Adj Incorrect Adjective (P. 29) Adv Incorrect Adverb (P. 30) Apos Apostrophe (P
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33816_ifc.qxd 10/3/07 5:27 PM Page 2 Correction Symbols adj incorrect adjective (p. 29) adv incorrect adverb (p. 30) apos apostrophe (p. 36 and p. 42) awk awkward phrasing (p. 146) c comma needed (p. 175 and p. 182) cap capitalization (p. 196) cliché overused expression (p. 145) cs comma splice (p. 175) dm dangling modifier (p. 134) frag fragment (p. 82) mm misplaced modifier (p. 134) p punctuation (p. 168) pro incorrect pronoun (p. 155) pro agr pronoun agreement (p. 156) pro ref pronoun reference (p. 158) ro run-on sentence (p. 89) shift shift in time (p. 126) or person (p. 163) sp misspelled word (p. 3) s-v agr subject-verb agreement (p. 119) wordy wordiness (p. 146) ww wrong word (p. 4 and p. 13) ¶ faulty paragraphing (p. 207) // not parallel (p. 149) Δ word(s) missing (p. 232) 33816_00_fm.qxd 11/20/07 3:39 PM Page i The least You Should Know about English Writing Skills Form A TENTH EDITION Paige Wilson Pasadena City College Teresa Ferster Glazier Late, Western Illinois University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 33816_00_fm.qxd 11/20/07 3:39 PM Page ii The Least You Should Know © 2009, 2006 Wadsworth, a part of Cengage about English, Writing Skills, Learning Form A, Tenth Edition Paige Wilson/Teresa Ferster ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work Glazier, Late covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any Publisher: Lyn Uhl form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to Acquisitions Editor: Annie Todd photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, Editorial Assistant: Daniel taping, Web distribution, information networks, or DeBonis information storage and retrieval systems, except Technology Project Manager: as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the Marla Nasser 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Marketing Manager: Kirsten Stoller For product information and technology Marketing Assistant: Kate assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Remsberg Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563 Marketing Communications For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at Manager: Stacey Purviance www.cengage.com/permissions Content Project Manager: Sarah Further permissions questions can be emailed to Sherman [email protected] Associate Content Project Manager: Jessica Rasile Library of Congress Control Number: 2007937170 ISBN-10: 1-4130-3381-4 Senior Art Director: Linda ISBN-13: 978-1-4130-3381-6 Helcher Cengage Higher Education Print/Media Buyer: Sue Carroll 25 Thomson Place Permissions Editor: Margaret Boston, MA 02210-1202 Chamberlain-Gaston USA Production Service: ICC Cengage Learning products are represented in Macmillan Inc. Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. Cover Designer: Dick Hannus For your course and learning solutions, visit Cover Art: © istockphotos.com/ academic.cengage.com Tom Marvin Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in the United States of America 12345670908 33816_00_fm.qxd 11/20/07 3:39 PM Page iii iii Contents Contents To the Instructor vii What Is the Least You Should Know? 1 1. WORD CHOICE AND SPELLING 3 Your Own List of Misspelled Words 3 Words Often Confused (Set 1) 4 Proofreading Exercise 12 Sentence Writing 13 Words Often Confused (Set 2) 14 Proofreading Exercise 22 Sentence Writing 22 The Eight Parts of Speech 23 Paragraph Exercise 28 Sentence Writing 28 Adjectives and Adverbs 29 Proofreading Exercise 35 Sentence Writing 35 Contractions 36 Proofreading Exercise 41 Sentence Writing 41 Possessives 42 Proofreading Exercise 47 Sentence Writing 47 Review of Contractions and Possessives 48 Words That Can Be Broken into Parts 50 Rule for Doubling a Final Letter 50 Progress Test 54 Using a Dictionary 55 2. SENTENCE STRUCTURE 61 Finding Subjects and Verbs 63 Paragraph Exercise 68 Sentence Writing 68 33816_00_fm.qxd 11/20/07 3:39 PM Page iv iv Contents Locating Prepositional Phrases 69 Paragraph Exercise 73 Sentence Writing 74 Understanding Dependent Clauses 75 Paragraph Exercise 80 Sentence Writing 81 Correcting Fragments 82 Proofreading Exercise 87 Sentence Writing 88 Correcting Run-on Sentences 89 Review of Fragments and Run-On Sentences 95 Proofreading Exercise 96 Sentence Writing 96 Identifying Verb Phrases 97 Review Exercise 101 Using Standard English Verbs 103 Proofreading Exercise 108 Sentence Writing 108 Using Regular and Irregular Verbs 109 Progress Test 118 Maintaining Subject-Verb Agreement 119 Proofreading Exercise 125 Sentence Writing 125 Avoiding Shifts in Time 126 Proofreading Exercises 127 Recognizing Verbal Phrases 128 Paragraph Exercise 133 Sentence Writing 133 Correcting Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers 134 Proofreading Exercise 137 Sentence Writing 137 Following Sentence Patterns 138 Paragraph Exercise 143 Sentence Writing 144 Avoiding Clichés, Awkward Phrasing, and Wordiness 145 Proofreading Exercises 148 Correcting for Parallel Structure 149 Proofreading Exercise 153 Sentence Writing 154 Using Pronouns 155 Proofreading Exercise 162 Sentence Writing 162 Avoiding Shifts in Person 163 Proofreading Exercises 163 Review of Sentence Structure Errors 165 Proofreading Exercise 167 33816_00_fm.qxd 11/20/07 3:39 PM Page v Contents v 3. PUNCTUATION AND CAPITAL LETTERS 168 Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Point, Semicolon, Colon, Dash 168 Proofreading Exercise 174 Sentence Writing 174 Comma Rules 1, 2, and 3 175 Proofreading Exercise 180 Sentence Writing 181 Comma Rules 4, 5, and 6 182 Proofreading Exercise 187 Sentence Writing 188 Review of the Comma 188 Comma Review Exercise 189 Sentence Writing 189 Quotation Marks and Underlining/Italics 190 Paragraph Exercise 194 Sentence Writing 195 Capital Letters 196 Review of Punctuation and Capital Letters 202 Comprehensive Test 203 4. WRITING 205 What Is the Least You Should Know about Writing? 206 Basic Structures 207 I. The Paragraph 207 Defining a Paragraph 207 Types of Paragraphs 207 II. The Essay 209 The Five-Paragraph Essay and Beyond 210 Defining an Essay 211 A Sample Essay 211 “Paper Chase” 211 Writing Skills 213 III. Writing in Your Own Voice 213 Narration 214 Description 217 Writing Assignments 217 Assignment 1 Narration: Famous Sayings 218 Assignment 2 Description: A Picture Worth 250 Words? 218 IV. Finding a Topic 218 Look to Your Interests 218 Focused Free Writing (or Brainstorming) 219 Clustering 220 Talking with Other Students 220 Assignment 3 List Your Interests 221 Assignment 4 Do Some Free Writing 221 Assignment 5 Try Clustering Ideas 221 33816_00_fm.qxd 11/30/07 12:17 PM Page vi vi Contents V. Organizing Ideas 221 Thesis Statements 221 Exercise 1 Topic, Fact, or Thesis? 222 Assignment 6 Write a Thesis Statement 223 Organizing an Essay 223 Topic Sentences 223 Organizing Body Paragraphs (or Single Paragraphs) 224 Transitional Expressions 224 Exercise 2 Adding Transitional Expressions 225 Assignment 7 How Do You Get Ready? 226 VI. Supporting with Details 226 Types of Support 226 Assignment 8 Write an Essay on One of Your Interests 229 Assignment 9 An Influential Person 229 VII. Revising Your Papers 229 Assignment 10 Are You an Optimist or a Pessimist? 231 Revision Checklist 232 Exchanging Papers 232 Proofreading Aloud 232 Assignment 11 What’s in a Name? 233 Assignment 12 Clothes Make Us Human 233 Assignment 13 A Movie or TV Show That Has Made an Impression 233 Assignment 14 An Achievement 233 VIII. Presenting Your Work 234 Paper Formats 234 Titles 234 IX. Writing an Argument 235 Taking a Stand and Proving Your Point 235 “College at Sixteen? I Think Not!” 236 Three Requirements of a Strong Written Argument 237 Assignment 15 Take a Stand on Grades 238 A Longer, More Challenging Reading 238 “Science Fiction: The Future of Spelling” 239 X. Writing Summaries 241 Sample Summary 241 “Bollywood Film Facts” 242 Assignment 16 Write a Short Summary: Ask Yourself, “What’s the Big Idea?” 244 “The First Horoscopes” 244 Summary Checklist 246 Assignment 17 Respond to a Reading in One of Three Ways 246 “Study Hard, and You, Too, Can Deliver Pizza” 247 Answers 250 Index 327 33816_00_fm.qxd 11/20/07 3:39 PM Page vii To the Instructor This book is for students who need to review basic English skills and who may profit from a simplified “least you should know” approach. Parts 1 to 3 cover the essentials of word choice and spelling, sentence structure, punctuation and capitalization. Part 4 on writing teaches students the basic structures of the paragraph and the essay, along with the writing skills necessary to produce them. The “least you should know” approach attempts to avoid the use of linguistic terminology whenever possible. Students work with words they know instead of learning a vocabulary they may never use again. Abundant exercises include practice writing sentences and proofreading paragraphs. Diligent students learn to use the rules automatically and thus carry their new skills over into their writing. Most exercises consist of sets of ten thematically related, informative sentences on both timely and timeless subjects— anything from the invention of thought-controlled robots to tips for helping children who are frightened by global warming. Such exercises reinforce the need for coher- ence and details in student writing. With answers provided at the back of the book, students can correct their own work and progress at their own pace. The Tenth Edition includes new and updated exercises and tests throughout Parts 1–3. Part 4 on Writing has been fully revised to offer a new section on “Writing an Argument,” along with many other improvements. Students will read and respond to examples of strong arguments by both student and professional writers. This new section also includes a longer reading to challenge students and help them prepare for future classes. In addition, the old 100-Word Summary assignment has become a separate section, “Writing Summaries,” with broader, more flexible coverage and assignments.