Downloaded for Personal Non-Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] A HOLINESS CHURCH IN SCOTLAND: THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHURCH OF THE NAZARENE 1906 TO 1950 By Jean Cameron Whiteford Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Theology in the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Glasgow. (signed) ProQuest Number: 10394817 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10394817 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 'it t h l lo5a [gSsGOW" CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV SUMMARY V ABBREVIATIONS VI SECTION I BACKGROUND TO THE CHURCH OF THE NAZARENE Chapter 1. t h e c o n c e p t o f h o l in e s s . 1. Early Holiness Influences (I) Weakening of orthodox Calvinism 5 (II) John Wesiey and Methodism in Scotland 12 (III) Revivalism: Indigenous and Transatlantic 19 2. Holiness Movements in the United Kingdom 31 s e c t io n II. f o r m a t io n o f t h e c h u r c h OF THE NAZARENE 36 Chapter 2. ORIGINS OF THE CHURCH OF THE NAZARENE 37 1. Beginnings in the United States of America 37 2 . Scottish Origins 44 Chapter 3. d o c t r in a l characteristics o f t h e c h u r c h OF THE NAZARENE 51 1. In America. 51 2. In Scotland. 60 3. The Beauties of Holiness. 68 Chapter 4. b e g in n in g s in Sc o t l a n d 77 1. The Future Mapped Out. 77 2 . The Fuller Mission 82 SECTION development o f t h e c h u r c h o f t h e NAZARENE IN SCOTLAND 87 PENTECOSTAL c h u r c h OF SCOTLAND FROM 1906 88 1. Early Growth 88 2 . ‘Pentecostal Church of Scotland' 91 3 . Union with American Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene 92 4 . ‘Maintaining the cause’: 101 (i) Church buildings as the declaration of identity 102 (ii) Pastorates and the problem of finance 109 Chapter 6. EXPANSION AND DEVELOPMENT 113 1. Key Factors: 113 (i) The leadership 113 (ii) Influence of other holiness groups 114 (ill) Evangelistic, revival, and ‘tent’ campaigns 115 (iv) Planning and outreach 116 (V) Discontent and dissatisfaction 117 (v) Discontent and dissatisfaction 117 2. Further Factors 118 3. Church of the Nazarene and Pentecostalism. 123 Chapter 7. e d u c a t io n o f t h e n a z a r e n e m in is t r y SCOTLAND 131 1. The First Phase 131 2. The Second Phase 137 Chapter 8. l if e OF THE CHURCH 142 1. Polity and Manual 142 2. W orship 145 3. Ordination of ministers 147 4. Missionary Activity. 149 5. Women in the Nazarene ministry 150 a Young People’s and Women’s organisations 152 7. Pentecostal and Nazarene Publications in S co tland 153 8. General Assessment 154 CONCLUSION 158 APPENDIX: STATISTICS 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY 162 III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to a large number of people who gave freely of their knowledge, time, and hospitality to me. My special thanks are due to Dr Herbert McGonigle, Principal of Nazarene Theological College, Manchester, who allowed me generous access to the archives, and to Mrs Bell, Librarian, for her help. In particular, I would thank Dr Tom Noble of the College, who gave enthusiastically and often of his time and his vast knowledge of Nazarene history, as well as providing pre-publication view of his relevant articles in The Scottish Dictionary of Theology and Church History. A substantial debt is owed to Dr Sydney Martin, Minister Emeritus of Sharpe Memorial Church of the Nazarene, whose experience and insight generated much helpful discussion as well as factual background. I am deeply grateful to those who wrote to me with valuable information; Miss J.P.Filson (Ayr), Mr Robert Kay (Greenock), Mr Lyle McMillan (Glasgow), Revd Colin Peckham (Faith Mission College, Edinburgh), Mrs G. Sutherland (Ardrossan), Revd Dr T.W.Schofield (Bolton), Revd Colin Wood (District Superintendent, Glasgow); and also to those who willingly loaned records and documents; Mr J.Barclay (Port Glasgow), Mrs Sadie Cunningham Bell (Glasgow), Miss Florence Collins (Uddingston), Mrs Betty Fraser (Perth), Miss Elizabeth Gates (Govan), Revd R. Haggarty (Uddingston), Miss Margaret Maclaren (Glasgow), Mr lanVosper (Irvine), Mr George Williamson (Watford). I also acknowledge the helpful suggestions of those Nazarene pastors who replied to my initial enquiry. I have to thank Revd Dr Hugh Rae, who kindly gave me sight of the ms of his book, Scholarship on Fire, before publication, and supplied information on former pastors; and also Dr Ken Bible, Nazarene Hymnal Editor, Kansas City, who forwarded to me a history of Nazarene hymnody. For their patience in searching out older records, I thank the following: Mrs L. Beasant, Librarian, Baptist Theological College, Glasgow; Revd Dr David Graham, Glasgow Bible College, and Miss J. Watson, the Librarian there; Mrs Norma Downie, Librarian, Faith Mission College, Edinburgh. I would particularly acknow^ledge the help of my supervisors at Glasgow University: Dr Gavin White, whose interest provided the initial encouragement; and Dr Douglas M. Murray, who took over when the work was still in Its very early stages and whose careful scrutiny of its progress and valuable guidance have been so essential in bringing it to completion. Thanks are due to my husband, Stanley Whiteford, who with uncharacteristic patience has transported me around the country in pursuit of material. Finally, I record my debt to the memory of my parents, Susan and Alexander Cameron, through whose long association with the Church of the Nazarene the present study was largely initiated. tv Summary The Church of the Nazarene, the world’s largest Holiness Church, came to Scotland from the United States. This study aims to demonstrate that from inauspicious beginnings the movement which began in 1906 as the Pentecostal Church of Scotland overcame initial setbacks to emerge as an independent denomination. Its doctrinal foundation is John Wesley’s teaching that 'Christian perfection’ is a state attainable in this life. Nazarene leaders always emphasised that this is not 'sinless perfection’, which is Christ’s alone. Conversion is expected to lead to 'the second blessing’ or ‘entire sanctification’. A second marked characteristic of the denomination is its emphasis upon church form and order. Its survival and development were the more surprising when viewed against the Scottish background of lack of enthusiasm for the teachings of Methodism and a strong tradition of Calvinist teaching which countered the more Arminian holiness message. But offsetting these was a history of revivalism in Scotland, indigenous and through the preaching of American evangelists. Development in Scotland owed much to the determination of the founder, George Sharpe. Born in Lanarkshire, he spent fifteen years as a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church in New York State. He became familiar with the doctrines of P.F.Bresee, founder of the Church of the Nazarene, and returned to Scotland to ‘preach holiness’. This proved unacceptable in his two Congregational Church pastorates, and, after eviction, he established the first Pentecostal Church of Scotland in the Parkhead district of Glasgow. In 1915, the denomination united with the American Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene under that name, the designation ‘Pentecostal’ being dropped in 1919. The denomination inaugurated in 1906 consisted of about eighty members, and developed under Sharpe’s leadership, although membership and number of congregations never became high. Its survival was often in doubt, and its situation was made more precarious in that the socio-economic group which it represented V precluded the possibility of substantial endowments or bequests. Our object is to show that the denomination’s life was based upon the two firmly-rooted principles of 'Christian perfection’ and ‘a churchly way of life’, adherence to which enabled it to surmount the practical problems confronting it in finance, property, and the training of pastors. By 1950, the date at which this study concludes, it had seventeen congregations in Scotland, a small number in England and Ireland, a theological college, and plans for expansion. In the early 1950s, the denomination united with two other holiness movements, which entered into the name and structure of Church of the Nazarene. VI ABBREVIATIONS CUH Called Unto Holiness, by Timothy L.