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Rose Atoll Marine National Monument

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Rose Atoll Marine National Monument U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Rose Atoll Marine National Monument Rose Atoll Marine National Monument Human History consists of approximately 13,451 square The early Polynesians of Samoa likely miles of emergent and submerged lands visited the atoll periodically over the past and waters of and around Rose Atoll millennium or more, and the atoll has a in American Samoa. It includes Rose Samoan name “Motu o Manu,” literally Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, with meaning “island of seabirds.” Captain approximately 21 acres of emergent Louise de Freycinet christened the isle land and 1,600 acres of lagoon. The “Rose” on October 21, 1819, after his wife monument’s outer boundary is who was traveling with him at the time. approximately 50 nautical miles from the mean low water line of Rose Atoll. The first scientist to land on the island was probably Dr. Charles Pickering, a Presidential Proclamation 8337 established physician naturalist who explored the atoll Rose Atoll Marine National Monument in in 1839. Rose Atoll has been the subject January 2009 and assigned management of approximately 300 papers and reports responsibility to the Secretary of over the last century. These describe the the Interior, in consultation with the geology, geography, biology, meteorology, Secretary of Commerce. The Secretary of and history of the area. Commerce, through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has Rose Island has sustained only brief primary management responsibility for human habitation in recent history. In the fishery-related activities and is to initiate 1860s, a short-lived attempt was made by the process to add the monument’s marine a German firm to establish a fishing station © Phillip Colla areas to the Fagatele Bay National Marine and coconut plantation at Rose Atoll. Sanctuary. The Government of American Sand Island is a shifting sand bank and Existing uses are limited to research Samoa will be a cooperating agency in could not support human habitation. and monitoring activities carried out by development of a monument management the Fish and Wildlife Service, National plan. In October 1993, the 120-foot Taiwanese Marine Fisheries Service, and the longline fishing vessel F/V Jin Shiang American Samoa government. Because Rose Atoll is located approximately Fa ran hard aground and broke up within Rose Atoll is one of the most unique and 130 nautical miles east-southeast of Pago weeks on the reef on the southwest arm least visited areas of the world, its marine Pago Harbor, American Samoa. It is of the atoll. As a result of the grounding, and terrestrial communities provide a the easternmost Samoan island and the the entire 100,000 gallons of diesel fuel unique opportunity for research and southernmost point of the United States. aboard the vessel was discharged into afford an invaluable scientific baseline for the marine environment. Supported by biological and geological studies of the Rose Atoll is nearly square, with the the ship’s insurance, limited salvage low Pacific islands. ocean-side slopes about 1.5 miles in operations were attempted within a month length. It is one of the smallest atolls in and were successful in removing the Marine Resources the world and includes two low sandy bow section of the wreck. However, the One of the most striking features of Rose islets, Rose and Sand, located on a rest of the wreck deteriorated quickly, Atoll is the pink hue of the fringing reef, coralline algal reef enclosing a lagoon. and dissolved iron from the wreckage caused by the dominance of a crustose The lagoon is about 1.2 miles wide and stimulated invasive blue-green algae and coralline algae that is also the primary up to about 65 feet deep. Rose and prevented natural recovery of coralline reef-building species at the atoll in shallow Sand Islands are about 14 and 7 acres algae within the grounding area. depths. respectively. In 2004, the U.S. Coast Guard awarded Rose Atoll’s outer reef slope is located on Fish and Wildlife Service $1.3 million the seaward side of the atoll and consists from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund of an irregular and often steep slope down to remove the rest of the shipwreck and to a depth of more than 650 feet, presently monitor reef recovery for 15 years. In dominated by mixed corals and coralline 2007, the last remaining debris was algae to depths of 150 feet. In some areas, removed from the atoll, and monitoring of a shallow reef terrace is located on the reef recovery will continue into the future. upper slope before the reef plunges almost vertically to deeper waters. Spur and Rose Atoll Marine National Monument, 2 groove formations occur on the shallow and Wildlife Service reef terrace in some locations. The reef revealed a plethora flat is hard consolidated substratum that is of species and life exposed during monthly spring tides. forms not observed at shallow depths The lagoon is almost entirely enclosed including tunicates, by shallow perimeter reefs, except for a stalked crinoids, narrow channel on the northwest side. many fish, and About 15 patch reefs reach the lagoon sea unusual sea stars. surface from depths of 20 to 50 feet and are concentrated on the southwestern half The two islands of the lagoon. The lagoon floor is sandy at Rose Atoll are with a few isolated Acropora table-coral important nesting patches on the bottom and scattered sites for the around the perimeter of the flat-topped, threatened green © Phillip Colla steep-sided pinnacles that extend up to the and endangered Rose Island surface. hawksbill turtles in American Samoa. Satellite tags attached Aside from this, vegetation at Rose is Coral communities at Rose presently to the nesting green turtles at Rose have luxuriant due to the high annual rainfall include 113 species and are distinctive shown that these turtles migrate between and perennial growing season. Frequent and quite different from those of the other American Samoa and other Pacific island tropical storms and hurricanes cause islands in Samoa. Dominant corals at nations (i.e., Fiji and French Polynesia). severe damage in the forest. Rose include Favia, Acropora, Porites, In addition to the migratory breeding Montipora, Astreopora, Montastrea, and population of turtles at the atoll during Sand Island is a small sand bank located Pocillopora. the nesting season (August to February), on the lagoon side of the reef due east of a small apparently resident population of the channel opening. It also is oval in Despite its small size, Rose supports the juveniles lives on the atoll. shape and approximately the same height largest populations of giant clams, nesting as Rose Island. It has been vegetated sea turtles, nesting seabirds, and rare Endangered humpback whales, pilot in the past with at least two species of species of reef fish in American Samoa. whales, and dolphins in the genus Stenella vascular plants. Currently, however, have all been seen at Rose Atoll. the bank is swept clean of vegetation, The fish communities at Rose are also probably due to recent hurricanes. distinct from others in the Samoan Terrestrial Resources Archipelago. Fish density is very high Rose Island is located on the eastern Insect fauna at Rose Atoll are poorly and species diversity is moderately high corner of the atoll. It is roughly oval and known. Sphinx moth caterpillars, gnats, at Rose Atoll. However, fish biomass is has a maximum elevation of about 8 feet. flies, crickets, ants, beetles, scale insects, relatively low due to the dominance of It consists of raised reef rock and soft and earthworms have been observed. Two small, planktivorous species. The fish limestone composed of worn fragments of species of land hermit crabs occur in high assemblages at Rose also differ from reef building organisms. The phosphatic densities on both Rose and Sand Islands. the rest of the archipelago by having a soil is rich in humus that has developed much lower density of herbivorous fishes on the substrate beneath a previously large Rose Atoll is the most important seabird (especially parrotfishes and damselfishes) grove of Pisonia trees. colony in the region, since approximately and a high density of planktivorous 97 percent of the seabird population of and carnivorous fishes (especially Rose Island has been vegetated throughout American Samoa resides on Rose. The unicornfishes and snappers). recent history, but older studies indicate two islands provide important nesting and that it was home to only one or two roosting habitat for 12 species of federally To date, about 270 species of reef fish species of vascular plants. The current protected migratory seabirds. have been recorded and surveys have flora of Rose Island is more complex, indicated little change in the reef fish perhaps as a result of the Fish and Wildlife Only 1 year after removal of rats, composition in the past 15 years. Pelagic Service’s successful eradication of two species of shearwaters landed on fish species found outside the lagoon introduced rats in 1993. Rose Island, the first record of any include various species of tuna, mahimahi, Procellariform bird since ornithological billfish, barracuda, and sharks. A new The only Pisonia forest community observations began. Additionally, five species of cardinal fish was collected remaining in Samoa is found on Rose species of federally protected migratory and described from the lagoon at Rose Island. Alien species of ants and scale shorebirds and one species of forest bird, in 2006. Deep diving submersible insects have attacked the Pisonia forest the long-tailed cuckoo (a migrant from surveys in 2005 sponsored by the Hawaii during the past decade, leaving only a New Zealand), use the atoll for feeding, Undersea Research Laboratory and Fish few healthy trees still alive and standing.
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