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Why Species of Grazing Animal Is Important

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Why Species of Grazing Animal Is Important Why Species of Grazing Animal is Important Based on: Grazers and Browsers: How Digestive Morphology Affects Diet Selection. 1999. By Lisa Shipley. Available at: www.cnr.uidaho.edu/range/pubs/Behavior/Shipley.pdf The species of grazing animal determines: What the animal is likely to eat . Grasses/Roughage (Grazers) . Browses (Browsers) . Mix of Grass, Forbs, and Browse (Intermediate Feeders) The animal’s ability to use terrain Transmission of disease between species Amount of water needed and frequency Start by knowing if the critter in question eats meat of plants: Herbivore Species - Page 1 Mammalian Digestive System– Makes the difference o Digestive system anatomy: Rumen - site of fermentation (absorb Volatile Fatty Acids and Ammonia) True Stomach (abomasum in ruminants) - secrets enzyme for digestion Small Intestines - absorption of nutrients Cecum - site of fermentation (absorb VFA's and Ammonia) Can The Animal Digest Cellulose? – An important distinction Carnivore ↔ Omnivores ↔ Herbivores NO ↔ SOMEWHAT ↔ NO o Limited Cellulose Digestion- Monogastrics: Swine, birds, reptiles No rumen or large cecum-colon for cellulose fermentation Get energy from simple CHO's (sugars) and starch. o Cellulose Digestion: Enlarged Fermentation Organ . Which houses microbes (bacteria and protozoa) These microbes break to bonds of cellulose and release VFA's (volatile fatty acids) as a byproduct. The VFA's are absorbed through the rumen or cecum wall where they are transported to the liver and converted to "things" that can be used for energy by the animal (glucose, acetyl coA, oxyacetyl acid and fat). Foregut Digestion: including Ruminants and Camilids . For Example: Cows, sheep, deer, bison, elk, pronghorn . Have a rumen for fermentation Herbivore Species - Page 2 . Even the crop of some birds can facilitate fermentation . How foregut fermentation works: Food entering gut is immediately fermented by microbes into Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA’s, energy-rich byproducts ) Microbes use energy in cell solubles and cell wall, herbivore absorbs VFA’s to use for its energy Microbes also use protein in cell solubles, herbivore digests microbe bodies that escape the rumen for protein Microbes synthesize vitamins Extent of cell wall digestion depends on time spent in foregut Hind-Gut Fermenters: . For Example: Horses, rabbits, and some rodents. Have enlarged cecum for colon for fermentation . How hindgut fermentation works: Food enters stomach first, digested by HCl & pepsin, and directly absorbed Cell wall goes through to intestines, some is routed through cecum for microbial fermentation, some fermentation in sacculated colon VFA’s absorbed, vitamins synthesized in cecum Much cellulose is not digested, and microbial energy & protein eliminated from body Similarities and Differences between Foregut and Hindgut Fermenters: . Fermentation process is basically the same (i.e., cellulose ------> VFA's) . Rumen is before small intestines. Cecum is after small intestines. This means ruminants have microbe bodies that can be digested in stomach for energy and protein (particularly important for amino acids - practically eliminates need for exogenous amino acids). Hind-Gut fermenters (i.e., horses) have greater rate of passage, therefore can survive on lower quality food. Herbivore Species - Page 3 o How plants and meat differ as a source of nutrients and energy: o Diet Selection Strategies - How animals meet nutrient needs. Grazers or Roughage Feeders – . Eat mostly grass which isn't as nutritious as forbs but is more abundant. Have to be big in order to have a rumen or cecum to process roughage. Cattle, musk oxen, bison (usually large ungulates) Intermediate Feeders . Flexible in diet habits. May choose all grass when it is young and nutritious and then switch to forbs or shrubs latter in season. Can handle a lot of roughage but generally choose a high quality diet. Sheep, goats, elk (usually medium sized ungulates) Concentrate Selectors . All monogastrics are concentrate selectors - cannot digest cellulose so must choose a high quality diet. Deer, giraffe, rabbit - Choose to select high quality diet. This strategy requires special harvesting skills like a small nose/mouth so the animal can chose only the leaves of a shrub not the stems or select a small forb plant without getting a mouthful of dead grass. Partially determined by body size - smaller animals typically have higher metabolic rates (require more energy/ unit of body weight). Therefore, smaller animals must eat higher quality diets. Whereas, large ungulates can subsist on high fiber diets. Whereas, large ungulates can subsist on high fiber diets. Herbivore Species - Page 4 From: Hofmann, R. R. 1989. Evolutionary steps of ecophysical adaptation and diversification of ruminants: A comparative view of their digestive system. Oecologia 78:443-457. Herbivore Species - Page 5 .
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