No. 4922 February 29, 1964 NATURE 859

leads inevitably to cancer. The present state of knowledge fibres" are present. Again (p. 118), von Gelei's evidence of morphology in 'pre-cancerous' lesions does not permit for "m elanin-dispersing fibres" in Phoxinus is inadequat,e an accura te prediction of the direction along which t he and open to ot.her interpretations. There may be a lesion will proceed. This book should undoubtedly be double innervation, but the evidence in favour of it is available in all medical libraries and institutions associ- not n early so good as the present review suggests. ated with cancer research. H. JACKSON Recent work on the p art. played by pituitary hormones in vertebrate colour changes is well discussed. In this connexion, H. R. H ewer should be given the cred it for PHYSIOLOGY OF COLOUR CHANGE first observing the paling of minnows after they have been injected with minnow pituit ary extract. The t'ecent The Control of Chromatophores work of A. K. Kent unfortunately a.ppeared too late to (International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied be included. Biology: Zoology, No. 14.) By M. Fingerman. Pp. A small blemish in the writing is the use of "feeling". ix+ 184. (Oxford, London, New York and P aris : To say that after experiments an author "felt" that the Pergamon Press, 1963.) 50s. interpretation must be so-and-so is an unhappy ex­ HE physiology of colour change is a big subject and pression. Hunches (good and bad) are common enough T includes a study of receptor, integrative and effector when we embark on experiments, but " feelings" regarding mechanisms. This monograph has something to offer to interpretations of results can only too easily becomo workers in all these fields. It deals principally with "facts" . However, in general, the style of the writing publications since the appearance of G. H. Parker's mono­ is good and the book is happily free from those undigested graph in 1948 (Animal Colour Changes and Thei1· Neuro­ chunks of potted information which can turn reviews into humours ) and it should be read in conjunction with this, an irritating collection of statements t h e links of which for it necessarily omits many topics which are treated in are often fa r from apparent. Throughout, the book the considerable detail in the earlier book and which h ave author makes successful efforts to clarify and simplify been little pursued since that was written. When reading the nomenclature and to reduce to order the confusion such a monograph on recent work, one may also easily of terms which have been associated with colour change lose sight of the fact that credit is tacitly being given to or with the more general aspects of neurosecretion and the wrong p erson for first discerning a path of investiga ­ endocrine control. As a result of all the work and care tion. The first person t o open a n ew line of enquiry which have clearly gone into the preparation of this book, should be mentioned in a review, however long ago h e it is pleasantly easy to read and its clear p1·esentation did his work. For example (p. 16), the first investigator will make it most valuable in any comparative physio­ to indicate the significance of separate illumination of logical library. For resea rch workel'S in the field of colOUJ' the dorsal and ventral regions of the retina was K. von change it is a necessity. E. G. HEALEY Frisch in 1911. The author remarks t hat since the publication of Parker's monograph m any advances h ave been made in LORE OF THE CHICKEN our understanding of the control of colour changes, particularly among the invertebrates. This is reflected Aldrovandi on Chickens in the fact that 66 pages arc devoted to the crustacean s The Ornithology of Ulisse Aldrovandi (1600), Vol. IL compared with 43 for the vertebrates. Furthermore, a Book XIV. Pp. xxxvi+447. Translated from the Latin great proportion of the latter deals with older work. with introduction, contents and notes by L. R. Lind. Relatively little has been published on invertebrate groups (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, other than crustaceans and, in this review, insects get 8, 1963.) 55s. 6d.; 6.95 dollars. cephalopods 4 and echinoderms 3 pages each. The INCE n ewly hatched chicks m ay imprint on humans emphasis of the present volume is on so-called "physio­ S who care for them in the absence of their mother, it, logical" colour change. "Morphological" colour change seems likely that the first association between man and and a treatment of chromatophores as such receive little fowl occurred by chance many times in many places. attention. Further, the literature quoted does not include The social habits of fowls would also permit the establish­ any work from the U.S.S.R. and only three papers from ment of flocks, and it is certain that this domestication Eastern Europe. This is a pity. was completed more than 4,000 years ago in the Indus The very considerable amount of work which has been Valley. Early breeding seems first to have been related done on crustacean colour changes (a great deal of it to sport (or possibly for m eat) since ancient femur bones by the author himself) is excellently summarized, and are about twice the length of those of the wild progenitor, the reader can quickly orientate himself in a mass of the jungle fowl. Perhaps size alone was a desirable facts which, only too easily, could have been confusing. character; but as the Sumerian language has a word only The section on vertebrate chromatophores indicates for the cock, it seems more probable tha t interest centred clearly tha t little progress has been m ade in solving many around the peculiarities of the malo; his courage in fight­ of the problems of Parker 's day. On p . 100 (and else­ ing, his apparent pride and his sexual prowess. By the where later) it is stated that the melanophores of some fifteenth century B.c., domesticated fowls were established fish are under the influence of nerves alone and that in Egypt, but it. is not clear if they survived Tutankhamen's hormones play no part in their control. This may well reorganization of that society. The fowl seems to have be so. However, the role of hormones is often masked by reached the West, instead, by spreading from India to the more obvious nervous control and so far there is Persia. It was established there by 1000 B.C., had claimed no truly indisputable evidence for the statem ent, in spite its civilizing role as a 'timepiece', and had become associ­ of several assertions to the contrary in the literature. ated with Zoroasterism. The Greeks of .'100 B.C. recog­ Again, often-repeated opinion regarding the existence of nized its P ersian source and immortalized it as a divino a double innervation of teleost melanophores by pigment­ symbol of light, of health and of sexual potency, and used aggregating and pigment·dispersing fibres has tended to it widely in fighting-games. Later, when the nutrient become dogma. While the results of some of Parker's store of tho egg also cam o to be exploited, the female experiments on tail-bands cannot be queried, his inter­ became a symbol of fertility. The fowl was then an inte­ pretations have often been criticized. The experiments grated component of Mediterranean civilization; of of Parker and Rosenblueth (quoted on p. 116) should nutritional, social and symbolic significance. be repeated much more ca refully before we conclude from Almost 2,000 years later, the Italian naturalist, Aldro­ them that "pigment-concentrating and pigment-dispersing vandi, summarized the then existing knowledge of the

© 1964 Nature Publishing Group 860 NATURE February 29, 1964 veL 201 chicken in a chapter of the second volume of his Ornitho­ the different fields of evolution, and the present book, logia, which Darwin noted as "the most ancient record a distillation of a life-time's knowledge, presents some from which the age of our European breeds (of fowl) can new facts about Darwin's achievement. be inferred". This chapter has now been translated by This account of Darwin's life and work gives an excel­ Prof. L. R. Lind of the Department of Classics in the lent outline of the prevailing climate of scientific opinion University of Kansas, and most comprehensively an­ when Darwin began his researches, and describes the happy notated and indexed by him. The stimulus for this and fruitful association between three great men: Lyell, labour of love came from the American Poultry Historical Darwin and Hooker, who between thorn did so much to Society and from Lind's stated belief that the humanities transform scientific thought in the second half of the can best aid and interest the scientist by introducing the nineteenth century. It is generally accepted that the history and literature of his subject to him. It is note­ publication, in 1859, of The Origin of Species by Means of worthy that British and American poultry firms have Natural Selection was a dramatic turning-point in human helped to finance this bridging of the two cultures gap. thought which altered the direction of ideas. The effect The book is beautifully and carefully produced, as was not confined to biology or even to science. befits its objective. In former accounts of the life of Darwin, much has Is Aldrovandi worth it ? As Buffon noted, he is prolix, been made of his hypochondria which amounted almost repetitive and often very unscientific. He was essentially to melancholia. The author of the present work produces a collector, and the temptation to display an item of evidence to show that Darwin suffered from Chagas's information often overwhelms his valuation of the fact. disease during his Beagle days and this chronic trypanosome But he may also question authority with a felicitous turn infection persisted until his death. At that time the of phrase; for example : ''As to whether bean husks destroy disease was not recognized, but "the lassitude, gastro­ trees or not, as Theophrastus declares they do, I havfl no intestinal discomfort, and heart trouble from which he knowledge whatever, and I leave him in possession of his suffered an attack in 1873 and died in 1882, all receive faith. A careful and industrious farmer should really a simple and objective explanation if he was infected with be consulted in this matter. Thus I should by no means the trypanosome when he was massively bitten by tho deny beans to the hens ...." His touchstone is practice, bug on 26th March 1835". not authority, for he was a very practical man responsible, Few biologists, even to-day, would claim to have a at one time, for supervision of the Bolognese pharmacy. complet e knowledge of The Origin of Species; and Sir Being a collector, Aldrovandi is also encyclopredic Gavin de Beer shows t hat the same attention to detail, and enthusiastic, and therefore interesting to read. The the subtlety of observation, the patient and even slow poultryman will glean much information from him about marshalling of the evidence, the reluctance to draw con­ the breeds and mutant strains of fowls of more than two clusions, are common to all Darwin's works. It is true millennia ago, about abnormalities and disease, about that his ingenious theory of pangenesis was not sus­ hatching and husbandry techniques and the scale of past tained by subsequent research, but Darwin did not know chicken farming, about the antiquity of such practices as the work of Mendel, nor in fact did any other significant growing fowls for moat under reduced lighting, about the biologist at the time. Once he came within a hair's doctoring of capons and, should he care, how to prepare breadth in 1858 of making Mendel's discovery: he had a Parthian chicken for the pot. Some of his sidelights on knowledge of the essential facts on which Mendel estab­ past beliefs and practices illuminate real problems. For lished his Laws, but failed to grasp their significance. example, Darwin was tl'oubled to explain the origins of Some frequent misconceptions concerning the character our domestic breeds of Mediterranean fowls by selection. of Darwin are removed. His treatment of A. R. Wallace, He instances Columella's direction to breed from five-toed who arrived at the theory of natural selection in a less birds with white ears, as an example of the criteria utilized laborious manner than Darwin, shows the latter, in spite which might have caused breed differences. It is clear of his disappointment, amounting to shock, at a time of from Aldrovandi that birds were not always perpetuated great family sorrow, to have been noble and honest. for what we should now call their production characteris­ Again, as a humble believer in a Deity, he refused the tics, but for other, social reasons. White birds were desir­ dedication of the English version of Mitrx's book. Agnos­ able for sacrifice to Zeus, but undesirable in the laying tics, atheists and rationalists did not scruple to use their flock where they were the prey of hawks. Himera was own versions of Darwin's statements to suit their own famous for its fighting cocks, and so on. In these and purposes. other cases, selection was dependent on social functions The quality of Darwin's observations and conclusions and should have produced strains fitted to them. It seems is also shown in his lesser-known works such as Tlu! that birds were first bred for food only in Greek times, and Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worm.~ that the seven or eight breeds which Aldrovandi lists published shortly before his death, and 2'he Expression therefore derive from stocks selected for quite other of the Emotions in Man and Animals, published in purposes. This book is a mine of information for the 1872. student who wishes to pursue this history of the "herald In his preface, Sir Gavin de Beer gives evidence of the of light". J. H. SANG general ignorance in England of the work of Darwin. Among other things, he cites an answer given to a question on evolution in a General Certificate of Education Ad­ CHARLES DARWIN vanced Level examination: "Darwin's theory was based on three good solid pints [sic]: (1) the struggle for the Charles Darwin exits; (2) the survival of the fattest; (3) maternal selec­ By Sir Gavin de Beer. (British Men of Science.) Pp. xi+ tion". It is difficult to decide, as the author of the book 290 + 24 plates. (Edinburgh and London : Thomas says, whether this was the result of cramming on poor Nelson and Sons, Ltd., 1963.) 21s. net. intelligence, or a masterpiece of wit on the part of a IR GAVIN DE BEER, the general editor of the new candidate who was prepared to jeopardize his success S series of books, British Men of Science, and former in the examination for the satisfaction of a good joke. director of the British Museum (Natural History), is Be this as it may, there is no longer any excuse for ignor­ the author of this book on Charles Darwin. This new ance of the theories of evolution in view of the present work, work of about three hrmdred pages, written authorita­ which is readable, fresh and scholarly. The book concludes tively-a good mixture of biography, the theory of natural with a chronology of important dates, a short bibliography selection and his other scientific works-is very welcome. and index. It should immediately take its place as the The author has devoted forty-five years to studying, standard work on the subject. It is phenomenal value teaching and carrying out original research in many of for its price of one guinea. W. L. SUMNER

© 1964 Nature Publishing Group