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L16 JOffN SPOTTISWOODE, IA COBEANARCHBISHOP AND STA TESMAN. Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Stirling. A.S.Wayne Pearce. Department of History. October 1998. 0 CONTENTS. Abstract . ii. Declaration.................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................iv. Introduction................................................................................................................1. I. John Spottiswoode, 1565-1603..............................................................................6. II. Archbishop Spottiswoode and the re-establishment of erastian episcopacy............ 45. Part I. ifi. Archbishop Spottiswoode and the re-establishment of erastian episcopacy........... 85. Part II. IV. Archbishop Spottiswoode in Glasgow and its environs......................................117. V. Archbishop Spottiswoode and Roman Catholic recusancy..................................152. Part I. VI. Archbishop Spottiswoode and Roman Catholic recusancy.................................186. Part II. VII. Archbishop Spottiswoode in St Andrews and it environs, 1615-1625...............226. VIII. Archbishop Spottiswoode and the five articles of Perth...................................264. Part I. IX. Archbishop Spottiswoode and the five articles of Perth.....................................301. Part II. Conclusion.............................................................................................................335. Bibliography...........................................................................................................341. 1 ABSTRACT. This main aim of this thesis is to conclusively demonstrate that John Spottiswoode was one of the most important churchman in early modern Scotland. He was, it will be shown, the most authoritative and impressive of Scotland's post-Refonriation bishops. Spottiswoode was the principal ecclesiastic in James Vi's reconstruction of an episcopal church in Scotland after 1603 when he was appointed Archbisiop of Glasgow. This was followed by his prestigious translation to the metropolitan see of St Andrews in 1615 from where he presided over those controversial liturgical reforms of the succeeding years of the Jacobean era. Moreover, as a prominent member of the Scottish government he was heavily involved in secular polij:ics and administration throughout the absentee kingship of James VI and that of his son, Charles I. This study, however, will confine itself to charting the archbishop's ecclesiastical and political ascendancy and involvement within the Scottish Jacobean church and state. Although Spottiswoode was without question a loyal supporter of the crown, it will be shown that he was no sycophant. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the qualities and characteristics that made Spottiswoode such an influential figure and beneficiary of royal largesse between 1603 and 1625. Through focusing on the activities and objectives of Archbishop Spottiswoode throughout the reign of James VI, this thesis also aims to challenge the popular notion that the Church of Scotland functioned efficiently and harmoniously throughout the reign of"rex pacificus". Furthermore, the idea that an absolutist state existed in Scotland after the regal union will be exposed as fanciful. 11 DECLARATION. I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and that the work which it embodies has been done by myself and has not been included in another thesis. Signed: September 1998. 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I first of all wish to extend my sincere appreciation and gratitude to Professor Keith Brown for his pertinent advice, encouragement and support over the duration of this thesis. I also wish to express my heartfelt thanks to the Department of History, especially to Dr Ian Hutchison, Professor George Peden and the office stafi for both proffering material and practical assistance and for making my post-graduate years at Stirling such a pleasurable and stimulating experience. I furthermore want to extend a special thank-you to Dr Alison Peden for graciously translating two of John Spottiswoode's Latin correspondence to the French humanist scholar Isaac Casaubon. Lastly, an extra-special thank-you to Margaret and Duncan for their loving support over the last four years. iv INTRODUCTION. It has been written that with the notable exceptions of William Cowper, the Bishop of Galloway, and Patrick Forbes, the Bishop of Aberdeen, that the Jacobean episcopate was a somewhat obscure and apparently uninspiring group. 1 However, it is the principal intention, or goal, of this thesis to conclusively demonstrate that such a claim cannot be levelled against John Spottiswoode, who after 1603 emerged as one, if not the, most important ecclesiastical figure in early modern Scotland. Spottiswoode, firstly as Archbishop of Glasgow between 1603 and 1615 and subsequently of St Andrews, was not simply by far the most authoritative and impressive figure to appear on the Scottish Jacobean ecclesiastical stage after the regal union, he was also much more pro-active in the secular affairs of the kingdom than he has been given credit for to date. There can be no debate that King James was the architect and driving force behind the reconstruction of the Scottish episcopate. His conviction that it was his God given right to rule over the church as well as the state compelled him to establish constitutional and doctrinal alterations in the Church of Scotland. Of course, such an ideological underpinning should not blind the reader to the very palpable political reasons the king entertained for re-establishing an episcopal church in Scotland. James VI, without question, sought to establish a British church on the anglican template. Thus the king regarded the re-establishment of the episcopate in Scotland as the precursor to the construction of a British hierarchy. On a purely Scottish level, he was assured that bishops would function as an effective bulwark to the crown, providing him with control over a church that, although autonomous, had not hesitated to audaciously chastise and criticise the sovereign and his government over a range of personal and policy issues. Crucially, King 'J.Wonnald. No Bishop, no King: The Scottish Jacobean Episcopate, 1600-1625 in Biblioteque de la Revue d'Histoire Ecciesiasique: Miscellania Historiae Ecclesiasticae VIII. (ed). E.Vogler. (Louvain, 1987). pp.259-267. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Alan MacDonald for drawing my attention to this essay. James calculated that an erastian episcopacy would provide greater control over parliament and other key Scottish secular institutions through the representation of servile and fawning bishops. Finally, the embellishment of bishops with political, legal and social authority and status was evidently designed to strengthen and extend the crown's authority and influence within the localities. While Spottiswoode, as the king's principal ecclesiastic north of the border, was a passionate advocate of the theory of the divine right of kings, he was no slavish sycophant. Indeed, more often than not Spottiswoode was working to a peculiarly Scottish agenda which at times clashed with that of his royal master. To date, historiography has produced either a superficial analysis of the archbishop's career that fails to measure up to contemporary academic standards, or has focussed on one particular aspect of Spottiswoode public life. 2 The main aim of this thesis is to chart and analyse afresh Archbishop Spottiswoode's meteoric ascendancy within both the Jacobean church and the state. Moreover, since he was one of the principal protagonists in the struggle to re-establish and procure conformity to bishops, his role in the ecciesiological revolution, and the reasons why he acted as he did need to be sought. After his translation to the metropolitan see of St Andrews in 1615 he uneasily presided over the king's untimely and highly controversial alterations in divine worship which manifest themselves in the infamous five articles of Perth in 1618. Thus it is also necessary to assess Spottiswoode's view of the new measures and identif' the part he R.Wodrow. Collections on the Life of Mr Joim Spouiswoode in J.F.S.Gordon. Scotichronicon. Vol.1. (Glasgow, 1867). pp.360-578. J.Periy. John Spottiswoode, Archbishop and Chancellor. (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1954). J.Cooper. Archbishop Spottiswoode, 1565-1639 in Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society. New Series 7. (1924). pp.79-!04. A.I.Dunlop. John Spottiswoode, 1565-1639 in (ed). R.S.Wright. Fathers of the Kirk. (1960). pp.48-61. J.Kirk. The King's Bishop: Archbishop Spottiswoode and the See of Glasgow in Patterns ofReform: Continuity and Change in the Reformation Church. (1989). pp.426-448. M.Lee Jnr. Archbishop Spottiswoode as Historian in The Journal ofBritish Studies. Vol.13. (1973-4). pp.138-150. A.L.Birchler. Archbishop John Spottiswoode: Chancellor of Scotland, 1635-1638 in Church History. Vol.39. (1970). pp.317-326. 2 played in their implementation and enforcement. Additionally, in order to proffer an accurate appraisal of his archiepiscopal authority, it will be essential to gauge his status and influence within, firstly, the archiepiscopal diocese of Glasgow and later St Andrews. Within a broadly chronological discussion
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