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INLE LAKE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION STORIES FROM MYANMAR UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME STORIES FROM MYANMAR Author: Ketevan Khurtsia Donor Partners: The Inle Lake Conservation Project was made possible with financial support from the Government of Norway. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the United Nations, including UNDP or their member States. UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in more than 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Copyright © UNDP 2015 All rights reserved Printed in Myanmar INLE LAKE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION INLE LAKE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION STORIES FROM MYANMAR UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME STORIES FROM MYANMAR INLE LAKE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………………………..… 2 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………...…...… 4 INLE LAKE ………………………………………………………………………………………............……6 1. FROM WASTE TO FUEL: FUEL EFFICIENT STOVES………………………...…………...…10 2. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: SAVING TREES, IMPROVING LIVES .…………….....…18 3. CURBNG INDISCRIMINATE FISHING: FISHING FREE ZONES .……………............…24 4. EMPOWERING FOREST COMMUNITIES .…….................................................…..………32 5. ORGANIC FARMING .……………........................................................................................…40 6. BIO-SEPTIC TANK .…………................................................................................................……52 7. ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION .…………….......................................................................… 58 8. INLE LAKE: FIRST BIOSPHERE RESERVE IN MYANMAR ......................................…… 64 STORIES FROM MYANMAR Acknowledgements Many individual, organisations and agencies have contributed either directly, or provided support towards the achievement of the objectives of the Inle Lake Conservation and Rehabilitation Project. The commitment and leadership by the Government of Myanmar has been vital to the success. We would like to especially acknowledge the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry of Myanmar, the State Authorities and village administrators in each of the 71 villages where we worked under the Project. Our thanks are also directed to our implementing partners – national non-governmental and community-based organizations. We would like to acknowledge each of them for their truly remarkable effort to protect the ecosystem of Inle Lake and sustainable use of its natural resources. We would like to specifically thank: Danu Literature & Culture Development Association (DLCDA); DEAR Myanmar; Doe Taung Thu; Ecology and Economic Development Company Limited (EcoDEV); Ecosystem Conservation and Community Development Initiative (ECCDI); Ever Green Group; Farm Business Development Technical Group (FBD); Friends of Wildlife; Golden Moon Construction; Golden Plain Agricultural Products Co-operation Society Ltd.; Inle Drinking Water Supply Organization (IDWSO); Innthar Literature, Culture and Regional Development Association (ILCDA); Lanthit Foundation; Myanmar Agro Action; Myanmar Ceramic Society; Pwe Hla Environment Conservation and Development Organization (PHECAD); Sein Hla Nanda (SHN); Sympathy Hand; Thirimay Women Development Society Ltd.; 24 Hours Electricity Supply Committee for Inle Region. We would also like to thank the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for its technical role in supporting the Government of Myanmar in achieving the successful designation of Inle Lake as the first Biosphere Reserve of Myanmar. We would also like to thank UNDP staff members who have demonstrated an exemplary dedication, camaraderie and professionalism in their work with the local communities and partners. The project would not have been possible without generous funding from the Government of Norway and we take the opportunity to express our appreciation of their contribution. Our special thanks are due to the people of Inle Lake who have shown great willingness to change current unsustainable practices. They are the lead characters of our stories. 2 INLE LAKE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION Map of Myanmar Inle STORIES FROM MYANMAR INTRODUCTION This compilation of stories aims to document the experience of the United Nations Development Programme and its partners including United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and non government organizations in promoting and supporting community-based action to contribute to conservation and rehabilitation of the Inle Lake. Over the past decades Inle Lake and its watershed area has been experiencing severe environmental and physical degradation due to several human, natural and anthropogenic factors. The impacts of climate change, the rapid increase of population and the intensive unsustainable practices have led to a rapid shrinkage of the water surface and decline in water quality. The lake’s biodiversity and ecosystems have been seriously endangered. The initiatives described in our stories were implemented under UNDP Inle Lake Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, which was launched in 2012 with financial support from the Government of Norway in an urgent need to act in the face of deteriorating conditions of the lake and its inhabitants. The goal was to reverse environmental degradation and uplift the lives of the local community. To optimize potential impact, the Project concentrated its financial and human resources in one watershed, Kalaw-Chaung, which was identified as the most critical in terms of environmental degradation and in most need of conservation and restoration. Some 9,500 households in 71 villages in Nyaungshwe, Kalaw and Pindaya townships were included. The Project was implemented under the framework of the Inle Lake Conservation and Restoration Plan (2010-2015) of Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry of Myanmar. Stemming the loss of biodiversity, and lifting half of the world’s poorest people out of poverty — are two of the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals. Many studies have shown that poverty frequently overlaps with areas that are a high priority for biodiversity conservation. 4 INLE LAKE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION Indeed, development usually goes hand in hand with greater consumption of natural resources. Political leaders are often faced with tough choices about where to focus efforts to alleviate poverty, even if there are negative impacts on biodiversity. But can development be achieved without damaging the environment? How to strike the right balance? How to scale up and institutionalize? How to concentrate resources to prevent fragmentation? These are some of the questions the actions described in our stories address. They demonstrate that efforts to preserve biodiversity can benefit the people who rely on natural resources for food and income. Indeed, they demonstrate synergies between conservation and development can and must be achieved. Essentially, our stories reflect the importance of a long-term engagement and high-level political commitment to achieve a meaningful impact. They highlight a vital role of a sustainable local management mechanism, cross-sector cooperation and involvement and support of all interested parties, in particular the private sector, which has a strong interest in maintaining the lake region as an attractive destination for visitors. The key to our success has been prioritization of local participation in an effort to develop indigenous capacities to own and lead more environmentally friendly socio-economic practices. Indeed, one of the greatest achievements of the Project was creating awareness, knowledge and experience to learn from. The publication captures insights and examples of good practice. But it also identifies challenges and what needs to be considered when replicating them. We hope our stories will generate interest among policy makers and practitioners as well as a broader audience concerned about the future of the lake and its people. STORIES FROM MYANMAR 5 INLE LAKE INLE LAKE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION Myanmar’s Inle Lake is often described as the most magical place in the country. It is located in the heart of the Shan Plateau, an extensive region criss-crossed by streams and the mighty Salween River. The tranquil waters of the lake surrounded by lofty mountains, contain a number of endemic snails and fish species. On this highland lake a unique, centuries-old civilization has flourished. There are small villages along the banks with Buddhist temples, one-hut schools and bustling markets. Many houses rest on stilts above the waterline. There are floating vegetable farms. And the fishermen propel long, wooden skiffs by balancing at the back of the boat and wrapping their leg around a single oar as they push through the still waters with a unique motion that has become the symbol of the Innthar, the native lake-dwellers.1 ‘On the Verge of Environmental Disaster’ The scenic beauty of the lake can no longer conceal how ill it has become. A wide range of conditions, including cattle grazing, pesticide, fertilizer and sewage runoff, and extensive alteration of the lakebed have degraded its health. Activists and policy makers say the

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