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Book-44745.Pdf THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ETHNOGENESIS THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ETHNOGENESIS Race and Sexuality in Colonial San Francisco Barbara L. Voss University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2008 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Voss, Barbara L., 1967–. The archaeology of ethnogenesis : race and sexuality in colonial San Francisco / Barbara L. Voss. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn: 978-0-520-24492-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Ethnology—California—Presidio of San Francisco. 2. Sex role—California—Presidio of San Francisco. 3. Ethnicity— California—Presidio of San Francisco. 4. Excavations (Archaeology)—California—Presidio of San Francisco. 5. Social archaeology—California—Presidio of San Fran- cisco. 6. Presidio of San Francisco (Calif.)—History. 7. Presidio of San Francisco (Calif.)—Race relations. 8. Presidio of San Francisco (Calif.)—Social life and customs. 9. California—History—To 1846. I. Title. f868.s156v67 2008 305.309794'6109034—dc22 2007011566 Cartography of maps 1–12 developed by Landis Bennett. Manufactured in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 10987654321 This book is printed on Natures Book, which contains 50% post-consumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48–1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). To Deb for everything CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 Ethnogenesis and the Archaeology of Identity 9 PART 1 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS 2 Spanish-Colonial San Francisco 41 3 From Casta to Californio, I: Who Lived at El Presidio de San Francisco? 70 4 From Casta to Californio, II: Social Identities in Late Spanish and Mexican-Era Alta California 100 5 From Artifacts to Ethnogenesis: Excavating El Presidio de San Francisco 117 PART 2 SPATIAL AND MATERIAL PRACTICES 6 Sites of Identification: Landscape 147 7 Structuring Structures: Architecture 173 8 Tradition and Taste: Ceramics 203 9 Consuming Practices: Foodways 233 10 Fashioning the Colonial Subject: Clothing 252 Conclusion: The Limits of Ethnogenesis 287 Appendix: Zooarchaeological and Archaeobotanical Analyses 307 Notes 325 References 343 Index 389 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1 Los Californianos commemorating Presidio Pasados 3 2 Archaeologist Bea Cox shows park visitors a recently recovered artifact 10 3 Artist’s conception of El Presidio de San Francisco in 1792 71 4 Colonial population of El Presidio de San Francisco, 1776–1846 73 5 Colonial household composition at El Presidio de San Francisco 74 6 Colonial population of El Presidio de San Francisco, by age and sex 74 7 Colonial troop strength at El Presidio de San Francisco, 1776–1842 75 8 Casta composition of El Presidio de San Francisco’s adult colonial population 90 9 The Fandango, by Charles Christian Nahl 98 10 Relationship of the historical Presidio quadrangle to present-day landscape 124 11 Interior excavation of the O‹cers’ Club to expose adobe walls 125 12 Harris Matrix showing stratigraphic relationships between excavated deposits 138 ix 13 Archaeological plan of El Presidio de San Carlos 153 14 Artifacts associated with Native Californian material culture recovered at El Polín Springs 162 15 Excavated foundation of an adobe house at El Polín Springs 166 16 British whiteware sherds recovered at El Polín Springs 168 17 1776 plan drawing of El Presidio de San Francisco 177 18 1792 Sal plan map of El Presidio de San Francisco 179 19 Relative locations of the 1792 and 1815 quadrangles 182 20 Plan of the Presidio That Is Proposed to House the Cavalry Company of the Port of San Francisco in New California, 1795 183 21 Plan That Shows the New Design of the Presidio of San Francisco for Housing the Troops of the Garrison, 1796 184 22 Detail of View of the Presidio of San Francisco, watercolor by Louis Choris 187 23 Size-based comparison of El Presidio de San Francisco’s main quadrangles 195 24 Places of manufacture for ceramic vessels recovered from the Building 13 midden 206 25 Functions of ceramic vessels recovered from the Building 13 midden 208 26 Sherds of a majolica soup plate, San Agustín Blue-on-White 213 27 Decorated galera tableware sherds 214 28 Rim sherds of a Bruñida de Tonalá cup 215 29 Chinese export porcelain sherd, lakescape decoration in blue-on-white underglaze 217 30 Decorative attributes of tableware ceramics recovered from the Building 13 midden 219 31 Waretypes of utilitarian vessels recovered from the Building 13 midden 223 32 Locally produced, hand-built, unglazed earthenware 225 33 Locally produced, wheel-thrown, unglazed earthenware 227 x Illustrations 34 Locally produced, wheel-thrown, lead-glazed earthenware 229 35 Frequency of recovered plant types 241 36 Vessel diameters of ceramics recovered from the Building 13 midden 247 37 Buttons and glass beads recovered from the Building 13 midden 253 38 De español e india, mestizo, attributed to José de Ibarra 257 39 Casta painting, by Ignacio María Barreda 260 40 MP Uniformes, 81 (Soldado de cuera, 1804, en la chupa) 262 41 A soldier at Monterey and his wife, image attributed to José Cardero 263 42 Uniforms of the Catalonian Volunteers and artillerymen 264 43 Games of the Inhabitants of California, by Louis Choris 267 44 View of the Presidio of San Francisco, engraving by Louis Choris 272 45 Presbytery and side altars of the chapel at Mission San Francisco de Asís 277 46 Clothing fasteners recovered from the chapel area of the Presidio 280 47 Religious charms recovered from the chapel area of the Presidio 281 Maps 1 New Spain, ca. 1776, including the Interior Provinces and the Anza expedition 42 2 Native Californian language group areas 49 3 Native Californian districts in the San Francisco Bay area 50 4 Alta California presidio districts 55 5 Major Spanish-colonial and Russian-colonial settlements, 1776–1845, San Francisco Bay region 56 6 Presidio of San Francisco, archaeological project area and major deposits 123 7 Presidio quadrangle site, locations of major archaeological excavations 134 Illustrations xi 8 Summer 2000 excavations on Funston Avenue 136 9 Midden deposits in the vicinity of the Presidio quadrangle 141 10 Spanish-colonial defensive cordons in western North America 151 11 Major settlements and facilities in colonial San Francisco 158 12 Residences of Juana Briones 164 xii Illustrations TABLES 1 Commanders of El Presidio de San Francisco, 1776–1846 44 2 Historical accounts of captive native labor at El Presidio de San Francisco 80 3 Examples of casta terms used in eighteenth-century New Spain 86 4 Archaeological field investigations of El Presidio de San Francisco 127 5 Materials recovered from the Building 13 midden 142 6 Native Californian artifacts found in the Presidio quadrangle area 160 7 Nondomesticated plant seeds recovered at El Polín Springs 167 8 Formal spatial analysis of residential buildings in plans for the Presidio quadrangle 199 9 Ceramic waretypes found in the Building 13 midden 205 10 Tableware vessel form counts (MNVs) found in the Building 13 midden 210 11 Majolica traditions and types found in the Building 13 midden 212 12 British whitewares found in the Building 13 midden 218 13 Comparison of vessel attributes of locally produced earthenwares 224 xiii 14 Vessel form count and frequencies found in the Building 13 midden 248 15 Wardrobe items ordered to clothe members of the Anza expedition 255 16 Places of manufacture referenced in requisitions and invoices 270 17 Buttons and fasteners from the Building 13 midden and the chapel area 279 18 Reflected colors of glass beads from the Building 13 midden and the chapel area 282 Appendix Tables A-1 Taxonomic list of vertebrate faunal remains found in the Building 13 midden 310 A-2 Taxonomic list of invertebrate faunal remains found in the Building 13 midden 311 A-3 Age profile data for Bos taurus (cattle) 312 A-4 Element distribution analysis, Mammalia 314 A-5 Butchery marks on mammal bones 316 A-6 Bone element distributions, Aves 317 A-7 Categorization of seed remains 320 xiv Tables ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is based on research conducted from 1992 to 2005 at the Presidio of San Francisco, formerly a U.S. Army post and today a National Historic Park that is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Archaeological research is necessarily a group eªort, the product of the shared expertise and hard work of many. I am glad to have this opportunity to express my gratitude to those whose intellectual generosity, collaborative spirit, and overall kindness have greatly contributed to this work. My first thanks go to Sannie Kenton Osborn of the Presidio Trust and Leo Barker of the National Park Service, who led the search for archaeological remains of El Presidio de San Francisco in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and whose foresight and dedication have ensured the preservation of this important ar- chaeological landscape. Today, they lead the Presidio Archaeology Center, a fed- eral facility that directs all archaeological research at the park and curates the Presidio’s archaeological collections. Sannie and Leo welcomed my research in- terest in the site, invited me to participate in and develop field and laboratory research programs, provided financial and logistical support for the work re- ported here, and at every step of the way shared their knowledge and experi- ence.
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