rico. Wolcott (23, 24) and Ramos (19) report that this insect is abundant on Mona Island, and that they n:::st in Ficus trigonata L. (19) there. X. brasili­ anorum L. frequents many kinds of flo wers ( 16, 24), and has been de­ scribed specifically on Lantana sp.; sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. at Vega Alta and hibiscus, H ibiscus sp. at Rio P iedras by Wolcott (22, 23, 24). The first re port from P uerto Ri co suggesting the pollinating activity of X. brasilianorum L. was made by Martin et a!. (15), working wi th Mexican species of Dioscorea . Jackson and Bauza (5) demonstrated that the carpenter bee is a pollinator of the tropical nut, Lecythis elliptica Kunth. Barnes and Freyre (1) stated that this insect pollinates Tephrosia uogelii H ook. f. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was started before January 1964, as a n accumulative list. From t he start, carpenter bees have been observed at all seasons of the year and in practically all of our geoclimatological regions. HOST PLAO'ITS OF THE CARPENTER BEE 641 Flowering plants utilized by this insect as a food source have been noted as to genera, species, and location, only after absolute certainty of food collecting activity had been made. Common English (2, 7, 11, 12) and/or Spanish plant names (2, 11, 12, 18), when known, have been in­ cluded. Location of the first observed feeding site is also listed. The taxonomic nomenclature of Britton and Wilson (2), as revised by Liogier (9, 10) is used. Nests were not coll ected but only recorded as to genera and species of plant material, after t heir occupation by the carpenter bee was positive. RESULTS GRAMINEA: BACIFFERAE Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees. Myinwa flower, male bamboo, bambu, at Rio Piedras. PAL MAE Caryota mitis Lour. T ufted fish -tail-palm, at Santurce. Coccothrinax alta Beccari. (C. argentea Lodd.) (Sargent), Puerto Rican silver-palm, palma plateada, at Florida. Cocos nucifera L. Coconut palm , palma de coco, at Santurce. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl. Yellow butterfly- palm. palma dorada, areca, at Santurce. Gaussia attenuata (Cook) Beccari. Puerto Rican Llume-palm, Burne, at Vega Baja. Hyophorbe verschaffeltii Wend!. Spindle-palm, at Rio Piedras. Livistonia chinensis R. Br. Chinese-fan- palm, palma de borb6n, at Rio Piedras. Phoenix canariensis Chabaud. Canary Island date palm, datil, at Rio Piedras. P. dactylifera L. Date palm, datil, at Ponce. P. reclinata Jacq. Cluster date palm, datil, at Rfo P iedras. P. roebelinii O'Brien. Dwarf date palm, datil, at Rio Piedras. Prestoea montana (R. Grah.) N ichols. (Euterpe globosa Gaertn.), Mountain-palm, palma de sierra. at T aro Negro Mts. 642 .J O URNAL O F AGRICULT LRE OF UN IVERSITY OF PUERTO RI CO Pritchardia pacifica Seem & Wendt. F iji Isla nd fan-palm, palma de jardfn, at Santurce. P. thurstonii. T hurstons pritchard-palm, at Santurce. Roystonea borinquena 0 . F. Cook. Roya l-pal m , palma real, at Fortuna. R. regia (Kunth) 0 . F. Cook. Cuban royal- palm, palma real cubana, at R io P iedras. Sabal causiarum (Coo k) Beccari. P uerto Rican hat-palm, palma de sombrero, a t Isa bela. Thrinax microcarpa Sarg. Broom-palm, palma de escoba, at l'unce. Washingtonia robusta Wend!. Washi ngton-palm, j.JJ. lma del desierto, at Rio Piedras. AM ARY LLIDACEA F. Agave missionum T ret. Century-plant, corita, at Juana Diaz. A. sisalana Perrine. Sisal agave, maguey, at Guanica. Aloe vulgaris La m. M editerranean aloe, sabila, at La P araguera. Furcraea tuberosa Ait. f. Maguey criollo, female karata, at Salinas. Hymenocallis americana Roem. Lirio blanco, American hymenocallis, at Dorado. Sansevieria laurenti Congo snake, sansevieria, at R io P iedras. S milax coriacea Spreng. Green-brier, bejuco de membrillo, at T ortugero. DIOSCO REACEAE Dioscorea composita H ems!. (15) Dioscorea, at M ayagi.i ez . D. floribunda Mart. & Gal. (15) D ioscorea, a t M ayagi.iez. D. spiculiflora Hemsl. (15 ) Dioscorea, at Mayagliez. HAE MODORACEAE Xiphidium coeruleum Aub l. Mano de mono , at Rio Piedras. HOST PLANTS OF THE CARPENTER BEE 643 ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia speciosa (Wend!.) K. Schum. (Languas speciosa Small), Shell -flower, boca de dragon, at Corozal. Costus macrostrobilus K. Schum. Spiral-f1ag costus, cafia india, at Luquillo mountains. Hedychium coronarium Koenig. Common ginger-lily, nardo, at Luquillo mountains. Renealmia aromatica (Aubl. ) Griseb. (Alpinia aromatica Aubl.) , Aromatic galingal, bihao, at El Verde. R. exaltata L. f. (Alpinia exaltata R. & S. ), Jengibre de jardin, at Bayam6n. Thalia geniculata L. Thalia, pampano, at Arecibo. ORCHIDACEAE Epidendrum ciliare L. (Auliza ciliaris Salisb.), Birds-in-flight, dama de noche, at Guay­ nabo. Vanda ("Miss Agnes Joaquim" Hookeriana Reichb.f. x V. teres Lind!. Yanda, orquidea vanda, at Guaynabo. POLYGONACEAE Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Mountainrose coral-vine, coralina, at Isabela. A. guatemalense Meisn. (A. macrocarpon Britt. & Wil.) , white coral-vine, coralina blanca, at Rio Piedras. Coccoloba costata Wr. x Sauv. (Co ccolobis rupicola Urban), at Vega Baja. C. diversifolia Jacq. ( Coc colobis laurifolia Jacq.), Mixleaf seagrape, uvilla, at Bayam6n C. Krugii Lindau . Krug's seagrape, at Guanica. C. microstachya Willd. (Coccolobis obtusifolia Jacq.), Puckhout, uvillo, at Guanica. C. pirifolia Desf. At Florida. C. pubescens L. ( Coc colobis grandifolia Jacq.), Grandleaf seagrape, moral6n, at Florida. 644 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO C. rugosa Desf. Ortegon, at Guayanes. C. Sintenisii Urban. Uvero de monte, at Susua forest. C. swartzi Meisn.f. urbaniana (Lind!. ) Howard. ( Cocc olobis borinquensis Britt.), Ortegon, at Carite. C. uvifera (L.) Jacq. Common seagrape, uva de mar, at Santurce. C. venosa L. Chiggery-grape, calambreiia, at Fajardo. Triplaris caracasana Cham. Ant-tree, triplaris, at Rio Piedras. NYCTAGINACEAE Boerhaavia scandens L. Pega-pollo, at Guanica. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Brazil bougainvill a, trinitaria, at Ponce. Guapira discolor (Spre ng. ) Little. Barrehorno, at Desecheo. G. fragrans (Dum.-Cours.) Black mampoo, corcho, at Guayama. Mirabilas jalapa L. Common four o'clock, siciliana, at Mayagi.ie z. Pisonia aculeata L. Devil's-claw pisonia, escambr6n, at Bayam6n. P. albida (Heimerl. ) Britton. Loblolly, palo bobo, at Guimica. P. helleri Standley. Hold-me-back, escambr6n, at Sabana Hoyos. P. subcordata Sw. Loblolly, palo bobo, at Ramsey. BASELLACEAE Anredera leptostachys (Moq.) Steen. (Boussingaultia lep tostachys Moq.), Madeira-vine, suelda-con­ suelda, at Guayama. MENISPERMACEAE Cissampelos pareira L. Velvet-leaf, bejuco de mono, at Ft. Buchanan. HOST PLANTS OF THE CARPENTER BEE 645 MAGNOLIACEAE l)lagnolia grandiflora L.
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    TAXON 57 (4) • November 2008: 1159–1181 Olmstead & al. • Molecular phylogeny of Solanaceae MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae Richard G. Olmstead1*, Lynn Bohs2, Hala Abdel Migid1,3, Eugenio Santiago-Valentin1,4, Vicente F. Garcia1,5 & Sarah M. Collier1,6 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. *olmstead@ u.washington.edu (author for correspondence) 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. 3 Present address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 4 Present address: Jardin Botanico de Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Apartado Postal 364984, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico 5 Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. 6 Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. A phylogeny of Solanaceae is presented based on the chloroplast DNA regions ndhF and trnLF. With 89 genera and 190 species included, this represents a nearly comprehensive genus-level sampling and provides a framework phylogeny for the entire family that helps integrate many previously-published phylogenetic studies within So- lanaceae. The four genera comprising the family Goetzeaceae and the monotypic families Duckeodendraceae, Nolanaceae, and Sclerophylaceae, often recognized in traditional classifications, are shown to be included in Solanaceae. The current results corroborate previous studies that identify a monophyletic subfamily Solanoideae and the more inclusive “x = 12” clade, which includes Nicotiana and the Australian tribe Anthocercideae. These results also provide greater resolution among lineages within Solanoideae, confirming Jaltomata as sister to Solanum and identifying a clade comprised primarily of tribes Capsiceae (Capsicum and Lycianthes) and Physaleae.
  • Costa Rica, (Spanish for 'Rich Coast') a Land of Lush Rainforests, Giant Sea Turtles, Tropical Birds, and Rugged Mountain Chains

    Costa Rica, (Spanish for 'Rich Coast') a Land of Lush Rainforests, Giant Sea Turtles, Tropical Birds, and Rugged Mountain Chains

    Welcome to Costa Rica, (Spanish for 'rich coast') a land of lush rainforests, giant sea turtles, tropical birds, and rugged mountain chains. With 800 miles of coastline of varied terrain, Costa Rica lives up to its name. Costa Rica is small country in Central America. It is bordered by Nicaragua to the north and Panama to the south. The Caribbean Sea is to the east and the Pacific Ocean is to the west. There are two major mountain ranges in the country: the Cordillera Volcanica and the Cordillera de Talamanca. As in many other Central American countries, Costa Rica suffers from occasional volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve is the largest cloud forest in Central America. Costa Rica is home to over 2,000 species of trees and 9,000 different kinds of flowering plants. There are over 200 species of reptiles, the majority of which are snakes. There are many brightly coloured toads and frogs, including the poison arrow frog. The country is also home to hundreds of mammals including bats, and insects, such as vibrant butterflies and leaf-cutter ants. Birdwatchers may get a glimpse of the endangered colourful quetzal bird, blue- footed booby bird, scarlet macaw, and toucans. The national flower is the orchid. There are over 1,200 species of orchids in Costa Rica. Family is very important in Costa Rica. Children often live with their families until they are married. Leisure is treasured above work in Costa Rica. While work is necessary to earn a living, Ticos, as Costa Ricans call themselves, believe people should enjoy their lives.