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Invasive Weeds of the Tahoe National Forest Invasive Weeds of the Tahoe National Forest

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Invasive Weeds of the Tahoe National Forest Invasive Weeds of the Tahoe National Forest Invasive Weeds of the Tahoe National Forest Invasive Weeds of the Tahoe National Forest Graphic Design Annaliese Miller Illustrations © Annaliese Miller Photography courtesy of: Robin Breckenridge, Beth Brenneman, Laura Ann Eliassen, Joe DiTomaso, Susan Donaldson, Louis Landry, Steve Matson, Annaliese Miller, Gary Monroe, Tamara Sasaki, Susi Urie, Charles Webber Text Susan Donaldson, Susi Urie United States Forest Service Publication R5-TP-024, 2009 Tahoe National Forest The USDA Forest Service is an equal opportunity service provider and employer. Adapted with permission from “Invasive Weeds of the Lake Tahoe Basin”, S. Donaldson, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension SP-09-06 copyright 2009. 1 Invasive Weeds of the Tahoe National Forest How to Use the Guidebook Invasive weeds are aggressive plants that have been This guidebook will help you identify the invasive weeds introduced into an environment outside of their native threatening the Tahoe National Forest. Common “look- range. Sometimes referred to as alien species, these alikes” are also included to help you differentiate between weeds have been separated from the natural enemies that desirable native plants, noted , and undesirable invasives, help control them in their homeland. They grow rapidly, designated . Plants that could potentially become invasive reproduce profusely, and compete with native plants for are marked as . You may choose to avoid planting species water, light and nutrients. Some of these weeds have that may become invasive on your property. Information been designated as noxious by California and Nevada law, on management is also included for each invasive weed, requiring control efforts by property owners. as is the noxious weed status in California. California’s noxious weed rating system designation, which is based Invasive weeds tend to outcompete native plants, especially on distribution of the weed, is also provided. “A” rated where lands have been disturbed. When they displace weeds are normally limited in distribution throughout the native plants and animals, they lower diversity, reduce state; “B” rated weeds are more widespread; and “C” hunting and fishing potential, change the aesthetics of a rated weeds are widespread throughout the state. Nevada habitat, inhibit recreational activities and tourism, crowd weed law uses a similar system. out endangered species, and reduce forage value. Along the Truckee River, weeds that have coarse or shallow root systems, such as perennial pepperweed and dalmatian Relative abundance of each species is provided. toadflax, increase soil erosion and threaten water clarity. Widespread: Found at numerous locations in the area Moderate: Found at several locations; large If you find an invasive weed, please report the infestation populations may occur at a few locations to the appropriate county (see contact numbers on the inside back cover). Infrequent: Only at one or a few locations; no large populations 2 3 Preventing the Spread of Weeds INDEX Common Name (Scientific Name) Code Page THISTLES Prevention is the least expensive and most effective way to Bull Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) CIVU 8-9 halt the spread of noxious and invasive weeds. Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) CIAR4 10-11 This requires: Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) CANU4 12-13 • Educating workers and the public about the Anderson’s Thistle (Cirsium andersonii) CIAN 14-15 importance of managing weeds on an ongoing basis; Elk Thistle (Cirsium scariosum) CISC2 16-17 • Properly identifying weed species; Snowy Thistle (Cirsium occidentale var. candidissimum) CIOCC 18-19 • Avoiding or treating existing weed populations; and • Preventing weed seeds or other plant parts from KNAPWEEDS AND LOOK-ALIKES establishing new or bigger populations. Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) CEDI3 20-21 Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens) ACRE3 22-23 Steps you can take: Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) CEMA4 24-25 1. Use this book to identify invasive weeds in your area. Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) CESO3 26-27 2. Inspect your work or play area. Identify any invasive Aster (Aster spp.) 28-29 weeds, map the location of the weeds. Bachelor’s Buttons (Centaurea cyanus) CECY2 30-31 3. Clean vehicles, shovels and other soil-disturbing equipment prior to entering a site to avoid MUSTARDS AND LOOK-ALIKES introducing weeds. Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba) CADR 32-33 4. Don’t introduce weed-contaminated soil, fill, or other Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) LELA2 34-35 materials to new sites. Use certified weed-free products. Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) COMA2 36-37 5. Check shoes, clothing, bicycles and vehicles regularly White Sweetclover (Melilotus albus) MEAL12 38-39 for weed seeds or other plant parts. Carefully remove Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) ACME 40-41 and dispose of weedy materials. TOADFLAXES AND LOOK-ALIKES 6. Pressure-wash vehicles and equipment after driving Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) LIDA 42-43 in weedy areas. Periodically monitor and treat areas Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) LIVU2 44-45 to prevent weedy plants from establishing. Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) ANMA3 46-47 7. Establish a decontamination area such as a tarp for cleaning clothing and equipment. AQUATIC 8. Don’t walk, ride or drive through infestations. When Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) MYSP2 48-49 operating vehicles, stay on established roads or trails. Common elodea (Elodea canadensis) ELCA7 50-51 9. If dogs accompany you, check their paws and coats OTHERS for weed seeds and other plant parts and remove them. Klamathweed (Hypericum perforatum) HYPE 52-53 10. Don’t plant invasive weeds in your garden or landscape. Scouler’s St. Johnswort 11. Get advice for treatment on private property from your (Hypericum formosum var. scouleri) HYFOS2 54-55 local county agriculture department. See contact Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) CHJU 56-57 information on back page. Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) CYSC4 58-59 Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) DIFU2 60-61 4 5 QUICK REFERENCE ID QUICK REFERENCE ID THISTLES Flower Head Leaves KNAPWEEDS Bracts Lower Leaves Diffuse Bull Thistle Knapweed rough, deeply vase veins spiny combs lobed Russian Canada Thistle lobed, Knapweed drop spiny papery lobed Spotted Musk Thistle midrib, Knapweed deeply disk hairless spots lobed Yellow Anderson’s Starthistle spines Thistle winged small stem (look-alike) cylinder flat hairs Aster spp. narrow, (look-alike) no spines, entire Elk Thistle long yellow disk (look-alike) no stems hairs Bachelor Buttons narrow, no spots entire (look-alike) Snowy Thistle wooly (look-alike) reflexed bracts hairs 6 7 BULL THISTLE Cirsium vulgare CIVU Nonnative Invasive Tops of leaves rough, sandpaper texture Underside of leaf cottony, prominently raised main vein 1 - 1.5 in Plant, Brenneman; Flower, Donaldson Plant, Brenneman; Flower, Flower head vase-shaped Rosette leaves rough, prominent veins Also Known As Common thistle Origin Nonnative, invasive Height: 1 - 6 ft, Habitat Meadows, roadsides, disturbed sites commonly 2 - 3 ft Life Cycle Biennial Stems: spiny and winged Flowering Time Mid-July to fall Leaves: sandpaper texture, Relative Abundance Widespread prominent veins Management Dig, removing top 2 inches of root; Flowers: in clusters at herbicides are available ends of branches Noxious Weed List Nevada-NO; California C-rated Flower color: pink to purple 8 9 CANADA THISTLE Cirsium arvense CIAR4 Nonnative Invasive Bracts small and flat against head, tips weak 0.5 in Donaldson Flower head drop-shaped Leaves deeply lobed Also Known As Field thistle Height: 1.5 - 4 ft, Origin Nonnative, invasive commonly 2 - 3 ft Habitat Roadsides, rangelands, forests, lawns, Stems: smooth and ridged gardens, moist and disturbed sites with no spines Life Cycle Perennial Leaves: smooth and Flowering Time Mid-July to fall sessile Relative Abundance Infrequent Flowers: multiple Management Aggressive; pulling and burning favor small flower heads in root resprouting; use chemical clusters on each stem control for several years Flower color: Noxious Weed List Nevada C-rated; California B-rated light purple to white 10 11 MUSK THISTLE Carduus nutans CANU4 Nonnative Invasive Bracts large and spiny; purplish in color 2 - 3.5 in Flower head disk-shaped Light-green Rosette leaves hairless, midrib Plant, Miller; Flower, Donaldson Plant, Miller; Flower, light-green midrib, whitish margins Also Known As Nodding thistle Height: 1 - 6 ft Origin Nonnative, invasive commonly 3 - 4 ft Habitat Pastures, forest, rangelands, Stems: spiny and winged roadsides, waste areas, ditches Leaves: hairless, prominent Life Cycle Biennial light-green midrib Flowering Time Mid-July to fall Flowers: single, very large Relative Abundance Infrequent flower at end of bent, naked stem Management Dig, removing top 2 inches of root; herbicides are available Flower color: deep pink to purple Noxious Weed List Nevada B-rated; California A-rated 12 13 ANDERSON’S THISTLE Cirsium andersonii CIAN Native Look-alike 0.75 - 1.5 in Brenneman Flower head cylinder-shaped Leaf margins wavy and spiny Rosette leaves not prominently veined, small flat hairs Also Known As Rose thistle Height: 2 - 4 ft Origin Native Stems: purplish and Habitat Open places, woodlands, forests thornless Life Cycle Biennial Leaves: divided and wavy Flowering Time July to fall with spiny margin Relative Abundance Widespread Flowers: single Management Desirable native plant; do not disturb flower at end of stem Noxious Weed List Nevada-NO; California-NO
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