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Some Data on the Invention of the Airplane and the New Airplane Industry by Peter B

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1 Some data on the invention of the airplane and the new airplane industry By Peter B. Meyer1,2 Office of Productivity and Technology, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 18 Feb 2010 This work is preliminary and incomplete. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to establish a set of quantitative historical facts and their sources about the invention of the airplane and the rise of aircraft-related organizations and industries. This will support the study and analytical modeling of how an invention comes about and leads to a new industry. The facts as presented here will have errors, omissions, and ambiguities, which can be corrected, improved, and clarified over time. 1 All views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 Acknowledgements: The author Ceceile Richter for expert research assistance, and participants at many past conferences for support, advice, and input. 2 Appendix A. Notes on sources and future tables. References to sources are compressed in the following tables. A reference to G104 is a reference to page 104 of Gunston: Gunston, Bill. 1993. World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers. Naval Institute Press: Annapolis, Maryland; and Haynes Publishing/Patrick Stephens Ltd, Sparkford Somerset, UK. A reference to Gunston 2d is to the second edition of that book, dated 2005. A reference to Dir1920 is to the International Directory of Aeronautical … Anderson, John D. 1997 A History of Aerodynamics. Crouch, Tom. 1981/2002 Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875-1905. Dale, Henry. 1992. Early Flying Machines. Oxford University Press. Garber, Lester W. 2005. The Wright Brothers and the Birth of Aviation. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press. Gibbs-Smith, Charles. 1966. The Invention of the Aeroplane. Hallion, Richard P. 2003. Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age from Antiquity through the First World War. Oxford University Press. Hoffman, Paul. 2003. Wings of Madness: Alberto Santos-Dumont and the Invention of Flight. Theia: New York. Jakab, Peter L. 1990. Visions of a Flying Machine: The Wright Brothers and the Process of Invention. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. Jarrett, Philip. 1987. Another Icarus: Percy Pilcher and the Quest for Flight. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Kelly, Maurice. 2006. Steam in the Air: the Application of Steam Power in Aviation during the 19th and 20th Centuries. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England: Pen & Sword Aviation. Penrose, Harald. An Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow of Chard, The Victorian aeronautical pioneer. First published 1988 by Airlife Publishing Ltd; this edition 2000 by Wrens Park Publishing, an imprint of W.J. Williams & Son, Ltd. Randolph, Stella. 1966. Before the Wrights flew: the Story of Gustave Whitehead. New York: G.P. Putnam' s Sons. Roseberry, C.R. Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight. 1972 by C.R. Roseberry. My edition: 1991 Syracuse University Press. Shulman, Seth. 2002. Unlocking the Sky: Glenn Hammond Curtiss and the race to invent the airplane. HarperCollins. Tobin, James. 2003. To Conquer the Air: The Wright Brothers and the Great Race for Flight. New York: Free Press (Simon & Schuster). Von Kármán, Theodore. 1954. Aerodynamics: Selected topics in the light of their historical development. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 3 Tables to come: German, U.S., and British patents Table summarizing citations of individuals by historians in the indexes of books Table of clubs and other organizations relevant to the invention Some counts of letter traffic between the key players (Chanute-Wrights, and letters to and from Lilienthal) 4 Appendix B. Early fixed-wing aircraft makers Most of these are firms. Some are individuals, government institutions, or nonprofits such as research institutes. Entity's Year of First Entity Last Year Designated Names Investment Nation Place Key Individuals Products and/or Designs Sources General Notes Type in Aircraft in Aircraft Products Admiralty Air Department, designer; Pemberton- Admiralty Air Department 1915 UK UK 2 flying boat and prototype pusher interceptor 1915 G10; 2dG6 Billing, flying-boat builder. Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, leader; Mrs. Bell, Founded 1 October 1907. Four aircraft prime mover and financier; total incl. a multiplane, making for one G10, 42, 87 Aerial Experiment and designers, Glenn 1908 or 1907 US Hammondsport, NY 0 each except by the Bells. (A. G. Bell did 2dG7, 88, Association (AEA) Hammond Curtiss, Lt. 1909 produce an aircraft, which is listed under 112; T.E. Selfridge, and F.W. his own name.) Baldwin and J.A.D. McCurdy, both Canadians. Allgemeine Elektricitäts- mfr; electrical company; major producer of G10; 2dG7; Gesellschaft (AEG); Emil Rathenau, founder, Niederneuendorf, warplanes incl. large bombers, 2-seat 1IDCH410; Allgemeine Elektricitäts- 1910 Germany 1 1883, name changed from 1919? near Berlin recon., 2-seat fighets, and armoured Dir1920 Gesellschaft, abt. DEG attackers. p26; Flugzeugbau Est. Feb. 1915, produced over 90 licensed Caudrons by June 1916; then built SP G11, 277; AER / ? 1915 Italy Orbassano 1 1919 Feb. aircraft for for Fiat' s aviation company, 2dG8, 424; SIA, and about 50 Ansaldo SVAs. Aerial Navigation Co. ca. 1911 Gurard, KS Call? Call Monoplane SD15, 66 5 Entity's Year of First Entity Last Year Designated Names Investment Nation Place Key Individuals Products and/or Designs Sources General Notes Type in Aircraft in Aircraft Products G13; 1917-1918, Albert S. Heinrich Inglis M Upperçu; Charles flying boats, seaplanes; firm reorganized 2dG10; was designing for Victor Aircraft manufacturing firm Willard, designer, who and named, 1914; then built both land and YB60-70; Aircraft Corp. (2dG213, 484), of Inglis M. Uppercu became Keyport, NJ; by late became chief engineer in 1908 USA 1 water machines and held contracts with the 1928 Aerial Age suggesting that Heinrich either Aeromarine Plane and Motor 1915, Nutley, NJ. early 1916; Albert S. U.S. Army and Navy. Became Weekly, employed by Victor or in Co. (Aeromarine), 1914. Heinrich, who joined as Aeromarine-Klemm, 1928. 6Dec1915, business for himself and no chief designer, late 1915. p.274. longer with Aeromarine. Became G14, 44; Aeronautic Supply Co. 1909 USA St. Louis, MO 1 Benoist? built numerous prototypes. Benoist, 2dG11, 56; 1912 built 29 Valkyrie "tail-first" monoplanes by Aeronautical Syndicate Ltd 1909 UK 1 Horatio Barber G14; 2dG11 Dec 1911 Aeroplanbau G. Otto (Ago); G16; became Aerowerke Gustav 2-seat recon. biplanes, pusher and tractor; 1911 Germany Berlin-Johannisthal 1 1920 2dG14; Otto and then Ago (named for Lilienthals?) Dir1920 p27 Flugzeugwerke, 1912. Costruzioni Aeronautiche 1923 (re- 1907 Italy 1 ? ? G16-17; Giovanni Agusta (Augusta) formed) listed as part of, or a licensee Air Navigation and before 1920; 3? UK Addlestone, Surrey Dir1920 p40 of, Bleriot and spad Aircraft Engineering Co., Ltd estab (subsid) Works in Dir1920 Sold to BSA, which, with little prospect of business, closed it 1920. DeHavilland formed his George Holt Thomas; Capt G18; 2dG own company 1920. Dir1920 Aircraft Manufacturing Co. Geoffrey de Havilland, 1912 UK The Hyde, Hendon 1 de Havilland planes after 1914 1920 17; Dir1920 p16 lists Canadian branch in (Airco) chief designer, beg. June p16; Montreal; Dir1920 p40 lists 1914. address Edgware Road, The Hyde, Hendon, London, N.W.9. 6 Entity's Year of First Entity Last Year Designated Names Investment Nation Place Key Individuals Products and/or Designs Sources General Notes Type in Aircraft in Aircraft Products built two aircraft, a Farman pusher-type Aviatsionnaya Ispitatelnaya Poly Institute, biplane w/ 130 hp Clerget to carry torpedos Stantsiya (AIS) and Petrgram w/ naval Engineers P.A. Shishkov (made several flights of over one hour, Aviatsionnaya Ispitatelnaya 1916 Russia 2 (govt) 1917 G20; 2dG21 air test station at and Sushenkov Aug. 1917) and the Aist (stork), a 2-seat Stantsiya Morskaya Krestovsky Island armed seaplane w/ 150 hp Sunbeam, Vedomstva completed autumn 1917. Ernst Heinkel, chief designer, beg. 1913, of 2- seat biplanes (early 1914, Albatros-Gesellschaft fur Antoinettes under license, then many recon G20-21, Henkel goes to Flugzeugunternehmungen Albatros Werke AG and fighter biplanes. More than 10,300 1925 (re- 144; 2dG 1909 Germany Berlin-Johannisthal 1 Brandenburgische GmbH (Albatros- (Albatros) were produced by 1918 with several formed) 22, 212; Flugzeug-werke); team Flugzeugwerke GmbH) formed companies participating. Dir1920 p26 under Dipl.-Ing. Robert 1925. Thielen produced 1-seat fighters. G47; Dir1920 p30 lists Bayaerische Bayerische Flugzeugwerke subsidiary of Albatros- founded 20 Feb 1916; Albatros designs plus 1916 Germany Munich 3 1919 2dG60; Motoren Werke A.G., engine A.G. (BFW) Werke five prototypes Dir1920 p27 maker, at Munich 46, Bavaria designed numerous aircraft w/ no controls except ailerons"; two of his design for a George Norman Albree, monoplane fighter (100-hp Gnome) in style G21, 238; Albree, George Norman 1912 USA 0 1917 designer. of 1914 Fokker Eindecker were built by 2dG23, 362 Pigeon Hollow Spar Co., East Boston, MA, 1917, and called Pigeon Fraser. before 1920; London / Alliance Aeroplane Co., Ltd. may be a near UK Hammersmith and 1 made complete airplanes Dir1920 p43 miss Acton Ludwig Alter-werke (Alter) 1915 Germany Darmstadt 1 Ludwig Alter prototypes including A.1 fighter 1918 G22, 2G25 Aeronáutica Militar Espanola (Air Force Aeronáutica Militar Espanola Aeronáutica
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