A Case Study from Ramannapeta Mandal, Nalgonda, Telangana, India: Fluoride Contamination of Ground Water
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A Case Study From Ramannapeta Mandal, Nalgonda, Telangana, India: Fluoride Contamination of Ground Water Dr.G.Machender Ganaboina ( [email protected] ) Mahatma Gandhi University Narsimha Kota Osmania University Research Article Keywords: Fluoride Contamination, Groundwater, Remote sensing, Ramannapeta Mandal Posted Date: July 30th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-681568/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/14 Abstract The groundwater quality evaluation for uoride element was studied in Ramannapeta Mandal, Nalgonda District, and Telangana State, India. The water samples were collected in pre and post monsoon seasons in the year of 2015-2016 from hand pumps bore wells or dug wells in the villages of Ramannapeta Mandal. The collected water samples were analyzed within a week. The Spatial distributions of uoride maps were prepared with the help of the Remote Sensing Imaginary (RSI) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. The range of uoride in the study area varied from 0.6 to 5.6 ppm whereas the maximum permissible limit in drinking water is 1.5 ppm (As per Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) guideline-IS: 10500: 1991). The high contamination 4.0- 5.5 ppm of uoride in drinking water was observed in Siripuram, Dubbaka villages. During the study, it was found that the most of villages in Ramannapeta Mandal are affected with high uoride content in drinking water in the range of 1.5-3.0 ppm. Nalgonda district including Ramannapeta Mandal is underlain by different rocks such as granites (80%), gneisses, dolerite, dykes (10%), older metamorphic and intrusive (10%). The lock of freshwater exchange due to periodical drought conditions, the granitic rocks and the arid climate of the region are the factors for the higher incidence of uoride in the groundwater resources. The constructions of rain water harvesting structures are proposed to minimize uoride content in drinking water. Introduction Groundwater is the major source for drinking in most parts of the world, as it is available cheaply near to door step and free from pathogenic bacteria. Good quality of drinking water is essential for human life. The goal of Government is to provide every person with adequate safe water for drinking, cooking and other domestic uses. The spatio-temporal variations in rainfall, regional distribution in geological formations and geomorphic composition of various units have led to uneven occurrence and distribution of groundwater resources. There are few chemical contaminations of drinking water that can lead to severe health problems. Especially uoride is a major concern; the recommended concentration of uoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l (WHO; 1984). Seawater typically contains about 1 mg/l of F− where rivers and lakes generally exhibit less than 0.5 mg/l. Low or high concentrations of uoride is possible in groundwater, depending on the existence of nature of the rocks and uoride-bearing minerals. The high uoride containing water occurs in large and extensive geographical belts associated with sediments of marine origin in mountainous areas, volcanic rocks, granitic and gneissic rocks. In India, high groundwater uoride content associated with igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granites and gneisses have been reported. Endemic uorosis is still a challenging and extensively studied national health problem. The most seriously affected areas in India are Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh etc (Kumaran, et al., 1971; Teotiaet al., 1984). The high concentration of uoride in drinking water was reported in 19 states and territories which include 177 districts. The highest concentration observed to date in India is 48 mg/l in Rewari District of Haryana. Groundwater is the primary source of potable water supply in rural India. It is not possible to estimate the number of people at risk with high uoride in drinking water. This is because of the diculty of sampling groundwater from India’s many millions of hand pumps. In these states, 10 to 25% of the rural population has been estimated to be at risk, and approximately 60–70 million people are inuenced by uoride contaminated groundwater. About 60% of land comes under irrigation of groundwater; this is also other main reason of producing high uoride food. The rainfall is the source of recharge of groundwater, geomorphology plays a vital role in controlling distribution of precipitation, runoff, and inltration contributing to recharge. Fluorosis is an endemic disease. An endemic disease found in a certain geographic region or in a specic race of people. The uoride in potable water not exceed to1 mg/L. High F− concentration in drinking water is main concern, because of its negative impact on human health. The uoride arises into the water from the geological crust. The main potential health risks from uoride are considered to be uorosis or bone disease. Based on body tissues inuenced by uoride, uorosis is categorized into Dental, Skeletal and Non-Skeletal uorosis. Irrespective of age and gender, anybody can become victims of Fluorosis. Fluoride content range in drinking water and how it effects on human health is listed in Table 1. Table 1 Fluorosis Hazards chart. F− in drinking water (mg/L) Effects on human health 1 0.6 Dental caries 2 0.6–1.2 Development of normal bones & teeth 3 1.2-2.0 Mottled enamel 4 2.0–4.0 Dental uorosis 5 4.0–8.0 Skeletal uorosis 6 8.0–10.0 Mild crippling Skeletal 7 Above 10.0 Cripping Skeletal Fluorosis In the present study, groundwater quality evaluation was carried out in the villages of Ramannapeta Mandal, Telangana State, India. In order to evaluate the spatial distribution of uoride concentration, 72 water samples were collected from 36 places before and after monsoon season. The Spatial distributions of uoride maps were prepared with the help of the Remote Sensing Imaginary (RSI) and Geography Information System (GIS) techniques. The relations between uoride distribution and physiology, hydrogeology were correlated. Page 2/14 Description of Study Area The study area is located in northern part of the district of Nalgonda, Telangana State, India. It lies in between 78. 59°- 79.15° of East-longitudes and 17.14°-17. 22° of North- latitude with an average elevation of 322 meters. It falls in the SOI Toposheets No. 56 O/3. The location of the study area is shown in Fig. 1. As per 2011 census, the population of the area is 51,534 while the urban population is 10,202. The area experiences semi-arid climate, the average temperature varies from 17°C in winter (December-January) to 45°C in summer (March-May). The average annual rainfall is 649 mm both by northeast and southwest monsoons. 80% of the people from the study area use bore and dug wells water for drinking, cooking and other domestic uses. The depth of the bore wells varied between 90 and 300 feet. The area around228 sq.km was covered and 36 water samples were collected in cleaned and sterilized glass bottles. All the collected samples were analyzed within week in the laboratory. Remote Sensing and GIS The Remote Sensing imagery with its synoptic coverage acts as a tool for nding suitable solution when combined with conventional data. Hydro-geomorphic maps were prepared by integrating the lithology, landforms, and structural fabric and hydrology layers using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, the scale range of 1:10,000. The satellite data has been used for updating of drainage and surface water bodies. The IRS P6 LISS-IV is a multi-spectral high resolution camera with a spatial resolution of 5.8m at nadir. Satellite image of the study area is shown in Fig. 2. Physiography of the study area Ramannapeta Mandal is located in the northern of the District. The study area is surrounded by Mothkur, Valigonda, Narketpalli, Chityala and Choutuppal Mandals. The elevation of the study area varies from 225 to 370m to mean sea level (MSL). A major part of the Mandal is covered by the Musi river basin which rises in Dubbaka and Nidanpalle Hills. The river ows from South to North of the Mandal. The river passes through Valigonda, Ramannapeta towards Nakrekal Mandal; it joins the Krishna River near Wadapalli. From the satellite imaginary studies, it was observed that 76% of the study area covered by major landforms in granitic rocks which are pediplains. About 14% of the area covered by pediment and Inselberg zone, 4% of the area covered by valley zones and the remaining area covered by highly weathered hills and water bodies. Drainage & Rainfall The drainage pattern of the study area is mainly dendritic drainage, all the water streams ow from Southwest to Northeast direction. Nalgonda district has an average rainfall of 649 mm during years of 2004–2015.The most rainfall is received through the Southwest monsoon during the period of June-September. An average annual temperature of the study area varies from 17°C in winter (December-January) to 45°C in summer (March-May). Geology of the study area The study area underlined by the variety of granite and gneisses rocks which are intruded by dolerite dykes/quartz veins. Granite, old and hard rocks, are widely distributed throughout the area. The nature of granite varies in the study area, grey to pink, medium to coarse granite, porphyritic or non-porphyritic and massive. The granitoid rocks are complex which associated with profuse injections of aplite, ne grained quartzo-feldspathic veins and pegmatite, quartz veins and reefs. From the stratigraphical studies, the study area predominantly exposes rocks of Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) along with enclaves of basic dykes (Proterozoic).