Diritto, Cittadini E Potere in Cina. L’Evoluzione Del Diritto Cinese Fra Tradizione E Modelli Internazionali

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Diritto, Cittadini E Potere in Cina. L’Evoluzione Del Diritto Cinese Fra Tradizione E Modelli Internazionali SULLA VIA DEL CATAI Rivista semestrale sulle relazioni culturali tra Europa e Cina Marzo 2015 Anno VIII - Numero 12 Diritto, cittadini e potere in Cina. L’evoluzione del diritto cinese fra tradizione e modelli internazionali A cura di Renzo Cavalieri, Valentina Bellomo e Sara D’Attoma Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia e sull’Africa Mediterranea, Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia Centro Studi Martino Martini Indice per le relazioni culturali Europa-Cina Il Centro Studi intitolato a Martino Martini (1614-1661), missionario gesuita trentino che La Via del Diritto e della Legalità ......................................................... 5 visse e operò in Cina, autore di importanti opere in campo storico, geografico e filologico, ha Riccardo Scartezzini - Centro Studi Martino Martini sede a Trento, dove svolge attività di ricerca, studio e documentazione sulla storia, la cultura e la realtà socio-economica della Cina. Alcune Considerazioni sulla Natura Pubblica in edizione critica l’Opera Omnia di Martino Martini, la collana storico-scientifica Orsa Minore, la rivista Sulla via del Catai, semestrale sulle relazioni culturali tra Europa e Cina, e del Pensiero Giuridico Cinese Antico .................................................... 9 la collana Miscellanea di testi biografici, letterari e teatrali. Attilio Andreini - Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia Promuove e organizza convegni, workshop, seminari, mostre e attività divulgative su temi di carattere storico, economico, geografico, artistico, filosofico e linguistico. Il Diritto Cinese: un’evoluzione Millenaria ...................................... 29 Opera in stretta connessione con l’Università di Trento e intrattiene relazioni e scambi con Renzo Cavalieri - Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia istituti culturali e accademici italiani, europei e cinesi. Il Perimetro delle Libertà e dei Diritti SULLA VIA DEL CATAI nel Sistema Costituzionale Cinese ........................................................ 43 Rivista semestrale sulle relazioni culturali tra Europa e Cina Tania Groppi - Università di Siena L’idea di Rule of Law nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese .................. 59 Ignazio Castellucci - Università di Trento Direttore responsabile: Riccardo Scartezzini La Mediazione in Cina: Passato e Presente ........................................... 75 Capo-redattore: Aldo Caterino Yu Jin Comitato di redazione: Davor Antonucci, Michele Castelnovi, Piergiorgio Cattani, Laura De L’Arbitrato in Cina .................................................................................. 91 Giorgi, Paolo De Troia, Elisa Gagliardi Mangilli, Luisa Maria Pater- Gabriele Crespi Reghizzi - Università di Pavia nicò, Paolo Rosa, Wang Leilei, Yu Weiwei, Zhang Gangfeng Diritti e Struttura del Nucleo Familiare nella RPC ..................... 103 Comitato scientifico: Federico Masini (Presidente) Sara D’Attoma - Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia Luigi Bressan, Patrizia Carioti, Lucia Caterina, Claudia von Colla- ni, Noel Golvers, Isaia Iannaccone, Alessandra Lavagnino, Tiziana Evoluzioni e Involuzioni dei Diritti .................................................. 113 Lippiello, Giuseppe O. Longo, Renato Mazzolini, Francesco Mon- dei Lavoratori nella Cina Riformista 113 tessoro, Massimo Quaini, Guido Samarani, Francesco Surdich, Gong Valentina Bellomo - Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia Yingyan, Han Qi, Huang Shijian, Zhang Xiping Diritti e Diritto Penale ........................................................................ 129 Elisa Nesossi - Australian National University, Canberra Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Trento Abbonamento annuale: 30 euro Creatività e Proprietà Intellettuale ................................................. 145 n. 1321 del 5 aprile 2007 Un numero: 20 euro Laura Sempi - Università del Salento, Lecce Sulla via del Catai è una rivista referata a livello nazionale e internazionale. Tre membri del Co- Diritto Cinese e Tutela Ambientale: mitato scientifico operano la peer review, ricorrendo, ove necessario, anche a esperti esterni. un Itinerario nella Giustizia Civile ................................................... 163 Amministrazione, Direzione, Redazione, Acquisti e Abbonamenti: Marina Timoteo - Università di Bologna Centro Studi Martino Martini Via Tommaso Gar, 14 - 38122 TRENTO tel. 0039 0461 881343 fax 0039 0461 881348 e-mail: [email protected] internet: www.centrostudimartini.it In copertina: George Henry Mason, Un colpevole davanti al magistrato che lo deve giudicare, Londra, 1801, incisione colorata, Los Angeles, John Paul Getty Museum -3- La Via del Diritto e della Legalità Riccardo Scartezzini - Centro Studi Martino Martini Questo numero della rivista Sulla via tradizione (per lo più quella che affonda le del Catai è dedicato all’evoluzione del diritto sue radici nel pensiero confuciano) sia soprav- cinese, per certi versi ancora fondato sulla mil- vissuta al cataclisma delle guerre dell’Oppio e lenaria tradizione burocratico-amministrati- della spartizione in sfere d’influenza, o resi- va del Celeste Impero, oltre che sui presupposti sta all’impatto con la modernità. ideologici del marxismo-leninismo interpreta- La ricezione del diritto occidentale in ti alla luce della particolare realtà cinese, ma Asia orientale, avvenuta tra la seconda metà al tempo stesso orientato verso l’inclusione di dell’Ottocento e i primi decenni del secolo scor- modelli internazionali, a seguito della formi- so tramite l’adozione di leggi modellate sulle dabile e rapida apertura della Cina verso il codificazioni dell’Europa continentale e l’i- mondo esterno, nell’economia, nella scienza e stituzione di organi amministrativi e giuri- nella cultura, apertura che ha comportato, di sdizionali moderni, ha costituito un processo conseguenza, un’immediata rivalutazione del storico di eccezionale importanza, tenuto conto diritto come mezzo per garantire la pace e la del senso di superiorità che caratterizzava in prosperità comuni. precedenza la visione del mondo dei cinesi e L’esperienza giuridica cinese, fino al dei giapponesi, e ha a sua volta comportato XX secolo, si è formata in maniera totalmen- lo sviluppo dell’insegnamento del diritto nel- te autonoma e indipendente rispetto a quella le università e l’emergere di nuove professioni occidentale. Il sistema antico, che vedeva il giuridiche organizzate. Regno di Mezzo al centro del mondo, chiuso e Dopo i primi tentativi di occidenta- ripiegato su se stesso, ha contribuito a formare lizzare, il sistema giuridico vigente in Cina la mentalità cinese e a stabilire l’assunto che all’inizio del Novecento, frutto della millena- la legge è un precetto assoluto e allo stesso tem- ria evoluzione della tradizione imperiale, ma po un modello di comportamento. Un sistema già intaccato in seguito alla presa di coscienza di pensiero relativamente unitario che, grazie della superiorità scientifica, tecnologica e or- al lavoro accurato di esegesi e trasmissione dei ganizzativa dell’Europa e degli Stati Uniti, testi svolto da generazioni di letterati-fun- ha subito profonde mutazioni con la Repub- zionari, ha plasmato i valori etici, i canoni blica nazionalista, prima, e con la Repubbli- estetici e le regole sociali della civiltà cinese. ca Popolare, poi, sia per le differenti influenze Il confronto tra la concezione occidenta- esterne (tradizione anglo-sassone e tradizione le e quella asiatica del diritto e dei diritti franco-germanica, esempio giapponese e potere fornisce una chiave di lettura per inquadra- attrattivo della Rivoluzione russa), sia per re meglio alcune dinamiche globali derivanti impulsi ideologici interni (pensiero comunista dai crescenti scambio commerciali, scientifici e secondo l’interpretazione particolare di Mao culturali della Cina con i paesi occidentali e Zedong). il Giappone. L’accresciuta competitività della L’avvio della riforma economica e la Cina e delle altre “tigri” asiatiche apre a pro- politica di apertura verso l’estero voluta da blematiche nuove, come il livello di protezione Deng Xiaoping a partire dal 1978, hanno dei diritti fondamentali, le libertà globali, il imposto alla Cina la necessità di una gra- diritto d’autore, la tutela ambientale, per ci- duale riaffermazione della legalità come tare i più noti. principio guida per garantire la corretta fun- Fino a che punto la Cina e i paesi zionalità della società civile, accompagnata dell’Estremo Oriente abbiano recepito le nozio- da un ampio utilizzo di strumenti legislati- ni e le pratiche giuridiche occidentali e sino a vi e giudiziari di nuova concezione e da una che punto, invece, conservino gli elementi tra- valorizzazione senza precedenti dello studio e dizionali delle proprie concezioni giuridiche, della pratica del diritto, anche e soprattutto significa chiedersi quanta parte della loro nei settori che un tempo erano sotto il domi- Artista cinese, Mandarino civile di primo rango, dinastia Qing, ca. 1820, disegno acquerellato, University of Manchester Library -5- nio del rito, in particolare nel diritto civile e politici; infine non sono stati messi in discus- commerciale. sione i dogmi della unità dei poteri statali Parallelamente all’impegno verso la co- e della supremazia del Partito Comunista”. dificazione, la Cina ha avviato la progres- Ci sono delle aree nelle quali il sistema siva diffusione, nell’apparato giudiziario, giuridico cinese agli occhi degli occidentali amministrativo e professionale, di nuovi ope- mostra ancora vistose lacune: una chiara con- ratori giuridici, formati nelle università, che, cezione e tutela relativamente alla proprietà
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