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Embodiment in Evolution and Culture Embodiment in Evolution and Culture Embodiment in Evolution and Culture Edited by Gregor Etzelmüller and Christian Tewes Mohr Siebeck Gregor Etzelmüller, born 1971; Professor for Systematic Theology at Osnabrück Uni‑ versity and Principal Investigator of the Heidelberg Marsilius Project “Embodiment as Paradigm for an Evolutionary Cultural Anthropology”. Christian Tewes, born 1972; adjunct Professor (Privatdozent) for Philosophy at the Uni‑ versity of Jena and Principal Investigator of the Heidelberg Marsilius Project “Embodi‑ ment as Paradigm for an Evolutionary Cultural Anthropology”. e ‑ISBN PDF 978‑3‑16‑154901‑4 ISBN 978‑3‑16‑154736‑2 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra‑ phie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2016 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany www.mohr.de This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was typeset by Laupp & Göbel in Gomaringen using Garamond typeface, printed by Laupp & Göbel in Gomaringen on non‑aging paper and bound by Buchbin‑ derei Nädele in Nehren. Printed in Germany. Acknowledgements To answer the question of how evolution brings forth an embodied human being that is able to transcend itself by shaping itself culturally, the Heidelberg Mar‑ silius‑Project “Embodiment as Paradigm for an Evolutionary Cultural Anthro‑ pology” (specifically, Gregor Etzelmüller, Thomas Fuchs, Grit Schwarzkopf and Christian Tewes) organised an international symposium on “Embodiment in Evolution and Culture” which was held in December 2014 at the International Academic Forum Heidelberg (IWH). 22 outstanding international scholars (neu‑ rologists, physicians, paleoanthropologists, philosophers, theologians, and edu‑ cational scientists) from four countries (England, Italy, the USA and Germany) came together to explore and debate the diverse ways in which communication and brain development, body and language, tool use and hominization, embod‑ iment and transcendence are coupled and shape one another. To understand the human being as a symbol‑using creature, such interdisciplinary collaboration between evolutionary and historical anthropologies is vital, and the Heidelberg symposium showed such collaboration at its best. After the symposium we continued work on the findings in our Heidelberg Marsilius project while linking up with external researchers and academics. The present book documents the results of this extended interdisciplinary and inter‑ national dialogue. We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Marsilius‑Kolleg of the University of Heidelberg for supporting our symposium. We are very grateful to the directors of the Heidelberg Marsilius College, Prof. Dr. Thomas Rausch and Prof. Dr. Bernd Schneidmüller, and the Directing Manager of the Marsilius‑Kolleg, Tobias Just, M. A. We also thank the International Academic Forum Heidelberg for the inclusion of our symposium in the IWH’s sympo‑ sia program. We are also grateful to the Director of the IWH, Prof. Dr. Peter Comba, and the Managing Director of the IWH, Dr. Ellen Peerenboom. We thank our co‑organizers, Thomas Fuchs and Grit Schwarzkopf, for help‑ ing us organize the Heidelberg symposium. Finally, we thank Dr. Adrian Wilding, Christina Gallinat, Mailin Hebell, Damian Peikert, Tilman Rivinius, Daniel Vespermann, and the publisher Mohr Siebeck for their invaluable cooperation in preparing the manuscript for publi‑ cation. We owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Stephanie Warnke‑De Nobili. Gregor Etzelmüller and Christian Tewes Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................ V Gregor Etzelmüller / Christian Tewes Introduction .................................................. 1 1. Philosophical Concepts and Perspectives of Embodiment Christian Tewes Introduction .................................................. 13 Mog Stapleton Leaky Levels and the Case for Proper Embodiment ................. 17 Christian Tewes Embodied Habitual Memory Formation: Enacted or Extended? ...... 31 Karim Zahidi / Erik Myin Radically Enactive Numerical Cognition .......................... 57 Christian Spahn Beyond Dualism? The Implications of Evolutionary Theory for an Anthropological Determination of Human Being ............. 73 2. The Embodied Evolution of Symbolic Competence Magnus Schlette Introduction .................................................. 99 Thomas Fuchs The Embodied Development of Language ......................... 107 Terrence Deacon On Human (Symbolic) Nature: How the Word Became Flesh ........ 129 Jordan Zlatev Preconditions in Human Embodiment for the Evolution of Symbolic Communication .................................... 151 VIII Table of Contents Matthias Jung Stages of Embodied Articulation ................................. 175 3. Embodiment as a Bridging Concept for Evolutionary and Historical Anthropology Alexander Massmann Introduction .................................................. 193 Gregor Etzelmüller The Lived Body as the Tipping Point Between an Evolutionary and a Historical Anthropology .................................. 205 Eve-Marie Engels The Roots of Human Morals and Culture in Pre‑Human Sympathy. Charles Darwin’s Natural and Cultural History of Morals ........... 227 Christoph Wulf The Creation of Body Knowledge in Mimetic Processes . 249 Annette Weissenrieder “It Proceeded from the Entrance of a Demon into the Man”. Epileptic Seizures in Ancient Medical Texts and the New Testament ... 265 4. The Mutual Intertwinement of Nature and Culture Miriam Haidle Introduction .................................................. 285 Lambros Malafouris On Human Becoming and Incompleteness: A Material Engagement Approach to the Study of Embodiment in Evolution and Culture . 289 Duilio Garofoli Metaplasticit‑ies: Material Engagement Meets Mutational Enhancement 307 Shaun Gallagher / Tailer G. Ransom Artifacting Minds: Material Engagement Theory and Joint Action ..... 337 Wolfgang Welsch Bodily Changes during the Protocultural Period and Their Ongoing Impact on Culture ............................................. 353 Table of Contents IX Contributors ................................................. 365 Index of Persons .............................................. 369 Index of Subjects .............................................. 377 Introduction Gregor Etzelmüller / Christian Tewes Since the 19th century, the theory of evolution has unsettled and shaken tradi- tional and fundamental anthropological assumptions about the place of human beings in nature. The Darwinian integration of human evolution into natural history was countered by the philosophical and theological anthropologies of the 20th century (Scheler, Plessner, Gehlen, Portmann, Pannenberg) with their attempts to hold on to the special status of humans in their intrinsically openness to the world and their spirit-endowed nature. Today, evolutionary anthropology, as well as the more recent philosophical anthropology, are increasingly based on the paradigm of embodied cognition (e. g., Varela, Thompson and Rosch, Clark, Gallagher, Thompson, Deacon, Donald, Tomasello, and Jung). Building on “embodied and enactive cognitive science”, this volume aims at answering the question to what extent the human mind and human cultural cognition are attributable to the structures of human existence, structures that have emerged in the course of evolution and have in turn been affected by cultural evolution. The paradigm of embodiment shows why the traditional dualistic opposition of nature and culture, body and mind is unjustified and how it can be overcome by an enactive framework of research on embodiment. 1. Current Research on Embodied Cognition If one surveys the landscape of ever-growing research into embodied cognition, one sees not only commonalities but also important differences in the interpreta- tion of this paradigm’s theoretical commitments. With Richard Menary, one can distinguish between a moderate and a strong embodied mind thesis. The propo- nents of the former view think that some mental states depend on non-neural bodily processes or states. The latter position, by contrast, emphasizes that at least some mental states are constituted by those non-neural bodily processes (see Menary 2015). It is worth noting that the moderate approach even encompasses certain varieties of internalism. According to the latter positon, cognition can be located within the brain (it is brain bound) without involving any constitutive processes that exceed the boundaries of the skull. Frederick Adams and Kenneth Aizawa, for instance, do not deny that the nervous system is connected to the body and the environment in multifarious causal ways. They also acknowledge the claim that cognitive vehicles in the lifeworld such as mathematical notations, 2 Gregor Etzelmüller / Christian Tewes or writing tools such as pencils or graphic characters, enable and support the accomplishment of cognitive tasks and operations (see Adams and Aizawa 2001). However, they are strongly critical of the claim that those states are constitutive for cognition. They stick to the more traditional view in the cognitive sciences that the human mind supervenes exclusively on brain states. Both enactivism and the extended mind thesis reject this internalist read-
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