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Proceedings of the American Journalism Historians' Association Conference (Roanoke, Virginia, October 6-8, 1994)

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Proceedings of the American Journalism Historians' Association Conference (Roanoke, Virginia, October 6-8, 1994) DOCUMENT RESUME ED 379 669 CS 214 740. TITLE Proceedings of the American Journalism Historians' Association Conference (Roanoke, Virginia, October 6-8, 1994). Part I. INSTITUTION American Journalism Historians' Association. PUB DATE Oct 94 NOTE 607p.; For 1993 Proceedings, see ED 367 975-977. For part II of the 1994 Proceedings, see CS 214 741. PUB TYPE Collected Works - Conference Proceedings (021) -- Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF03/PC25 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Blacks; Case Studies; *Colonial History (United States); Homosexuality; *Journalism History; *Newspapers; Photojournalism; Presidents of the United States; Public Relations; Radio; Slavery; Social Influences IDENTIFIERS African Americans; First Amendment; Journalism Research; *Media Coverage; *Media History; Muckraking; News Sources ABSTRACT The first part of the proceedings of this conference of journalism historians contains the following 21 papers: "'Life' Magazine and the Mercury 7 Astronauts: A Historic Case of Media Control" (Ginger Rudeseal Carter); "Newspaper Contempt between the Wars" (Richard Scheidenhelm); "Crosses Holding Off a Vampire: How Four Newspapers Used Editorials to Define Their First Amendment Functions" (James B. McPherson); "Jurisdiction Over the Body: Themes in Coverage of the Garfield Assassination" (Peter Ausenhus); "Standing Idly By: Newspaper Coverage of the 1958-59 Investigation into Homosexuality at the University of Florida" (Ford Risley); "Public Relations, the Community, and Newspaper Coverage of a Local Steel Strike, 1946" (Karen S. Miller); "'The Ladies Companion,' 1834-1844: A Magazine of 'Polite' Literature" (Paul Belgrade); "The Proceedings of the Rebellious Negroes: News of Slave Insurrections and Crimes in Colonial Newspapers" (David A. Copeland); "Visible Hand: The Journalistic Drive to Incorporate a Frontier" (David J. Vergobbi); "The Leo Frank Case and the Post-Conviction Press, 1913-1915" (Jill J. Cohen); "Banana-Peel Journalism: F. S. Lovejoy and the Fight for the Cutover, 1919-1923" (James Kates); "Presidents Madison and Monroe and the Party Press in Transition, 1808-1824" (David R. Davies); "Who's the Boss?: The Influence of Black Women Journalists of 'Ringwood's Journal'" (Bernell E. Tripp); "The 'Big Six' and Muckraking: Re-examining 'Ex'.ure Journalism'" (Kathleen L. Endres); "Historical.Perspective ii .4azine Design: The Need to Go Forward into the Past in a Technological Age" (Carol E. Holstead); "A Brief History of the Environmental Movement in the United States: Mass Media and Social Forces" (Mark Neuzil); "The Rip Rap Shoal Story: First Precedent for Revealing the Identity of a Journalist's Source" (Robert L. Spellman); "'Treason's Biggest Victory': How the National News Magazines Covered the 1957 Supreme Court 'Red Monday' Cases" (Bradley J. Hamm); "African Americans and the White-Owned Mississippi Press: An Analysis of Photographic Coverage from 1944 to 1984" (Susan Weill); "Mississippi Journalists, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Closed Society, 1960-1964" (David R. Davies); and "Somebody Out There Is Listening: The WOR Radio Broadcasts of Mary Margaret McBride" (Beverly G. Merrick). (RS) PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1994 CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN JOURNALISM HISTORIANS ASSOCIATION Part I (Roanoke, Virginia, October 6-8, 1994) BEST COPY AVAILABLE U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OiNfloirdora. OW.oarrhiroemrWmPro.ol "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (MCI 111( This document hm. beer reproduced as received horn the prisonororganization ..>/..ncF_S- originating It Mtnor changes nave heat remp. to =wove reproduction quality Points 4,11 anew or ileum it:dale(' to Mi.. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES document do not innavoorily topipsent INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC).- official OERI pi-nationorindicy Life Magazine and The Mercury 7 Astronauts' A Historic Case of Media Control By Ginger Rudeseal Carter Northeast Louisiana University Monroe, Louisiana Presented to the American Journalism Historians Association Roanoke, Virginia Oct. 6-8, 1994 3 2 Life Magazine and the Mercury 7 Astronauts: A Historic Case of Media Control Introduction Thirty-fiveyearsagothis Spring,seven youngmilitary officers wereplaced in the publicspotlight when they were selected America's first astronauts. These seven men--M. Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper, John H. Glenn, Jr., Virgil I. Grissom, Walter M. Schirra,Jr., Alan B. Shepard, Jr. and Donald K. Slayton--became "the nation's Mercury Astronauts" and were "the cream of the crop." Life magazine wrote, "as they sat there at a press conference, the country was introduced to the first Americans -- perhaps the firsthumanbeing--who will orbit in space." Within four months of their presentation to thepublic, however, the Mercury 7 astronauts entered into a special contract that changed the recorded history of the early space program. In August, 1959, Time, Inc., on behalf of Life magazine, paid $500,000 forthe exclusive rights to the "personal stories" of the astronauts and their families.1 The "Life contract" created a previously unheard of deal that theoretically kept all other media from covering the personal lives of the astronauts. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) fully endorsed the contract deal and participated in its execution. In theonly magazinearticle that analyzedthe contract 4 3 process, Robert Sherrod called this period of time "one of the more illuminatingmoralitytales of ourtimes." His criticism, published 15 years after the contract was signed, carried a mixed signal. Although he was one ofthe former Life correspondents protected by the contract, he still felt this--and subsequent- - contracts were "wrong from the start." Even Tom Wolfe, in his epic work The Right Stuff, exposed the contract and its exclusivity, showing how locked-out reporters climbed trees and went throughgarbage to get a personal story.' These two treatmentsare, to date, the onlybroad discussions of the importance of the Life contract in space program history. This research examinesthe media controlcreated bythe execution of the first contract between the Mercury 7 astronauts and Time, Inc.in 1959 between August,1959, and May,1963 and seeks to answer four questions. First, was NASA trying to invoke censorship by recommending the deal? This study will answer this question by examining the media control, defining the parameters of the contract, and examining the scope and limitations -- of the deal. NASA's real motives for participating in the establishment of this contract will also be discussed. Second,how did the media in 1959 react tothe contract process? The research will show that although the contract was protested by newsorganizationsacross America, itwas never challenged by a lawsuit or any court action. In fact, initial media coverage of the contract in 1959 was limited to brief mentions in Associated Press wire stories and news magazines, and the outcry 4 generally died down in less than one month. A third question will examine how the contract prohibited reportersfrom coveringall aspects of Project Mercury. The research will suggest that, throughout the duration of the contract and Project Mercury, reporters circumvented the agreement, writing personal stories and books about the astronauts. Finally, what is the significance of thiscontract to journalism history in general?How did a four-year contract period change -- and challenge -- news reporters of the 1960s? NASA's Beginning Before beginning an examination of the Life contract with the Mercury astronauts, it is important to place the events in context for that period oftime. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was formed by a 26-page congressional act signed on October 1, 1958; the beginnings of the development of Project Mercury were announced three.days later. This development was in direct response to the Oct. 4, 1957 launching ofthe Russian satellite Sputnik.5 As a governmental unit, NASA had operational mandates from its chartering documents, but it otherwise had not created a protocol for all operations, including media coverage. For the first months of its existence, NASA operated under Air Force press protocols. The Cold War was in full swing, and America had pledged billions of dollars to the race against the Russians into outer space. All of these developments directly affected the 6 5 activities that began in April of1959. T. Keith Glennan was NASA's first administrator. Walter T. Bonney, a former newspaper reporter who worked for NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA),was named Public Information Officer. Both men were working with the encouragement of President Dwight D. Eisenhower; both men were creating a new endeavor from the ground up. As with most innovative public endeavors, image was everything.NASA had a new, speculative product that needed public support.' The Space Age Begins On April 7, 1959,media across America received apress release from NASA that stated, "Seven volunteers will report to the Space Flight Activity atthe Langley Research Center,Hampton, Virginia, in the early future for Project Mercury orbital flight training." This information, termed "not for publication" in a note to editors in the release, explained that the seven selected "were of such high caliber that selection was difficult." ' The Mercury 7 were introduced to the public and media two days later in a April 9, 1959, press conference. More than 200 reporters and photographers attended the conference, which lasted
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