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Late Pleistocene-Holocene Fossils from Mirim Lake, Southern Brazil

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Late Pleistocene-Holocene Fossils from Mirim Lake, Southern Brazil Journal of South American Earth Sciences 100 (2020) 102566 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of South American Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsames Late Pleistocene-Holocene fossils from Mirim Lake, Southern Brazil, and T their paleoenvironmental significance: I - Vertebrates ∗ Renato Pereira Lopesa, , Jamil Corrêa Pereirab, Sérgio Rebello Dillenburga, Sonia Hatsue Tatumic, Márcio Yeec, Ana Maria Graciano Figueiredod, Angela Kinoshitae,f, Oswaldo Baffag a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Geociências, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91540-000, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil b Museu Coronel Tancredo Fernandes de Melo, Rua Barão do Rio Branco, 467, CEP 96230-000, Santa Vitória do Palmar, RS, Brazil c Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, CEP 11015-020 d Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Avenida Lineu Prestes 2242, CEP 05508-000, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil e Universidade do Sagrado Coração (USC), PRPPG, Rua Irmã Arminda 10-50, Campus Universitário, CEP 17011-1603, Bauru, SP, Brazil f Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Rodovia SP-270, km 572, Campus II, CEP 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil g Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP) - Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Mirim Lake is located in the southern Brazilian/northeastern Urugayan coastal plain. Fossils of mollusks have Quaternary been discovered on its shores since the XIX century, and in recent years, several new remains of invertebrates Pleistocene and vertebrates have been found in the Brazilian area of the lake that provide insights on the geological evo- Mirim lake lution and environmental changes that affected this lake during the late Quaternary. In this first of twopapers Paleoenvironment describing these new findings we focus on vertebrates, consisting of aquatic and terrestrial taxa. Theformer Vertebrate paleontology include the first associated fossil remains of one adult and one juvenile balaenid whale known in Brazil, probably Geomorphology a female and calf of the southern right whale (baleia-franca) Eubalaena australis, besides bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) also recorded for the first time in southern Brazil, rays (Dasyatidae and Myliobatidae) and teleost fishes. The fossils of terrestrial vertebrates include several extinct mammals, found on the marginsand retrieved from the lake bottom by fishermen at depths of up to 4 m. One molar toothof Toxodon discovered in situ in one irrigation channel yielded an electron spin resonance (ESR) age of 68 ± 13 ka, in agreement with an age of 32.8 ± 5.1 ka obtained in quartz grains extracted from a caliche nodule collected above that fossil and dated by optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL). Other quartz grains in the same nodule that yielded ages of 16.9 ± 2.5 ka indicate partial dissolution of the caliche by increased rainfall at the beginning of the last glacial- interglacial transition (Termination I) . The lake was invaded by marine waters and organisms during the Holocene sea-level highstand of +3 m around 5–6 ka b2k through paleo-connections with the Atlantic Ocean, becoming a paleo-lagoon. At that time coastal waters were warmer than today, as indicated by the presence of the tropical shark C. leucas. The ESR and OSL ages indicate chronocorrelation with the Pleistocene fossil-bearing Santa Vitória Formation that outcrops to the east. The fossil and sedimentary records indicate that the geological evolution and environmental conditions of the lake were controlled by climate and sea-level oscillations related to glacial-interglacial cycles. 1. Introduction through the São Gonçalo channel, and Mirim Lake is also connected to Mangueira Lake through the wetlands of Taim, thus forming the largest The coastal plain of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (CPRS), in coastal wetlands complex of South America. Mirim Lake is located in southern Brazil (Fig. 1A), is dominated by two large coastal lacustrine the southern CPRS between 31°30′S and 34°30′S, covering an area of bodies, the Patos Lagoon, stretching along the northern and central some 3750 km2, with a maximum length of 185 km, maximum width of CPRS, and the Mirim Lake in the south (Fig. 1B). Both are connected some 20 km, and depths up to 8 m. Its eastern shore and northwestern ∗ Corresponding author. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Geociências, Avenida, Brazil. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R.P. Lopes), [email protected] (J.C. Pereira), [email protected] (S.R. Dillenburg), [email protected] (S.H. Tatumi), [email protected] (M. Yee), [email protected] (A.M.G. Figueiredo), [email protected] (A. Kinoshita), [email protected] (O. Baffa). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102566 Received 17 October 2019; Received in revised form 10 January 2020; Accepted 11 March 2020 Available online 18 March 2020 0895-9811/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. R.P. Lopes, et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 100 (2020) 102566 Fig. 1. A) Blue Marble image (https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/) of South America, the white square indicates the location of Rio Grande do Sul. B) Google Earth image (earth.google.com/web) of Rio Grande do Sul with the area of the CPRS outlined (ML: Mirim Lake, PL: Patos Lagoon). C) Configuration of the depositional systems of the southern CPRS (after Villwock and Tomazelli, 1995), with features mentioned in the text indicated (T1, T2 and T3: lagoon terraces). D) LANDSAT image of the southern CPRS, with the fossiliferous sites mentioned in the text indicated by numbers (PL: Patos Lagoon, PR: Piratini River, SGC: São Gonçalo Channel, SI: Santa Izabel, SVP: Santa Vitória do Palmar). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) shores are located in Brazilian territory and its southwestern shore is Museu Coronel Tancredo Fernandes de Mello, Santa Vitória do Palmar within Uruguayan territory (Fig. 1A, B). county, Brazil; PV: Vertebrate Palaeontology. The lake receives constant water input from rivers that discharge on its western shore, such as the Piratini (in Brazil), the Jaguarão at the Brazil-Uruguay border, and the Tacuari, Cebollati, Sarandi and San 2. Geological setting Miguel in Uruguay, besides smaller and ephemeral streams. On its eastern shore, the only water input comes from Mangueira Lake The coastal area stretching from the states of Santa Catarina and Rio through Taim and from small rainwater-fed streams that flow from the Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, to the northeastern coast of Uruguay, Barrier II and terraces on the lake shore. Until the 1970s, the lake also encompasses the onshore portion of the Pelotas Basin (Barboza et al., received input of marine waters from the Patos Lagoon to the north 2008), bounded to the west by rocks of Precambrian to Mesozoic age. through the 75 km-long São Gonçalo channel during periods of severe Along the CPRS two sets of depositional systems are recognized: the droughts, when the water level of Patos Lagoon was lowered, thus al- Alluvial Fans System, of Miocene-Pliocene age (Closs, 1970), and the lowing for marine waters to invade the lagoon (von Ihering, 1885). In Quaternary Barrier-Lagoon Systems (Fig. 1C). The latter include units of 1977 a dam was constructed in the São Gonçalo channel in order to Pleistocene (Systems I, II and III) and Holocene (System IV) ages, each block the influx of saltwater to Mirim Lake during droughts (Burns one representing a 4th order depositional sequence developed in re- et al., 2009), thus ensuring a constant supply of freshwater to the local sponse to a marine transgression correlated to an interglacial epoch people. (Villwock and Tomazelli, 1995; Rosa et al., 2017). Those systems are The first records of fossils in Mirim Lake date back to the lateXIX characterized by long sandy barriers developed parallel to the coastline, century, (von Ihering, 1885). In recent years, several fossils of verte- with lakes, lagoons and wetlands developed in the backbarrier low- brates have been found by local people from the town of Santa Vitória lands. The sediments that compose these systems are essentially silici- do Palmar, in the southern CPRS (Pereira and Lopes, 2012). These new clastic very fine to medium sands, with subordinate heavy minerals and records led to systematic surveys along the Brazilian side of the lake in feldspars; the subaerially-exposed weathered sediments exhibit clays, order to identify fossiliferous sites and collect specimens. Here is pre- iron-manganese oxides and caliche of pedogenic origin (Villwock and sented a report on the results obtained by these surveys so far, with Tomazelli, 1995). descriptions of the collected fossils, stratigraphy, and datings, together Mirim Lake is part of the Lagoon System II, developed landward of with analyses and interpretation of the environmental changes and the coastal Barrier II and bounded to the west by the Alluvial Fans geological evolution of the lake within a chronostratigraphic frame- System (Fig. 1C). The subaerial portion of that barrier consists of an- work. This contribution is divided in two parts, being the first one fo- cient eolian deposits formed by quartz sand, modified by weathering cused on the vertebrates,
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