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P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 The Cambridge Companion to GREEK MYTHOLOGY S The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology presents a comprehensive and integrated treatment of ancient Greek mythic tradition. Divided into three sections, the work consists of sixteen original articles authored by an ensemble of some of the world’s most distinguished scholars of classical mythology. Part I provides readers with an examination of the forms and uses of myth in Greek oral and written literature from the epic poetry of the eighth century BC to the mythographic catalogs of the early centuries AD. Part II looks at the relationship between myth, religion, art, and politics among the Greeks and at the Roman appropriation of Greek mythic tradition. The reception of Greek myth from the Middle Ages to modernity, in literature, feminist scholarship, and cinema, rounds out the work in Part III. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology is a unique resource that will be of interest and value not only to undergraduate and graduate students and professional scholars, but also to anyone interested in the myths of the ancient Greeks and their impact on western tradition. Roger D. Woodard is the Andrew V.V.Raymond Professor of the Clas- sics and Professor of Linguistics at the University of Buffalo (The State University of New York).He has taught in the United States and Europe and is the author of a number of books on myth and ancient civiliza- tion, most recently Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult. Dr. Woodard is editor of The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, which received a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title award in 2006. i Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 ii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 The Cambridge Companion to GREEK MYTHOLOGY S Edited by Roger D. Woodard Andrew V.V.Raymond Professor of the Classics Professor of Linguistics University of Buffalo (The State University of New York) iii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521845205 c Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Cambridge companion to Greek mythology / edited by Roger D. Woodard. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-84520-5 (hardback) – isbn 978-0-521-60726-1 (pbk.) 1. Mythology, Greek. I. Woodard, Roger D. II. Title. bl783.c36 2007 292.13 –dc22 2007005451 isbn 978-0-521-84520-5 hardback isbn 978-0-521-60726-1 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. iv Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contents S List of Illustrations page vii List of Contributors ix Acknowledgments xiii List of Abbreviations xv Introduction: Muthoi in Continuity and Variation 1 ROGERD.WOODARD Part 1: Sources and Interpretations 15 1 Lyric and Greek Myth 19 GREGORY NAGY 2 Homer and Greek Myth 52 GREGORY NAGY 3 Hesiod and Greek Myth 83 ROGERD.WOODARD 4 Tragedy and Greek Myth 166 RICHARD BUXTON 5 Myth in Aristophanes 190 ANGUS BOWIE 6 Plato Philomythos 210 DISKIN CLAY 7 Hellenistic Mythographers 237 CAROLYN HIGBIE v Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contents Part 2: Response, Integration, Representation 255 8 Greek Myth and Greek Religion 259 CLAUDE CALAME 9 Myth and Greek Art: Creating a Visual Language 286 JENIFER NEILS 10 Mythic Landscapes of Greece 305 ADA COHEN 11 Politics and Greek Myth 331 JONATHAN M. HALL 12 Ovid and Greek Myth 355 A. J. BOYLE Part 3: Reception 383 13 Women and Greek Myth 387 VANDA ZAJKO 14 Let Us Make Gods in Our Image: Greek Myth in Medieval and Renaissance Literature 407 H. DAVID BRUMBLE 15 ‘Hail, Muse! et cetera’: Greek Myth in English and American Literature 425 SARAH ANNES BROWN 16 Greek Myth on the Screen 453 MARTIN M. WINKLER Bibliography 481 Index 511 vi Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Illustrations S Figures Figures follow page 304 1 A Fox Telling Aesop Fables. Red-figure kylix of the Bologna Painter from Vulci. 2 The Charioteer of the Phaedrus. Andrea Sansovino. 3 Deeds of Theseus. Attic red-figure cup attributed to the Codrus Painter from Vulci. 4 Tyrannicides.Casts of Roman marble copies after bronze originals by Kritios and Nesiotes. 5 Departure of a Hero. Attic Late Geometric spouted crater from Thebes. 6 Death of Priam; Attic black-figure amphora by Lydos from Vulci. 7 Return of Hephaestus. Attic red-figure skyphos attributed to the Curti Painter. 8 Return of Hephaestus. Attic red-figure volute-crater by Polion from Spina. 9 Heracles and the Nemean Lion. Metope from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. 10 Birth of Erichthonius. Attic red-figure squat lekythos attributed to the Meidias Painter. 11 Battle of Athena and a Giant. Attic red-figure lekythos attributed to Douris. 12 Naval Fresco from Akrotiri. 13 Nymphs and Pan. Marble votive relief. 14 The Blinding of Polyphemus. Fragment from a vase. 15 Meeting of Odysseus and Nausicaa. Lid of a red-figure pyxis attributed to Aison. 16 Abduction of the Leucippides by the Dioscuri and the Garden of the Hesperides. Attic red-figure hydria by the Meidias Painter. vii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Illustrations 17 Odysseus’ Descent to the Underworld. Drawing of Attic red- figure pelike attributed to the Lykaon Painter. 18 The Suicide of Ajax. Black-figure amphora by Exekias. 19 Book 2, Emblem 2, in Frances Quarles, Emblemes. 20 “Venus,” from The Copenhagen Planet Book. See Filedt Kok (1985) for a similar blockbook by the Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet. 21 Clash of the Titans. Zeus and the “Arena of Life.” 22 Jason and the Argonauts. Hera observing Jason and Medea on the Olympian screen. 23 Jason and the Argonauts. Talos towering above the Argonauts. 24 Hercules. Our hero at the climax of the film that made him immor- tal on the screen. 25 Hercules Conquers Atlantis. Hercules, descended from his twelve- horse chariot, discovers massacre victims at the palace of Atlantis. Note the panther reliefs on the wall. Tables 3.1 Comparison of Indo-Iranian Traditions: Cosmogonic and Cosmologic page 132 3.2 Comparison of Greek and Indic Traditions 142 viii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contributors S ANGUS BOWIE is Fellow of The Queen’s College, Oxford, and the Lobel Praelector in Classics. His publications include The Poetic Dialect of Sappho and Alcaeus (1981) and Aristophanes: Myth, Ritual and Com- edy (1993). Dr. Bowie also serves as editor of the Journal of Hellenic Studies. A. J. BOYLE is professor of classics at the University of South- ern California. His recent publications include Tragic Seneca (1997), Ovid’s Fasti (with R. D. Woodard 2000), Flavian Rome (with W. J. Dominik 2003), Ovid and the Monuments (2004), and Roman Tragedy (2006). Professor SARAH ANNES BROWN is professor of English at Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge. She is the author of The Metamorphosis of Ovid: From Chaucer to Ted Hughes (1999) and the coeditor (with Charles Martindale) of Nicholas Rowe’s translation of Lucan’s Pharsalia (1997). She has also published numerous shorter pieces on various aspects of classical reception, including articles on its relationship with queer the- ory and science fiction. She is currently editing a collection of essays, Tragedy in Transition (with Catherine Silverstone). H. DAVID BRUMBLE is professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh. Among his scholarly works are Classical Myths and Legends in the Middle Ages and Renaissance: A Dictionary of Allegorical Meanings (1998) and Street Gangs and Warrior Tribes (forthcoming). RICHARD BUXTON is professor of Greek language and literature at the University of Bristol. Among the works he has authored are Persuasion in Greek Tragedy (1982), Sophocles (1984; reprinted with Addenda 1995), ix Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contributors Imaginary Greece: The Contexts of Mythology (1994), and The Complete World of Greek Mythology (2004). Professor Buxton is editor of From Myth to Reason? (1999) and Oxford Readings in Greek Religion (2000). Since 2006, Professor Buxton has been President of the Fondation pour le Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. CLAUDE CALAME is Director of Studies at the Ecole´ des Hautes Etudes´ en Sciences Sociales in Paris and Honorary Professor of Greek Language and Literature at the University of Lausanne.
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  • 4. the Origins of the Gods 5. the Origins of Mortals 6. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and Hades 7

    4. the Origins of the Gods 5. the Origins of Mortals 6. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and Hades 7

    Content Chapters: 4. The Origins of The Gods 5. The Origins of Mortals 6. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and Hades 7. Apollo 8. Hermes, Pan, Hephaestus, and Ares 9. Aphrodite, Artemis, and Athena 10. Demeter and Related Myths 11. Dionysos 12. The Underworld 13. Introduction to Heroic Myth 14. Perseus 15. Heracles 16. Theseus 17. Myths of Crete 18. Oedipus and The Myths of Thebes 19. Jason and the Argonauts 20. The Trojan War 21. The Fall of Troy and its Aftermath 22. The Return of Odysseus 23. Aeneas 24. Legends of Early Rome CHAPTER 4 – The Origins of The Gods • Hesiod gave story of Gods as origin of universe • Cosmogony explains ‘origin of the world’ o Kosmos = world • Theogony explains “origin of the Gods” o Theos = gods • Hesiod believe cosmogony and theogony the same • Hesiod’s thousand-line poem “theogony” is hymn to Zeus o Greek version of Indo-European sky-god Children of Chaos • First came Chaos (chasm) → Gaea (mother earth) → Tartarus (bottommost) → Eros (sexual love) • From Chaos = Erebus (darkness) & Nyx (night) • Thought that the others were also children of Chaos Children of Gaea • Gaea bore Uranus (sky) & Pontus (sea) asexually • Gaea (earth) + Uranus (sky) = bore 6 male & 6 female Titans o Cronus (contends with Uranus for power) o Notable Gods = male Oceanus + female Tethys (give birth to all Gods) • Gaea bore 3 cyclopes (round eyes) o Brontes (thunderer), Steropes (flasher), Arges (brightener) • Hecatonchires (hundred-handers) o Cottus, Briareus, Gyes Hyperion’s Children • Hyperion (sun-god) father of: o Helius (sun-god), Selenê (the moon), Eos (the dawn) • Phaëthon (Oceanid), son of Helius and Clymenê o Mother married to king of Ethiopia, assured father was the sun • For confirmation journeyed to house of Helius • Helius would grant one wish to prove he was his father o Wanted to ride Helius’ chariot of the sun across the sky • Phaethon lost control bolted to earth almost setting it ablaze.
  • Homer – the Iliad

    Homer – the Iliad

    HOMER – THE ILIAD Homer is the author of both The Iliad and The Odyssey. He lived in Ionia – which is now modern day Turkey – between the years of 900-700 BC. Both of the above epics provided the framework for Greek education and thought. Homer was a blind bard, one who is a professional story teller, an oral historian. Epos or epic means story. An epic is a particular type of story; it involves one with a hero in the midst of a battle. The subject of the poem is the Trojan War which happened approximately in 1200 BC. This was 400 years before the poem was told by Homer. This story would have been read aloud by Homer and other bards that came after him. It was passed down generation to generation by memory. One can only imagine how valuable memory was during that time period – there were no hard drives or memory sticks. On a tangential note, one could see how this poem influenced a culture; to be educated was to memorize a particular set of poems or stories which could be cross-referenced with other people’s memory of those particular stories. The information would be public and not private. The Iliad is one of the greatest stories ever told – a war between two peoples; the Greeks from the West and the Trojans from the East. The purpose of this story is to praise Achilles. The two worlds are brought into focus; the world of the divine order and the human order. The hero of the story is to bring greater order and harmony between these two orders.