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History ( Option ) – Form 4
History (Option) Aims The main aims of the syllabus are to stimulate interest in and enthusiasm for the study of the past; promote the acquisition of knowledge and understanding of human activity in the past, linking it with the present; ensure that the students' knowledge is rooted in an understanding of the nature and the use of historical evidence; help students towards an understanding of the development over time of social and cultural values; promote an understanding of the nature of cause and consequence, continuity and change, similarity and difference; develop essential historical skills; provide an appropriate integration of our national history within a wider international context. 1 Assessment Objectives The assessment will test how far the students have mastered the development of historical knowledge and understanding including the recall of historical facts and the explanation of historical terminology. the evaluation and interpretation of evidence thus acquiring the basic skills necessary for the study of many types of historical evidence. This should include comprehending evidence and placing in context, analysing, detecting bias and pointing to gaps and inconsistencies in evidence, distinguishing between fact and opinion and developing a hypothesis through comparing sources and reaching conclusions based on evidence. the construction and communication of a simple historical exposition. Students are expected to construct a simple exposition, including reasoned argument based on historical evidence. They will be expected to communicate in a clear and coherent form. Students should be able to select, evaluate, and arrange relevant information in answer to a question and make use of analytical concepts such as causation and consequences, change and continuity, similarity and difference, etc. -
MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 322 May 2020
MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 322 May 2020 1 MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 322 May 2020 French Occupation of Malta Malta and all of its resources over to the French in exchange for estates and pensions in France for himself and his knights. Bonaparte then established a French garrison on the islands, leaving 4,000 men under Vaubois while he and the rest of the expeditionary force sailed eastwards for Alexandria on 19 June. REFORMS During Napoleon's short stay in Malta, he stayed in Palazzo Parisio in Valletta (currently used as the Ministry for Foreign Affairs). He implemented a number of reforms which were The French occupation of The Grandmaster Ferdinand von based on the principles of the Malta lasted from 1798 to 1800. It Hompesch zu Bolheim, refused French Revolution. These reforms was established when the Order Bonaparte's demand that his could be divided into four main of Saint John surrendered entire convoy be allowed to enter categories: to Napoleon Bonaparte following Valletta and take on supplies, the French landing in June 1798. insisting that Malta's neutrality SOCIAL meant that only two ships could The people of Malta were granted FRENCH INVASION OF MALTA enter at a time. equality before the law, and they On 19 May 1798, a French fleet On receiving this reply, Bonaparte were regarded as French citizens. sailed from Toulon, escorting an immediately ordered his fleet to The Maltese nobility was expeditionary force of over bombard Valletta and, on 11 June, abolished, and slaves were freed. 30,000 men under General Louis Baraguey Freedom of speech and the press General Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Polish Battles and Campaigns in 13Th–19Th Centuries
POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 Scientific editors: Ph. D. Grzegorz Jasiński, Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Reviewers: Ph. D. hab. Marek Dutkiewicz, Ph. D. hab. Halina Łach Scientific Council: Prof. Piotr Matusak – chairman Prof. Tadeusz Panecki – vice-chairman Prof. Adam Dobroński Ph. D. Janusz Gmitruk Prof. Danuta Kisielewicz Prof. Antoni Komorowski Col. Prof. Dariusz S. Kozerawski Prof. Mirosław Nagielski Prof. Zbigniew Pilarczyk Ph. D. hab. Dariusz Radziwiłłowicz Prof. Waldemar Rezmer Ph. D. hab. Aleksandra Skrabacz Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Prof. Lech Wyszczelski Sketch maps: Jan Rutkowski Design and layout: Janusz Świnarski Front cover: Battle against Theutonic Knights, XVI century drawing from Marcin Bielski’s Kronika Polski Translation: Summalinguæ © Copyright by Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita, 2016 © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości, 2016 ISBN 978-83-65409-12-6 Publisher: Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości Contents 7 Introduction Karol Olejnik 9 The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1241 and the battle of Legnica Karol Olejnik 17 ‘The Great War’ of 1409–1410 and the Battle of Grunwald Zbigniew Grabowski 29 The Battle of Ukmergė, the 1st of September 1435 Marek Plewczyński 41 The -
GENERAL INDEX of Melita Historica
GENERAL INDEX of Melita Historica Vol. I, no. 1 (1952) - Vol. VIV, no. 4 (1983) AUTHORS in alphabetical order, articles in ohronological order compiled by John Azzopardi, S.J., M.A. ARTICLES AGIUS, John Alfred, "Maltil( and the ~hnoscritto 6687 del Fondo Barberini Second World War. Some Additions to Lat;no della Biblioteca Vaticana", Dr. Galea's Bibliography", V, 2 (1969) 114-57. II, 1 (1956) l4-18. , 'A Bad Reputation for the Maltese AZZOPARDI, Francis, "The Activities of Inquisition under Mgr. John Baptist the First Known Capuchin in Malta Gori Pannellini (1639-1646)", VI, 1 (1972) 50-9. Robert of Eboli", IV, 2 (1965) 96-110. BONNICI, Arthur, "Reasons for the Delay j,n the Appointment of Bishop F.S. BARTOLO, Paul, "British Colonial Budget Caruana", ing in Malta.. The first Formative De· I, 3 (1954) 156-63. cades 1800-1838", "The Church and the Freedom of the VIII, 1 (1980) 1-22. Press in Malta", BONANNO, Anthony, "Quintinus and the II, 2 (1957) 105-21. Loca.tion of the Temple of Hercules at "The Dismemberment of the Maltese Marsaxlokk,' , Sec from the Metropoiltan See of VIII, 3 (1982) 190-204. Palermo" , BONELLO, Vincenzo, "La Chiesa. Con II, 3 (1958) 179-81. ventuale di S. Giovanni", "The Oath Question", II, 1 (1956) 48-54. IV, 1 (1964) 14-26. "La Congregazione degli Onorati", "A Debt that Was never Settled", V, 2 (1969) 107-1:1. V, 2 (1969) 73-9. BONNICI, Alexander, "Superstitions in "Thirty Years to Build a Protestant Mllta towards the Middle of the Seven Church" , teenth Century In the Light of the In VI, 2 «1973) 183-91. -
Chairman of the NATO Military Committee Visited Lithuania
SEPTEMBER 2020. NO 9 (28). NEWS NATO MILITARY COMMITTEE DISTANCE MEETING MULTINATIONAL AIR DEFENCE EXERCISE NATO'S PRESENCE LITHUANIA — THROUGH THE EYES OF A FRIEND Chairman of the NATO Military Committee visited Lithuania n September 25 Chairman of the tee to NATO’s political decision-making Military Committee (MC) Air structures. He directs and publicly represents Chief Marshal Sir Stuart William work of the NATO Military Committee. OPeach (United Kingdom — Air Force) con- Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart William Peach SPECIAL duced an official visit to Lithuania. (United Kingdom — Air Force) assumed the FELIKSAS VAITKUS — He met with Speaker of the Lithuanian position on 18 June 2018. THE HERO OF A Parliament Viktoras Pranckietis, Chief of De- Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart Peach (Uni- fence Lt Gen Valdemaras Rupšys, other rep- ted Kingdom — Air Force) is the 32nd Chair- TRANSATLANTIC FLIGHT resentatives of the Lithuanian Armed Forces. man of the Military Committee of the North The guest also visited the NATO Energy Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the Security Centre of Excellence in Vilnius and most senior and longest standing military received briefings on the regional security structure in the Alliance. situation from the Lithuanian Armed Forces Air Chief Marshal Peach is NATO’s most Defence Staff. senior military officer and is the Military -Ad Chairman of the NATO Military Com- viser to the Secretary General and the North mittee is chief military advisor to the NATO Atlantic Council. In addition, he is the Uni- Secretary General -
The Triumphant Genealogical Awareness of the Nobility In
LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 22 2018 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 29–49 THE TRIUMPHANT GENEALOGICAL AWARENESS OF THE NOBILITY IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES Agnė Railaitė-Bardė (Lithuanian Institute of History) ABSTRACT This article attempts to show how the manifestation of ancestors was expressed in the genealogical awareness of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, using publications to mark special occasions in the 17th and 18th centuries, genealogical trees and diagrams. The research seeks to establish what effect the exaltation of various battles had on the genealogical memory of the nobility in the Grand Duchy, bearing in mind the context of its involvement in one of the most famous battles it ever fought. The genealogical sources mentioned were examined in order to ascertain which battles and what memories of the commanders who fought in them were important to the genealogical awareness of the nobility, and why this memory was selective, for some battles and notable heroes from these battles are remembered and glorified, while others are simply forgotten. Memories of which battles were important to the genealogical presentation of certain families, how was it expressed, and in what period were the ancestors who participated in these battles remembered? The first part of the study presents the memory of ancestors as soldiers, and the ways this memory was expressed. The second part focuses on an- cestors who distinguished themselves in specific battles, and which family members who participated in battles are remembered and honoured, in this way distinguishing them from other ancestors. KEYWORDS: Grand Duchy of Lithuania; nobility; genealogical awareness; militaristic; heraldry. -
MALTA LIBRARIES ANNUAL REPORT 2018 Maltalibraries.Gov.Mt MALTA
ANNUAL REPORT 2018 MALTA LIBRARIES ANNUAL REPORT 2018 maltalibraries.gov.mt MALTA LIBRARIES ANNUAL ANNUAL REPORT REPORT 2018 2018 CON- Cataloguing-in-Publication Data TENTS Malta Libraries Annual report 2018 / Malta Libraries. – Valletta : Malta Libraries, 2019. 79 p. : col. ill., charts, facsims., maps, ports. ; 21 cm. 1. Malta Libraries 2. Libraries – Malta – Statistics 3. National libraries – Malta – Statistics 4. Public libraries – Malta – Statistics I. Title ISBN 9789995793029 (print) ISBN 9789995793128 (eBook) DDC 23 : 027.04585 CON- MISSION STATEMENT 6 & FUNCTIONS FOREWORD NATIONAL FROM LIBRARY TENTS8 THE CEO 10 OF MALTA PUBLIC NATIONAL LIBRARIES BIBLIOGRAPHIC 38 NETWORK 52 OFFICE ICTSU OPERATIONS FINANCIAL 64 REPORT 68 DEPARTMENT 78 STATEMENTS MALTA LIBRARIES MISSION STATEMENT The mission of Malta Libraries is to ensure the collection and conservation of Malta’s documentary heritage for present and future generations, to maintain and develop the libraries regulated under the Malta Libraries Act, and to encourage reading for study, research, self-development and lifelong- learning information and leisure purposes. MALTA LIBRARIES ACT 2011 6 ANNUAL REPORT 2018 FUNCTIONS • To continue to acquire, assemble, conserve for lifelong learning and recreation purposes; posterity, and make accessible to the public, the collection of the nation’s documentary • To foster and strengthen reading habits and heritage and published current output, support literacy and other cultural activities regardless of form or medium, to be found in and programmes -
OSW Report | Opposites Put Together. Belarus's Politics of Memory
OPPOSITES PUT TOGETHER BELARUS’S POLITICS OF MEMORY Kamil Kłysiński, Wojciech Konończuk WARSAW OCTOBER 2020 OPPOSITES PUT TOGETHER BELARUS’S POLITICS OF MEMORY Kamil Kłysiński, Wojciech Konończuk © Copyright by Centre for Eastern Studies CONTENT EDITOR Adam Eberhardt EDITOR Szymon Sztyk CO-OPERATION Tomasz Strzelczyk, Katarzyna Kazimierska TRANSLATION Ilona Duchnowicz CO-OPERATION Timothy Harrell GRAPHIC DESIGN PARA-BUCH DTP IMAGINI PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Jimmy Tudeschi / Shutterstock.com Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, 00-564 Warsaw, Poland tel.: (+48) 22 525 80 00, [email protected] www.osw.waw.pl ISBN 978-83-65827-56-2 Contents MAIN POINTS | 5 INTRODUCTION | 11 I. THE BACKGROUND OF THE BELARUSIAN POLITICS OF MEMORY | 14 II. THE SEARCH FOR ITS OWN WAY. ATTEMPTS TO DEFINE HISTORICAL IDENTITY (1991–1994) | 18 III. THE PRO-RUSSIAN DRIFT. THE IDEOLOGISATION OF THE POLITICS OF MEMORY (1994–2014) | 22 IV. CREATING ELEMENTS OF DISTINCTNESS. A CAUTIOUS TURN IN MEMORY POLITICS (2014–) | 27 1. The cradle of statehood: the Principality of Polotsk | 28 2. The powerful heritage: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania | 32 3. Moderate scepticism: Belarus in the Russian Empire | 39 4. A conditional acceptance: the Belarusian People’s Republic | 47 5. The neo-Soviet narrative: Belarusian territories in the Second Polish Republic | 50 6. Respect with some reservations: Belarus in the Soviet Union | 55 V. CONCLUSION. THE POLICY OF BRINGING OPPOSITES TOGETHER | 66 MAIN POINTS • Immediately after 1991, the activity of nationalist circles in Belarus led to a change in the Soviet historical narrative, which used to be the only permit ted one. However, they did not manage to develop a coherent and effective politics of memory or to subsequently put this new message across to the public. -
European Power
European Power European Power Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) European Power Prussian Homage Source: Jan Matejko, Hołd Pruski, oil on canvas, Naonal Museum in Kraków, licencja: CC 0. Link to the lesson You will learn about the situation of Poland during the reign of the Jagiellons; with what states Poland waged wars and why. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu Thanks to Jagiełło’s marriage with Jadwiga Anjou, the Jagiellons sat on the Polish throne, and the next marriages extended their power and authority all over the entire Central‐Eastern Europe. In the beginning of the 15th century, the war between Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow broke. In 1514, the Moscow army captured extremely important for strategic reasons Smolensk stronghold, and the great Lithuanian‐Polish victory in the Battle of Orsha stopped the march of the Moscow army to Vilnius, yet did not alter the fate of Smolensk. The second major opponent of Poland and Lithuania remained Teutonic Knights. In 1519‐1521, the last war of Poles with the Teutonic Knights was waged. After lost war with Poland, the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Albert of Hohenzollern, adopted Lutheranism and transformed the monastic state into secular duchy (the Duchy of Prussia). Additionally, in 1525, he paid homage to the Polish King, Sigismund the Old. In the result of the crisis of the Monastic State in Livonia, the war for its land between the Polish‐Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Sweden and Denmark broke out. The major opponent of Sigismund Augustus proved to be Ivan the Terrible. -
The Republic of Belarus of 1991–1994
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Ś rodkowo-Wschodniej ■ LII-SI(2) Wojciech Śleszyński University of Białystok In Search of a New (National) Historical Record – the Republic of Belarus of 1991–1994 Zarys treści: Końcowy etap funkcjonowania Związku Sowieckiego i tworzenie się w 1991 r. nowej Białorusi charakteryzowały duże zawirowania polityczne. W nowej, postsowieckiej rzeczywisto- ści należało inaczej spojrzeć na własne dzieje. Coraz większą siłę zyskiwała narracja narodowa, podkreślająca znaczenie niezależności państwowej i narodowej, jednak większość społeczeństwa i duże grupy historyków nie widziały potrzeby zrywania z dziedzictwem sowieckim. Jednocześnie nowa interpretacja historii nie napotykała na zasadniczy opór. Traktowana była przez większość obywateli jako kolejna akcja narzucana odgórnie przez władze, z tą różnicą, iż teraz można ją było znacznie łatwiej niż w czasach sowieckich krytykować, nie narażając się na represje. Próba budowy nowej wspólnoty opartej o hasła narodowe poniosła klęskę w wyborach 1994 r. Outline of content: Th e twilight of the Soviet Union and the process of creating a new Belarus in 1991 were marked by major political turbulence. Th e new post-Soviet reality required that Belarusians look upon their own history from a diff erent perspective. A national narrative which emphasised the signifi cance of state and national independence began to play an increas- ingly important role. However, the majority of society, along with large groups of historians, did not fi nd it necessary to reject the legacy of the Soviet era. At the same time, they were not particularly resistant to the new interpretation of history. Most citizens perceived it as another campaign imposed by the authorities, with the minor diff erence that it was now much easier to criticise the idea without risking repression than it had been back in Soviet times. -
History Teaching in Belarus: Between Europe and Russia Anna Zadora, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
History Teaching In Belarus: Between Europe And Russia Anna Zadora, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France International Journal of Historical Learning, Teaching and Research [IJHLTR], Volume 15, Number 1 – Autumn/Winter 2017 Historical Association of Great Britain www.history.org.uk ISSN: 14472-9474 Abstract: This paper is devoted to social uses of history teaching and history textbooks. It analyses, first, how the history of the lands of Belarus, at the crossroads between Europe and Eurasia, was not recognized during the Soviet Era. No one school textbook on history of Belarus existed. Belarus declared its independence in the 1991. Next, it analyses how, during Perestroika (from 1985) and in the early 1990s, a new history curriculum was introduced which emphasize fundamental changes in the teaching of history, in its content, methodology, structure and pedagogy, encompassing principles of humanism, democracy and the rejection of dogma and stereotypes. History teaching should legitimate the new state: independent from Soviet past and Russian influence and European-orientated state. Historians were invited to write new textbooks, which encouraged critical thinking, reflection, multiple perspectives and European roots in Belarusian history. Finally it studies how the current government of Belarus aspires to return to a dogmatic, Soviet, Russian-orientated version of Belarusian history which does not foster a sense of belonging to a national community or justify the place of Belarus in Europe or the global system. The paper focuses on school textbooks, which are very sensitive and precise indicators of the social uses of history and history teaching. Keywords: Belarus, Europe History, Historiography, Education, Identity, Russia, Soviet [USSR] and post Soviet period INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL LEARNING, TEACHING AND RESEARCH Vol. -
Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 30 (2017), Pp
Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 30 (2017), pp. 11-17 FASCICULI ARCHAEOLOGIAE HISTORICAE FASC. XXX, PL ISSN 0860-0007 DOI: 10.23858/FAH30.2017.001 AleksAnder Bołdyrew* THE BOW IN THE BORDERLAND IN THE 16th CENTURY A bstract: After finishing a long-term conflict with the state of the Teutonic order (1521, 1525), the Polish foreign policy directed its focus to the East, which resulted in the necessity to reorganise the armed forces, at least partially. It translated, among other things, into changes in the military technology. The latter, in turn, had to be gradually adapted to the unique military culture which dominated in the Eastern and South-Eastern theatre of military operations. Among many symptoms of these changes, some can be observed in the area of weaponry. This was a natural process, observed also in other territo- rial and temporal contexts, which normally took place after two different war customs had met. In the 16th century Eastern and South-Eastern theatre of military operations, a perfect example is offered by the abandonment and later the return to using the bow and arrow in combat. Keywords: history of warfare, arms and armour history, early modern history Central 4 locations influence the hinterland, shaping its vanguard of these phenomena. The direction of the move- social and economic aspects, as well as the administrative ment of goods, including cultural goods belonging to the and military structure. In the case of a borderline, there area of material culture is reversed. Thus, the peripheries is an even more interesting coincidence. Borderline areas of centres, that is, the Crown and Lithuania on the one hand remain under the influence of two centres which compete and Muscovy on the other hand, had to function simulta- with each other.