Territorial Management Within the Systems Affected

Downloaded from http://journals.tums.ac.ir/ on Sunday, July 08, 2012 Tel: +40788990060,Fax: +40213138410 *Corresponding author:E-mail:[email protected] the affected territorial systems, too. approach should have in view the particularities of responsibilitieswithmanaging instability.in This institutional structures of approach integrated an have necessaryto isconditions, these it Inareas. natural and built even environments coal or from instabilityuponmajor producesthe it regional level,nationalexploitation local, advantages at brings economic exploitation certain Besides INTRODUCTION Key words: the strategiccoordinateswhereprocessofmanagingterritorialinstabilitytakesplace. affectedareas imposing system supra a represents which context, European new the account into took mining by the in management environment of model the building of demarche scientific The communities). local the and administering mines for long term, by common actions of all the implied factors (government, mining companies are rehabilitated after they’re closed. Therefore, an integrated approach is necessary and it must refer to the way of of mining activities upon environment may be translated by a local biodiversity decrease, even if these coal mines damage, following exploiting landscape and processing the rough material in to order to related obtain the that final product,is the coal.environment The directbuilt impact and natural upon aggressions important most the of One consequences. economic and social many implies phenomenon this and localities other to dislodged often is population as systems, territorial within component human the pollution. to soil given Ais importance special Researches identified the major effects these economic activities have upon air pollution, slopes’ dynamic, air to identify the efficient management systems in some areas located in the south-western part of Romania, Oltenia. identify and to underline the to objective major main as had which Bucharest, of University the within Dynamics Territorialon Researches Advanced for Centre Interdisciplinary the within researches days present some of form concise a is study The ABSTRACT TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE SYSTEMS AFFECTED BY MINING.CASESTUDY THE SOUTH-WESTERNDEVELOPMENT University ofBucharest– The InterdisciplinaryCentrefor Advanced Researcheson Territorial Dynamics(CICADIT), Territorial management;Naturalinstability;Pollution;Mining C. Braghină,D.Peptenatu,Draghici,*R.Pintilii, A. Schvab Received 4March2010;revised14Septemberaccepted20December2011 instability from the natural environment, determined by coal exploitation, as well as Iran. J.Environ. Health.Sci.Eng.,2011, Vol. 8,No.4,pp. REGION INROMANIA Bucharest, Romania niomn ipc suy n a environment an and study impact environment an obtainedafter beexploitation canlicenseThe protection. environment the of conditions the in exploitationcoalway Romania, openedinbecan 237/2004,establishescoordinateslegalthe the of The mines Law no. 85/2003, modified by Law no. at local level. of distinctivenessand strategiesneeds local account into take the must which of systems, South-Western affected approach of rearrangement global the the of from points weak the identified RegionDevelopment researches The 343

and Downloaded from http://journals.tums.ac.ir/ on Sunday, July 08, 2012 local landscape(Braghină the of aesthetic dumps, the a in showing degradation pronounced wastes/ and after surfaces as land resulted large occupying exposed material the is of exploitation part large A the coal. product, final the get to processing order in material rough and landscape exploiting the following to damage, related that upon aggressions is important environment most the of One et al Golmohammadi 2009b; Gavrilescu, 2009; Bury, on this (Izanlo and Nasseri, 2005; Bebbington and depends objectives development sustainable the local achievement as process, rehabilitation mines the Consulting communities). within importance crucial a got has communities local and government companies, (mining factors implied the of actions administering common by of term, long way for mines the to refer must it and necessary is approach integrated an Therefore, these mines are rehabilitated after they’re closed. translated by a local biodiversity decrease, even if be may environment upon mining of impact The exploitations by (Bebbington affected environment rehabilitation the of of amplitude interventions’ affect the may which series vulnerabilities a economic determining of economy, of sector one only in activities economic of concentration the elaboration of development strategies must avoid Naddafi 2008; Macoveanu, 2009; Naghibi and Shirmohammadi, Robu 2009a; Gavrilescu, Alimohammadi (Ianoş directions integrated elaboratingdevelopment of process complex in factors,the decision the of task important an is The responsible approach of environment problems underground waterpollutionetc). indirectly affected by coal exploitation (landslides, directly exploitations,affected surfacesbyareas ignoredthebeing of recovery the legislation for the stipulates time, same the At norms. these of application the to related malfunctions major activity ceases. the However, after scrapping exploitationfield researches the identified of technical program the the present establish to norms obligation companies’ same recovery The environment done. are the plan as well as review, 344 ., 2009). et al., et al., et t al., et 2008). 2006; Ranade, 2007). The 2007). Ranade, 2006; C. Braghinǎetal., 05 Tooi, 2007; Teodosiu, 2005; et al., et et al., 2005; Robu and Robu 2005; 2010). t al et teritorialnagement ma withinhe , 2009; ., ur-ytm Te rcs i acmaid by accompanied is process The supra-system. superior the to responsibilities transfer countries multi-level system, by means of which integrated government through it decisional levels, also named accentuates, of system this obvious more process and more becomes integration the competition Once and partnership of (Chiriac, 2009). one is them administrative levels, and the relationship between process of public policies are situated at different taking part into the elaboration and implementing actors The policies. public community of model governing the became structure institutional of The actors. and processes governing of multi-level hierarchy private and governmental both of involvement the with level, local to Parliament) European Commission, decisional (European supranational from of scales, classified level on distributed the processes at changes profound determined Union European the to adhesion The integrated management system, able to produce an to able system, propose management components integrated to and the environment natural upon the mining of of assess impact to aims the the study for This economy. necessary national coal to energetic order the in provide 1990, before Oltenia South-West Region Development the in developed Romania from exploitations mining important most The MATERIALS AND METHODS regeneration ( areas determine which activities, be to economic of order restructuring the coordinate to able in re-thought, were Institutional mechanisms factors. decision of and both researchers also preoccupations, systems multiple territorial determined within of dynamic processes pronounced the more and more The territorial context oftheaffected territorialsystems. new of the particularization on depending the interventions time same the at and the natural environment instability are necessary, attenuating for strategies complex where level, local to level superior from practices good and may contribute to the transmission of innovations system institutional management territorial This and Marks,2001). specific for each country (Pollack, 1994; Hooghe levels, decision inferior towards decentralization Brenner, 2004; Makhelouf,2009). ... Downloaded from http://journals.tums.ac.ir/ on Sunday, July 08, 2012 taeis f euig h ublne rm the from unbalance the reducing of strategies the implement to able system management integrated a in were obtained results The systems. affected the of recovery the to contributed they effects the of attenuate coal exploitation, to upon the order way in in which present to up initiated Jiu. projects and to given Awas attention special Motru rivers the between situated areas, was affected studies specialized the completed by numerous of field researches and in the most agencies The analysis of the data provided by environment to thecontouringofworkingmethodologies. contributed which 2003), Chaulya, 2007; Ahsan, al Nejad Massoidi Kruijf de Sârbu 2008; Bebbington Williams, and 2006; (Haneş, studies specialized (environment county agencies) and on a series of the recordings done by the specialized institutions by coal exploitations. The analyses were based on the of natural environment from the territorial systems affected the of assessment components main the the of quality followed study The ecosystems areregistered. mining Jiu, natural within changes important most the where and these Motru rivers the of between is activities concentration highest The exploitations) (Fig.1). underground three and pits (nine areas mining 12 in activity exploitation the coordinated which by SAJiu, Oltenia Tg. Coal of coordinated Society National the is Region Development West South- the from coal brown of exploitation The European Union. effects according to the standards imposed by the , 2007; Krausz and Ciocan, 2006; and Ciocan, Alamgir and Krausz 2007; , t al et

Table 1:Fieldsurfacesaffected byminingexploitationsintheSouth-Western DevelopmentRegion 20; Jafarzadeh 2009; , t al et Source: Spârchez Gh., 2009 Mehedin Rovinari CoalfieldRovinari Brown Coal Brown Oltenia of Society National TOTAL Berbe CoalfieldMotru The coalfield Jil Ġ Coalfield , 07 Nb Bidhendi Nabi 2007; ., ú tiCoalfield Ġ i Coalfieldi Iran. J.Environ. Health.Sci.Eng.,2011, Vol. 8,No.4,pp. t al, et 95 Vinke- 1995; t al et 2004; , Total The surfaceoccupied (hectares) fromthe land fund 17575 17575 28 76 75 1 22,5 512 77,5 1766 2278 92 11 05 71 19,5 1741 80,5 7191 8932 1962 1962 3789 1 37 49 7 45,1 277 54,9 337 614 et Infield(ha) n uh mne ta i sol rset the to respect contribute to should aim it which objectives, that EMAS manner a such in structured is system management proposed The al Karimi 2006; Bociat, and Ciolea some 2006; Sârbu, and building (Bădulescu systems in management argument efficient important an as mining, by health population the upon generated The study insisted upon the effects of the pollution add. 92/18.03.2003) nr. Law by ratified -17.03.1992, (Helsinki accidents industrial of effects border Law by cross- regarding Convention the nr.22/2001) ratified and 25.02.1991, (Espoo, context cross-border in environment upon impact the of assessment the regarding Convention the these, Management Environment System (EMAS) and European the ISO Standard 14000. To the of Cycle the management: environment of field the in standards the to according systems, territorial up tolocallevel. are assumed by national and regional mechanisms they where from Commission, European of level Union, where decisional impulses are given at the context offered by the integration in the European new the to system institutional the of adaptation the by possible is exploitations mine with areas within instability territorial of attenuation The RESULTS information uponresultsofthepublicopinion. permanent the and system’sperformances the of assessment periodical the the policies, environment implementing and establishing by system, management the of development permanent the 13416 1492 2630 , 2005;Raihanand Alam, 2008). from the land fund land from fund the 76,3 76,3 69,4 (%) 76 76 Forest Forest 4159 1159 (ha) (ha) 470 23,7 30,6 (%) 24 24 345 et Downloaded from http://journals.tums.ac.ir/ on Sunday, July 08, 2012 niomn isaiiy Tsaa I Rovinari Peşteana-Nord,Roşia,Peşteana-Sud,Est, Urdari, II, natural Tismana the instability: for environment representative are areas few a uponthe Jiului centred Valley is and its surroundings, mining where by affected strongly area An Jiu Valley. Motru the or of Valley flanks general eastern the on values extreme reaching process, a dominant is erosion Jilt, the of basin hydrographic the degrees, with pronounced slopes, especially from fragmentation high with sectors, affected the in Therefore, for a large part of the surfaces situated elements, for example hydro-geological elements. other with connection in conditions, relief the by Restrictive elements are those elements generated Lazăr, and 2006). (Fodor loads technological of free surfaces the of recultivation and and refertilization persistent rearrangement, with following consequences obvious changes, biological agrochemical and pedological, important suffered sites dumping interior and exterior the in stored quality. The materials which were uncovered and air the in changes least, the not but last the and waters, underground and surface the of changes quantitative and qualitative landslides, squeezes, forms. Also, geomechanical phenomena appeared: changes, to the occurrence of negative and positive The development of mining led to profound relief 2006). Lazăr,Fodor,and 2006; (Fodor circuit economic the into surfaces balance affected the ecological reintegrate to and the reestablish to order in influences profoundly expenses big requires it and factors environment exploitation coal cast Lazăr, 2006; Spârchez, 2009) (Table 1). The open and (Fodor land forest hectares 1014 and infield hectares 2515 into divided hectares, 3529 circuit economic the from out taken were there 1990, almost 18,000 hectares of land, out of which, after occupied were there Oltenia in exploitation coal the of of period entire capacity the During environment. natural supporting the on the depending raise exploitation of activity countries the limiting of many problem rhythms. reason, this and From the processes in pits natural coal ecosystems’ of intervention brutal modifying, the by landscape the by environment the affects exploitations mining of development The Mining andthelandusechanges 346 C. Braghinǎetal., teritorialnagement ma withinhe ao isaiiy n h ntrl environment, natural processes slope the period, monitored the during the in instability major highlighted Jilţ and Vest pits Husnicioara coal Roşiuţa, the of area the water from researchers avoid The and floods prevent stagnation. Şuşiţa), to Jilţ, order Jiu, in Motru, (especially courses water some of adjustment the erosion, vertical and landslides stabilising of measures complex some applying of that is neccesity objective an lands, low on stagnation water the by 5% almost and processes erosion by affected is inland of the 1/3 approximately that account into Taking organisms. torrential of development the determined which Vest,largeon surfaces, deforestations were there Husnicioara exploitation coal the of area the In ecosystems. natural within changes fundamental introduced exploitations surface where areas those namely aus ewe 50 ad 00 m (Oncioiu, mm 6000 and 5000 between values isolated in cases spectacular only sinking appears, and having mm, 3500 and 100 between varies underground exploitation of brown coal deposits, the by determined phenomenon, subsidence basin, the Motru the the within In 2009). system (Mohammadi, area aquifer the intensity of high and dewatering forced a of applying the to due conditions, hydro-geological of altering the by and substances mineral useful of exploitation underground the from remained hollows the of theclosing by becaused may researches, field following identified phenomena, subsidence The circuit. inland the from out surfaces land large drew which importance, big of processes some slope of amplification the by determined were the way of using lands was noticed, too. Changes upon impact major the exploitation, mining this and forest circuit is of 304 hectares. In the case of and the lines), surface effectively drawn out from inland technological (four levels working four presents Vest Husnicioara pit coal and The ravines. drips of forming the by surfaces, large on coal lands of this degradation a of noticed be can area there pit, the In (Fig.2). heart village the affect which landslides of releasing the and can be noticed the depression of torrential valleys affected the heart of Negreşti village, where there exploitation Vest,the Husnicoara pit coal the of north the To much. very themselves expanding ... Downloaded from http://journals.tums.ac.ir/ on Sunday, July 08, 2012 up toCocorenilevel. Sud, and Nord Peşteana pits the protect in to order level, Vlăduleni downstream accomplished is deviation the presently and Jiu, de Roşia pit the of protection the for metres, 5800 of length a on level, Vlăduleni to up stage second the in prolonged was Gârla and Beterega Cicani, pits the protecting for only executed initially Jiu, the of regularization and deviation too. The ensured, Gârla. The protection of the pits against floods was mining perimeters Cicani, Beterega, Roşia de Jiu, situated under the old river bed of the Jiu from the coal brown the exploit to possible became there which of means by Jiu, the of regularization and deviation the Jiu, river the on dam retention the carried were out. An important hydro technical work rivers is main along of works series a hydro-technical pollution, waters avoid to order In mining processes by affected areas the in pollution Environmental identified Mehedinti and Zegujani. Gârdoaia areas the in ofmine subsidences from accentuated area the exploitations from researches field The (Onica exploitations mine serving infrastructure the and surface the at land the of integrity the affecting appears in the area of mine exploitations, seriously frequently process subsidence Fodor,The 2006). 1985; Whittaker and Reddish, 1993; Onica, 2001; et al., 2006). Iran. J.Environ. Health.Sci.Eng.,2011, Vol. 8,No.4,pp. Fig.1: MinesandopenpitsinSouth-Western Region orient pluvial waters accumulated in the east hilly and collect which Valleys), Graurului Fântânii, (Plopului, channels of series a as well as level, Plopşoru Sud, Peşteana pit coal the of perimeter the river Jiu from Vladuleni level downstream the of rectifications and deviations regarding works technical hydro of series a executed were there In the area of the coal pits Peşteana Nord and Sud, maintenance etc. the bands’ the and roads sterile done access the bands, of coal and lines were the for there arangements necessary Moreover, etc. point loading and expedition common a deposit, coal common a built was there pits, two the between equipment situated enclosure, common of the arrangements. and assembling platform equipments a assemble functions, surface other to and order solving in Therefore, jointly of had even from the beginning a unitary conception Coal pits, being situated close one to another, have coal pit. to facilitate the settlement of the dump of Lupoaia order in done, was Catunele locality the to town, the upstream river same the of rectification and protection of the Meris enclosure. Also, for the deviation metres) (500 bridge the downstream as bridge) and the release of Lupoaia stream, as well the with river the same name was embanked, between NR 67 town, (road Motru of area the In area, whichbordersthetwocoalpits’ perimeter. 347 Downloaded from http://journals.tums.ac.ir/ on Sunday, July 08, 2012

348 Fig.2: LandslideinthesouthofNegresti(tonorth

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Psdcoa porme o tann scientific training for programme „Postdoctoral the Disparities 196), strategic grant POSDRU/89/1.5/S/58852, Project Regional (UEFICSU-PNII-Idei, in Role Attenuation its and Entrepreneurial Sector 1950), Theory Poles (UEFICSU-PNII-Idei, Growth on Based Management was Territorial projects: research article some in this elaborated in used we methodology The AKNOWLEDGEMENTS county structures level, affected by mine exploitations. network polycentric ensuring the the necessary distinctiveness at be at the leveldistributed can of management environment of structure institutional The (Fig.4). disparities territorial of reduction the to contribute to order in projected Peptenatu (Peptenatu network polycentric of structurethe on built be can managementmodel the Region Development South-Western the In REFERENCES in thefieldoflifeandEarthsciences. studies Doctoral 61150, /88/1.5/S/ POSDRU the Human Resources Development 2007 – 2013 and Program Operational Sectorial the within Found Social European the by cofinanced researchers” rgiă C, etnt, . 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