Number 34 Fall 2009 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Re p o r t No t e s f r o m t h e Ja m e s A. Ba k e r III In s t i t u t e f o r Pu b l i c Po l i c y o f Ri c e Un i v e r s i t y

Ge r m a n Un i f i c a t i o n Fo c u s o f Fa l l Co n f e r e n c e

By Lisa Singhania, Managing Editor reflecting on the historic occasion foreign minister of East Germany; Twenty years after the fall of the and the events leading up to Genscher was foreign minister Berlin Wall, policymakers and it. The following day, scholars of West Germany; Dumas was scholars will gather at the James A. will discuss the transition from foreign minister of France; Hurd Baker III Institute for Public Policy Communism to a free market was British foreign minister; and in an unprecedented discussion system, democracy and a post-Cold Shevardnadze was minister of reuniting some of the key players War international order. Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union. from the United States, United Former U.S. Secretary of State All members of the panel were Kingdom, France, Russia, and East James A. Baker, III, will join his crucial players in the diplomatic and West Germany. colleagues in a panel including process leading to German The “German Unification: Markus Meckel, Hans-Dietrich unification. Baker Institute fellow Expectations and Outcomes” Genscher, Roland Dumas, Douglas and Rice University professor conference begins with an evening Hurd and Eduard Shevardnadze. panel discussion on Oct. 30 Meckel was the next-to-last continued on page 29

Pa s t , Pr e s e n t , Fu t u r e o f U.S.–Ch i n a Re l a t i o n s Ex a m i n e d In Th i s Re p o r t

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff The United States and China both Director’s Letter 2 stand to benefit from working Health Policy Forum 3 Energy Forum 4 collaboratively to resolve economic Science and Technology 9 and geopolitical issues, former U.S. Space Policy 14 Secretary of State Henry Kissinger Diplomacy 15 told a Baker Institute conference Religion and Public Policy 20 marking the 30th anniversary of Meet the Scholar 22 diplomatic relations between the Tax and Expenditure Policy 23 nations. Homeland Security His sentiments were echoed by and Terrorism 24 China’s Ambassador to the United Roundtable 25 States Zhou Wenzhong and former Students 26 U.S. Secretary of State James A. In the News 31 Baker, III. All three men were The Honorable Henry Kissinger New Publications 34 keynote speakers at the April 3 Fellows and Scholars 35 Going Green 36

continued on page 29

1 Le t t e r f r o m t h e Di r e c t o r

As we enter the final quarter of Tax policy will dramatically run. The study, which reviewed 2009, policymakers in Washington, change with health care reform, existing medical and scientific D.C., are considering the most and the full implications for our literature on the subject, found that significant changes in health care economy are difficult to predict. the expense of health insurance reform since the introduction of One important issue concerns for children would be offset by the Medicare and Medicaid in the the current tax exemption for increased value of additional life 1960s. The discussion is vibrant and employer-sponsored health years and improved health-related the stakes are high, as policymakers insurance. In May, the Health Policy quality of life gained from better address three major issues that Forum held a conference on health health care. are central to efforts at reform, care reform, during which a panel As we move forward, the Baker including the quality and cost of prominent experts expressed the Institute Health Policy Forum of health care, financing health opinion that the current policy of will continue to provide objective care reform and increasing health providing more generous tax breaks analysis of health care reform at the insurance coverage. for purchasing health insurance to national and regional levels and Here at the Baker Institute, high-income families was regressive convey findings to policymakers. our Health Policy Forum, part of — and weakened the ability of those Our summer Health Policy the Health Economics Program, with the least resources and the Research newsletter addressed the provides objective analysis of health self-employed to purchase health question of whether the Obama care reform at the national and insurance plans on their own. administration’s investment in regional levels. A top priority, as John Diamond, our Edward A. and comparative-effectiveness research always, is engaging and educating Hermena Hancock Kelly Fellow in would yield improvements in decision makers so that our Public Finance, also plans to study health care for the average patient. research bridges the gap between this issue. In October, we will co-host a the theory and practice of public On the issue of coverage, conference, “Advancing the Quality policy. the experts at our conference of Health Care in Texas,” in Austin To that end, in July, Vivian Ho, recognized that those citizens with The University of Texas System the James A. Baker III Institute who are happy with their current and The Brookings Institution. Chair in Health Economics, health insurance coverage are Plans are also underway for a wrote an op-ed for The Houston worried that major reform conference on health information Chronicle calling for significant could potentially harm them. technology, a vital component of financial reforms in any health In addition, disagreement also successful health care reform. care overhaul. She noted that as remains regarding the advisability much as 30 percent of health care of introducing a new public health expenditures in the United States insurance option for individuals Edward P. Djerejian are for treatments that provide under age 65 in large part because Founding Director, little or no value to patients. of the high cost. But for society’s Baker Institute for Public Policy Indeed, the leading health care youngest members, there appears reform proposals before Congress to be more consensus. Our recent now include increased Medicare Baker Institute Policy Report, “The Related Links: payment rates to hospitals that Economic Impact of Uninsured Health Policy Forum Web site: achieve lower death rates and Children on America,” indicates http://healthpolicy.rice.edu reduced readmission rates for that covering all uninsured children patients. would be cost-saving in the long

2 He a l t h Po l i c y Fo r u m

He a l t h Ec o n o m i s t s Di s c u s s He a l t h Ca r e St r a t e gi e s f o r a Co u n t r y i n Cr i s i s

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff California, advocated adopting Janet Currie, the Sami Health care reform is definitely pay-for-performance programs for Mnaymneh Professor of Economics coming; the only question is what health care providers. He believes and chair of the Department of form it will take. that providers should be financially Economics at Columbia University, That’s according to five leading rewarded for the overall quality of urged policymakers to consider experts on health economics who care, including for both surgery and the social costs of health care. spoke at a May 6 Health Policy postsurgery recovery and therapy Extending Medicaid to the Forum conference titled “National — not just for the number of uninsured would be relatively Health Care Reform: Strategies for procedures performed. inexpensive, Currie said, and a Country in Crisis.” Thomas G. McGuire, professor of giving money to families below the Because of the “incredible health economics in the Department poverty line to improve children’s pressure” for reform, some health of Health Care Policy at Harvard health would also be relatively care legislation will be passed this Medical School, discussed challenges inexpensive. Similarly, the cost of year, said Mark McClellan, The in mental health care policy, and the expanding child-directed programs Brookings Institution’s Leonard correlation between mental illness like Head Start and WIC, the special D. Schaeffer Chair in Health and other health care costs, criminal supplemental nutrition program Policy Studies and director of the involvement and homelessness. for women, infants and children, Engelberg Center for Health Care People with physical health problems would be modest and would have Reform. tend to have a greater likelihood of demonstrable benefits for society, With more than 46 million developing mental health problems, she said. Americans uninsured and growing he noted. Yet many patients who are concerns about rising costs and impaired by mental health problems Related Links: the risk of not being insured, long- are not treated, while other patients Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. awaited reforms are “firmly on the are diagnosed and treated by mental org/events/hcreform09 agenda,” said Katherine Baicker, health providers even though they professor of health economics in are not impaired. the Department of Health Policy and Management at Harvard’s School of Public Health. She supports altering the tax code, which currently does not tax health insurance premiums paid by employers, because it creates “an unbalanced playing field” that favors high-income earners and places self-employed workers at a disadvantage. James C. Robinson, the Kaiser Permanente Distinguished Professor of Health Economics and director of the Berkeley Center for Health Mark McClellan, The Brookings Institution’s Leonard D. Schaeffer Chair in Health Policy Studies, Technology at the University of believes that the “incredible pressure” for health care reform will result in some type of legislation in 2009.

3 En e r g y Fo r u m

En e r g y Fo r u m Ex p l o r e s Ru s s i a a n d t h e Ca s p i a n St a t e s By Matthew Schumann, Energy Forum Intern, and Lauren Smulcer, Energy Forum Research Associate The 2003–2008 run up in energy prices “created openings for Russia to assert itself on the international stage,” but Moscow may find it more difficult to sustain such influence in the future, according to a study by the Baker Institute Energy Forum. Preliminary findings from the study “Russia and the Caspian States in the Global Energy Balance”

were released March 20 in Moscow, Former U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker, III, and former Soviet Foreign Minister Alexander A. Russia, at a conference featuring Bessmertnykh at the Energy Forum’s Moscow conference. Both diplomats noted that international cooperation is crucial for the future of the global energy market. keynote addresses from former U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker, III, former Soviet Foreign Minister At the Moscow conference, Morse, managing director Alexander A. Bessmertnykh and Baker called for increased and chief economist at LCM noted economist Edward L. Morse. cooperation between the United Commodities, concluded According to the study, lower States and Russia, particularly in conference discussions, warning commodity prices may mean that preventing the proliferation of that without a substantial change in “Russia will find it slow going to nuclear weapons. “Moscow and policy, Russia’s position as a major accumulate the kind of wealth it Washington share a vital interest energy producer would deteriorate. would take to recast its economy for in seeing that Tehran not become He noted that European shale gas growth and also support an active a nuclear power,” he said. “Not production would reduce Western foreign military agenda.” only would such a development reliance on Russian supplies and Still, the United States must dangerously shift the balance of thereby significantly damage recognize Russia as a strategic power in the Middle East, it could Russia’s global energy influence. global player and engage Russia also trigger a destabilizing arms The Moscow conference, in mutual areas of interest — like race as other countries … rushed co-sponsored by Baker Botts global arms control, combating to develop their own nuclear L.L.P., was followed on May 7 terrorism and stabilizing capabilities.” by the rollout of the final study Afghanistan — while negotiating on Bessmertnykh described the working papers and policy report NATO expansion, reducing nuclear 21st century as an “energy age” at the Carnegie Endowment for weapon caches and ending military and cautioned against restrictive International Peace in assistance to Iran. The study also energy policies. He stated that Washington, D.C. recommends the United States and energy resources, like water, “have European Union increase their to be a privileged consumption Related Links: cooperation on conflict settlement item for all,” adding that major Policy report and research papers: within the Russian and Caspian global energy players should forge http://www.bakerinstitute.org/ region. agreements to this end. energy-forum/russia2009

4 Co n f e r e n c e Ex a m i n e s Di f f e r e n t Ap p r o a c h e s t o En e r g y Po l i c y i n La t i n Am e r i c a

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff petroleum discoveries in recent of the U.S.-Spain Relations Project The governor of the Mexican state years, will be determined by the at the Elcano Royal Institute in of Veracruz encouraged a Baker administration’s combination Madrid, questioned whether the Institute audience to invest in of privatization measures and current economic crisis will force Mexico’s energy sector, saying a new nationalist tendencies, Mares said. Mexico to abandon its long-held oil field in the Gulf of Mexico could Rice political science professor prohibition on foreign investment dwarf earlier finds. Mark Jones underscored the strong in PEMEX, Mexico’s state-owned oil Delivering the keynote address role of the Argentine provinces in company. at the Feb. 26 conference “Energy, determining their country’s energy Policy and Politics: The Changing industry profits. Governors and their Related Links: Energy Landscape in Latin party machines dominate politics Slide presentations and conference America,” Fidel Herrera Beltrán in the hydrocarbon-rich provinces, webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. said the Chicontepec Basin contains Jones said, citing as examples the org/events/laenergy four times the reserves of the provinces of Neuquén and Chubut, Cantarell Field, which produced which are home to about half of the “Latin America’s Changing Energy more than 2 million barrels of oil a country’s oil and gas reserves. Public Landscape” by Baker Institute day at its peak. policy in Argentina is generally scholar David Mares: http://www. The event, co-sponsored by based on a short-term vision on bakerinstitute.org/energy-forum/ the institute’s Latin American the part of political actors and, LAenergy-Mares Initiative and Energy Forum, as well thus, potentially changes with every as the Americas Society/Council election, Jones said. of the Americas, also focused Ramon Espinasa, a consultant on the diverse energy policies of with the Inter-American governments in Venezuela, Brazil Development Bank and a former and Argentina. chief economist with PDVSA, David Mares, Baker Institute the Venezuelan state-owned oil Scholar for Energy Studies, company, described the downward explained that Brazil’s model, trend in Venezuelan energy designed under former President exports over the last decade. Poor Fernando Henrique Cardoso and management of PDVSA’s resources, largely followed by his successor Espinasa said, has made declining President Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, production irreversible. reflects development policy that oil Laurence Whitehead, a senior and gas production must benefit fellow at Oxford University’s the Brazilian people. This approach Nuffield College, told the is balanced with limited efforts at conference that the Brazilian privatization and tempered by the approach favored incremental fact that each leader had to work change, while Argentina and under the constraints of a coalition Venezuela have opted for a more government. complete break with the past. The future for Brazil, which has Paul Isbell, director of the Fidel Herrera Beltrán, governor of the Mexican announced several huge deepwater energy program and senior analyst state of Veracruz

5 Pa n e l Di s c u s s e s Ge o p o l i t i c s o f En e r g y De m a n d , Su p p l y

By Matthew Schumann, Energy Forum “Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet: consumers, such as the Iran-Iraq Intern The New Geopolitics of Energy.” war in the 1980s. Jaffe also cited the Shifting energy demand and But Klare, who is the director current relationship between Israel, supply has the potential to cause of the Five College Program in Iran, Saudi Arabia and Russia, geopolitical conflict, though Peace and World Security Studies, where she believes energy policy whether the fallout would be acknowledged he never would have could help resolve tensions that greater for consumers or producers predicted the global financial crisis are generated by social, political or remains subject to debate. or the subsequent fall in oil prices. economic factors. At an April 29 panel discussion Nonetheless, he asserted that the The conversation then shifted on “Oil, Natural Gas and basic tenets of his theory remain to Russia, with Kenneth B. Medlock Geopolitical Conflict in the Current strong. III, the James A. Baker, III, and Economic Environment,” hosted by His viewpoint was challenged Susan G. Baker Fellow in Energy and the Baker Institute Energy Forum, by Amy Myers Jaffe, the Wallace S. Resource Economics, presenting on scholar and author Michael T. Klare Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies several scenarios generated using expressed his belief that consumers at the Baker Institute. She stated the Baker Institute World Gas Trade would feel the effects in response to that historically, resource-related Model that indicate Russia’s share of changing global oil and gas supply conflicts have arisen between energy the European natural gas market will — a key theme of his recent book, producers rather than energy decrease in the future.

Wo r k s h o p St u d i e s Ca r b o n Di o x i d e Em i s s i o n s Re g u l a t i o n s

By Jane Kliakhandler, Energy Forum leakage on industry and the costs displace natural gas in the short Program Coordinator of various energy technologies. run, the longer run would be more Policies that limit carbon dioxide Rice University economics favorable for natural gas due to its emissions will encourage different professor Ted Temzelides talked flexibility in the power generation energy sources. Exactly how this about his work on a model of sector. takes shape, however, is still an research and development which The event was the Energy open question, according to can be used to determine the most Forum’s third workshop on carbon preliminary results from the Rice effective subsidies for encouraging emissions. A final workshop is World Energy Model. innovation. While subsidies could planned for January 2010, with The model is still under be beneficial on net, he cited the final study to be released that development, but participants at evidence that decreased R&D spring. an Aug. 28 workshop sponsored expenditures might be the result of by ConocoPhillips got an update decreasing returns to R&D. Peter Related Links: from Kenneth B. Medlock III, the Hartley, the George and Cynthia “Carbon Solutions” Web site: James A. Baker, III, and Susan Mitchell Professor of Economics http://www.bakerinstitute.org/ G. Baker Fellow in Energy and and Baker Institute Rice scholar, energy-forum/carbonsolutions Resource Economics. Medlock also discussed wind power in Texas. He addressed the impact of carbon noted that while wind is likely to

6 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Pr e s e n t a t i o n Ch r o n i c l e s En e r g y ’s Wi l d Ri d e In 2008

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff Amy Myers Jaffe, the Wallace total energy use — its highest share 2008 was a tumultuous year in the S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies ever. Coal consumption grew by 3.1 world of energy, not just because at the Baker Institute, spoke of percent, with China accounting for of the dramatic rise and fall of different scenarios for growth 43 percent of world consumption. fuel prices but also because energy in U.S. energy demand. But she Wind generation grew by 30 consumption in the developing concluded that demand is likely percent in 2008, according to the world exceeded consumption in to remain low over the next year, BP report; solar grew by 69 percent the industrialized countries for the and she discounted the notion that worldwide. However, it will take first time. demand from China and India are decades before renewable energy Presenting the 58th annual BP sufficiently high at present to drive sources, which currently produce Statistical Review of World Energy, a price recovery. approximately 1.5 percent of the Mark Finley told a June 16 audience Finley said OPEC raised world’s electricity, reach the scale of at the James A. Baker III Institute production levels just as the global fossil fuels, Finley said. for Public Policy that, “Energy economic crisis hit, leading to The event was hosted by the remains a cyclical commodity.” increased inventories at the same Baker Institute Energy Forum and Energy prices “went up when time demand for energy was the United States Association for the world’s economy was growing plunging. The result was a drop in Energy Economics. and fell precipitously” when it the price of a barrel of crude oil contracted in mid-2008, Finley, BP from almost $150 to less than $40. Related Links: America’s general manager for Turning to natural gas, Finley Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. global energy markets, said. Oil said global consumption rose by 2.5 org/events/bpstat09 prices peaked in July 2008 and percent, reaching 24.1 percent of fell by 75 percent over the next six months, while natural gas and coal prices dropped by 60 percent. The lower prices coincided with a “pronounced slowdown in global energy consumption,” he said. That slowdown was most evident in the countries that make up the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), especially the United States. Oil consumption dropped by 6.4 percent in the United States, Finley said. The decline in energy consumption by OECD countries was partially offset by a rise in parts of the developing world, particularly in countries that subsidize energy Mark Finley, BP’s general manager for global energy markets, said energy consumption in the developing use, Finley said. world exceeded consumption in industrialized countries for the first time ever in 2008.

7 Im p r o v e d St o v e s Co u l d Re d u c e Po l l u t i o n , Co n s e r v e En e r g y a n d Sa v e Li v e s i n Af r i c a

By Jane Kliakhandler, Energy Forum energy-inefficient and emit harmful production costs could make the Program Coordinator, and emissions — to the detriment continent an attractive investment Lauren Smulcer, Energy Forum of the environment and human for business. Research Associate respiratory health and vision. This summer, Rice University Every year, an estimated 2 million Approximately 500 million cook students interning with the Energy people in Africa and the developing stoves with improved combustion Forum spent six weeks in Maseru, world die from indoor air pollution chambers and greater air-fuel ratio Lesotho, studying consumers’ related to biomass combustion, but control could help alleviate these reactions to Envirofit’s innovative new energy-efficient cook stoves conditions. alloy-combustion chambered cook could change that. Envirofit, a nonprofit group that stove. See page 26 for more on the In an April 8 lecture seeks to “develop well-engineered interns’ project. sponsored by the Baker Institute technology solutions to improve the Energy Forum with the Shell human condition,” particularly in Related Links: Center for Sustainability, Bryan the developing world, is currently Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. Willson, professor of mechanical selling safer, more efficient cook org/events/willson engineering at Colorado State stoves in India, with hopes of University and co-founder of expanding the product line to other Envirofit’s cook stoves: http://www. Envirofit International, noted that regions, including Africa. envirofit.org/?q=our-products/ Africa obtains 75 percent of its However, low population density clean-cookstoves household energy from biomass, and underdeveloped commercial such as wood, dung and stover. networks make Africa a tough Energy Forum project in Lesotho: But traditional biomass stoves market — although the potential http://www.bakerinstitute.org/ typically are poorly constructed, of carbon credits and less expensive energy-forum/lesotho

No v e l Ma t e r i a l s

Professor Michael Depledge, a member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, discusses the commission’s report, “Novel Materials in the Environment: The Case of Nanotechnology,” at the Baker Institute on March 9. The November 2008 report examines issues related to innovation in the materials sector, and the challenges and benefits arising from introducing nanomaterials and other novel materials to the environment. The commission also makes recommendations on how to deal with ignorance and uncertainty in this area, which can be applied to other areas of rapid technological development.

Related Links: Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute.org/ events/depledge

8 Sc i e n c e a n d Te c h n o l o g y Po l i c y

Wo r k s h o p Se e k s To Bo l s t e r In t e r n a t i o n a l Sc i e n t i f i c c o l l a b o r a t i o n

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff Scholars from the United States and Asia called for a “joint conversation” on ways to eliminate barriers to international research during the April 27–28 “Science Collaborations Across Borders” workshop at the Baker Institute. While the 19th-century revolution in chemistry was nurtured by the free flow of ideas throughout Europe, noted Rice University president David Leebron, visa requirements today burden the exchange of C.W. “Paul” Chu, a professor at The University of Houston and president of the Hong Kong University researchers and ideas. Others of Science and Technology; Meng Hwa Er, senior associate provost at Nanyang Technological University; said that excessive requirements and Michael Lai, president of Taiwan’s National Cheng Kung University, discuss ways to promote international scientific collaboration. around technologies that might have military applications should not be allowed to interfere with the As part of Singapore’s efforts university administrators, international collaborations that to attract “the best and the government officials and could lead to important, beneficial brightest” minds in science, policy scholars to discuss scientific advances. Nanyang Technological University impediments to international C.W. “Paul” Chu, a professor encourages its students to take science collaborations. Support at The University of Houston part in international exchanges, was provided by the Richard and president of the Hong said Meng Hwa Er, senior associate Lounsberry Foundation, the Kong University of Science and provost at that institution. Quantum Magnetism Lab and Rice Technology, called scientific He highlighted the Research, faculty members Krishna Palem, collaboration “inevitable — not an Innovation and Enterprise Evan Siemann and Neal Lane. option but a necessity.” Council, chaired by Singapore’s Michael M.C. Lai, president of prime minister, as an example of Related Links: Taiwan’s National Cheng Kung efforts to transform Singapore Conference webcast and policy University, said that research into a knowledge-based economy, report: http://www.bakerinstitute. institutions must communicate with a focus on research and org/events/science-collaborations- internationally, appreciate development. across-borders other cultures and conform to The Baker Institute Science international standards to attract and Technology Policy Program the best talent. He called for organized the workshop, with greater incentives to overcome assistance from the Transnational these obstacles to collaboration, China Project and the Technology, especially ways to motivate scientists Society and Public Policy Program to spend time in other countries. to bring together scientists,

9 Qa t a r Wo r k s h o p Hig h l ig h t s St e m Ce l l Re s e a r c h a n d Po l i c y

By Kirstin Matthews, Fellow in Science biology at King’s College London; cardiovascular disease. and Technology Policy Margaret Elizabeth Ross, professor “Recognizing the importance Two Nobel laureates, as well as of neurogenetics and development and challenges, particularly ethical scholars from around the world, at Weill-Cornell Medical College; and policy challenges supporting gathered in Doha, Qatar, this Ludovic Vallier, senior nonclinical an ambitious stem cell program, spring to discuss stem cell research, fellow at the University of the unique opportunity offered by policy and ethics at a first-of-its-kind Cambridge; and Nagy Habib, Qatar, and recognizing interpretive workshop sponsored by the Baker professor of surgery at Imperial flexibility towards stem cell research Institute Science and Technology College in the United Kingdom, by Islam, the International Stem Policy Program and the Qatar also presented their research in Cell Advisory Panel will make Foundation. stem cell biology in the morning every effort to assist and advise The goal of the March 16 event session. the national government agencies was to interact with scientists and The afternoon session focused as appropriate,” said Dr. Abdelali doctors in Qatar on stem cell biology on ethical and religious views of Haoudi, vice president of research research, as well as associated policy stem cell biology. Herbert Gottweis, for Qatar Foundation. and ethical considerations. Scholars professor of political science at the The workshop is part of an also had an opportunity to explore University of Vienna in Austria, ongoing collaboration between what a stem cell policy might look offered a review of stem cell the Baker Institute Science and like in Qatar. Currently, stem cell policies around the world. Timothy Technology Policy Program and research in the Middle East in mostly Caulfield, Canada Research Chair the Qatar Foundation. In 2007, limited to Israel, Iran and Turkey. in Health Law and Policy at the the State of Qatar and the emir “The important partnership University of Alberta, discussed the of Qatar, His Highness Sheikh represented here today helps to impact of policies and patents on Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, realize both the Baker Institute research. Ilhan Ilkilic, doctor of endowed a program for the study mission of bridging the gap between ethics of medicine at the Institute of international stem cell policy at the theory and practice of public of History at the University of the Baker Institute. policy, and the further development Mainz in Germany, and Abdulhafez of vital scientific research and Helmy Mohammad, professor Related Links: education in Qatar,” said Baker emeritus at Ain Shams University Workshop Web site: Institute Founding Director Edward in Egypt, presented on the ethics of http://www.stemcellqatar2009.com Djerejian in his opening remarks. stem cell research from an Islamic Speakers included Nobel perspective. Laurie Zoloth, director Baker Institute International Stem laureates Gunter Blobel and Sir of the Center for Bioethics at Cell Policy Program: Martin Evans, as well as Irving Northwestern University, gave the http://www.bakerinstitute.org/ISCPP Weissman, director of the Stanford Jewish and various Christian views. Institute for Stem Cell Biology Following the workshop, the Qatar Foundation: and Regenerative Medicine. Paul Qatar Foundation announced http://www.qf.org.qa Simmons, director of the Center its plans to develop a center for for Stem Cell Research at The stem cell research in Doha with University of Texas Health Science a focus on the region’s primary Center at Houston; Stephen health issues, including diabetes, Minger, senior lecturer of stem cell neurological disorders, cancer and

10 Ha n d s -On Ex p e r i e n c e

A dozen students and scientists from Rice University and the Qatar Foundation got a firsthand look at stem cell research, including the chance to manipulate mice embryonic stem cells, as part of a weeklong class organized by the Baker Institute Science and Technology Policy Program. The “Stem Cell Theory and Practice” short course in January included lectures from top stem cell researchers and policy scholars, tours of laboratories around Rice and the Texas Medical Center actively involved in stem cell research, and hands-on activities to feed and grow embryonic stem cells. “The labs were pretty cool,” said Rice University student Sarah Tambra, a class participant who eventually plans to go to medical school. “You always hear people talking about stem cells, and you really got to see what could be done with them and the fields of study you could go into.”

St e m Ce l l Re s e a r c h e r En c o u r a g e s Ad v o c a c y , Ed u c a t i o n

By Monique Vieites, Baker Institute “If you believe in it, you have to By talking with legislators and Intern do it,” said Minger, director of the highlighting the importance of When British stem cell researchers Stem Cell Biology Laboratory and the research on future studies, found themselves hampered by senior lecturer at the Wolfson Centre researchers acquired the support of government regulations, they went for Age-Related Diseases at King’s even the most conservative politicians. to Parliament for help — and got College London. Minger’s lecture was sponsored a surprisingly warm reception. The In his remarks, “The New by the Baker Institute Science and result was new, improved regulations Consensus: How Scientists and Technology Policy Program with that empowered scientists to advance Government Created New Embryo support from the state of Qatar's their work in a less-restrictive Legislation in the United Kingdom,” Emir, Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa manner. Minger discussed how the significant Al-Thani, through the State of During a Feb. 6 lecture at the constraints during the early days Qatar Endowment for International Baker Institute, Stephen Minger, of stem cell research prompted Stem Cell Policy. Funding was a leading human embryonic stem U.K. researchers to take action and also provided by the U.K. Science cell researcher, said the lesson promote legislation that would allow and Technology Section; British learned was that collaboration for the creation and use of animal- Consulate-General, Houston; and between scientists, combined with human embryos. The main objective the Texas-United Kingdom efforts to educate policymakers, is of the researchers was to use stem Collaborative. essential. He urged other scientists cells from the embryos to understand to step forward and fight for better and develop tools for human disease, Related Links: legislation when needed. such as for therapeutic purposes and Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. drug discovery. org/events/minger

11 Sc i e n c e Ed i t o r Ca l l s f o r Ed u c a t i o n Ov e r h a u l

By Jesse Flynn, Baker Institute Intern, He envisions an educational science education,” he said. and Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff system that requires students to Alberts offered a mixed view A “revolution” in education that tackle increasingly difficult problem- of current efforts to teach science casts a wider net for future scientists solving challenges from elementary to American schoolchildren. and improves the reasoning and through high school. In the process, The No Child Left Behind Act communication skills of all students he said, students will learn to base required all states to conduct will produce a generation that can decisions on logic and evidence, science assessments. “It is much better compete in the new world which could ultimately lead to more easier to test for science words than economy, said the editor-in-chief of rational and peaceful societies. for science understanding and Science Magazine. Citing the National Science abilities,” Alberts cautioned. “Bad Bruce Alberts, editor of one Education Standards, a set of tests are forcing a trivialization of of the world’s most prestigious guidelines for science education science education and drive most scientific journals, spoke at the in U.S. primary and secondary students, including many potential Baker Institute Feb. 9. “Children schools established by the National scientists, away from science.” who are prepared for life in this way Research Council in 1996, Alberts Good tests, he said, motivate good would be great problem solvers in said students should be expected teaching and learning. the workplace, with the abilities and to know, use and interpret He called for creation of field the can-do attitude that are needed scientific explanations; generate sites, akin to teaching hospitals to be more competitive in the and evaluate scientific evidence for educators, where researchers, global economy,” he said. and explanations; understand teachers and designers work “Even more important,” he the nature and development together to “observe, explain, added, “they will also be more of scientific knowledge; and document, replicate and evaluate rational human beings — people participate productively in scientific practice.” He also backed teacher who are able to make wise practices and discourse. “We should judgments for their family, their all unite around this redefinition of continued on page 30 community and their nation.” Alberts served as president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and chair of the National Research Council for two terms (1993-2005), and is a professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco. In his talk, “Redefining Education and the Roles that Scientists Play in Society,” Alberts advocated “making a science out of science education” by using “knowledge of what increases student learning, based on scientifically obtained evidence, to create a continuously improving education system at all levels.” Bruce Alberts, editor-in-chief of Science magazine, says education needs to focus on improving the reasoning and communication skills of all students.

12 Ge n e t i c i s t Ca l l s f o r Go v e r n m e n t In v e s t m e n t i n Re s e a r c h

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff Pointing to the historical impact of research and development on the U.S. economy, the leader of the effort to map human DNA told an audience at the Baker Institute that investing in science would help counter the current economic downturn. Francis Collins, the former director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, said “the case is very strong” for such investments because “more than half of the economic growth of this country since World War II has From left, Baker Institute scholar and Rice assistant professor of sociology D. Michael Lindsay, Baker Institute senior fellow Neal Lane, Francis Collins (who was confirmed in August as director of the been on the basis of science and National Institutes of Health) and Baker Institute fellow Kirstin Matthews. technology and innovation.” He called President Barack Obama’s first steps to raise the profile of The same methodology could also lead to a new understanding of the science “an encouraging start at a be used to allow parents to pick nature of life. difficult time.” their children’s gender. Collins “The pace at which medical Collins, along with Neal Lane, and Lane both said they opposed research is advancing, and many Baker Institute senior fellow in reproductive human cloning. other fields as well, and the coming science and technology policy While “there have to be together of the physical sciences and the Malcolm Gillis University other people at the table” when (nanotechnology and biology),” Professor at Rice, spoke at the debating ethics, “scientists Lane said, “are going to present Jan. 21 event titled “Mapping the have to play a role,” Collins society with challenges we probably Human Genome: A Dialogue on said. Otherwise, “the ethical can’t even imagine today — and Science and Public Life.” conversation may go way over here these ethical challenges might Collins, who has since been into an area of application that’s come within a couple of years.” confirmed as the new director completely unfeasible and miss the of the National Institutes of one over here that actually might Related Links: Health, underscored the “blurry happen next month.” Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. line” of ethics while discussing Personalized medicine, energy org/events/collins biotechnical enhancements. Some, issues — including alternative like vaccinations against childhood fuels and climate change — and diseases, are not only permitted, global health are among the major but required. Other innovations scientific concerns Collins sees are not so clear-cut. Collins coming to the fore in the next pointed to DNA enhancements 10 years. Lane said that a greater that could help reduce obesity. understanding of biology may

13 Sp a c e Po l i c y

Sp a c e Me d i c i n e , As t r o n a u t He a l t h Fo c u s o f Co n f e r e n c e

On May 14–17, 2009, the Baker What countries and specialties doctors and biomedical Institute and Baylor College of Medicine were represented at this year’s researchers, engineers and hosted the third International Space conference? scientists, educators and training Medicine Summit. In an interview During our first two ISMS personnel. below, Baker Botts Senior Fellow in Space conferences in 2007 and 2008, The first-time participation of Policy George Abbey discusses highlights leading physicians and space the Chinese delegation brought of the three-day conference, which drew biomedical scientists from around a new dynamic to the conference attendees from 11 countries. the world gathered for high-level and increased excitement about discussions about the research prospects for international The International Space Medicine needed to prevent and/or mitigate collaboration. Shanguang Chen, Summit III (ISMS III) focused on the medical and biomedical director of the China Astronaut medical and biomedical challenges challenges that astronauts Research and Training Center, associated with long-duration space and cosmonauts face in long- presented a summary of China’s flight. Why this theme? duration space flight. This year, past, present and future space The medical and biomedical representatives from Australia, activities. challenges represent major Canada, China, Costa Rica, France, Former U.S. Secretary of State obstacles that must be overcome Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the James A. Baker, III, commended if humans are going to spend United Kingdom and the United the global nature of the conference long periods of time on the Moon States attended, ensuring there in his keynote address, noting and make long-duration flights to was representation from all the that, “International cooperation Mars and beyond. The attendees world’s spacefaring nations, with is critical to the future of manned concluded that it is critical to the exception of India. Attendees space travel.” He described better understand not only the included astronauts, cosmonauts, radical changes that the human program managers and directors, continued on page 30 body undergoes when transitioning from the Earth’s gravitational environment to the zero gravity environment of space over long periods of time, but also the effects on the human body when returning to Earth. Minimizing the effects of these radical changes is crucial to the survival of long- duration space travelers. The summit’s attendees also concluded that solutions to these problems can best be obtained through international collaborative research and investigations.

Baker Botts Senior Fellow in Space Policy George Abbey, far right, addresses a panel discussion at the third International Space Medicine Summit.

14 Di p l o m a c y

Ne t a n y a h u ’s Fo c u s t o Re m a i n o n Ir a n , Is r a e l i Jo u r n a l i s t Pr e d i c t s

By Lianne Hart, Staff Editor on Iran will only delay the project. wing coalition appears unwilling The first priority of recently-elected It can’t wipe it from the face of the to negotiate with Syria or make Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Earth. We are not living in ideal territorial concessions to Palestine. Netanyahu is to block Iran’s nuclear times in this respect.” “It looks like stonewalling in a way,” ambitions, award-winning journalist Israel supports U.S. President he said. “I believe it is more than Nahum Barnea said during Barack Obama’s plans to engage that. It’s an effort to widen the an April 16 presentation at the Iran on its nuclear program, but room to maneuver” by lowering Baker Institute. “what kind of scenarios the people expectations. Netanyahu will “From (Netanyahu’s) point of in Washington” think will come from negotiate with the Palestinians view, this is the only issue that really the talks is unclear, Barnea said. “Let “if he must do it,” Barnea added. matters,” since the survival of Israel me remind you, with North Korea could be at stake, he said. you were not very successful in trying Related Links: A nuclear-armed Iran will to stop the project.” Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. change the balance of power in the Barnea, chief political org/events/barnea region, Barnea added. “We have a columnist for the influential wild game which can end up in a Israeli daily Yedioth Ahronoth, war. Even an Israeli military attack said that Netanyahu’s new right-

Ed u c a t i o n , Jo b s Cr u c i a l f o r Wo m e n , Ac t i v i s t Sa y s

By Lianne Hart, Staff Editor But empowerment is Without such aid, fundamentalist Women survivors of war who meaningless when every day is a religious groups with the funds to become self-sufficient through struggle to find food and shelter, feed and clothe the poor will make education and job training can Salbi added. “Unless we shift the even greater inroads in places like be “agents of change” in their discussion of women’s rights from the Middle East, Salbi said. “Women traditionally male-dominated an intellectual exercise to a tangible are not making an ideological countries, activist Zainab Salbi said delivery that improves and deals choice, they are making a pragmatic during a May 8 address at the Baker with daily reality, we will lose them choice .... We need to create and Institute. .... We have to address the needs of encourage an alternative that “We cannot talk about the women at the street level.” respects religion but also looks into building of strong nations, strong A $27-a-month donation to her secular activities.” economies, without the inclusion group guarantees that a woman The event was sponsored by the of strong women,” said Salbi, survivor of war or other conflict Kelly Day Endowment on the Status who in 1993 co-founded Women “will stand on her feet in one year of Women and Human Rights in for Women International, which and move from victim to active the Middle East and the Ghada provides basic necessities while citizen,” Salbi said. The group has Irani Discretionary Fund. teaching literacy, vocational skills so far provided nearly $32 million and rights awareness to women in direct aid and loans, and assisted Related Links: in eight countries, including 93,000 women and their families. Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. Afghanistan, Bosnia and Rwanda. org/events/salbi

15 Ne w Ap p r o a c h Ne e d e d f o r Mi d d l e Ea s t Pe a c e

By Lianne Hart, Staff Editor After long years of failed policies, Palestinians and Israelis are no closer to peace. What is required is a change in the tone and direction of negotiations, Palestinian scholar Hanan Ashrawi told a capacity audience at the Baker Institute on March 24. A real “peace initiative” should replace the discredited “peace process,” she said. “We need a new approach,” Ashrawi said. While the appointment of former U.S. Senator George Mitchell, the former peace negotiator in Northern Ireland, as

U.S. envoy to the Middle East is a Hanan Ashrawi, the Diana Tamari Sabbagh Fellow in Middle Eastern Studies at the Baker Institute, good sign, time will tell if he has the discusses the need for change in current Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. mandate and the power to make a difference, she said. A well-known Palestinian the roots and future prospects of “We need positive constructive activist and legislator, Ashrawi Palestinian democracy. engagement by a third party” to is the institute’s Diana Tamari Ashrawi said that from the start, ensure Palestinian statehood is Sabbagh fellow in Middle Eastern a major impediment to peace has achieved, she added. Studies. She served as the official been an “asymmetry of power, the “The time has come to consider spokesperson for the Palestinian imbalance between the occupied U.N. involvement. … It’s an delegation to the Madrid Peace and occupier.” international responsibility. We Conference negotiations in 1991. In “We always asked for didn’t create this mess and the 1996, she was appointed minister of accountability for Israel as an Israelis and Palestinians alone higher education in the Palestinian occupying power and protection cannot solve it because we’re Authority. In August 2009, Ashrawi for the Palestinians as people under not even.” was elected to the Executive occupation, which of course we Ashrawi expressed concern Committee of the Palestine never got,” she said. Israel acted with that the possibility of a two-state Liberation Organization, making impunity, she contended, “building solution is disappearing and called history as the first woman to hold a settlements, taking land” and it a “major strategic shortcoming. seat in the highest executive body in “bomb[ing] and abduct[ing] at will.” This is something that has to be Palestine. The executive committee For its part, the United States addressed seriously.” is headed Palestinian Authority “always brought to bear its strategic “Solving the Palestinian question president Mahmoud Abbas. alliance with Israel,” Ashrawi said. is key to solving most of the Ashrawi's forthcoming Baker “By no stretch of the imagination problems in the region,” she said. Institute policy paper, "The Case can you ever accuse the U.S. of being for Democracy in the Palestinian evenhanded when it comes to the Related Links: National Narrative," explores peace process.” Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. org/events/ashrawi

16 Se t t l e m e n t s , Se c u r i t y Ke y t o Mi d d l e Ea s t Pe a c e

By Lianne Hart, Staff Editor strategies together and move the problems in the region; this is an In a proposed five-part strategy for peace process forward. ultimately dangerous view that Middle East talks, Baker Institute The success of the plan will can lead to new military conflict, fellow Yair Hirschfeld called for a depend, in part, on support from he said. Another view is that with two-state solution that ensures the the United States and the United time, Palestine can destroy Israel. security and economic well-being Nations, Hirschfeld said. “Bilateral This perspective is countered by of Israel and Palestine and allows negotiations between Israelis the third narrative — the Israeli residents to “live in good neighborly and Palestinians … are not good belief that “we are better organized, relations side-by-side.” enough.” have better politics and can fight it “It will not be easy, but it is the Hirschfeld is the institute’s Isaac through all the way.” only choice we have and that is and Mildred Brochstein Fellow in A fourth narrative falls under what we are going to work for,” Middle East Peace and Security in the category of “opportunity,” said Hirschfeld during the May 12 Honor of Yitzhak Rabin. Under Hirschfeld said, and is the basis of presentation at the Baker Institute. the auspices of the Baker Institute his proposal. “We can learn from Major components of the Conflict Resolution program, he mistakes and develop a strategy strategy include the relocation of is also part of the institute’s Israeli- that can work .... It is a far more Israeli settlements; a clear policy Palestinian Working Group, which is complex approach … but it is the on dealing with groups that use preparing a step-by-step framework only narrative that can actually violence to undermine attempts to to guide U.S. policymakers in move us ahead to the future that achieve peace; a coordinated effort fostering peace in the region. won’t be worse than the present and between countries in the region, Previous settlement talks have the past.” including Egypt and Jordan, to fight been hampered by three ineffective Hirschfeld is currently teaching nuclear and other terrorist threats “narratives” or mindsets, Hirschfeld at the University of Haifa in the from Iran; and the formulation of said. For instance, some believe Department of Middle Eastern “bridging proposals” that draw the that nothing can be done to solve History. In December 1992, he created the Oslo Channel and headed its Israeli team until May 1993. From 1994 to 1995, Hirschfeld was a member of the Israeli team that prepared the first Israeli-Palestinian blueprint for the permanent status agreement.

Related Links: Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. org/events/hirschfeld0509

Yair Hirschfeld, the Isaac and Mildred Brochstein Fellow in Middle East Peace and Security in Honor of Yitzhak Rabin at the Baker Institute, discusses prospects for a two-state solution for Israel and Palestine.

17 Li m i t e d Pa r a l l e l s Be t w e e n Ob a m a a n d FDR, Hi s tor i a n Sa y s

By Lianne Hart, Staff Editor disastrous,” Brands said. “When seek consensus, nothing happens,” Barack Obama, like Franklin Franklin Roosevelt became Brands added. “For Barack Obama, Roosevelt, took office as the president, things were so bad I suspect this cuts against the grain nation’s economy crumbled, but everybody knew they could hardly of his personality.” their presidencies aren’t necessarily get worse. They were willing to let In some respects, Obama is destined to be comparable, Roosevelt pretty much do whatever in a more difficult position than according to historian H.W. Brands. he wanted.” Roosevelt, Brands said. While A key difference is that the In contrast to Obama so far, Roosevelt essentially disregarded nation’s economic woes aren’t as Brands said, Roosevelt “took a much foreign policy during his first term, dire now as they were in the 1930s, more combative tone toward those today, with the economy and other said Brands, a University of Texas people that he called the ‘economic domestic problems to attend to, professor and the author of “A royalists,’” pushing for regulations “Barack Obama might like to ignore Traitor to His Class: The Privileged that set wages, work hours and the world, but the world won’t let Life and Radical Presidency of other employment terms because him get away with it.” Franklin Delano Roosevelt.” He “he realized he had this majority spoke at an April 17 institute behind him.” Roosevelt didn’t shy Related Links: luncheon moderated by Douglas from class warfare, he added. Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. Brinkley, the Baker Institute fellow Roosevelt understood that “to org/events/brands in history and a professor of history get anything big done in politics, at Rice University. you’ve got to identify and isolate “Things are kind of scary at the enemies. You can’t say, ‘We’re the moment, but they’re not all in this together.’ When you

Ex p e r i e n c i n g Am e r i c a

Former Secretary of State James Baker, III, engaged in a question-and-answer session Jan. 13 with 41 ambassadors visiting the Baker Institute. The diplomats’ visit was part of the group’s “Experience America” trip, organized by the U.S. State Department’s Office of the Chief of Protocol to expose foreign diplomats and their spouses to areas of the country outside of Washington, D.C. After brief welcoming remarks by Baker Institute Founding Director Edward P. Djerejian, Baker took the lectern and opened the floor to a wide array of questions from the diplomats. Most concerned the possible new direction in U.S. policies under the administration of President Barack Obama. “Experience America” trips are designed to provide concrete examples of flourishing businesses, innovative technology, experimental health care and cutting-edge environmental practices.

18 Di p l o m a t s ’ Sp o u s e s Di s c u s s Li f e Ab r o a d

Whether she — along with her husband, who is the U.S. president’s personal representative in a foreign country — is an interlocutor in important bilateral discussions, lifts the morale of Americans abroad or raises their children in a sometimes-hostile environment, the role of a U.S. ambassador’s spouse is crucial, challenging and ultimately rewarding, two former ambassadresses concluded during a program at the Baker Institute on April 21. Baker Hughes senior vice president and general counsel Françoise Djerejian (left), wife of Baker Institute founding director Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian, and Diana Untermeyer (right), wife of Ambassador Chase Untermeyer, flank moderator Alan Crain, senior vice president and general counsel of Baker Hughes Inc. Mrs. Djerejian and Mrs. Untermeyer spoke about the crucial role a spouse can play in the conduct of diplomacy. continued on page 30

Fo r m e r U.S. Ar m y In t e r r o g a t o r Re c o u n t s Hi s Se a r c h f o r Sa d d a m Hu s s e i n

By Derrick Huang, Editorial Associate Saddam’s hometown. Instead of Former U.S. Army staff sergeant targeting the Army’s “wanted” lists, Eric Maddox is proof that ordinary Maddox sought to learn more citizens can alter the course of about the social circles of insurgent history. leaders. Maddox chronicled his The people we questioned involvement in Saddam Hussein’s “weren’t ‘wanted’ (but) they December 2003 capture to had knowledge,” he recalled. members of the Houston and Rice Through these informants, Maddox University community at the Baker identified those closest to Saddam, Institute on April 6, 2009. The who eventually led the U.S. Army to full story is told in Maddox’s book the ousted Iraqi leader. “Mission: Black List #1.” Currently a civilian working Related Links: for the U.S. Department of Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. Defense, Maddox was a U.S. Army org/events/maddox staff sergeant assigned in 2003 as an interrogator in Iraq. He Former U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Eric Maddox, author of “Mission: Black List #1,” discusses the was eventually detailed to Tikrit, capture of Saddam Hussein.

19 Re l igi o n a n d Pu b l i c Po l i c y

Re l igi o u s En g a g e m e n t Ke y t o Co u n t e r i n g Po l i t i c a l Ex t r e m i s m , Ex p e r t Sa y s

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff Kashmir, Iran and Afghanistan. religion,” Johnston said, “and you Religion can help mediate and He has also spent considerable can find seeming justification for end conflicts that are resistant to time trying to reform Pakistan’s violence. Or you can look hard and traditional diplomacy, national madrassas, some of which are find that really overwhelming those security expert Douglas Johnston accused of instilling extremist kinds of passages — this is true of argued during an April 8 lecture at views in their pupils. His approach the Bible as well — it’s really about the Baker Institute. is to try to reach agreement with peace.” Johnston, the founder of the the madrassa leaders on religious Johnston acknowledged the International Center for Religion concepts they may share and work dangers he and his colleagues have and Diplomacy (ICRD), recounted from there to build trust. For faced. Some of his colleagues have his experiences negotiating with example, as a Christian, he said, been killed over the years, he said. militants using what he called he and his hosts believe in the God Despite the risks, “I think the stakes “faith-based diplomacy.” The of Abraham. With his indigenous are simply too high for us not to strategy incorporates “religious partners, Johnston said he was able give it our best shot,” he said. considerations into the practice of to make strides in convincing some international politics” and makes of the most militant Pakistanis that Related Links: “religion part of the solution in their anger toward the West was Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. these intractable, identity-based politically, rather than religiously, org/events/johnston conflicts,” he said. motivated. Johnston’s group has been “You can look in the holy involved in negotiations in Sudan, scriptures of just about any

Do c u m e n t a r y Sc r e e n i n g

Calvin Skaggs, president of Lumiere Productions Inc. and film director, screened his documentary “Religious Right at the Crossroads” at the Baker Institute on Jan. 15, followed by a question-and-answer session. The documentary “Religious Right at the Crossroads” allows viewers to experience the religious right’s dilemma and to get an inside view of the McCain and Obama campaign workers who were dedicated to faith outreach. The documentary also shows how younger evangelical Christians are reshaping the movement’s political and cultural commitments while providing a glimpse into the future of the religious right movement and its progressive evangelical adversaries. Skaggs has produced or directed more than 30 dramas and documentaries for television and theatrical exhibition. He has produced major documentary series for the Public Broadcasting Service, as well as numerous films for Discovery Communications, LLC; Home Box Office, Inc. (HBO); and Channel 4 U.K.

20 Ev a n g e l i c a l Le a d e r Wa n t s Ch r i s t i a n s t o Le a d o n En v i r o n m e n t a l Is s u e s

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff Cizik’s stand has sparked debate should be doing and then develop a Evangelical Christians should take within the evangelical community. strategy for doing it, he said. a leadership role in protecting the He was forced to step down from Cizik expressed optimism that planet, religious leader Richard his position at the NAE last year younger evangelicals are more Cizik told an audience at the Baker after making comments on civil comfortable with the broader Institute on Feb. 24. unions for same-sex couples and agenda he espouses. Leadership, he Cizik, the former vice president abortion. said, “is about creating a climate — for governmental affairs for the Nonetheless, Cizik remained no pun intended — where the truth National Association of Evangelicals outspoken in his criticism of the is heard and the brutal facts are (NAE), backs a concept called evangelical hierarchy, telling the confronted.” “Creation Care,” which is rooted Baker Institute audience, “The in biblical injunctions to prevent failures of the religious right to have activities that are harmful to the a broad agenda of concern that Earth and its inhabitants. “From includes the Earth” are “manifestly Genesis to Revelation, there is this apparent.” admonition,” he said, “to care [for] Evangelicals must “cast a vision” and protect” the Earth. for what the religious community

Fi r s t Pe r s o n : Sc h o l a r ’s Ne w s p a p e r Co m m e n t a r y Pr o m p t s Le gi s l at i v e In v i t a t i o n

By William Martin, Harry and Hazel needle exchange programs in good quite likely that we have the votes Chavanne Senior Fellow in Religion conscience. Shortly afterward, I was to approve the measure in 2011. and Public Policy invited to help organize a panel of Many other people, within the For the past three sessions of the religious leaders to testify in favor of legislature itself and from public Texas Legislature, I have written the bill. When I introduced myself interest organizations, worked on and lobbied in support of bills at the session, the committee chair, this issue. But I was told by several allowing local jurisdictions to Rep. Lois Kolkhorst, R-Brenham, closely involved people that having operate or permit needle exchange asked if I had written the Chronicle someone from the Baker Institute programs, which reliably reduce article. When I said that I had, support this legislation was regarded the spread of blood-borne diseases she said, “That’s the reason we are as significant. such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C having this session.” among injecting drug users. The committee subsequently Related Links: To help counter opposition sent the bill forward with a strong William Martin’s April 5, to such programs by religious positive vote. Unfortunately, 2009, op-ed “Creating needle- conservatives, I wrote an op-ed needle exchange fell victim to exchange programs would be the piece for The Houston Chronicle, the peculiar rules of the Texas Christian thing to do”: http:// contending that — using Jesus’ Legislature, which ends its session www.bakerinstitute.org/oped/ treatment of outcasts as an example on a given date rather than when needles0409 — religious people could support it gets its work done. But it seems

21 Me e t t h e Sc h o l a r : Er i k a d e l a Ga r z a

What was the impetus for LAI? What’s on the LAI calendar for the Latin America is extremely 2009–2010 academic year? important to the United States. We In collaboration with the institute’s wanted to offer a space that brings Drug Policy Program and The together leading stakeholders University of Texas at El Paso, we will from the government, the private hold a conference on the 40-year-old sector, academia and civil society “War on Drugs,” with discussions on to exchange views. Texas’ shared topics such as drug-related violence, border with Mexico leads to the effects of imprisonment and discussions on migration, trade and alternative strategies. This year’s commerce, policy and a common Americas Project will bring together history. Houston is home to one of young leaders to discuss peace and the largest Hispanic populations in stability in the Americas given the the United States, and our business current political and economic interests often overlap with those in conditions, which include 200 Erika de la Garza is the program director Latin America — for example, oil million people living in poverty. of the Latin American Initiative at and gas. We are also finalizing our guest list the Baker Institute. She is interested in for the Vecinos Lecture Series. U.S.-Latin American relations; emerging Describe some recent projects and leadership; coalition building; and trade programs. What are your long-term goals for and business development. De la Garza We have just completed a major the LAI? holds a master’s degree in international research project on the U.S.- We would like to recruit a fellow affairs from Columbia University and Mexico border, including a policy in Latin American studies and a master’s degree in diplomacy from the report with findings from nine implement a visitors program so University of Costa Rica. commissioned research papers that young Latin American leaders on border security, economic come here to learn about policy What is the Latin American development and migration. formulation. Finally, I’d like to Initiative (LAI)? The “Developing the U.S.-Mexico see the institute hold events and The LAI seeks to foster a better Border Region for a Prosperous and programs in Latin America. understanding of the cultures, Secure Relationship” project aims economies, histories and to provide policymakers with more Related Links: contemporary affairs of Latin coordinated approaches to forging Latin American Initiative: America with three programs: the stronger U.S.-Mexico relations. http://www.bakerinstitute.org/LAI U.S.-Mexico Border Program, which Additionally, the Americas focuses on economic development, Project held its annual colloquium. U.S.-Mexico Border Program research: security and migration issues; the Fellows from 15 different countries http://www.bakerinstitute.org/ Americas Project, which, with the discussed the challenges of urban programs/u-s-mexico-border- Organization of American States, migration, including affordable program brings together young leaders from housing and public education. The the Americas to discuss key policy LAI also held its first conference Recent Americas Project newsletters issues; and the Vecinos Lecture on the politics of Latin American in English and Spanish: http://www. Series, which brings distinguished energy policies, in conjunction with bakerinstitute.org/programs/the- speakers to lecture on topics vital to the institute’s Energy Forum (see americas-project/newsletters.cfm Latin America. page 5).

22 Ta x a n d Ex p e n d i t u r e Po l i c y

Pa n e l An a l y z e s Bu d g e t De f i c i t

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff is really the only option for digging A panel of economic analysts us out of our financial hole.” Are raised an alarm over the growing we ready, he asked, “to hand a federal budget deficit, saying it multitrillion-dollar retirement bill poses a moral as well as financial over to the next generation?” threat. The analysts, part of the Will Marshall, president of the nonpartisan Concord Coalition’s Progressive Policy Institute, called Dj e r e ji a n , La n e Fiscal Wake-up Tour, spoke Jan. 29 for “mechanisms that will begin to Ho n o r e d b y at the Baker Institute. impose fiscal discipline once the Ri c e Al u m n i Robert Bixby, executive director economy starts to recover.” of the national grassroots coalition The problem of huge budget Edward P. Djerejian, founding dedicated to eliminating the deficits “affects everybody’s director of the Baker Institute, federal deficit, said the budget interests,” Bixby said, because and Neal Lane, the institute’s is a “statement of our national they represent a horrendous debt senior fellow in science and priorities,” reflecting a “vision of burden for future generations while technology policy, have each how we see our place in the world limiting the possibility of lower taxes received the Association of … and the opportunities we would and investment in education or Rice Alumni Gold Medal, the like to see for future generations.” infrastructure. organization’s highest honor. “We’re at a critical crossroads in The event was sponsored by the Under Djerejian’s our country,” argued David Walker, institute’s Tax and Expenditure leadership, the Baker Institute former comptroller general of Policy program. has succeeded “beyond the the United States, noting that the highest expectations,” Rice nation’s debt is expected to rise to Related Links: president David Leebron noted $56 trillion dollars. Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. at the May 2009 awards dinner. Brian Riedl, lead budget analyst org/events/fiscaltour Lane was lauded for his at The Heritage Foundation, said leadership and continuing that with an estimated 77 million Fiscal Wake-up Tour: efforts to advance and promote baby boomers set to retire in http://www.concordcoalition.org/ science and technology, as coming years, “entitlement reform act/fiscal-wake-tour well as his service to Rice as a provost, faculty leader and professor. Djerejian (above) and Lane (below) stand with Robert Taylor of the Association of Rice Alumni.

Tax Policy Fellow John W. Diamond, left, speaks on a panel of fiscal analysts about the growing federal budget deficit, and the implications for the country.

23 Ho m e l a n d Se c u r i t y a n d Te r r o r i s m

Le s s o n s f r o m Hu r r i c a n e Ik e : Th e Ch a l l e n g e s o f Bu r e a u c r a c y a n d Re c o v e r y

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff The mayors of Houston and Galveston say much has been learned from the devastation caused by Hurricane Ike, but bureaucratic obstacles remain a challenge to the region’s recovery. At a March 11 panel discussion, Houston Mayor Bill White said that the storm demonstrated the need to fortify facilities and infrastructure, including the electricity grid, as well as to trim trees to avoid power outages. He also applauded the city’s zip-code-based evacuation and evacuation of people with special needs during Ike — efforts that Galveston Mayor Lyda Ann Thomas, Houston Mayor Bill White and Baker Institute founding director showed considerable improvement Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian at an event discussing the lessons learned following the devastation of from Hurricane Rita in 2005. Hurricane Ike. But White decried the plodding disbursement of government funds needs to have prearranged contracts private sector, particularly the Red to deal with the disaster — prior to these storms,” Thomas said. Cross, whose efforts she said were a sentiment shared by Galveston The panel discussion, titled “Life “critical” after Ike. Mayor Lyda Ann Thomas. She After Ike: The Future of Houston Burka, a Galveston native, said blamed bureaucratic inertia for and Galveston,” was co-sponsored that Ike, a Category 2 storm, showed delays in promised payments for by Texas Monthly and the Baker that the seawall (built after the 1900 tents, food, portable toilets and Institute. Paul Burka, senior storm that killed an estimated 6,000 other facilities. executive editor of Texas Monthly, people) can only provide limited Thomas also recalled the and Joan Neuhaus Schaan, fellow in protection. He also questioned frustration in dealing with state homeland security and terrorism at whether Texas has the political will and federal officials with different the Baker Institute, also participated to deal with the effects of future priorities. She said that the Texas in the discussion. storms. Setting aside large amounts Department of Transportation did Neuhaus Schaan, who has served of money to pay for hurricane not allow Galveston to remove debris as the executive director of the cleanup may not be so appealing from major thoroughfares, and Houston-Harris County Regional to a legislator from Amarillo, he it took three months to get them Homeland Security Advisory Council noted. cleared. since 2004, underscored improved Galveston had buses ready to coordination between local Related Links: evacuate people who rely on public authorities, regional officials and first Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. transportation, she said, but the responders — a product of lessons org/events/afterike Federal Emergency Management learned from earlier hurricanes. She Agency (FEMA) did not. “FEMA also praised cooperation from the

24 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Ro u n d t a b l e

o u n d i n g i r e c t o r s n n u a l F D ’ A Th e Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Ro u n d t a b l e Di n n e r Ac k n o w l e d g e s 2009 By Starr Dickerson, Development to approximately 800 members. Am b a s s a d o r –l e v e l Coordinator “The Roundtable’s role is to foster Ro u n d t a b l e The Baker Institute hosted community engagement in some its annual Director’s Dinner of the most pressing public policy Su p p o r t e r s for Partner-, Diplomat- and challenges of our time,” says Mrs. Nancy Crow Allen Ambassador-level Roundtable Roundtable chair Beth Robertson. members on May 4. During an “Its members get to experience, The Honorable Hushang Ansary and Mrs. Ansary informal question-and-answer firsthand, the presence and impact session, Ambassador Edward P. of world leaders, national decision The Honorable James A. Baker, III, and Mrs. Baker Djerejian, the institute’s founding makers and leading researchers in director, addressed a wide range some of the most important areas of Mr. and Mrs. E. William Barnett of policy-related issues including public debate.” Dr. and Mrs. F.T. Barr health care reform, border If you are interested in joining security, conflict resolution and the Roundtable or participating Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Brochstein the challenges faced by the Obama in a policy-specific focus group, administration. This marked the please call 713.348.8087. Special Mr. Charles Butt first year Ambassador-level members membership rates are available Mr. and Mrs. John T. Cabaniss of our Associate Roundtable, the for policy- and leadership-minded Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Cheng institute’s premier membership Houstonians ages 20 to 40. group for young Houston Mr. and Mrs. James Crownover professionals, were also included in Related Links: Mrs. Linnet F. Deily the invitation-only dinner. Membership information: Mr. Art Dula Founded in 1997, the Baker http://www.bakerinstitute.org/ Institute Roundtable has grown support/roundtable Ms. Meg Goodman and Mr. Mike Bonini

Ms. Jeanie Kilroy

Mr. and Mrs. Lucian Morrison

Ms. Nancy Brown Negley

Mr. and Mrs. Edward Randall, III

Ms. Beth Robertson

Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells

Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Sarofim

To enquire about program support at the Baker Institute, or enquire about Roundtable membership at the Baker Institute, please contact Starr Dickerson, development From left, Betty Cabaniss, Florence Hargrove Ray, Roundtable chair Beth Robertson, and Marion coordinator, at 713.348.8087. Hargrove, attend the annual Roundtable dinner. The event included an informal question-and-answer session with Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian, the institute’s founding director, on policy-related issues including health care reform and border security.

25 St u d e n t s

Ba k e r In s t i t u t e In t e r n s Go Gl o b a l

By Steven W. Lewis, Fellow in Asian All interns were nominated by Pittsford, N.Y., majoring in Studies and Jesse Jones Leadership Baker Institute and Rice faculty on anthropology and policy, studied Center Summer Intern Program the basis of their accomplishments the impact of low levels of health Coordinator and potential. A list of interns, insurance coverage for children More than two dozen Rice students their current class years and their with Embry Howell of the Health experienced public policy on summer internships follows. Policy Center of the Urban a national and global scale this Institute. Fiona was recommended summer as part of Baker Institute Washington, D.C.: by Rice political science professor internship programs in Washington, Fiona Adams, a senior from Karoline Mortensen. D.C., Africa and, for the first time, France and Belgium. Thanks to the Jesse Jones Leadership Center Summer in D.C. Policy Research Internship Program, seven students assisted research at prestigious think tanks and government agencies in the nation’s capital. In this sixth year of the program, students also participated in policy seminars led by Baker Institute fellow Steven Lewis and prepared an original research project. Five students headed for Africa as part of the Lesotho Sustainability Rice University interns in the joint Energy Forum-Rice 360° internship worked with volunteers in Lesotho to build gardens that conserve water and maximize yields. Pictured above with local participants are Assessment Project, an ongoing interns Kelley Liao (third from left) and Mark Hoffman (fourth from right), and Eugenia Georges effort to work with the local (third from right), a professor and chair of the Rice Department of Anthropology. communities to identify challenges to sustainable development through survey assessments, and to design and implement small- scale solutions that can be adopted and maintained locally. The project is sponsored by the Baker Institute Energy Forum and by Rice 360°: Institute for Global Health Technologies. And, as part of a new arrangement with the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), three students researched

policy in France, and a fourth Rice students participating in the 2009 Jesse Jones Leadership Center Summer in D.C. Policy Research student in Belgium. Internship Program gather outside of the National Archives and Navy Memorial. Left to right: Jingyuan Luo, Rachel Solnick, Fiona Adams, Cort Malmberg, Kara Calhoun, Sean Graham and Devin Glick.

26 Kara Calhoun, a junior in economics, policy studies and of Globalsecurity.org. Sean was from Tyler, Texas, majoring in political science, researched recommended by Baker Institute anthropology and health care civil rights in the workplace with fellow Chris Bronk. management, assisted Molly Singer Deena Fidas of the Human Rights Jingyuan Luo, a senior from of the National Association of Campaign’s Workplace Project. Chandler, Ariz., majoring in Public Hospitals and Health Systems Devin was recommended by Baker biochemistry and policy studies, in looking at public health care Institute fellow Amy Myers Jaffe. assisted researchers Alan Tessier policies. Kara was recommended Sean Graham, a senior from and Rita Teutonico in looking by Baker Institute fellow Kirstin Corpus Christi, Texas, majoring at policies on the environmental Matthews. in cognitive science, analyzed impact of nanotechnology at the Devin Glick, a sophomore defense security policy issues with from Houston, Texas, majoring Joseph Trevithick and John Pike continued on page 28

Ba k e r In s t i t u t e St u d e n t Fo r u m Ex a m i n e s Lo c a l a n d In t e r n a t i o n a l Is s u e s

By Franz Brotzen, Rice News Staff The Baker Institute Student Forum focused on global and national issues during the spring semester of 2009. Key events included a lecture by a former presidential hopeful and a panel discussion on genocide and ethnic conflict. More than 200 students attended a Feb. 5 address by U.S. Rep. Ron Paul, R-Texas, about Rice University Professors Michael Emerson and Gale Stokes sit with Mary Lee Webeck, director of his experiences in politics. The education at the Holocaust Museum Houston, are introduced by members of the Baker Institute Student Forum during a panel discussion about ethnic conflict. At the podium, from left, are Rice University two-time presidential aspirant’s students Katherine Gomer ’09 and Sarah Nouri ’10. campaigns have put the spotlight on his ideas, particularly his focus on limited government, opposition the focus of a March 31 panel governments to take action in to the war in Iraq and advocacy for consisting of Mary Lee Webeck, conflicts. The panelists also a return to a commodity-backed director of education at Holocaust discussed reasons why governments currency. During his remarks, Paul Museum Houston; Michael intervene in certain conflicts and expressed optimism for the current Emerson, Allyn and Gladys Cline not others, and why ethnic disputes generation of students. He said his Professor of Sociology at Rice erupt in violence. experience with students during University; and Gale Stokes, Mary his 2008 presidential campaign Gibbs Jones Professor Emeritus of Related Links: gave him hope that the United History at Rice. Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. States can emerge from its current The panelists provided students org/events/ronpaul problems. with an understanding of the role Theories of ethnic conflict of the media and nongovernmental and historical case studies were organizations in encouraging

27 De f e n d i n g Fr i e n d s h i p

Richard J. Arneson, a philosophy professor at the University of California, San Diego, discusses the concept of friendship at a March 26 lecture at the Baker Institute. The event, titled “Ethics, Politics and Society: Friendship and Partiality” examined the limitations of friendship and how the notion itself reconciles with morality, which requires impartial concern for all. If putting a thumb on the scale in favor of one’s friends and family members is acceptable in some contexts, what about partiality to fellow members of one’s own community, nation, ethnic or racial group? “Being a friend involves the disposition to give greater weight to the good of one’s friend than to the good of non-friends,” Arneson told the audience. The event was part of the 2008–2009 Ethics, Politics and Society series, which is co-sponsored by the Baker Institute.

for the program by Rice professor Lesotho: In t e r n s in biochemistry Michael Gustin. continued from page 27 Marielle Schweickart, a sophomore from Seattle, Wash., National Science Foundation. France: majoring in social sciences, and Jingyuan was recommended by Everette Kreider, a senior from Margaret Murphy, a senior from Rice professor of kinesiology Nick Helotes, Texas, majoring in political Chicago, Ill., majoring in civil Iammarino. science, studied “Africa and the engineering, coordinated the Cort Malmberg, a senior from Changing World of Conflict.” building of rainwater catchment Kodiak, Alaska, majoring in English Claire Newman, a senior from systems for garden irrigation. and political science, worked with Sugar Land, Texas, majoring in Mark Hoffman, a junior Bryan Marcus of the Bureau of English and policy studies, focused from Austin, Texas, majoring European and Eurasian Affairs of on “The Middle East and Maghreb.” in civil engineering, and Kelley the State Department in analyzing Ruchir Shah, a sophomore Liao, a senior from Houston, affairs in Ukraine, Moldova and from Barrington, R.I., majoring in Texas, majoring in ecology and Belarus. Cort was recommended by energy studies, studied “European evolutionary biology and earth Rice professor of political science Governance and Geopolitics of science, focused on sustainable Jerrold Rusk. Energy.” urban homestead gardening Rachel Solnick, a senior from practices. Potomac, Md., majoring in film, Belgium: Amanda Hu, senior from Seattle, policy studies and psychology, Joyce Yao, a senior from Wash., majoring in psychology, assisted Barbara A. Ormond of the Taipei, Taiwan, majoring in history installed roof insulation at a primary Health Policy Center of the Urban and political science, studied school to promote a healthy learning Institute in looking at local health “European Governance and environment and energy efficiency. care coverage systems in the United Geopolitics of Energy.” States. Rachel was recommended

28 speaker of the Social Democratic will be to look at the expectations Ge r m a n y Party of Germany and advocate of continued from page 1 going into the process of monetary union in 1989–1990; Ulrich reunification and see how those of history Douglas Brinkley will Preuss, a jurist who was part of the expectations squared with the moderate the panel discussion. committee that drafted a constitution outcomes,” said Peter Caldwell, a The academic conference will for the reunited Germany; and history professor at Rice, who is examine the reunification process Marianne Birthler, an East German helping organize the conference. from a public policy perspective dissident and currently federal “We want to grasp what these and use hindsight to evaluate the commissioner for the records of the people were facing and how they consequences of those decisions. State Security Service of the former came to their decisions.” Invited guests include Ingrid German Democratic Republic. Matthäus-Maier, former deputy “The purpose of the conference

recession, Zhou sought to Kissinger, who played an Ch i n a emphasize the international important role in the negotiations continued from page 1 response needed to combat it. that led to the establishment of event, titled “America and China: “The fact that the current economic U.S.-Chinese diplomatic relations, The Next 30 Years.” and financial crisis started in one recounted the intricate diplomacy “Our two countries are partners country and spread to every corner under the Nixon administration in cooperation,” Zhou told the of the world,” he said, “highlighted that resulted in the 1979 capacity crowd, “not strategic rivals.” the reality of a global village.” normalization during the Carter U.S.-Chinese cooperation, he went The conference was the fourth administration. on, “is good for China, it is good for since 2004 held by the Baker “In the ’70s, our relationship the United States, it is also good for Institute and the Shanghai Institutes was based primarily on the attempt the Asia/Pacific region and the rest for International Studies (SIIS). SIIS to achieve a strategic balance with of the world.” President Yang Jiemian brought the Soviet Union,” he explained. Baker urged both countries to a delegation of five scholars to “In the ’80s, China began its concentrate on areas where their present research at the conference. reconstruction, but the Soviet interests converge — stability in the In the summer of 2010, Ambassador Union was still an important factor. Middle East, strategic arms control, Edward Djerejian, founding director In the ’90s, the Soviet Union global climate change, energy of the Baker Institute, will lead a collapsed, and China began to security and the overall world group of Baker Institute and Rice become a powerful economic factor economic order — and to avoid scholars to Shanghai. Discussions in the world.” protectionism and other inward will focus on relations between Participants included Baker policies. the United States, China and the Institute fellows Joe Barnes, Amy Kissinger said the current Middle East. Myers Jaffe and Steve Lewis; SIIS economic crisis “can only be solved In his welcoming remarks, Rice scholars Li Weijian, Wu Chunsi and cooperatively. And it can only be University President David Leebron Ye Qing; Princeton scholar Daniel solved cooperatively if the United noted that normalization of relations Kurtzer; and Brookings Institution States and China work together with the United States came halfway fellow Kenneth Lieberthal. closely and trustingly and with a through the People’s Republic of long-term point of view.” China’s 60-year history, making it Related Links: Reflecting recent comments an appropriate time “to pause and Conference webcast: http:// from the Chinese government reflect on the past and also think on bakerinstitute.org/events/uschina30 on the origin of the worldwide how to move forward in the future.”

29 Alberts’ lecture was hosted by Related Links: Sc i e n c e the Baker Institute Science and Webcast: http://www.bakerinstitute. continued from page 12 Technology Policy Program and is org/events/alberts empowerment. “Our best science part of its Civic Scientist Lecture teachers need to have more Series funded by Marathon Oil influence on the education system,” Corporation. The series highlights he said, from school districts to the scientists and engineers who have state and federal government. moved beyond the lab to influence public policy.

Sp a c e Me d i c i n e continued from page 14

collaborations with Russia, China, Are there any policy cooperation should be pursued. Japan, the European Union and recommendations you would make The exploration program needs to “all countries committed to the based on this year’s meeting? be re-evaluated and refocused into peaceful exploration of space” as The summit inspired a number a program based on international crucial. Baker also noted that “this of policy recommendations. The cooperation, building upon the summit is dedicated to broadening International Space Station needs success of the space station as a and deepening that cooperation in to be enhanced, extended and foundation, and international ways that advance knowledge and supported by the Space Shuttle collaboration should be extended inspire the human imagination.” program. International life science to include China as a partner.

Sp o u s e s continued from page 19

Alan Crain deftly moderated the experience.” An accomplished recounted having asked every new discussion, alternating serious and equestrian, Mrs. Untermeyer rapidly ambassador to step over to a large lighter questions, thereby engaging became a familiar sight at riding globe and point to his country. an audience of approximately 120, events in Qatar. “My involvement Invariably, the ambassador would whose participation during the with horses brought us into contact point to his country of assignment. question-and-answer session brought with many in the country; Chase There was one exception: U.S. Sen. forth more candid perspectives from called it ‘equine diplomacy,’” she Mike Mansfield, who had been the panelists. remarked. appointed ambassador to Japan, The event highlighted the Françoise Djerejian, who put his hand over the United States contrast between career diplomats accompanied her husband, veteran and said “This, Mr. Secretary, is my and political appointees who end up U.S. diplomat Ambassador Edward country.” That was a valuable lesson with the rank of ambassador without P. Djerejian, to assignments in that the Djerejians always kept in having had to climb the Foreign Morocco, France, the Soviet Union, mind during their ambassadorial Service ladder, but rather have had Jordan, Syria and Israel, recalled assignments. to prove their loyalty to a party or a with emotion an anecdote Secretary Both women cautioned that candidate. of State George Shultz told the despite the hardships of diplomatic Diana Untermeyer, whose Djerejians and a small group of life, there are many wonderful husband was ambassador to Qatar ambassadors and their spouses on memories, the strongest of which from 2004 to 2007, remarked, “It the eve of their departure to their is having had the privilege to serve can be an unbelievably enriching respective assignments. Shultz one’s country.

30 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e i n t h e Ne w s

Compiled using Dateline Rice, these are about the legacy of Theodore • June 15: Co-authored a highlighted interviews given by the Baker Roosevelt. Houston Chronicle op-ed Institute fellows between Jan. 1, 2009, • Aug. 10: The New York Times calling for the creation of a and Aug. 12, 2009. reviewed his book “The government agency to protect Wilderness Warrior: Theodore America’s communications George W.S. Abbey Roosevelt and the Crusade for networks from attack. • July 27: Quoted in a KRIV- America.” • May 4: Co-wrote, with TV story on Rice professor • July 21: Mentioned in a Ken Medlock, a Houston James Tour’s work to create Bloomberg.com article Chronicle op-ed on America’s educational video games. examining Obama’s policies six vulnerabilities to hackers. • July 24: Interviewed on months into his first term. • Jan. 23: Quoted in an ACM BBC Radio about the 40th • July 20: Quoted in a San TechNews article on software anniversary of the Apollo 11 Francisco Chronicle article developed to identify terrorist moon landing. remembering Walter Cronkite. groups. • Feb. 3: Quoted in a Houston • May 28: Interviewed on Fox Chronicle article on an institute News about the nomination of Erika de la Garza study suggesting that NASA Sonia Sotomayor for the U.S. • July 20: Co-authored a Houston refocus the scope of its efforts. Supreme Court. Chronicle op-ed on the ousting Neal Lane was also quoted. • Feb. 20: Appeared on “Hardball of Honduran President Manuel • Jan. 15: Quoted in a KTRH with Chris Matthews” discussing Zelaya. story on the legacy of President the Historians’ Survey of • June 1: Quoted on CBS Radio’s George W. Bush’s plans to Presidential Leadership. “World News Roundup” on U.S. expand space exploration. • Jan. 5: Quoted in Boston Globe and Mexican efforts to stem and Washington Post articles drug cartel violence. Joe Barnes on the last days of Bush’s • April 29: Quoted in a KXLN-TV • April 29: Mentioned in a presidency. story on the swine flu outbreak. Tribune (Canada) op-ed on oil • April 15: Quoted in a Voice and gas development in Canada Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. of America News article on and the northeast United • July 30: Quoted in a New York Obama’s visit to Mexico City States. Post article on the Internet to meet with President Felipe • April 20: Wrote a Houston attacks on South Korean and Calderón. Chronicle op-ed on America’s U.S. government Web sites. foreign policy and the financial • July 23: Authored an op-ed for John W. Diamond, Ph.D. crisis. Federal Computer Week that • June 8: Quoted in a Reuters • March 20: Quoted in a New recommends the outsourcing of article discussing the effect of Brunswick Business Journal e-mail servers. the economic crisis on the 2010 article on the potential of the • July 16: Authored an op-ed for midterm elections. city to be a Northeast energy Federal Computing Week on • May 11: Quoted in a hub. the increase in “netbook” use. Houston Chronicle article on • July 7: Co-authored a Houston controversy over Tax Increment Douglas Brinkley, Ph.D. Chronicle op-ed on ways to turn Reinvestment Zones in • Aug. 11: Interviewed on “The NASA into a prototypical 21st Galveston. Daily Show with Jon Stewart” century organization.

31 • April 15: Quoted in a KTRH. with Al-Arabiya Television. Chevron has withdrawn from com story on the likelihood that • Jan. 5: Interviewed on NPR the Iraqi oil field auctions. the economy will worsen before and CNN on the Israeli-Gaza • June 2: Interviewed by Reuters it improves. conflict. on the effect the Federal • Feb. 23: Quoted in a Globe Reserve’s monetary policy has and Mail article discussing the Vivian Ho, Ph.D. on surging crude oil prices. possible effects of nationalizing • July 28: Quoted in a KTRK-TV • June 1: Quoted in a Dallas Bank of America and story on health care reform. Morning News article on CitiGroup. • July 21: Wrote a Houston Texas’ resistance to the Obama • Feb. 11: Quoted in a KRIV- Chronicle op-ed on the health administration’s green energy TV story on the Obama care reform bill currently under policies. administration’s efforts to debate in Washington, D.C. • May 20: Quoted in a Forbes. stop the economic decline in • June 19: Wrote a Houston com article on Iraq’s efforts America. Chronicle op-ed on research to restore the country’s oil • Feb. 5: Quoted in a KTRH.com that indicates providing production capacity. article on the “buy American” uninsured children with health • March 30: Quoted in a New clause in the Senate’s economic insurance coverage would yield York Times article on the stimulus bill. substantial economic benefits. effect of lower oil prices on the • June 19: Featured on Futurity. major oil companies and oil- Edward P. Djerejian org, which promotes “Breaking producing nations. • Aug. 11: Wrote an op-ed News from the Future,” about • Jan. 20: Co-wrote a Houston for The Wall Street Journal children’s health care. Chronicle editorial proposing encouraging direct dialogue • April 29: Interviewed on KTRH- higher gasoline taxes to between the United States and AM and KTSU-AM on the swine foster long-term health of the Syria. flu outbreak. economy. • June 15: Quoted on KHOU-TV • April 3: Quoted in a KRIV about Israeli Prime Minister Channel 26 report on why Neal Lane, Ph.D. Benjamin Netanyahu’s call for women pay higher health- • Aug. 10: Quoted in an an independent Palestinian insurance premiums. Associated Press article on the state. • Jan. 26: Quoted in a redOrbit. financial costs of the Large • May 28: Quoted in a Newsweek com article on research that Hadron Collider. article on challenges facing states that dropped regulations • April 23: Quoted in a New York White House Chief of Staff overseeing the performance of Times article on issues facing Rahm Emanuel. two common heart procedures NASA as the deadline for the • April 3: Quoted in an showed no increase in death space shuttle’s retirement ABCNews.com article on rates. looms. challenges facing President • April 10: Wrote an op-ed for Barack Obama to create Amy Myers Jaffe Science magazine offering peace between Israelis and • August 11: Quoted in a advice on implementing science Palestinians. Financial Times article on the policy to Obama and Science • March 13: Quoted in a Today’s debate over a pipeline that Adviser John Holdren. Zaman article on Obama’s would carry fuel from Canada • April 3: Featured on upcoming trip to Turkey. to the United States. PhysicsToday.com for receiving • Feb. 2: Quoted in a McClatchy • July 1: Quoted in a San the 2009 Karl T. Compton News Service article on the Francisco Chronicle article Medal for Leadership in impact of Obama’s interview reporting that oil company Physics.

32 • March 6: Quoted in a PBS. Kirstin R.W. Matthews, Ph.D. green technology investment. org article discussing state • March 26: Quoted in a KHOU • March 19: Quoted in a New opposition to the lifting of story on teaching evolution in York Times article discussing federal restrictions on stem cell public schools. the debate over a proposed research. • March 16: Quoted in a Alaskan natural gas pipeline. • Jan. 26: Featured in Houston Houston Chronicle editorial • Feb. 24: Quoted in a Business Journal for receiving on an executive order issued by CattleNetwork.com article this year’s National Academy of Obama enabling greater federal about the major oil companies’ Science Public Welfare Medal. funding for stem cell research. donations to universities. • Jan. 23: Co-wrote a • March 10: Quoted in a KPRC- • Jan. 20: Co-wrote a Houston ScienceProgress.org op-ed TV story on the debate over Chronicle editorial proposing urging more funding for stem cell research in America. higher gasoline taxes to reduce scientific research. • Feb. 23: Quoted in a Houston America’s dependence on Chronicle editorial on U.S. foreign oil and foster long-term Steven W. Lewis, Ph.D. Food and Drug Administration health of the economy. • June 25: Quoted in a Globe approval of drugs produced • Jan. 14: Quoted in an and Mail (Canada) article on from animals that have been Associated Press article Chinese interest in foreign oil injected with a human gene. on difficulties faced by rights. • Jan. 30: Mentioned in a car manufacturers due to • March 25: Quoted in a National Journal news brief fluctuating gasoline prices. Houston Chronicle article on advice suggesting more on Continental Airline’s new emphasis on information Joan Neuhaus Schaan service to Shanghai. technology. Neal Lane • May 11: Wrote a Houston • Feb. 18: Quoted in a Forbes and Chris Bronk were also Chronicle op-ed on establishing article on ethical issues facing mentioned. a tip line to help battle drug investors in Chinese ventures. cartels. Allen Matusow, Ph.D. • April 16: Mentioned in a William Martin, Ph.D. • July 24: Quoted in a Houston Chronicle editorial • July 17: Quoted in a German- RealClearMarkets article on commending the scholarship of language DomRadio.de article the policies of Federal Reserve the institute. Amb. Djerejian is on American evangelist Billy Chairman Ben Bernanke. also mentioned. Graham. • April 13: Wrote a Houston • April 21: Quoted on NPR’s Kenneth B. Medlock III, Ph.D. Chronicle op-ed on battling “All Things Considered” about • June 30: Quoted in a Reuters Mexican drug cartels. the possible legalization of article about the renewable • March 5: Mentioned in a marijuana. energy mandate in the climate Bizjournals.com article on two • March 6: Wrote a Houston change bill approved by the upcoming Hurrican Ike forums Chronicle op-ed urging the U.S. House of Representatives. at Rice. Amb. Djerejian is also creation of a needle-exchange • May 20: Quoted in a Wall Street mentioned. program in Texas. Journal article on new fuel • Jan. 21: Quoted in a Wall efficiency standards proposed Street Journal article discussing by the Obama administration. the invocation delivered by • April 9: Quoted in an Pastor Rick Warren at Obama’s American Public Media inauguration. “Marketplace” story on the effect of the recession on

33 Ne w Pu b l i c a t i o n s

To download the complete text of these “Baker Institute Policy Report 38: “Baker Institute Policy Report 41: publications and others, please visit our Developing the U.S.-Mexico Sustainable U.S. Policy Options Web site at http://bakerinstitute.org/ Border Region for a Prosperous to Address Climate Change: publications. and Secure Relationship” Highlights of the Debate” Policy Report Policy Report “Needle Exchange Programs: April 2009 June 2009 Sending the Right Message” Erika de la Garza; David Mares, Ph.D. Lauren A. Smulcer; Kirstin R.W. Research Paper Matthews, Ph.D.; Amy Myers January 2009 “Developing the U.S.-Mexico Jaffe; Neal Lane, Ph.D. William Martin, Ph.D. Border Region for a Prosperous and Secure Relationship: “Health Economics Newsletter — “Fiscal Stimulus 101: Lower Taxes Binational Research Papers” June 2009” and Sensible Spending” Working Papers Newsletter Opinion Piece June 2009 February 2009 “Baker Institute Policy Report 39: Vivian Ho, Ph.D. John W. Diamond, Ph.D. Russia and the Caspian States in the Global Energy Balance” “Zelaya’s Military and Political “Frequently Asked Questions: Policy Report Coup: A Step Back for Climate Change” May 2009 Democracy in the Hemisphere” Opinion Piece Amy Myers Jaffe Opinion Piece February 2009 June 2009 Ronald L. Sass, Ph.D. “Energy Study Working Papers — Erika de la Garza Russia and the Caspian States in “Urban Migration in the Americas: the Global Energy Balance” “Throwing More Dollars at a Planning for the Future” Working Papers Broken Health Care System” Conference Report Opinion Piece March 2009 “Frequently Asked Questions: July 2009 Erika de la Garza; Lisa Guaqueta; Stem Cells” Vivian Ho, Ph.D. Pablo Ava; Fred Perpall; Monica Opinion Piece Piquet-Rodriguez May 2009 “Baker Institute Policy Report 42: Kirstin R.W. Matthews, Ph.D. Science Collaboration Across “Americas Project Newsletter Borders” Spring 2009 — Public Education: “What We’re Thinking: Latin Policy Report Challenges, Opportunities and America’s Changing Energy August 2009 Innovative Approaches” Landscape” Kirstin R.W. Matthews, Ph.D; Newsletter Opinion Piece Neal Lane, Ph.D. March 2009 June 2009 Erika de la Garza; Lisa Guaqueta; David Mares, Ph.D. “Who Is In the Oil Futures Market Marcelo Driusso; Tania Callado and How Has It Changed?” Borges; Mishelle Mitchell “Latin America’s Changing Energy Research Paper Bernard; Jose Roberto Grajales; Landscape (Unabridged)” August 2009 Monica Piquet-Rodriguez Opinion Piece Kenneth B. Medlock III, Ph.D.; June 2009 Amy Myers Jaffe “Health Economics Newsletter — David Mares, Ph.D. March 2009” Newsletter “Baker Institute Policy Report 40: March 2009 The Economic Impact of Vivian Ho, Ph.D. Uninsured Children on America” Policy Report June 2009 Vivian Ho, Ph.D.; Marah Short

34 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Fe l l o w s a n d Sc h o l a r s Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Re p o r t

Edward P. Djerejian Amy Myers Jaffe Editorial: Lisa Singhania, Founding Director Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Derrick Huang, Lianne Hart Janice and Robert McNair Chair in Studies and Monique Vieites Public Policy Edward A. and Hermena Hancock Neal Lane, Ph.D. Graphic Design: Sonja D. Kelly University Chair for Senior Senior Fellow in Science and Fulbright and Shawn O’Neill Scholars Technology Policy Photography: John Everett, Allen Matusow, Ph.D. Steven W. Lewis, Ph.D. Steve Lewis, Lauren Smulcer Associate Director for Academic Fellow in Asian Studies and George Wong Programs Jesse Jones Leadership Center Summer Intern Program George W.S. Abbey Coordinator ©2009 by the James A. Baker Baker Botts Senior Fellow in Space III Institute for Public Policy of Policy David R. Mares, Ph.D. Rice University. This material Baker Institute Scholar for Energy may be quoted or reproduced Hanan Ashrawi, Ph.D. Studies without prior permission, Diana Tamari Sabbagh Fellow in provided appropriate credit is Middle Eastern Studies William Martin, Ph.D. given. For further information Harry and Hazel Chavanne Senior about the Baker Institute, please Joe Barnes Fellow in Religion and Public visit our Web site at http:// bakerinstitute.org. Bonner Means Baker Fellow Policy

Douglas Brinkley, Ph.D. Kirstin R.W. Matthews, Ph.D. For further inquiries and Fellow in History Fellow in Science and Technology address changes, we may Policy be reached by phone, Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. 713.348.4683; fax, 713.348.5993; Fellow in Technology, Society and Kenneth B. Medlock III, Ph.D. or e-mail, [email protected]. Public Policy James A. Baker, III, and Susan G. Baker Fellow in Energy and The Baker Institute Erika de la Garza Resource Economics Report is printed Program Director, Latin American on recycled paper Initiative Joan Neuhaus Schaan with funds provided by The Fellow in Homeland Security and Cullen Foundation Publication John W. Diamond, Ph.D. Terrorism Endowment. Edward A. and Hermena Hancock Kelly Fellow in Public Finance José Antonio Ocampo, Ph.D. To enquire about program Will Clayton Fellow in support at the Baker Institute, Yair Hirschfeld, Ph.D. International Economics please contact Patrice Galletly, Isaac and Mildred Brochstein development specialist, at Fellow in Middle East Peace and Daniel B. Rodriguez 713.348.2087. Security in Honor of Yitzhak Fellow in Law and Urban Rabin Economics To enquire about Roundtable membership at the Baker Vivian Ho, Ph.D. Ronald L. Sass, Ph.D. Institute, please contact Starr James A. Baker III Institute Chair Fellow in Global Climate Change Dickerson, development in Health Economics coordinator, at 713.348.8087.

35 No n -Pr o f i t Or g . U.S. Po s t a g e PAID Ho u s t o n , Te x a s Pe r m i t No. 7549 Ri c e Un i v e r s i t y – MS40 Ja m e s A. Ba k e r III In s t i t u t e f o r Pu b l i c Po l i c y P.O. Bo x 1892 Ho u s t o n , Te x a s 77251-1892

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