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Migrant Scots in a British City: Toronto's Scottish Community, 1881-1911

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Migrant Scots in a British City: Toronto's Scottish Community, 1881-1911 MIGRANT SCOTS IN A BRITISH CITY: TORONTO'S SCOTTISH COMMUNITY, 1881-1911 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies Of The University of Guelph by ANDREW HINSON In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August, 2010 ©Andrew Hinson, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-67851-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-67851-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada ABSTRACT MIGRANT SCOTS IN A BRITISH CITY: TORONTO'S SCOTTISH COMMUNITY, 1881-1911 Andrew Hinson Advisor: University of Guelph, 2010 Graeme Morton This thesis is an investigation Toronto's Scottish community in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Often recognised as one of Canada's most British cities, little consideration has been given to the 'sub' ethnicities of Toronto's British population. Focussing on the city's Scots, this research challenges the perception that a strong British identity equated to ethnic homogeneity. Using the 1881 Canadian census to provide an overview of the city's Scottish community, distinctions can be made between them and the city's other British residents. While often thought to have occupied positions of power and influence, it is shown that Scots could be found in a wide variety of occupational positions, existing across all social groups. Looking at those immigrants who arrived subsequent to this, the 1911 census has been used to build a database of Scottish immigrants who are analysed as to why they specifically chose Toronto as an immigrant destination. That there existed such a strong migration channel between Scotland and Toronto is concluded to have been a consequence of the former's diverse workforce and that latter's diverse economy, facilitated by earlier waves of immigrants who enabled communication between Toronto and Scotland but also established an extensive associational culture to help meet the needs of the city's Scottish community. Examination of several Scottish clubs and societies show that they fulfilled a wide variety of functions, while also giving insight into the highly stratified nature of the Scottish population. Although they were able to come together when the needs of the Scottish community arose, more so than any organization it was however the Presbyterian Church which was most central to the community. Presbyterianism as identified through the census more than any other factor distinguished the Scots from any other ethnic group living in the city, and it was through this transplanted institution that Scots were able to retain a distinct sense of identity in their new Canadian home. Acknowledgements: I am very grateful to the many people who have assisted me in my completion of this thesis. In particular I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Graeme Morton, whose guidance from start to finish has been invaluable, and whose ability to read draft after draft while performing his many other duties is highly appreciated. I have also greatly benefitted from the thorough critique offered by Professor Douglas McCalla and appreciate the input from Dr. Robert Kristofferson. Beyond my advisory committee I have also received considerable support. Stuart Macdonald has been very attentive in responding to my e-mails and I appreciate him taking time out of his schedule to discuss certain aspects of this project. The staff at the Archives of Ontario, the United Church Archives, and particularly Kim Arnold and Bob Anger from the Presbyterian Church in Canada Archives have also all been very helpful. Much of my research has involved working with large data sets which I could not have done nearly as effectively without the assistance of the University of Guelph Data Resource Centre staff. Michelle Edwards and Lucia Constanzo have guided me through the "challenges" of SPSS, while Jennifer Marvin, Dianna Hewitt, Teresa Lewitzky, and Quin Shirk-Luckett have all spent considerable time assisting me with the complexities of GIS. Finally I would like to thank my family. The demands of focussing on a single project for several years are considerable and I could not have done this without their support. Without knowing it, Meghan, Aaron and Colette have allowed me to retain a much needed sense of perspective and at times a welcome distraction from this project. However, for her sacrifices and unwavering support, it is to Clare that this thesis is dedicated. i Table of Contents List of Tables iii List of Illustrations and Maps v Introduction 1 1. Toronto Scots in the 1881 Census 39 2. Immigration 1881-1911 89 3. Toronto's Scottish Associational Matrix 156 4. The Development of Scottish Associational Culture in Toronto 194 5. The Presbyterian Church in Toronto 227 Conclusion 253 Appendix 1: Variables in the NAPP 1881 Canadian census database 262 Appendix 2: Occupational Classification 263 Appendix 3: Detailed cost of living enquiry breakdown of wages 267 Appendix 4: Detailed cost of living enquiry breakdown of working hours 270 Appendix 5. Meetings of Scottish Societies in Toronto, November 1908 - January 1909 273 Bibliography 275 n List of Tables Page 1.1 Breakdown of Scots in Toronto by Age, 1881 56 1.2 Occupational Breakdown of Scots in Toronto, 1881 and Montreal, 1861 61 1.3 Males Scots in Toronto by occupational classification, 1881 64 1.4 Sectoral breakdown of male workforce in Scotland, 1881 65 1.5 Top twenty occupations among Scots in Toronto, 1881 69 1.6 Scottish female workers in Toronto by age and marital status, 1881 73 1.7 Breakdown of Scottish female workforce in Toronto by occupational classification, 1881 74 1.8 Sectoral breakdown of female workforce in Scotland, 1881 75 1.9 Leading occupations of female Scots in Toronto, 1881 76 1.10 Comparison of religious adherence of Scots and non-Scots in Toronto, 1881 83 1.11 Religious adherence of Scots in Toronto, 1881 84 2.1 Comparison of figures for Scottish immigration to Canada, 1897-1902 93 2.2 County of origin of Scottish immigrants to Canada in 1902 96 2.3 Comparison of ages of Scottish emigration, 1861-1911 with Scottish immigrants in Toronto, 1881-1911 102 2.4 Country of birth of spouses of married Scots in Toronto in 1911, excluding those who immigrated in the same year 104 2.5 Ethnic origin of Canadians married to Scottish immigrants in Toronto, 1911 104 2.6 Extended family dynamics of Scottish immigrants living in Toronto, 1911 105 2.7 Religious breakdown of Scottish immigrants living in Toronto, 1911 111 2.8 Comparison of occupational levels among Scottish male immigrants in Toronto in 1881 and 1911 115 2.9 Breakdown of occupational levels among male immigrants in Toronto by decade of immigration, 1881-1901 116 2.10 Breakdown of occupational levels among Scottish male immigrants in Toronto by age range, 1911 118 2.11 Occupations in which twenty or more Scottish male immigrants were employed in Toronto, 1911 120 2.12 Comparison of occupational levels among Scottish female immigrants in Toronto in 1881 and 1911 121 2.13 Breakdown of occupational levels among female immigrants in Toronto in 1911 by decade of immigration 123 2.14 Breakdown of occupational levels among Scottish female immigrants in Toronto by age range, 1911 124 2.15 Marital status of Scottish female immigrants by occupational status in Toronto, 1911 125 2.16 Occupations in which ten or more Scottish female immigrants living in Toronto in 1911 were employed 126 2.17 Index numbers of rate of wages, Canada, 1900-1913 135 2.18 Average incomes by occupational classification of Scottish immigrants living in Toronto in 1911 139 2.19 Income data for all occupations in which Twenty or more Scottish male immigrants were employed in Toronto, 1911 141 in 2.20 Hourly rate data of occupations with Five or more valid entries among Scottish immigrants in Toronto, 1911 145 2.21 Comparison of UK and Canadian week budget at retail prices in 1912 148 2.22 Comparison of predominant weekly wages in UK, US and Toronto in early twentieth century 150 3.1 Comparison of insurance rates offered by Order of Scottish Clans and Sons of Scotland Benevolent Association, 1890 164 3.2 Membership of individual Sons of Scotland camps in Toronto, selected years 185 5.1 Ethnic origin of church sessions and boards of management of Toronto Presbyterian churches in 1900 237 5.2 Occupational profile of Toronto Scots compared to members of St.
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