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The Role of Cardinals in the Templars' Affair ORDINES◆ MILITARES COLLOQUIA TORUNENSIA HISTORICA Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders vol. XVI (2011) DIE RITTERORDEN IN UMBRUCHS- UND KRISENZEITEN e Military Orders in Times of Change and Crisis Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu Toruń 2011 E"#$%&#'* B%'&" Roman Czaja, Editor in Chief, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Jürgen Sarnowsky, Editor in Chief, University of Hamburg Jochen Burgtorf, California State University Sylvain Gouguenheim, École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Lyon Hubert Houben, Università del Salento Lecce Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Assistant Editor, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Alan V. Murray, University of Leeds R56#575&8: Wiesław Długokęcki, University of Gdańsk Marian Dygo, University of Warsaw Sławomir Jóźwiak, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń A""&588 %= E"#$%&#'* O==#>5: Instytut Historii i Archiwistyki UMK, ul. Gagarina 9 87-100 Toruń e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Subscriptions orders shoud be addressed to: [email protected] Wydanie publikacji do[nansowany przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego Printed in Poland © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika © Copyright by Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu Toruń 2011 ISSN 0867-2008 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS UNIVERSITY PRESS E"#$%&#'* O==#>5: ul. Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń tel. (0) 56 611 42 95, fax (0) 56 611 47 05 e-mail: [email protected] D#8$&#{|$#%}: ul. Reja 25, 87-100 Toruń tel./fax (0) 56 611 42 38 e-mail: [email protected] www.wydawnictwoumk.pl First edition Print: Nicolaus Copernicus University Press ul. Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń CONTENTS I. STUDIES AND ARTICLES Alan Forey (Kirtlington) A Hospitaller Consilium (1274) and the Explanations Advanced by Military Orders for Problems Confronting them in the Holy Land in the Later irteenth Century ...................................................................................... 7 Shlomo Lotan (Jerusalem) Empowering and Struggling in an Era of Uncertainty and Crisis – e Teutonic Military Order in the Latin East, 1250–1291 .................................. 19 Sylvain Gouguenheim (ENS Lyon) Die Vorschläge zum Zusammenschluss der Ritterorden am Ende des 13. und Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts Eine Konsequenz der Kritike oder eine Chance? ..................................................................................................................... 29 Klaus Militzer (Köln) Die Übersiedlung Siegfrieds von Feuchtwangen in die Marienburg ............ 47 Jochen Burgtorf (Fullerton) Die Templer auf Ruad (1300–1302) ................................................................... 63 Magdalena Satora (Toruń) e Role of Cardinals in the Templars’ Aair (1307–1308) ......................... 93 Marek Smoliński (Gdańsk) Die Johanniter und die Eroberung Pommerellens durch den Deutschen Orden ......................................................................................................................... 105 Jürgen Sarnowsky (Hamburg) Herausforderung und Schwäche: die Johanniter und die Anfänge der äußeren Bedrohung von Rhodos, 1428–1464 ................................................... 125 Stefan Kwiatkowski (Szczecin) Verlorene Schlachten und Gefallene in der geistigen Tradition des Deut- schen Ordens ............................................................................................................ 141 Roman Czaja (Toruń) Die Krise der Landesherrscha. Der Deutsche Orden und die Gesellscha seines Staates in Preuβen in der ersten Häle des 15. Jahrhunderts .............. 159 Johannes A. Mol (Leeuwarden / Leiden) Crisis in Prussia, crisis in the bailiwicks? e case of Utrecht 1440–1470 ..... 173 Karl Borchardt (München) Zucker und Mohren: Zur Krise der Johanniter auf Zypern im 15. Jahrhundert ................................................................................................... 191 Grischa Vercamer (Warschau) Ein Hochmeister wird zum Herzog: Reaktionen und Schicksal der letzten Ordensbrüdern in Preußen um das Jahr 1525 ................................................... 213 Udo Arnold (Bonn) Hochmeisterverlust, Bauernunruhen und Reformation -Krisenbewältigung unter den Deutschmeistern Dietrich von Cleen und Walter von Cronberg 241 Matthias Asche, Magnus von Hirschheydt und Mathis Mager (Tübingen) Legitimationsde[zite, Bedrohungspotenziale und Bewältigungsstrategien der europäischen Ritterorden in der Krisenzeit der 1520er Jahre – Fallbeispiele und allgemeine Reexionen ........................................................... 259 Juhan Kreem (Tallinn) Der Deutsche Orden in Livland unter Hermann von Brüggenei: Bemer- kungen zu Regierungspraxis und Religionspolitik ........................................... 303 II. MISCELLANEOUS AND OTHER MATERIALS Jochen Burgtorf (Fullerton)) Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung eines Großpräzeptors der Templer im Heiligen Land: Edition von Paris, Bibl. nat. de France, nouv. acquis. lat. 21, fol. 5 und 25 bis ........................................................................................................ 319 III. BOOK NOTICES .......................................................................................... 323 ORDINES◆ MILITARES XVI Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders 2 0 1 1 M'"'*5}' S'$%&' (Toruń) THE ROLE OF CARDINALS IN THE TEMPLARS’ AFFAIR 13071308 he Templars’ aair was one of the most important issues of papal policy in Tthe beginnig of the 14th century. During the [ve years from the unexpected arrest of the French Templars, in October 1307, until the [nal suppresion of the Order by the council of Vienne, in March 1312, pope Clement V (1305–1314) was carrying on a discussion with Philip the Fair (1285–1314) about the right way of proceeding against the Order, and later the use of its property. e King, who had been the [rst to accuse the Templars of heretical practices, was trying in dierent ways to urge the Pope to condemn immediately the Order, and to take over its wealth1. However, the [nal decision about the fate of an ecclesiastical institution rested with the Pope. His attitude towards the Templars’ aair, espe- cially in the [rst stage of proceedings, from the arrest of the French Templars until August 1308 when the decision to launch an ocial inquiry against the whole Order and its members was made, remains unclear, and cannot be explained only as an eect of constant struggle with Philip the Fair. It seems, however, that closer examination of another element of the political situation in that time can provide some additional explanations. One should remember that the Pope, though he was the most important person in the Roman Church, was surrounded by a group of cardinals who participated in making the most important decisions and could have a signi[cant inuence on his policy. From the second half of the 13th century, the political importance of 1 On the negotiations between the King of France and the Pope concerning the Templars’ aair, see especially: E. Boutaric, Clément V, Philippe le Bel et les Templiers, Revue des questions his- toriques 10: 1871, pp. 301–342; 11: 1872, pp. 5–42; G. Lizerand, Clément V et Philippe le Bel, Paris 1910, passim; B. Frale, Il Papato e il processo ai Templari, Roma 2003; M. Barber, $e Trial of the Templars, New York 2006 [II edition], passim. 94 MAGDALENA SATORA the members of the Sacred College was gradually growing. is was already cle- arly visible during the ponti[cate of Boniface VIII (1294–1303), and even more visable in the time of Clement V2. e growth of the political importance of the Sacred College was accompanied by signi[cant changes in its composition. In the 14th century, the Popes started more oen to choose layers as their advisors, rather than theologians as they had done before. is was a consequence of the increased importance of the law in political and social life3. Because of that, the importance of the Sacred College grew even more. e political situation in the Papal Curia during the ponti[cate of Clement V was quite complex. His election to the papal throne had been proceeded by a very long disscussion between two opposing parties of cardinals, which were created during the conict between Filip the Fair and Boniface VIII4. Both sides had agreed to elect Bertrand de Got because they believed that he would carry out their political goals. As archbishop of Bordeaux, in 1302 he participated in the assembly of Paris, summoned by Philip the Fair against the Pope, and few months later he went to Rome for the Council convened by Boniface VIII against the king of France. Nonetheless, he maintained good relations with both sides of the conict5. However, it became evident briey aer the coronation that Clement V was going to base his policy on his close collaboration with the French court. e new Pope in his [rst encyclical, issued two days aer his coronation, declared the organization of a new crusade to be the main goal of his ponti[cate6. Philip the Fair was his most important partner in the realization of this aim. erefore, Clement V made eorts to maintain good relations with the French King. During the [rst years of his ponti[cate he granted many privileges to Philip the Fair and the French Crown7. is was the reason for the constant opposition of a number 2 J. Lulves, Die Machtbestrebungen des Kardinalcollegiums gegen das Papsttum, Mitteilungen des öster. Instituts für Geschichtsforschung 35: 1914, pp. 465–466; R. Gaignard, Le gouvernement ponti%cal au travail: L&example des dernières annés du règne de Clément V, 1er aôut 1311–20 avril 1314, Annales
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    !!"#+'2#+.*0# V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 LA BOLLA PONTIFICIA !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 “VOX IN EXCELSO” '*'..- 0++32 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V#+.*0!"#+7 J L !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 !!"#+'2#+.*0#V2#+.*0!"#+7 Non a noi, Signore, non a noi, ma al tuo Nome, dà la gloria, per la tua dignità, e verità. (Salmo 115) NON NOBIS, DOMINE, NON NOBIS, SED NOMINI TUO DA GLORIAM 2 LA BOLLA PONTIFICIA “VOX IN EXCELSO” di Filippo Grammauta Il concilio di Vienne L’ affaire dello scioglimento dell’Ordine del Tempio fu al centro delle trattative tra papa Clemente V e il re di Francia Filippo IV, che dal 26 maggio al 24 giugno 1308 soggiornò a Poitiers, sede temporanea della curia pontificia, per indurre il papa a sopprimere l’Ordine del Tempio. L’arresto di Jacques de Molay Evidentemente messo alle strette dalle pressioni del re e del suo fidato ministro Guglielmo de Plaisians (1) , il papa il 12 agosto successivo, durante un concistoro, annunciò di avere firmato quattro giorni prima (8 agosto 1308) una bolla (“ Faciens misericordiam” ) con la quale tutti i Templari detenuti in Francia, compresi i vertici dell’Ordine, venivano convocati davanti al concilio generale che si sarebbe svolto, a partire dal 1° ottobre 1310, a Vienne, nel Delfinato, per discutere su importanti questioni che riguardavano l’Ordine stesso.
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