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The Effect of Migration and Settlement Patterns on The Page 1 of 13 THE EFFECT OF MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECT : A CASE STUDY Dusadee Aryuwatana Social forestry Research Project Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Khon Kaen University PREFACE The relationships between rural-rural migration and encroachment on reserved forest areas illustrate one set of social forces affection deforestation in Northeast Thailand. Documentation of this process provides important background for understanding the social fabric of forest communities. How this may affect village response to land allocation procedures. And acceptance of the activities of the Social forestry Research Project. This report describes Thai process for one village in the Dong Lan reserved forest in Khon Kaen province where the SFRP is working with local people to promote reforestation of degraded areas and create community-based resource management programs. The Social Forestry Research Project Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Khon Kaen University Thailand April 1992 Page 2 of 13 THE EFFECT OF MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SOCIAL FORESTRY PROJECT * I. INTRODUCTION : The Significance of the Social Forestry Project Deforestation is a major problem in Thailand. One of the major causes for the rapid rate of deforestation in Thailand is the expansion of permanent cultivation into forest reserves Underlying this expansion has been a high rate of population growth, low agricultural productivity, poor soil, and erratic rainfall (Subhadhira et al., 1987). The shortage of arable land has created a pattern of long-distance, repeated migrations. Recognition of the need to preserve watersheds by maintaining land under forest led the This government to pass legislation in 1964 creating forest reserves. Large areas of forest reserve land have been encroached upon by loggers and farmers in search of land (TDRI, 1987). Approximately half of Thailand’s cultivated area is without title, and about half of this is classed by the RFD as degraded forest reserve (NESDB, 1987:112). More than one million families are in the tenuous situation of relying for their livelihood on illegally occupied land (RFD, 1987; Fedal et al., 1988). The Social structure of these agricultural villages inside the reserved forest is unusual for Thailand, and has caused problems for reforestation efforts in the past. In general, the goals of social forestry are achieved though the people’s active participation. Activities are planned, implemented, monitored, and assessed by the people. Social forestry aims to achieve the following goals: land productivity, technological sustainability, ecological stability and social equity, with the last on top of the hierarchy. Thailand has achieved some encouraging, though limited, success in setting up a social forestry project with the two main objectives of (1) maintaining productivity though the conservation of natural ecosystems, and (2) uplifting the standard of living of rural people though increased employment and incomes. In October 1989 the Social Forestry Project (SFRP-KKU-Ford) first entered the village, but The RFD had announced a land allocation before. They planned to reduce landholdings to 15 rai, giving any land over this amount to landless households in the village. This announcement created conflict in the village between the foresters and the villagers with landholding over 15 rai. As a result. The announced land allocation was not made. The announcement also caused conflicts between villagers with large landholdings and those with little or no land. This case study examines the differences between these two groups of villagers in order to understand how migration and settlement patterns affected villagers’ response to the land allocation and acceptance of Social Forestry Project activities II. SETTLEMENT HISTORY A. General Background The forest margin village of Huai Muang lies inside the Dong Lan reserved forest on reserved forest land since 1964. These forest areas are in the upper watershed of the Choren River in the Western Hill Mountain and Highland, a regional sub-system in northeast Thailand. The area is dominated by uplands. The Dong Land forest is primarily a dry dipterocarp forest with some dry evergreen at higher elevations. The common tree species found within the forest are : Pradoo (Pterocarpus macrocarpus), Tabak (Lagerstroemia spp.), Daeng (Xylia kerii), and Ching Chan (Dalbergia oliveri). Page 3 of 13 Huai Muang village, the study area, is roughly 2,740 rai (438.4 ha.) in area and has 347 households. The village was settled completely by migrants from other areas, in search of agricultural lands. It is Located 120 kilometers west of Khon Kaen city in Phu Phamarn district which is a relatively new administrative division of Khon Kaen province. This village can be reached by mini-buses from Chum Pae district center, the nearest urbanized district of Khon Kaen, by a graveled road. The cost for a one way trip to Chum Pae is 10 baht ($.40) per person. Most of the villagers are farmers growing rice and some other field crop such as maize, soy bean, and sugar cane. (See Figure 1). After harvesting, some households work as wage laborers outside the village, and some depend on forest product utilization. Most of the area is rolling uplands sloping down from the north to the south of village. There are two ‘Huai’ small streams’ Huai Muang on the north and Huai Sor on the south of the village. Huai Muang stream was barricaded for a small reservoir by the Irrigation Department in 1989. (See Figure 1). There are paddy fields near the streams. Precipitation in the study area is between 1,100 and 1,200 mm per year. Irregularity is a major feature of the rainfall regime in the northeast and that applies to this area as well. Sources of village water supply are six wells. Social services consist of a primary school and two Buddhist temples (wat). For higher primary schools, children must travel to Phu Phamarn or Chum Pae district. The health care center is a sub-unit of Phu Phamarn district hospital. Huai Muang village was officially divided into two villages, Huai Muang and Non Sa’ ard, in June 1989. In this paper, Huai Muang is considered as the unit of analysis to include Non Sa’ ard. B Migration Pattern The pattern of migration in the village has been divided into four time periods: (See Figure 2) . Group I: The migrants in this group came to the village before 1975. There were two groups. One came from neighboring villages such as the three households of Pa Kuai and Wang Yao villages. Their purpose was to claim forest land for agricultural crops and grazing. They used to graze in this area before they settled here. The other group, three households, came from the provinces in the central part of the country in 1968, because they wanted land for maize cultivation. In 1964, the forest became set for a national reserved forest. Some families came before this. All of them have left the village, having sold their land to Group II. Group II: In 1975-1977, migrants came from the rural areas of other provinces in the northeast: Chum Pae, Phon, Phu Wiang districts of Khon Kaen: Kawn San district of Chaiyaphum: Phu Kradung of Loei; and Nong Bua Lumphu and Na Klang districts of Udomthani. The migration pattern is rural to rural and interprovince migration. In 1975, a group of seventeen households came to the village, and ten to twenty more households came in each following year. Their purpose was to encroach reserved forest land because this area was cleared by logging in 1972. They heard that land in this area was abundant. Some households bought their land from the first group of migrants. Some had migrated more than four times before Some also owned and farmed land in their hometown and returned there each planting and harvesting season. Group III: There were most migrants in 1978-1981. They migrated from farther away than the second group of migmts. They were from Kranuan district of Khon Kaen, Nong Kung Si district of Kalasin and Phon Sai district of Roi-Et. They migrated because of the division of land-- they inherited too little land, and they came from dry areas. They claimed land far from the village and near the forest, where the soil was poor. Some bought land from the second group at high prices. There were thirty to forty households of migrants each year during this period. At that time, the village was crowded and forested areas were being cleared by the migrants Group IV: The fourth group migrated to the village from 1982 to the present. Few households (less than thirty) came to the village in this period, and they were not able to get much land First, there was little land left that was not too hilly for cultivation Second, the Headquarters of the Royal Forestry Department, the 5th Dong Lan, was set up in Huai Muang in 1989, and this stopped most encroachment of the reserved forest. At least one household from group II sold their land in preparation for the land allocation announced by the RFD (but later changed their mind and stayed). At the same time, Group IV households moved to the village in expectation of receiving land from the RFD land allocation. There were three to five households of new migrants each year. Ten of these households are landless. Most of them leave the village seasonally, and Page 4 of 13 work as laborers in the sugar cane fields near Bangkok. To sum up, (1) the pattern of immigration to the village is dominantly from outside the provinces: almost two- thirds of all households in the village have come from outside the province (inter-province migrants). The migrants’ district of origin are Concentrated in central northeast Thailand ; (2) most migrants came to the village in 1975-1981 (GroupII-Ill); (3) the villagers came from eleven different districts.
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