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International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities ISSN 2277 – 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) An Internationally Indexed Peer Reviewed & Refereed Journal Shri Param Hans Education & Research Foundation Trust www.IRJMSH.com www.SPHERT.org Published by iSaRa Solutions IRJMSH YEAR [2013] Volume 4 Issue 1 online ISSN 2277 – 9809 Historical Backdrop and Cultural life of the Mizo Ethnic Tribe Paresh Adhikari Ph.D. Scholar in Department of Economics CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya Abstract : Really speaking the Mizo people are an ethnic group native to north-eastern India, western Burma and eastern Bangladesh who speak any of various Kukish languages. The present Indian state of Mizoram was called the Lushai Hills and was a district of Assam, before it became a Union Territory and afterwards a full-fledged state. The Lusei people were the first Mizo people to have an external exposure and hence the ethnicity was initially known as the Lushai people. The demand for a distinct political territory for the people of Lushai Hills resulted in the creation of a separate Union Territory and afterwards the State of Mizoram. In this struggle, one of the powerful factors was the movement to call themselves Mizo, rather than by distinct clan names such as Paite, Lushei, Ralte, Gangte, Mara, Pawi, Hmar etc. Their languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman, their brethren are the Chins in the adjacent Chin State of Burma, as well as those of the Kukis. Important that the variegated cultural fiestas of Mizoram reflects the quintessential lifestyle and traditional heritage of the inhabitants of the Mizoram, popularly known as the 'Songbird of the North east'. The people of Mizoram are collectively known as the Mizo. The term Mizo can be bifurcated into 'Mi' meaning people and 'Zo' that signifies the hill. Thus the very nomenclature of the tribal community illustrates the fact that they hail from the highland. Key Words : Ethnic, Lushai Hills, Mizo, Religion, Traditional. Introduction : Mizo people are a part of the great waves of the Mongoloid races spilling over into the eastern and southern India from Tibet and Yunnan province in the 18th century. Their sojourn in western Burma, into which they eventually drifted around the 7th century, lasted about ten centuries. Mizo people came under the influence of the British missionaries in the 19th century. The spread of education by Christian missionaries led to the high percentage of 91.58% literacy. Mizoram ethnicity comprises of a variety of social elements like the different tribal groups, religions, rituals and festivals. The people of this region have kept alive their age-old socio- cultural lineage. Their colorful and bright clothes and traditional customs are still in use at this hilly part of India. One of the fascinating aspects of Mizoram ethnicity is their ethical code. The International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities Page 257 http:www.irjmsh.com IRJMSH YEAR [2013] Volume 4 Issue 1 online ISSN 2277 – 9809 highlight of the ethical code of the Mizos is the tlawmngaihna. This local term highlights that each person who belongs to this place is cordial, helpful, soft-hearted and sociable. The people of Mizoram are very proud of their cultural legacy and go great lengths to preserve it despite considerable foreign intrusion. With changing times, Mizoram too is moving towards modernization but the state government has ensured that every bucolic hamlet in the state, irrespective of its remote location, is endowed with an YMA (Young Mizo Association). This body has been designed with the sole aim to leave a distinct tincture of the traditional societal values and customs among the state's youth. This is highlighted in the state's cultural extravaganzas and numerous fairs and festivals and music and dance that have been passed down through the generations. Though the concept Mizo is often used to name a nation, it is rather an umbrella term to denote the various clans, such as Pawi, Mara etc. Statement of the Problem : Despite tremendous changes of time, the Mizo ethnic tribe have been able to maintain their old traditions, religious beliefs and practices intact in the midst of various socio-political trails through the decades. Aims and Objectives : The objective of this paper is to study the historical backdrop and the impact of cultural life on Mizo society. Significance of the Study : 1. The study is significant to know about the historical backdrop of the Mizo community. 2. This study is significant for social study because this research is one of the few studies undertaken which gives a new way to look at Mizo cultural life. Hypothesis : It is hypothesized that cultural life brought social changes among the Mizo ethnic tribe. Methodology adopted in the Study Area : The paper is mainly based on descriptive research. Need base secondary data is collected from published books and unpublished thesis and journals, souvenir, pamphlets, magazines, internet etc. Libraries are visited for the purpose. Historical Perspective : During the later part of the British regime, the people in Lushai Hills as well as in Manipur hills felt that the British administration was trying to highlight the policy of control through the Chiefs of the community. There were variegated movements against the British rule as a result, an anti- Chief movement gained ground and in 1946, a political party named Mizo Common Peoples' Union (MCPU) was formed. In the event of India being independent, the Mizo Union, formerly known as Mizo Common Peoples' Union declared that Mizoram should be with Assam rather than adjoined with Burma, which the pro-Chief party advocated. International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities Page 258 http:www.irjmsh.com IRJMSH YEAR [2013] Volume 4 Issue 1 online ISSN 2277 – 9809 With the independence of India, the secessionist group in MCPU favored joining with Burma. The separation of India from Burma in the year 1937, the partition of India in 1947 and the administrative extension over the Indian part of the area negatively impacted the free mobility of the inhabitants, despite the existing rules that allowed free cross-over across India-Burma and India-East Pakistan (now India-Bangladesh) international border. Religious Identity : Important those, a great majority of ethnic Mizo peoples are Christians. The major Christian denominations are Presbyterian (majority), Baptist, The Salvation Army, Lairam Jesus Christ Baptist Church (LIKBK) Seventh-day Adventist, Evangelical Church of Maraland (ECM), Congregational Church of India (Maraland) in the southern district of Saiha, Roman Catholic and Pentecostal. In recent generations small groups of Mizo have claimed themselves as Jews; see Bnei Menashe. Traditional Mizo gatherings are planned according to the agricultural calendar. Mim Kut, Chapchar Kut and Pawl Kut are festivals which are celebrated with aplomb and signify the onset or the offset of the harvesting season. Social Impact : The multi-ethnic and pluralistic state of Mizoram exhibits a co-existence of different communities, such as the Mizo (majority) (Lusei, Gangte, Pawi, Lakher, or Mara), the Riang (Mizo: Tuikuk), and the Chakma. Lai : With the promulgation of the Indian Constitution as a Sovereign Democratic Republic in 1953, the Lai people of Southern part of Mizoram have been given constitutional safeguards by granting them an Autonomous District Council under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India. Lawngtlai was created as the Headquarters of Lai Autonomous District Council. Their language has been maintained in the community and even in their education. Maintenance of language as a symbol of identity has been inculcated up to Middle school standard. The Lai Autonomous District Council managed their education from Primary to Middle stage in which the state government has no control and interference. For the expansion point of Christianity, education spread and molded their social life. Lai people speak both Lai and Mizo language. Mara : Mara, formerly known as Lakher, is the predominant community of the southeastern district of Saiha. The demand for a separate Lakher hills district in 1945 led to the formation of an organized political party called Mara Freedom Party. An autonomous district council, Mara Autonomous District Council under the Sixth Schedule Amendment of Indian Constitution was given to them. Their struggle for identity, having passed through several politico-historical events, now plays an important part in the political arena. Their maintenance of language as a symbol of identity has been supported by their education. For the expansion point of Christianity, education spread and molded their social life. Important that, Mara people have a native– like understanding of Mizo language. International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities Page 259 http:www.irjmsh.com IRJMSH YEAR [2013] Volume 4 Issue 1 online ISSN 2277 – 9809 Political, Linguistic and Economic Arena : Consequent to Indian independence, the democratic change in administrative set-up of Mizoram led to an anti-Chief movement. The agitation brought forward the general mass feeling against the autocratic Chiefs and support for the Mizo Union. In 1955, the demand regarding the formation of a separate hills state was put forward in a meeting of representatives of various Mizo villages held in Aizawl, due to the feeling that the involvement of the Assam Government during the mautam famine was unsatisfactory. The introduction of Assamese as the official language of Assam in 1960 led to the protest against the Official Language Act of 1961. Pu Laldenga came to the ministry in the Interim government which was formed in coalition with Congress in 1987 and the Statehood of Mizoram was proclaimed on February 20, 1987. Inclusion in 8th Schedule : The dominance of the English language is evident especially in the fields of education, official matters and other formal domains as in other parts of India. English had already penetrated the life and blood of the Mizo people for a long time along with the spread of education.
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