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RIVIERA MEXICANA.Pmd Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía, UNAM ISSN 0188-4611, Núm. 61, 2006, pp. 75-88 Niveles de riesgo social frente a desastres naturales en la Riviera Mexicana María del Carmen Juárez Gutiérrez* Recibido: 11 de febrero de 2005 Luisa Iñiguez Rojas** Aceptado en versión final: 10 de marzo de 2006 Miguel Ángel Sánchez Celada*** Resumen. La Riviera Mexicana se caracteriza por su actividad turística, con lugares de gran afluencia de visitan- tes nacionales y extranjeros, y por la ocurrencia frecuente de fenómenos naturales extremos. Este trabajo muestra los niveles de riesgo social en la Riviera Mexicana, relacionando los tipos de ocurrencias de fenómenos naturales y los aspectos de vulnerabilidad social en la población residente. Los niveles hallados indican la diferenciación jerárquico-territorial del riesgo en el área en estudio. La metodología que se utilizó es una matriz de correlación espacial con la cual se clasificaron fenómenos naturales extremos y el índice socioeconómico de la población. Palabras clave: Riesgo, vulnerabilidad, México. Levels of social risk product of natural disasters in the Mexican Riviera Abstract. This paper presents the levels of social risk in the Mexican Riviera, looking at the natural and socio- economic characteristics prevalent in the area. In this paper, the concept of level is indicative of the hierarchical- territorial differentiation of risk. The Mexican Riviera is a hotspot of tourist activity in the conuntry, thus a major destination for both foreign and national tourists. at the same time, this portion of the Mexican coastal lands witnesses the ocurrence of extreme natural disasters, such as earthquakes and flooding. The methology used is a spatial matrix correlation, which classify natural extreme events and population socioeconomics index. Key words: Risk, vulnerability, Mexico. *Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, México, D. F. E-mail: [email protected] **Centro de Estudios de Salud y Bienestar Humanos.Universidad de La Habana, Cuba. ***Instituto de Geografía Tropical, CITMA, La Habana, Cuba. María del Carmen Juárez Gutiérrez, Luisa Iñiguez Rojas y Miguel Ángel Sánchez Celada INTRODUCCIÓN el nivel de bienestar, derivan en problemas territoriales. La Riviera Mexicana se localiza en la costa Este trabajo tiene como objetivo una aproxi- Pacífico Sur del país, desde Bahía de Bande- mación a la medición de los niveles de riesgo ras al sur de Nayarit, hasta Santa María en la Riviera Mexicana, teniendo en cuenta la Huatulco en Oaxaca. La conforman 36 munici- ocurrencia de eventos naturales y la vulne- pios que se extienden en 40 023 km2 y repre- rabilidad social de la población de la región senta el 9.7% del total de los 413 177.57 km2 en en la década de los años noventa. los que se extiende la región costera de Méxi- Frente a esta región se sitúa la confluencia co (Figura 1). Tiene como actividad económi- de las placas tectónicas de Cocos, Rivera y ca primordial el turismo, mismo que produce Pacífico, así como la cabalgadura continental impactos económicos positivos en función de activa de la Trinchera Mesoamericana, que va la generación de empleos. Sin embargo, en paralela a la línea de costa a 200 km frente a esta franja costera se crean conmociones di- ella. La frecuente movilidad de la placa de versas entre las que se encuentran las provo- Cocos hacia la parte continental, provoca en cadas por eventos naturales específicos que la región en estudio la elevada frecuencia de pueden llegar a ser extremos, como ciclones, sismos. Entre 1990 y 2000 se registraron sismos, inundaciones y otras que, junto con aproximadamente 1 496 temblores, con una Figura 1. Municipios de la Riviera Mexicana. 76 Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 61, 2006 Niveles de riesgo social frente a desastres naturales en la Riviera Mexicana magnitud de siete grados y mayores en la es- costa de Michoacán. La segunda entre 800 cala de Richter (Lugo, 1999; Figura 2). y 1 000 mm, se distribuye en los municipios En la Riviera Mexicana predomina el cli- costeros restantes de Jalisco, Guerrero y ma Aw (tropical con lluvias en verano) y en Colima (García, 1990; Figura 3). pequeñas áreas de Jalisco y Colima el clima La hidrología superficial la conforman es BS (seco estepario). Las isoyetas caracte- 31 ríos; los más importantes son el Armería rísticas son las de 800 mm en los espacios de en Colima; Balsas-Tepalcatepec, en los lími- clima BS, y las de 1 000 y 1 200 mm en el AW. tes de Michoacán y Guerrero; el Papagayo de La mayor cantidad de precipitaciones está Guerrero y el Verde en Oaxaca (Figura 4). La asociada a la presencia de los ciclones tropi- vegetación es de bosque caducifolio en gran cales en el verano (Figura 3). parte de la región y solamente en Puerto La moda de precipitación anual en sesenta Vallarta se extiende un bosque subtropical años registra en la región dos variaciones, la subcaducifolio. primera entre 1 000 y 1 200 mm, que compren- Por su típica climatología, la Riviera Mexi- de la costa desde Acapulco en Guerrero, hasta cana está expuesta a los ciclones, que muchas las lagunas de Chagua en Oaxaca; que se co- veces se convierten en huracanes, así como rresponden con los municipios de Puerto también en tormentas tropicales. Vallarta y Bahía de Banderas, así como la Figura 2. Características sísmicas de la Riviera Mexicana. Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 61, 2006 77 María del Carmen Juárez Gutiérrez, Luisa Iñiguez Rojas y Miguel Ángel Sánchez Celada Figura 3. Riviera Mexicana: isoyetas (anuales). Figura 4. Riviera Mexicana: corrientes superficiales más importantes. 78 Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 61, 2006 Niveles de riesgo social frente a desastres naturales en la Riviera Mexicana En el área en estudio se registraron entre tenencias materiales. De esta forma la estruc- 1962 y 1989, de 25 a 41 ciclones tropicales de tura social queda desorganizada y se limita alta intensidad en el Pacífico, y de 10 a 24 en el el cumplimiento de todas o de algunas fun- Golfo de México y Mar Caribe, provocando ciones esenciales de la sociedad” (Maskey, inundaciones (Ibid.). En la década de los no- 1993). Sin embargo, este autor parte para la venta ocurrieron 164 fenómenos hidrometeo- conceptualización de los desastres de una base rológicos con intensidad de moderados a muy eminentemente antropocéntrica y considera intensos, según la escala de Saffir-Simpson, con que “los desastres no son naturales, sino el vientos en el primer rango de 154 a 177 km/hr resultado de fenómenos naturales en áreas y el segundo de 178-209 km/hr. Sólo entre 1995 vulnerables”. y 1999 llegaron siete huracanes a esta región Un ejemplo de esta afirmación fue dado en costera. Los que más afectaron fueron “Boris”, el “Seminario Regional de Desastres Natura- en 1996 y “Pauline” en 1997 con categoría 4, les y Planificación de Asentamientos Huma- que causó la mayor devastación. En el primero, nos”, efectuado en Quito, Ecuador del 3 al 8 las precipitaciones llegaron a 283 mm en 24 octubre de 1988. El terremoto ocurrido en la horas con vientos de 150 km/hr en la costa de Ciudad México el 19 de septiembre de 1985, Guerrero, afectando además las costas de Ja- provocó daños que se concentraron en un sec- lisco, Colima, Michoacán y Oaxaca, lo que pro- tor que cubre menos del 5% del área urbana vocó daños a unas 5 000 viviendas. El segun- ocupada. En ese mismo sector se concentra- do huracán produjo lluvias de 411 mm en 24 ron los daños en los sismos de 1957 y 1979, horas y vientos de 215 km/hr; dañó aproxi- debido a las desfavorables condiciones del madamente 54 000 viviendas y provocó 393 sitio, dadas por el suelo fangoso que corres- muertes a lo largo de la misma región ponde al fondo del antiguo lago de Texcoco. (Hernández, 2001). No obstante, las personas volvieron a cons- truir en el mismo sitio. FUNDAMENTOS CONCEPTUALES Y Calificar el desastre como evento conlleva METODOLÓGICOS a dos errores fundamentales; el primero con- siste en considerar que el “fenómeno natu- Las investigaciones en el tema del riesgo han ral” es el que ocasiona el desastre; y el segun- progresado desde los años sesenta en los paí- do, presentar al “fenómeno natural” como ses anglosajones, en general, aplicadas al or- algo imprevisto o contingente (Calderón denamiento territorial en Geografía, y en 1995). otras áreas del conocimiento como la inge- La segunda estimación supone que en la niería ambiental, la biología y la arquitectu- naturaleza se presentan sucesos imprevistos, ra. Estas investigaciones analizan la amena- que ésta puede tener un comportamiento za de eventos naturales, que indican el peligro errático, en donde existe la posibilidad de que como posible ocurrencia de un fenómeno. El las cosas sucedan o no; pero al acercarnos a riesgo existe cuando está presente el hombre las definiciones nos permite comprender lo y modifica el espacio geográfico; iniciativa y errado del concepto “fenómeno natural”, acción humana son componentes esenciales puesto que los eventos en la naturaleza tie- del peligro (Calvo, 1976). nen un carácter cíclico o rítmico.1 También se define el desastre natural como La naturaleza es el soporte básico y esen- “acontecimiento geofísico, centrado en el tiem- cial del proceso social, en ella se llevan a cabo po y en el espacio en el que una sociedad (o acciones productivas por medio del trabajo, comunidad) corre un grave peligro, y experi- insertándose así a los ámbitos de la produc- menta tales pérdidas en sus miembros o per- ción, distribución, intercambio y consumo, Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 61, 2006 79 María del Carmen Juárez Gutiérrez, Luisa Iñiguez Rojas y Miguel Ángel Sánchez Celada por ello es importante mencionar un concep- nivel hasta el cual la vida de alguien y el to antiguo, no hay desastre si no hay socie- modo de vida de una sociedad, se ponen dad (Calderón 2001).
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