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Des Géométries Étatsuniennes À Partir De L'étude De L'american Des géométries étatsuniennes à partir de l’étude de l’American Mathematical Society : 1888-1920 Samson Duran To cite this version: Samson Duran. Des géométries étatsuniennes à partir de l’étude de l’American Mathematical Society : 1888-1920. Histoire, Philosophie et Sociologie des sciences. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2019. Français. NNT : 2019SACLS207. tel-02505814 HAL Id: tel-02505814 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02505814 Submitted on 11 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèsepb Des géométriespb de doctorat étatsuniennes à partirpb NNT: 2019SACLS207 de l’étude de l’Americanpb Mathematical Society : 1888–1920pb Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud École doctorale No 578 Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société (ED SHS) Spécialité de doctorat: Histoire des sciences et des techniques Thèse dirigée par Hélène Gispert et Renaud Chorlay, présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 2 juillet 2019, par: Samson Duran Composition du jury: Présidente Rossana Tazzioli PR, Université de Sciences et Technologie Lille 1 Laboratoire Paul Painlevé Rapporteur Philippe Nabonnand PR, Université de Lorraine Archives Henri-Poincaré Rapportrice Karen Parshall Professor, Université de Virginie Corcoran Department of History Examinateur Pierre Pansu PR, Université Paris-Sud Département de Mathématiques d’Orsay Co-directrice de thèse Hélène Gispert Professeuse émérite, Université Paris-Sud GHDSO-EST Co-directeur de thèse Renaud Chorlay MCF, ÉSPÉ de l’académie de Paris Remerciements Je tiens d’abord à remercier la directrice et le directeur de cette thèse, Hélène Gispert et Renaud Chorlay, qui ont été présent·e·s tout au long de ces recherches et dont les conseils, les discussions, les relectures m’ont permis de construire ce travail. Merci aussi à Karen Parshall et Philippe Nabonnand qui ont accepté de rapporter cette thèse et qui ont aussi largement participé à mes réflexions de recherche. Merci également à Rossana Tazzioli et Pierre Pansu pour leur participation au jury et leur intérêt pour mon travail. Merci enfin à Annick Jacq et Renaud d’Enfert d’avoir accepté de faire partie du comité de suivi de ma thèse. Avant le doctorat, ma formation en histoire des sciences a été rendue possible grâce à de nombreuses personnes que je souhaite ici remercier, depuis Maryvonne Spiesser et Sébastien Maronne lors de mon parcours en mathématiques à l’université de Toulouse, jusqu’à l’ensemble des personnes chargées de l’enseignement et de l’organisation du Master Lophiss de Paris 7, pour les années 2011-2013. Toutes ces personnes m’ont permis de découvrir et d’apprécier des disciplines nouvelles pour moi et de me diriger vers l’une d’elles : l’histoire des mathématiques. Je voudrais donc remercier sincèrement mes directeurs de mémoires de M1 et de M2 (respectivement Ivahn Smadja et Renaud Chorlay) mais aussi tou·te·s les enseignant·e·s d’histoire ou d’histoire des mathématiques de ces deux années et les organisateur·rice·s des groupes de travail sur les mathématiques des xixe et xxe siècles. La suite de ma formation, mais aussi la découverte de l’histoire des sciences dans un cadre professionnel, se sont déroulées auprès des membres de mon laboratoire, le GHDSO-EST, à l’Université Paris-Sud. Toutes les personnes y travaillant ont ainsi participé à mon travail de thèse ; je les remercie pour leur accueil, leur gentillesse, leur intérêt pour mon travail et leur aide. Parmi elles, je remercie tout particulièrement mes camarades doctorant·e·s (Aurélie, Florian, Laura, Laure, Matthias, Marie), Véronique Leday qui administre le laboratoire et dont le travail m’a été souvent très précieux, puis les titulaires du laboratoire qui ont régulièrement pu m’aider et m’accompagner dans mon travail de recherche comme d’enseignement (Delphine, Hélène, Virginie et Philippe). Je tiens aussi, en les remerciant plus généralement, à souligner le travail souvent invisibilisé de toutes les personnes que je ne connais pas forcément et qui par leurs activités ont permis le déroulement de mes travaux de recherches (dans le cadre de bibliothèques, de syndicats, de lieux de restauration, d’écoles doctorales, d’universités, d’archives, etc.). En particulier, je remercie Cécile et Pascaline de la caféterie de Paris 7 ainsi que Sophie Havard de l’administration de 3 l’Université Paris-Sud, dont le soutien m’a été très précieux lors d’un conflit avec mes employeurs. Je remercie aussi tou·te·s les chercheur·se·s que j’ai pu croiser ou rencontrer (en séminaires, journées d’étude, écoles d’été, etc.) dont les exposés et les conversations ont pu m’aider à construire mes propres réflexions, et plus largement tou·te·s les collègues avec qui j’ai travaillé depuis le début de mes recherches en doctorat. En particulier, je remercie les membres de l’ANR Cirmath, qui ont toujours été bienveillants avec mon travail, et les organisatrices du Séminaire femmes et savoirs : Pratiques et pouvoir qui a été très enrichissant pour ma démarche scientifique. Bien que mon travail comme enseignant ne soit pas directement lié à mon travail de recherche en thèse, je souhaite ici remercier toutes les personnes y ayant participé, à l’Université Paris 11 et à l’Université Paris 8. Je remercie donc mes collègues enseignant·e·s d’Orsay, de l’équipe MITSIC à Saint-Denis, les personnes en charge de l’administration, de l’organisation des cours, des locaux, des services de reprographie, etc. Enfin, je remercie les étudiant·e·s pour leur participation à ces cours, qui m’a permis d’apprécier grandement cette partie de mon travail. Enfin, je remercie plus chaleureusement mes camarades doctorant·e·s (ou maintenant ex doctorant·e·s) croisé·e·s pendant ces années de thèse pour des moments vécus ensemble qui ont rendu mon travail plus intéressant mais surtout plus agréable ! Parmi eux·lles je cite avec plaisir Anne-Sandrine, Barnabé, Charlotte, Dalia, Eleonora, Emmylou, Elena, François, Guillaume, Isabelle, Martin, Simon, Thomas, Yannick, mais il y en aurait bien d’autres. Plus personnellement, je remercie mes proches, ma famille, mes ami·e·s, mes colocataires, avec une pensée particulière pour les personnes qui ont participé à ce travail de thèse, que ce soit en relisant des morceaux de ma thèse (mes parents principalement, qui ont fait de nombreuses relectures pendant toute la thèse, mais aussi Alix, Cassandre, Marie, Mildred, Pauline, Selma, Simon, Victor), en m’apprenant et en m’aidant à coder (Syka, Quentin), en m’aidant à mettre mon texte en page (Clovis), en m’aidant pour mes enseignements (Simon, Reda, Mélanie) ou encore en partageant des moments de travail universitaire en bibliothèque (Maryam, David, Angèle, Hélène, Colette, Vincent et d’autres encore !). 4 Résumé : En 1888, trois étudiants créent une société mathématique à New York. Six années plus tard, cette société devient nationale et est renommée l’American Mathematical Society (AMS). En 1920, elle regroupe des centaines de membres, publie de nombreux articles et recensions et organise régulièrement des réunions mathématiques dans le pays. Cette thèse propose une histoire sociale de la Géo- métrie à partir de l’étude des publications parues dans ses journaux jusqu’en 1920. Elle a pour objet de répondre à deux problématiques principales : comment s’organisent et se distribuent les activités de Géométrie en lien avec la Société et quels transferts de connaissances géométriques sont mis en place depuis ou vers les États-Unis d’Amérique ? Après avoir déterminé ce que la catégorie de Géométrie signifiait pour les responsables de plusieurs répertoires de classements mathématiques, j’analyserai les formations reçues et les enseignements donnés par des membres de l’AMS, les recensions publiées dans son Bulletin et les rencontres mathématiques tenues en son cadre. Les descriptions des activités géométriques portées par l’AMS, ainsi que du contexte dans lesquelles elles s’inscrivent, per- mettront alors d’établir une cartographie de la Géométrie. Nous verrons comment la caractériser, tant d’un point de vue disciplinaire que sociologique. Je propose aussi de déterminer les personnes dominantes pour la Géométrie, dans le cadre de la Société. Plus précisément, il s’agira de comprendre qui détient le plus de pouvoir, scientifique et institutionnel, selon les différentes formes qu’il peut prendre à l’AMS. Parmi les acteurs ainsi mis en lumière, trois d’entre eux (V. Snyder, L. P. Eisenhart et E. J. Wilczynski) feront l’objet d’études spécifiques. Cela permettra de traiter à l’échelle individuelle les deux problématiques jusqu’alors envisagées à l’échelle d’une institution. Pour les deux premiers cas, nous nous demanderons quels résultats mathématiques non étatsuniens sont réutilisés dans leurs travaux, tandis que le troisième cas nous permettra de comprendre comment ses recherches sont diffusées à l’étranger. Mots-clés États-Unis d’Amérique, Géométries, American Mathematical Society, Histoire des institutions scientifiques, Histoire sociale des sciences, Histoire des géométries 5 US American geometries from the study of the American
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