Chicago Natural History Museum BuifcpriN Formerly\]ffi News

Published Monthly for the Museums Membership

Vol. 18 JANUARY, 1947 No. 1

PAINTINGS CONTRAST MODERN METHODS WITH DAYS OF 'MOBY DICK 1

WHALING SCENE IN THE ANTARCTIC THE FACTORY

The Antarctic is the center of modern whaling activities. A "factory ship" is in the dis< The "factory ship" is most remarkable development in modern whaling. A ship of this tance, at the right. Killer boats have surrounded a herd of humpback whales, and one is type can handle at least ten whales a day. A killer boat is shown that has just towed in cautiously swinging around while the man operating a harpoon cannon is attempting to get four whales. A whale is being drawn up to the "flensing deck" where it will be cut up. the surfacing whale in his sights. The whale is soon dispatched and "flagged" like the The blubber is boiled with steam, and the whale oil drawn off to storage tanks. Some of dead humpback floating in the foreground. the meat may be used for human food.

SHORE STATION WHALING -HAULING OUT SHORE STATION WHALING -FLENSING

Typical of Alaskan whaling stations, the scene is in a quiet, practically landlocked harbor. A sperm whale drawn up on the slip with a donkey engine, has had the flipper removed. A lighthouse guides the "killer boats" home. The great sloping slip and the pier are Long incisions have been made lengthwise and crosswise, and a chain, fastened to the block is it built on piles. The men at work on a skinned whale have drawn it out of the way to cut it "blanket piece" of blubber by and tackle, peeling from the carcass. The blanket up and make room for a huge blue whale, which is being drawn up in its turn to be skinned. pieces are then cut up and dragged to the mincers and "tried out" for the oil, which ts in is Three more dead whales are tied to the slip. stored tanks. The head removed and the spermaceti salvaged.

Paintings by Start Artist Arthur G. Rueckert (See story on page 2) Page 2 NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 19U7

WHALES AND MAN blubber that protects the animal from cold Alaska; and (4) operations in the pro- and streamlines its The use of whale of whales at a shore station. (See pictures on page 1) body. cessing oil has varied with in our industrial Even before the of the By KARL P. SCHMIDT changes development CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY culture. One of the factors that put an end modern killing devices, certain species of to the New England whaling industry was whales had reached the verge of extinction, The natural history of whales is so much the substitution of kerosene for whale oil and others had been eliminated from known to us through the operations of in lighting. where they were formerly abundant. Now, whaling that it is difficult to think of these of Whale oil from blubber is a fat, and goes with the pre-war destruction more than largest of all living creatures without refer- into many industrial uses, especially soap. 12,000 whales per annum, and with the ence to the important economic aspects of The fine waxy oil from the head of the threat that radio and radar will still further their use by man. sperm whale, spermaceti, is especially valued as increase the destructiveness of whaling The romance associated with the sailing a non-gumming lubricant. operations, it is evident to all far-sighted ship era of the New England whale Whale as a food for members of the whaling industry that of the of the nineteenth flesh, long neglected early part century further decline in the numbers of whales man, is now coming into use in Europe and makes us conscious, as peculiarly Americans, will soon increase costs and Japan at about half the price of beef. In operational of whaling. It is thus fitting that one of modern the otherwise un- reduce income to a point at which whaling the and most American whaling, blood, greatest essentially will used parts of the flesh and viscera, and bones disappear. literary works—Moby Dick, by Herman are dried for use as fertilizer. It is not unlikely, therefore, that the Melville—should have its scene in the South to extinction The curious approach may actually operate Pacific and its theme the contest with the product ambergris, which as the best conservation measure. The has had a use in since "monsters of the in a vast alle- perfumery ancient deep" and, chemical be to is a in industry may expected the defiance of God man. times, biliary deposit the intestines gory, by substitutes for whale of diseased whales. It develop synthetic oil, It was therefore as apparently sperm regarded appropriate especially as its costs and price increase. has a high, though presumably diminishing, to place a mural painting representing the International efforts for the control of value in the modern trade. climax of a whale hunt of perfume sailing ship days whaling and the protection of the scarcer at the end of the Museum's Hall of Whales The influence of human fashions in the species (such as the all but extinct Green- era of women's in This is now stayed garments the (Hall N-l). supplemented by land whale) have resulted in agreements a installed series of four eighteenth century led almost to the ex- recently paintings and limitations looking in the direction of tinction of Mr. Arthur G. Staff the great Greenland whale when by Rueckert, Artist, complete regulation and stabilization of the the price of whalebone rose to more than representing extraordinary develop- the industry. The , with ments of modern In these he $1,400 per ton. Steel and plastic stays now whaling. Antarctic possessions of its own, has now for illustrates the two methods now replace whalebone stays in corsets, and principal followed the lead of Great Britain in pro- — with a fine whalebone, used for other purposes, employed whaling large "factory moting scientific studies on whales on which now brings the much higher price of some ship" and whaling from a shore station can be based. a because long-term policies served by small "killer boats." $5 poundl of the scarcity of the species of whales that produce it. HISTORY OF WHALING The rise of modern whaling dates essen- Photo Entries Close Jan. 18; Man's first contact with whales must have tially from the use of steamships and per- Exhibit Opens Feb. 1 most from been through the not infrequent occurrence haps particularly the invention The deadline for entries in the Second of the cannon known as the of stranded individuals even on thickly harpoon Sven Chicago International Exhibition of Nature This inhabited coasts. Primitive man must have Foyn gun. deadly weapon shoots a Photography to be held by the Nature of 100 an made use of such stranded carcasses for harpoon pounds weight carrying Camera Club of Chicago at the Museum in its and this instru- food. Actual capture of whales by the explosive charge shaft; is January 18. ment more than has Eskimos, by harpooning them in narrow any other, increased The exhibition will be held in Stanley the and channels between ice floes, must go back efficiency reduced the hazards of the Field Hall Feb. 1 to 28 inclusive. In addi- old "hand lance" With "killer to prehistoric times, and must long ante- whaling. tion to the 'photograph display, projections boats" with the date the first records of European whaling equipped harpoon gun, of color slides will be presented on the screen by the Norsemen, as early as the ninth whaling is being carried on in both Arctic in the Museum lecture hall on three Sun- and the in the and Antarctic waters means of shore century, by Basques, Bay by day afternoons, February 2, 9 and 16 at of Biscay, in the thirteenth century. stations, to which the whales are towed for 3 o'clock. The leadership in the whaling industry processing. Entry forms and rules may be obtained passed from one seafaring people to an- from the Museum or from Miss Louise K. — 'floating factories' other to the Dutch in the early seven- Broman, 6058 South Troy St., Chicago 29. teenth century, then to the English, then, The most spectacular of the develop- by the early 1800s, to the New Englanders. ments of the commercial pursuit of whales Expedition to Cuba In the redevelopment of whaling in is the development of "floating factories." Dr. B. E. Curator Emeritus of modern times, the Norwegians have taken Such a vessel is large enough to draw a Dahlgren, is 4 for an the lead, and have been most actively whale carcass to its deck by means of a Botany, leaving January expedi- tion in Cuba and Haiti. He will remain emulated by the Japanese. In modern ramp through the bow or stern; and cutting several material needed times, Great Britain has taken the lead in up, trying out of the blubber, and pro- months collecting for addition to the Museum's extensive the scientific study of whales. Special cessing of the meat and bones is carried on collection of and other items needed vessels, the Discovery and the William efficiently and mechanically. palms, the of Botany. Scoresby, and a shore station on far-off Staff Artist Rueckert's four new paintings by Department South Georgia, in the Atlantic east of the depict: (1) Killer boats from a "factory southern tip of South America, have been ship" using the explosive harpoon bomb; Specimens of the gold, silver, lead, and devoted to this purpose. (2) a factory ship to which killer boats have platinum ores of the world, geographically far By the most important among the just returned with several whales; (3) arranged by countries, states, and mining various products obtained from whales is hauling out whales at a typical shore districts, are on display in Frederick J. V. the oil tried out from the thick coat of whaling station of the type established in Skiff Hall (Hall 37). January, 19U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S TWO 'MAN-KILLERS': THE ELECTRIC EEL AND CANNIBAL FISH ADDED TO EXHIBITS By JOHN W. WINN can fishes called the related device. The of the ASSISTANT, DIVISION OF FISHES Gymnotids, discharge large to the characins and presumably descended organs augmented by the irregular discharge Two "man-killing fishes" are represented from some primitive member of the family of Hunter's organs is brought into play to among several models recently added to the Characidae, of which the second of the new repel an aggressive attacker that has failed exhibits in the Hall of Fishes (Hall O). to be the fishes, the piranha, Serramlmo rhombeus, is discouraged by warning discharge, They are the electric eel and the piranha a more or less and to stun or kill the small fishes sought as or cannibal fish. typical example. food. Recent studies revealed an electro- The installation of these and other Certain uniformities in basic morphology motive force of the major discharge as high recently added fish models carries forward relate these two forms to the suckers, the as 500 volts in a three-foot specimen. the purpose of the arrangement of the carps and minnows, the loaches, and the various types in a linear series to indicate the catfishes. Therefore, the electric eel and KNOCKS OUT MAN OR HORSE systematic relationships of different species the piranha are placed in the same case In actual performance, it is reported the with these latter types. electric eel is able to stun and knock down Also to be found in men and even horses entering the streams this case is the third . and pools inhabited by it. Although actual of the new fishes, contact with the eel produces the greatest the common shiner, shock, its electricity is communicated Notropis cornutus, re- through the water and may be felt at some presenting together distance from the discharging eel. Direct with the much larger contact can produce almost complete tempo- carp, Cyprinus carpio, rary paralysis in a man. Growing to a the family Cyprinidae. length of eight feet and the thickness of a man's the fish is and feared The capacity for thigh, respected the natives of the Guianas and Brazil. delivering electric by shocks has developed Although a sluggish swimmer, the electric in other fishes besides eel suffers apparently not at all from its the electric eel. lack of speed. Among these are the It is interesting to note that the electric electric rays of the eel may swim forward or backward with Atlantic and southern equal ease merely by reversing the direction seas, the electric cat- of the waves or undulations running along fish of Africa, the vari- its lengthy and flexible anal fin. The fish ous species of Mormy- must rise to the surface approximately rus and every four minutes to gulp air. THE ELECTRIC EEL, "A 500-VOLT FISH" Gymnarchus of Africa, and the This creature, if alive, would deliver a paralyzing and possibly killing electric shock were Astrosco- it to be held as Mrs. Helen Moyer of the Museum's staff is doing in the above photograph. stargazer, pus. In most of these to each other and to show the parallel species, the source of the electric power lies development of similar structures and pat- in the great lateral swimming muscles, terns. This addition is noteworthy in that modified to become essentially structures first, two families of fishes, heretofore not for the production and storage of electric- shown in the exhibits of the Museum, are ity. In the African electric catfish, Malop- now represented, and second, two of the lerurus electricus, however, the electric tissue species displayed are perhaps the most appears to be derived from the epidermis, storied of New World fishes. and in the stargazer, the electric organ is located on of the head between the The natural history of the electric eel, top eyes. PIRANHA OR CANNIBAL FISH Eledrophorus elcctricus, the first of the new BATTERY-LIKE ORGANS One of the most ferocious of flesh'eating fishes, it will is well documented in both fishes, legend attack man or beast with its bulldog-like jaws. and by observation and authentic report. In the electric eel the source of the power First observed late in the 17th century by lies in three sets of special organs derived Feared no less than the electric eel in the the French astronomer and mathematician, from certain muscles of the tail. The head streams of South America is the formidable Richer, in Guiana, it was made known to and viscera occupy the front one-fifth of the piranha, or cannibal fish, whose blood- science in Europe in 1729, when a description body, the remaining four-fifths comprising thirsty appetite for animal flesh makes it of its electrical powers was first published. the tail containing the swimming muscles the scourge of the waters it inhabits. Its It has since been the subject of a voluminous and the electric organs. The large electric ferocity is belied by its size, ranging from literature. organs, delivering the major discharge, lie just a few inches to about a foot in length. under the muscle tracts of the back. armed with two dozen POWERFUL ELECTRIC SHOCK Its bulldog-like jaws, it to tear A smaller pair, Hunter's organs, lying on or so sharp triangular teeth, enable Known chiefly for its remarkable ability either side of the anal fin muscles, delivers chunks of flesh from man or beast coming to deliver powerful shocks, the electric eel an discharge supplementing that into contact with it. It is said that piranhas derives its common name from this property irregular of the The third Sach's attacking in schools clean the flesh from and from its body form, which may be large organs. pair, about in the the bones of an animal in short order if it described as elongate, cylindrical, and scale- bundles, arising midway length is unable to make its almost imme- less—in other words, "eel-like." This resem- of the fish and closely associated with the escape the dis- blance to an eel, however, is more apparent large organs throughout remaining diately. Staff than real, for it is not a true eel, but a mem- tance to the end of the body, delivers a minor The models were prepared by ber of a group of Central and South Ameri- discharge thought to serve as a warning Taxidermist Leon L. Pray. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 191,7

famous opus. After more than thirty years, forest where our life is largely an aerial one it still stands as the most authoritative of climbing from one soggy mossy arboreal Books source to which scholars, students, and patch to another (and often hanging between

collectors can turn. The edition was ex- them up to our armpits) ! We have experi- books reviewed in the Bulletin are (All hausted in 1945, and arrangements were enced some very rainy weather, heavy wind- available in The Book Shop of the Museum. made to reprint the work, as no other study storms, and one locust plague at the lower Mail orders accompanied by remittance are of jade had appeared to supplant Dr. camp which actually broke off the trees, promptly filled— The Book Shop pays the Laufer's original text. but the locusts were succulent enough to the postage on shipments.) The new edition has now been published, reduce materially the Museum's food of Science. Edited by Harlow A Treasury by P.D. and lone Perkins, of South Pasa- expenses for awhile." Shapley, Samuel Rapport, and Helen dena, California. Copies are now available A troupe of Filipinos has already been Wright. Harper and Bros., New York in the Book Shop of the Museum at $12.50. started up Mt. Apo to establish a supply (seconded.), $3.95. The few copies of the original edition which base. Plans call for work around a lake, at The collection of essays presented by had been available for some years had about 7,000 feet elevation, concerning Dr. Shapley and his associates is intended become a collector's item which, when which Captain Hoogstraal has "heard to bridge the gap between scientist and non- obtainable, sold at $50 a copy. fantastic stories." He reports that the scientist, and equally the one in the scien- Dr. Laufer was not interested in pub- vicinity "swarmed with Japanese biologists tist's own mind produced by the fact that lishing a mere catalogue or in making a study during the war." Near the lake are some he is a specialist in his own field and a lay- of jade for its own sake. He intended his bat caves which the expedition is planning man in every other department of science. study to form the "background, the leading soon to explore. This is a laudable aim, and perhaps should motive, for the exposition of some funda- stand at the forefront of every educational mental ideas of Chinese religious concepts endeavor. The battle between classical which find their most characteristic expres- education and scientific education has been sion and illustration in objects of jade. STAFF NOTES a long one. That the scientific outlook has "To trace their relation to thought was won has been conceded even by therefore chief he "and grudgingly my aim," wrote, Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of as Chancellor Robert hence the result has rather become a con- its opponents, since, Geology, Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Hutchins of the University of tribution to the psychology of the Chinese." Maynard Paleontology, Dr. Rainer A. Zangerl, has said, the scientists may now "Nature the most ancient Chicago Worship," Curator of Fossil Reptiles, Mr. Harry to blow the world if do not threaten up they religion in China, existed before Taoism, Changnon, Assistant Curator and Mr. have their or Buddhism. Dr. Laufer victory. Confucianism, Henry Horback, Assistant in Geology, were if we should endeavored to establish a correlation be- It would be an empty victory in the Chicago host group to the meetings that education in the tween this and the he fail to recognize religion jade objects of the Geological Society of America and its has its own humanistic values and described. He based of his ideas on sciences many affiliate, the Society of Vertebrate Paleon- to maintain the humani- the of Chinese authorities and he indeed is prepared writings tology. The GSA met in the Stevens Hotel ties in education with no change except in had received from colleagues in the field December 26-28; the SVP met in the Mu- viewpoint and perspective. some criticisms of his sources. seum lecture hall December 27-29. Mr. That scientific matters may be discussed He himself had recognized some defects Patterson is secretary-treasurer of the latter in every-day language; that scientific in his research and he had planned to remedy Mr. Patterson, Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, method is no strange magic but merely the these in a later edition, but unfortunately, Chief Curator of Zoology, Mr. D. Dvright systematized common sense of the common he never found the leisure to work out a Davis, Curator of Anatomy and Osteology, man; that science may concern itself with revised text, nor did he leave any notes of Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, the wonder and beauty of the world such a revised text. It was thought best, and Dr. Francis Drouet, Curator of Crypto- and of the universe; and that there is high therefore, to reprint the text of this monu- gamic Botany, will attend the meetings of the romance and adventure in the careers mental work as he left it so that others National Research Council's Committee on offered by the pursuit of science, are the might, as he expressed it, "take up and Common Problems in Genetics, Paleontology lessons to be derived from this book. pursue the threads where they dropped and Systemalics at Princeton, January 2-1,. The choice of excerpts from the older from my hands." Mr. Schmidt, Dr. Just and Dr. Drouet will literature is excellent, and that from the Clifford C. Gregg, Director. also go to Boston to the meetings of the Society modern literature requires only the reser- for the Study of Evolution, of which Mr. vation that the literature is vast and that Schmidt is treasurer. Dr. Just will present a PHILIPPINES there is room for many more such "treasuries EXPEDITION paper on "Geology and Plant Distribution." of science" to keep the classics of scientific REPORTS PROGRESS .... Marie Svoboda has been appointed available to the as a of the staff insight reading public. Captain Harry Hoogstraal, leader of the member guide-lecture P. Louise Karl Schmidt, Chief Curator, Zoology. Museum's Zoological Expedition in the of the James Nelson and Anna Philippines, reports that members of the Raymond Foundation. She is a gradu- party have obtained large collections of ate of Northwestern University where LAUFER'S FAMOUS "JADE" mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. she majored in biology Mr. George IN NEW EDITION When last heard from they were working in I. Quimby, Curator of Exhibits in the In 1912, the Museum (then Field Davao Province at a camp 7,200 feet above Department of Anthropology, recently Museum of Natural History) published a level in the cloud zone on Mt. McKinley, spent five weeks in the eastern United monograph entitled Jade, A Study in Chinese and planning a survey of Mt. Apo. The States and Canada studying the exhibition, Archaeology and Religion, by the late work will continue until well into the curatorial and research methods employed Berthold Laufer, then Chief Curator of summer of 1947. by 31 other principal museums. . . . Mr. and Anthropology. The publication was imme- The following excerpt from one of Captain Noble Stephens, Assistant Auditor diately in great demand and came to be Hoogstraal's reports indicates some of the manager of the Museum Book Shop, resigned looked upon as the outstanding work on this exigencies of collecting: "We are maintain- as of December 15 to accept a position with subject. It is probably Dr. Laufer's most ing a camp at 7,200 feet in the mossy stunted the American Bar Association. January, 191,7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

SANDS FUSED BY ATOM BOMB "CULTURAL GAP" CLOSED ADDED TO EXHIBITS BY PERU EXPEDITION

Some additional material was recently The closing of a "cultural gap" between added to the exhibit pertaining to atomic two periods of Peruvian pre-history, the fission in Hall 36. The new specimens are first dating back some 2,000 years, is chunks of sand, fused by the heat of the reported as an accomplishment of the first atomic bomb dropped in tests on the Chicago Natural History Museum Archae- New Mexico desert, into solid masses ological Expedition to Peru. resembling impure glass, greenish brown, Mr. Donald Collier, leader of the expedi- and slightly radio-active. tion and Curator of South American Archae- An area thousands of square feet in extent ology and Ethnology on the Museum's was covered with this material. The staff, who has been at work in the field Museum's specimens are from the edge of since May, has written to the Director, as the spot where the bomb was exploded, follows: close to the base of the tower from which it "We are continuing to fill in the history was dropped, in the Oscura mountains about of the Viru Valley for the past 2,000 years, 35 miles southeast of San Antonio, New and have made a noteworthy collection of Mexico. artifacts for the Museum. We made a cut which reveals Only recently was clearance obtained from stratographic beautifully Photo courtesy of the Chicago Sun the War Department and the Federal the cultural evolution from the Cupisnique ATOMIC BOMB PHENOMENON ceramic at Bureau of Investigation, permitting Captain period (earliest period present Chunks of sand (used into solid greenish'brown masses known for and the Salinar James Leslie Rowe to present this material Peru), succeeding resembling impure glass, are displayed by Miss Margie period. Previously there had been a cultural to the Museum for exhibition, according to Van Nordstrand, "Miss Page One" of Chicago news- before their addition to the between the We have secured Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of the paperdom, just Museum's gap periods. exhibit to atomic fission. The sands were a Museum's of pertaining representative collection of grave pots Department Geology. Cap- from an area in New Mexico whose surface was brought from the Tiahuanaco which will of of period tain Rowe, the Army Corps Engineers thus fused for thousands of square feet by the explosion of make a sharper definition of the culture of at Sandia Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, the first atomic bomb during tests. that time. was a member of the in of the group charge illustrating the source of U-235, with charts "A brief survey trip was completed in the atomic bomb tests. and labels its and explaining power, showing Sierra as far south as Cuzco to examine Inca The earlier material in the exhibit con- the geographical distribution of uranium pottery and architectural styles in the sists of a series of radioactive minerals, deposits, and other salient information. mountains in order better to identify the Inca period in the Viru Valley. Collections LIFE AMONG THE MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI INDIANS, A.D. 1400-1700 of sherds were made on important sites discovered in recent years but not yet made By GEORGE I. QUIMBY Tools, and utensils were made of the subject of publications." CURATOR OF EXHIBITS, ANTHROPOLOGY weapons stone, bone, copper, wood, and shell. Orna- Mr. Collier gave an interesting picture of The life and customs of the Middle ments were made of wood, shell, copper, his solution of the housing, servant and food- Indians are the subject of two Mississippi bone, clay, and stone. Clothing was made economy problems. He wrote: new exhibits recently installed in the Hall of woven cloth and animal skins. "I am camping at the mouth of the Viru of New World Archaeology (Hall B). These river in a house I built myself at a cost of Indians lived in the middle southern area of THE GAME OF 'CHUNKEY' $15. It is fashioned out of poles and cane the eastern United States during the Temple A rather spectacular game played by mats and is plastered with adobe and Mound stage, circa a.d. 1400-1700. Indians called Middle Mississippi was equipped with an adobe fireplace and The numerous groups of Middle Mississip- "Chunkey." Chunkey was played with a chimney for heating and cooking. Thus I pi Indians were farmers. They raised corn, slender of a disk pole wood and well-made am now living much more comfortably than squashes, beans and other crops, but also of stone. While both players ran forward, previously in the tent. obtained some food by hunting, , one rolled the stone player chunkey along "I have a camp boy who does the cooking and gathering. the and still the other ground, running, and dish washing. His salary is $3 a week These Indians lived in large villages con- both hurled player (or players) long poles and keep. He also keeps the camp supplied sisting of a big plaza or central square at the where the anticipated spot chunkey with wild doves with his muzzle-loading, surrounded by houses. At each end of the stone would stop rolling. The player whose shotgun." were cap-firing plaza there flat-topped pyramidal was closest to the spent stone pole chunkey Mr. Collier completed his work with a trip mounds of earth surmounted by wooden was the winner. to Trujillo to assemble his collections for temples. Some villages were protected by This game was played in a special place shipment to Lima, and thence to New York. of palisades upright posts. in the middle of the The village square. He arrived in New York December 19, and ceremonial of the are POLE HOUSES aspects game imper- is expected back at his post in the Muesum Houses were made of upright wooden fectly known, but chunkey players are the first week of January. in the sacred art of the Southern poles, woven reeds, clay, and thatching. depicted The frame of the house and the studding Death Cult which was an active organization 4-11 Indians. 1,000 Boys and Girls were made of poles set into the ground. The among Middle Mississippi Visit the Museum walls were made of clay plastered over a The two new exhibits illustrate all of the lathing of woven reeds. The roof was of above mentioned aspects of Middle Missis- The annual delegations of rural boy and poles covered with thatching. sippi culture. One exhibit emphasizes the girl members of the Four-H Clubs were Middle Mississippi pottery was made of ceremonial and aesthetic life—the other, the again visitors to the Museum last month. clay tempered with crushed shell. There daily life of these Indians. On December 2, a group of 700 of the girls were many styles of pottery, both plain and These exhibits were created by Artist came, and on December 4 about 300 of the decorated. Gustav Dalstrom and the writer. boys arrived. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 191,7

Chicago Natural History Museum Mr. Corning continues as General Superin- Professorship in Botany. He is widely Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 tendent. known among his fellow scientists for his Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago Dr. Roy, formerly Curator of Geology, capable editorship of the American Midland Telephone: Wabash 9410 was commissioned as a Captain in the Army Naturalist and Lloydia. Air Forces in August, 1942, and was released Mr. Eugene Richardson, Princeton Uni- THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES from military service in the spring of 1946. versity, has been appointed to a new post Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field He returned to the Department of Geology in the Department of Geology, as Curator Blair Samuel Insull, Jr. W. McCormick last 3 at which time he was of Invertebrate Fossils. Mr. Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham July appointed Richardson, M. McBAIN BOARDMAN CONOVER HUGHSTON Acting Chief Curator of the department, to recently released from Army service, has Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall fill the vacancy occasioned by the retire- conducted research in his field both at W. Fenton George A. Richardson in 1944 of Mr. Nichols. Princeton and for the Geol- Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith ment Henry W. Pennsylvania Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten Because of his Museum experience as a ogical Survey. John P. Wilson member of expeditions to Newfoundland, OFFICERS Labrador and Baffin Land, he first served BOTANICAL EXPEDITION GOES Field President Stanley duties in Greenland Marshall Field First Vice-President the Army on special TO CENTRAL AMERICA Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Vice-President and Baffin Land. Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President The fifth botanical expedition of Chicago Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary Later, he served in Natural Museum to Central Amer- Solomon A. Smith Treasurer India as a combat History John R. Millar Assistant Secretary ica got under way November 15 with the intelligence officer. of Mr. Paul C. Standley, Curator Dr. Roy has been departure of the Herbarium, for New Orleans to THE BULLETIN a member of the embark on the steamship Junior. EDITOR staff of the Mu- Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum Mr. Standley will remain in the field seum since 1925, through the greater part of 1947. He will ASSOCIATE EDITOR serving first as an H. Osgood Curator make collections of the flora Wilfred Emeritus, Zoology assistant curator comprehensive of Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua, CONTRIBUTING EDITORS and later as a divi- Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology on the Pacific slope of the countries sional curator. mostly Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany He Curator named. His researches will be the subject Sharat K. Roy Chief of Geology is a graduate of Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology of Museum publications in the future. the University of MANAGING EDITOR Four previous expeditions by Mr. Standley Illinois, and earned H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel SHARAT K. ROY and Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant his Ph.D. in geol- Curator of the Herbarium, explored the of Members are to Inform the Museum ogy at the University Chicago. requested twenty-two departments of Guatemala in promptly of changes of address. During the twenty-two years since Dr. pre-war years. Dahlgren acceded to the position as head STAFF CHANGES of the Department of Botany, upon the death of the late Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, the Donald Richards a Contributor Several important staff changes, to be- botanical collections have more than dou- Mr. Donald Richards, Chicago business- come effective January 1, 1947, are an- bled, and the staff and its activities have man, was elected a Contributor (member- nounced by Clifford C. Gregg, collection been greatly increased. The study ship classification for those whose gifts Director. herba- of foreign woods, the cryptogamic range in value from $1,000 to $100,000) by B. E. a member of the Dr. Dahlgren, rium, the collection of photographs of types the Museum's Board of Trustees at a recent of since and Department Botany 1909, and historic specimens of tropical American meeting. The honor is in recognition of Mr. Chief Curator of the plants in foreign herbaria, and palm Richards' generous and notable contri- the department herbarium have become distinct important butions of approximately 10,000 specimens since is retir- 1924, features of the department. In large part from all over the world for addition to the from that on ing posi- through his own personal collecting many cryptogamic collections in the Department but will con- tion, expeditions, the botanical exhibits, that for of Botany. Mr. Richards also serves as a tinue his connec- many years were financed by President volunteer assistant in botanical research, tion with the Stanley Field, have been greatly increased and accompanied two Museum expeditions, Museum as Cura- and improved dur- one to the Southwest in 1939-40, and one tor Emeritus of ing his time of ser- to California in 1941. Botany. vice. Relieved of Dr. Theodor all administrative who Technical Publications Issued Just, joined duties, he will now the staff last Au- have be able to give The following technical publications gust as Associate B. E. DAHLGREN attention to inter- been issued by Chicago Natural History Curator, has been ests which have Museum Press recently: appointed Chief Curator of the Department had to be held in Fieldiana—Botany, Vol. 24, Part V. Flora of Botany to succeed Dr. Dahlgren. lack abeyance for of Guatemala. By Paul C. Standley and Curator Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Acting Chief of time and to con- Julian A. Steyermark. Aug. 27, 1946. 502 of the Department of Geology, has been tinue his work on pages. $3.50. appointed Chief Curator. in the field palms Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 5. Notes Mr. Harry Changnon, Assistant in Geology and in the labora- on Some Tropical Hawks. By Boardman since 1938, has been promoted to the posi- tory. He plans to Conover. Aug. 30, 1946. 8 pages. THEODOR JUST tion of Assistant Curator of Geology. leave early in Jan- $0.10. R. assistant since 1939 for several months' work in Cuba. Mr. James Shouba, uary Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 6. A New to Mr. W. H. Corning, General Superin- Dr. Just came to the Museum from the Rodent from the Paraguayan Ckaco. By tendent, has been appointed to the new University of Notre Dame, in Indiana, Wilfred H. Osgood. Aug. 30, 1946. 4 position of Superintendent of Maintenance; where he held the J. A. Nieuwland Research pages. $0.10. January, 19i7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

THE INCAS—SPECIAL EXHIBIT OF PHOTOGRAPHS OF PERU 200 OLIGOCENE ANIMAL FOSSILS COLLECTED IN TEXAS "The Incas," a series of large photo- In the exhibits of the Department of graphs of ancient Inca ruins in Peru, was Anthropology's South American Hall (Hall Having completed three months of trudg- placed on exhibition December 20, and will 9) there is a large and noteworthy collec- ing back and forth over an arid area in continue on display until January 19, in tion of Inca artifacts. southwestern Texas on the Mexican bor- Field Hall. and down hills and across desert Stanley The photographs by Mr. Scherschel were der, up The exhibit consists of to an aggregate of several hundred miles, in thirty-two panels, made on a recent assignment, and reveal on 28 x 38 inches which are mounted the interest of each, upon the one hand the delicacy and refinement of advancing paleontological the with science, Mr. Bryan Patterson, the Museum's large photographs together cap- the Incas' stone cutting and, on the other, tions and text. have been exhibited Curator of Paleontology, Mr. James H. They the grandeur and nobility of Inca architec- their at museums Quinn, Chief Preparator, and a volunteer by sponsor, Life magazine, ture. Perhaps the most arresting quality of in and elsewhere. companion, Mr. John Schmidt of Plainfield, New York, Philadelphia, Scherschel's work is that it arouses a wonder have returned a collection The pictures were made by Frank Scher- at the feat of the Incas who, without bene- Illinois, bringing former of the of more than 200 specimens of prehistoric schel, manager Milwaukee fit of wheel, oxen, or horses and with only animal fossils. Journal's photography department, and the strength of human backs, succeeded in The specimens are principally of mammals today one of Life's most traveled war photo- moving colossal stones up towering summits worked in both the of the Oligocene period, about 40 million graphers who Atlantic where they were worked with the precision Pacific theaters. exhibit is ar- •years ago. Outstanding are several skulls and The of thorough-going engineers. the new of Titanotheres (large horned animals whose ranged by magazine's department Four sites are covered in detail: Sac- skulls alone 150 to 200 of photographic exhibitions, under the average pounds each), sahuaman, Ollantaytambo, Winay Wayna direction of Mr. Thomas skulls of amynodont rhinoceroses, and Mabry, formerly and Machu Picchu. The exhibition in- skeletons or skulls of small three-toed with the National Gallery of Art, and the partial cludes many hitherto unpublished photo- Museum of Modern Art. horses, an animal that appears to be a saber- graphs. tooth hyaenodont, another called an oreo- 60 miles north- TIES IN WITH MUSEUM COLLECTION Winay Wayna, about dont, a large rodent, and the remains of the ward from Cuzco, is the most recently or of a Chicago Natural History Museum has long nesting roosting place large extinct discovered been explored by had a definite interest in research connected site, having bird of prey containing the bones of its the American Viking Fund in 1941. Six- rodent victims. with the Incas who, centuries ago (about teen panels are devoted to Machu Picchu, Of interest is the 1200-1532), built one of the world's great outstanding occurrence, one of the best preserved Inca cities. within the same formation as the of civilizations in the high, cold mountains bones, of Peru. The Museum has had an archae- The photographs in their enlarged dimen- fossil footprints. These were found on the hardened surfaces of what were once ological expedition at work in this field sions show the almost inaccessible topo- stretches of and are as from last June until December, in charge of graphy of the region, and convey also sand, perfectly as if made Casts Mr. Donald Collier, Curator of South something of the mystery and remoteness preserved yesterday. were taken of of the tracks of titano- American Ethnology and Archaeology. of the Peruvian Andes. many theres, oreodonts, three-toed horses, carni- NEW MEMBERS D. MacKellar, William P. MacLean, Ralph vores and birds. Mansfield, Samuel K. Markman, Mrs. The area traversed lies about 50 miles The following persons became Members A. W. Augustus K. Maxwell, McMullen, south southeast of Van Horn, Texas, which of the Museum the from Charles M. Dr. Charles W. Olsen during period Nisen, is about 120 miles from El Paso and between October 16 to December 14: Mrs. Claude Irwin Palmer, Master Curtis the latter and Big Bend National Park. H. Palmer, Mrs. Oscar H. Plotkin, Dr. Contributors Most of the specimens were collected in an George J. Porter, Marvin G. Probst, Murray Donald Richards area three miles wide and six Randolph, Max R. Rane, Egbert Robert- approximately miles which had to be Associate Members son, Milton P. Rogers, Dr. H. M. Ross, long, prospected Dr. E. M. Buchner, Miss Mizpah Chenier, Joseph F. Ross, K. B. Ross, Dr. Martin T. intensively, largely on foot, to find the Knight C. Cowles, Mrs. Jack W. Hearst, Ross, Harry Rosset, Mrs. Maurice L. fossils. The methods employed in hunting Mrs. G. C. Hodgson, Charles Albee Howe, Rothschild, Mrs. Harry H. Ruskin, Arnold fossils are similar to those in prospecting for Miss Mrs. M. J. Mrs. Janet Patzelt, Donald W. Ryan, Mrs. Lawrence Ryan, minerals. The members of the expedition R. I. Miss Ryerson, C. R. Walgreen, Jr., Lloyd W. C. Sandvold, John Shaw, Lydia had to build four miles of road to take their Wolfe. E. Shirk, Malcolm E. Shroyer, David T. truck across rugged off-the-highway country Annual Members Siegel, Mrs. Henry L. Stein, Herbert L. in order to complete excavating and loading Albert H. Allen, Mrs. George L. Apfel- Stern, Jr., Martin D. Stevers, Mrs. E. W. of the largest and heaviest specimens. bach, W. B. Brodow, H. Templeton Brown, Stratton, George H. Taylor, Henry F. Mr. Patterson and Mr. are now Mrs. Isidore Brown, Leon S. Browne, Tenney, Mrs. John W. Thomas, Sr., Mrs. Quinn Robert F. Carney, Thomas G. Cassady, G. F. Thompson, Mrs J. N. Thoren, Dr. back at their Museum posts ready to begin David L. Coghlan, Maurice L. Cowen, Philip Thorek, Mrs. T. William Timpson, the long and intricate task of removing the Miss Edith E. Crocker, Mrs. Estella Louis P. Troeger, Mrs. Charles L. Trumbull> fossils from the matrices of rock in which Daemicke, Mrs. John W. Dalton, Craig E. Mrs. George C. Turnbull, Dr. Herbert A. they were preserved for aeons, and to com- Mrs. Frank J. Rev. Bertil Mrs. Parkinson Errett Dennison, Dowd, Turner, Unwin, mence studies that will determine the place Edquist, Mrs. Elizabeth Engelhardt, J. VanNice, Mrs. C. D. Varel, John Angus of the specimens in paleontological classi- Simon Fredrickson, Lee J. Furth, Dr. Ware, Mrs. Robert R. Ware, James E. fication and trace as far as possible their Chauncey D. Giles, Mrs. Fred A. Hansen, Weber, Alexander Weiss, Leo Julius bearing upon the entire question of evolu- Homer P. Hargrave, Dr. Francis W. Weissenborn, Charles C. Wells, A. Herman tion. Hetreed, Hainer Hinshaw, Donald F. Hips- Werth, Mrs. J. M. Westerlin, Mrs. Harold kind, Mrs. J. P. Hobbs, A. Paul Holleb, R. White, Mrs William W. Whitnell, Mrs. William C. Howell, Dr. Torrey M. Johnson, Charles R. Whitney, Lawrence Williams, In Hall E, Case 29, are some ostrich eggs, Thomas R. King, Willard L. King, Ralph Howard A. Wilcox, Miss S. Edna Wilson, a few of which are with D. Kittner, Leopold Kling, George Knoll, Mrs. R. Arthur Wood, S. Roger Woolf, engraved simple shells are Mrs. Harry Koplin, Miss Hattie C. Korten, Ernest V. Wollard, Arthur F. Woltersdorf, geometric designs. These egg Robert S. Laird, Miss Elaine Lavieri, Paul T. S. Youngsma, Boleslaw Zaleski, Harry water containers which were used by the Levy, Mrs. W. E. Macfarlane, Dr. John Zelzer, Elmer K. Zitzewitz. Bushmen of South Africa. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 19i~ — SUNDAY LECTURES IN JANUARY: Tex. 73 cryptogams, Texas— and Mexico; PROGRAMS OF LECTURE TOURS MORNINGS AND AFTERNOONS University of Texas, Austin 440 herbarium FOR WEEKDAYS IN JANUARY specimens, Texas, Mexico, and Missouri; In two are January, subjects again Museo Nacional, San Jos6, Costa Rica—372 Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of offered in the Layman Lectures on Sundays herbarium specimens. staff lecturers, are conducted every after- Mr. Paul G. Dallwig. noon at 2 by Department of Geology: o'clock, except Sundays and Each Sunday morning (Jan. 5, 12, 19, 26) certain New Year's the From: Capt. James L. Rowe, Albuquer- holidays (on Day at 11:30 Mr. Dallwig will present "Gems, — Museum will be On " que, N.M. 6 specimens of sand fused by closed). Mondays, Jewels, and 'Junk.' atomic bomb. Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, gene- Each of the same Sunday afternoons at ral tours are all Department of Zoology: given, covering departments. 2:30 his subject will be "Romance of Dia- Special subjects are offered on From: Illinois State Natural History Wednesdays monds from Mine to Man." and Fridays; a schedule of these follows: Survey, Urbana, 111. —7,522 butterflies, In the Mr. morning lectures, Dallwig and other insects moths, beetles, scorpions, Wed., Jan. 1 —No tour, New Year's Day. will tell of the surrounding superstitions (the exotic insects of the late Adolf Mares' Museum closed. gem stones which prevail in various parts collection—Chicago); Col. Clifford C. Gregg, Fri. Jan. 3— Facts and Fallacies in Natural of the world, leading to their being worn for Valparaiso, Ind.—74 spiders, millipedes, History (Winona Hinkley). protection against evil and illness, to bring phalangids, and insects, Jackson Township, of good luck, to further the cause of love, and Ind.; Museum Comparative Zoology, Wed. Jan. 8—Truth Is Stranger Than Mass.— com- Fiction produce other desired effects. He will also Cambridge, 3,957 specimens (June Ruzicka). discuss the difference between precious and Fri. Jan. 10—How Animals Spend the semi-precious stones, and tell how imitation Winter (Lorain Farmer). and are synthetic gems produced. Finally, BULLETIN RESUMES Wed., Jan. 15—The Keeper of the Smokes- he will describe how to apply tests for MONTHLY ISSUES How Different Peoples Have Used Fire artificiality. (Roberta Cramer). With this issue, the BULLETIN In the afternoon lectures, Mr. Dallwig — — returns to a monthly basis. Fri., Jan. 17 Plant Storehouses Stems, will summarize the story of diamonds from and Roots J)uring the war, and in the period Fruits, (Miriam Wood). the finding of the first ones in India, Brazil following, it was first reduced by Wed., Jan. 22—The Young of Animals and Africa, and will trace the building up suspension of summer issues, (Lorain Farmer). of the diamond industry to its present big then further by reduction to a bi- Jan. 24—Heads and Tales—Famous business status. A feature of the lecture Fri., monthly basis. This was necessi- Sculptures of the Races of Mankind will be his recital of many stories of hate, tated by the shortage of paper and (June Ruzicka). and murder connected with the love, greed mili- extensive staff absences on Jan. 29— in —Tree successive ownership of the world's most Wed., Designs Wood tary and other services for the Growths That Result in Beautiful Pat- famous historic diamonds. government. terns (Miriam Wood). The heavy demand by the public for Mr. Jan. 31 —Food for the Gods—and for Dallwig's lectures, and the necessity of Fri., People (Roberta Cramer). limiting the size of each audience, make it prising 230 lots of land and sea shells, essential to require advance reservations. Persons wishing to participate should Caribbean region; John T. McCutcheon, Lectures are restricted to adults. Reserva- apply at North Entrance. Tours are free. Chicago—a duck-billed platypus, Australia; tions will be accepted by mail or telephone By pre-arrangement at least a week in Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. 9410). advance, special tours are available to (WABash — 13 birds, 2 mammals, and a rosy boa; of ten or more Mr. Dallwig will not appear at the Mu- Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago—7 birds, a baby groups persons. seum during February because of out-of- elk, and a cobra; Dr. Henry Field, Cuerna- town lecture engagements that month, but vaca, Mexico—7 lizards, 12 land shells, and

i 111.— he will resume his Sunday schedule here on 65 insects and allies, Mexico; Lt. (j.g. J. S. ; Roger Mitchell, Wheaton, 305 —56 and insects and allies; Sundays in March with "The Romance of Kurfess, USN reptiles amphibians, Capt. Harry Hoogstraal, Texas; Robert Weber, Highland Park, Hi- U. S. Army—442 insects and allies, New our American Forests" (mornings), and ll mammal skeletons, Illinois; John M. Guinea and Philippine Islands; Eugene Ray, "Miracles in Wood" (afternoons). Schmidt, Homewood, 111. —40 mammal Chicago— 11 insects and allies; Luis de la Ann Mich.— 10 specimens and one Scott's oriole,— Texas; Torre, Arbor, parasitic GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM A. J. Nicholson, Billings, Mont. 94 fox mites and —6 , Illinois; S. G. Hansen, squirrel skulls, Michigan; Roger Conant, New York 2 spiders and 6 millipedes, is list of — Following a of some the principal Philadelphia 6 snakes, Maryland; Charles Bougainville and Ulithi Islands;—James J. gifts received during the last two months: D. Nelson, Grand Rapids, Mich.—41 Mooney, Highland Park, 111. 4 mink of fresh water ; Dr. specimens, Illinois. Department of Anthropology: specimens shells, Donald C. Lowrie, Las Vegas, N.M.— From: Warren Gorrell, Hinsdale, 111. — Library: 1,000 vials containing approximately 1,500 2 Hopi pottery vessels, Arizona. From: Dr. A. S. Romer, Cambridge, determined spiders, midwest United States; Mass.; Dr. Henry Field, Cuernavaca, Department of Botany: Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Winnetka, 111.— Mexico; E. W. Gudger, New York; and From: Jardim Rio de 11 bird skins, Bikini; N. L. H. Krauss, Botanico, Janeiro, Boardman Conover, Dr. Fritz Haas, William Brazil— 127 herbarium Summit, Canal Zone—a frog, a toad, and specimens; George J. Gerhard, and Miss Esther Hermite, L. Fisher, Houston, Tex.—76 herbarium 2 lizards; Dr. Georg Haas, Jerusalem, all of Chicago. specimens, Mexico; Charles A. Heath, Palestine—6 chameleons; Alexander K. — — J. Raymond Foundation: Chicago a painting of rice growing in Wyatt, Chicago— 99 insects; A. Slater, — India;— Prof. Helen M. Gilkey, Corvallis, Urbana, 111. 86 reptiles and amphibians, From: Bryan Patterson, Chicago 253 Ore. a branch of noble fir; Prof. J. Soukup, Indiana and the Ryukyu Islands; Dr. English type uncolored lantern slides on Lima, Peru— 102 herbarium specimens; Charles H. Seevers, Chicago—600 beetles, Africa, and 2 carrying cases; Charles Albee Miss Vera Novackova, Trebic, Czecho- Colombia, Mexico, and United States; Howe, Homewood, 111. —267 color slides; slovakia — 11 specimens of algae, Moravia; Edward F. Ricketts, Pacific Grove, Calif — Miss Louise K. Broman, Chicago— 17 koda- Dr. Walter Kiener, Lincoln, Neb.— 130 727 seashells, Vancouver Island and Queen chrome transparencies (originals) for slides; specimens of algae, Nebraska, Minnesota, Charlotte Islands; Capt. Robert Traub, H. J. Johnson, Chicago—21 kodachrome and Iowa; Dr. Fred A. Barkley, Austin, Washington, D.C.—38 beetles and bat slides.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicago Natural History Museum BUifeETIN Formerly |i|e1i>MiMum News

Published Monthly for the Museums Membership

Vol. 18 FEBRUARY, 1947 No. 2

2ND CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL EXHIBIT OF NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY AT MUSEUM

Copyright, Hobart V. Roberts "THREE LITTLE TAILS'* "OLD PAPER BIRCH"

By Hobart V. Roberts, Uttca, N. Y. First Prize winner in Animal Life Division. By U. Stephen Johnson, Northampton, Mass. First Prize winner in Plant Life Division.

"OSORNO" "GANNET GROUP"

By Henry Webb Hyde, Cambridge, Mass. First Prize winner tn Scenery Division. By W. A. Anderson, Toronto, Canada. One of two First Prize winners in Color Division.

Above are some of prize winners in exhibition sponsored by Nature Camera Club of Chicago. The exhibit will continue throughout February in Stanley Field Hall. Accepted for display are 172 black-and-white photographs and 450 color slides. There were 1,650 entries. (See story on page 2) Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 19U7 MUSEUM AGAIN HOST TO CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL EXHIBIT OF NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY, THROUGHOUT FEBRUARY 5 SILVER MEDAL WINNERS (See pictures on page 1) Louis Quitt, Buffalo, N. Y., Ceeropia The Second Chicago International Exhibition of Nature Photography is Larva held at the 1 to 28 inclusive, under the auspices of being Museum, February W. A. Anderson, Toronto, Canada, the Nature Camera Club of The selected from Chicago. top prize winners, Gannet Group among the 172 black-and-white prints accepted for display in Stanley Field Hobart V. Roberts, Utica, N. Y., Hall, are shown on page 1 of this issue of the Bulletin. A- total of 400 black- Three Little Tails and-white photographs was submitted. U. Stephen Johnson, Northamp- Also accepted for display are 450 color with the inclusion of both prints and color ton, Mass., Old Paper Birch slides from among 1,250 submitted. A part slides, were submitted by 400 competitors of these are shown in Stanley Field Hall by in 37 states, Alaska, Hawaii, and the follow- Henry Webb Hyde, Cambridge, means of a special illuminated installation, ing foreign countries: England, Scotland, Mass., Osorno which will be changed twice during the Canada, Australia, Mexico and Hungary. month (February 10 and 19). As they are An illustrated catalog of the exhibit has practically all miniature in size, three screen- been published by the Nature Camera Club ings of them in enlarged projection have of Chicago, and will be available at nominal 30 HONORABLE MENTION AWARDS also been arranged, to be given in the Simp- cost, either from the Museum or the secre- Therese Whiteside, Big Sur, Calif., son Theatre at 3 p.m. on Sunday afternoons, tary of the club, Miss Louise K. Broman, Yucca; R. B. Horner, 846 Bradley Place, Chicago, Spanish Bayonet; Karl E. Hoff- man, San Carlos, Calif., Concord Grapes; D. C. Gutleben, San Francisco, Jasper Sheep; Bernard W. Baker, Marne, Mich., Redheaded Woodpecker; Norbert Husting, Milwaukee, Mammoth Hot Springs; Rich- CECROPIA LARVA' ard F. Lederhaus, Buffalo, N. Y., Frosted Trees; Helen C. Manzer, New York City, By Louis Quitt. Rock Crop; H. If. Hickok, Sierra Madre, Calif., Blakesly Botanic Garden; Bertha S. Buffalo, N. Y. Townsend, Johnstown, Pa., Spider and One of two Web; Jay T. Fox, Seaford, L. I., N. Y.,

First Prize winners Opossum Young in Pouch; E. B. Curtis, Verona, N. J., South Mt. Reservation; Maj. in Color Division. F. W. Chesrow, 35 West Jackson Boule- vard, Chicago, Nature's Fury; Edward A. Hill, Fleetwood, Pa., Humming Bird at Home; Lucille Babbit, Washington, D. C, Bridal Veil Falls; D. C. Morgenson, Yosemite National Park, Calif., Dwarf Bilberry; John Warth, Spokane, Wash., Mountain Goat at Home; Clifford Mat- teson, Buffalo, N. Y., Frosted; Douglas S. February 2, 9, and 16. The general public 6058 South Troy Street, Chicago 29, shortly Meadow, Mass., Reflections is invited to attend. after the close of the exhibition. Rowley, Long of an Old Timer; Albert E. Graf, Ports- Black-and-white pictures are in three The Nature Camera Club of Chicago, co- mouth, Ohio, Gull in Flight; Mrs. Grace divisions: Plant Life, Animal Life, and sponsor of the exhibition, is a member of the Ballentine, Upper Montclair, N. J., Scenery. The color slides include each of Chicago Area Camera Clubs Association, "Rhythm" Porpoise; F. V. Sampson, these classifications, and are grouped to- which is an affiliate of the Photographic Barstow, Calif., Big Ears; Dr. R. R. La- gether as a separate fourth division. First Society of America. Mr. Ben Hallberg is Pelle, Philadelphia, Pa., One's, Two's, and prizes consisting of silver medals were president of the club for 1947, and Mr. H. Three's; Ben Hallberg, Brookfield, 111., awarded in each of the four divisions (two J. Johnson, A.S.P.A., is chairman of the Desert Flower; H. J. Ensenberger, Bloom- in the Color Division). Ribbons, other exhibition committee. ington, 111., Milkweed Seed; Roy A. Whip- awards, and honorable mentions were given ANOTHER EXHIBIT PLANNED 66 West Ohio Golden to several other entries in each division. ple, Street, Chicago, Aspen; Otho B. Turbyfill, 1632 East 84th Although this exhibit is the Second FOUR HUNDRED COMPETITORS Place, Chicago, Dune Feathers; Clifford International Nature salon, as such, it is the Matteson, Buffalo, N. Y., Winter Idyll; The judges were: Mr. Tappan Gregory, third event of its kind in the Museum, as Emil Pearson, Red Granite, Wis., Aurora Chicago attorney, who has won wide acclaim the institution conducted a competition and Borealis; Helen C. Manzer, New York in the field of wild animal photography exhibition, "Lenses on Nature," as a feature City, Bridal Veil. under night-time conditions; Mr. D. Ward of the 50th anniversary celebration in 1943. Pease, noted as a writer on photography; It is planned to conduct a Third Inter- Mr. Edward Lehman, Associate, Photo- national, with entries beginning in 1947, and An inscribed stone ax of diorite in Case 14, graphic Society of America; Mr. Karl P. exhibition scheduled for the early part of Hall 8 presents a problem for Central Schmidt, the Museum's Chief Curator of 1948. These contests have proved to be American archaeologists, because its Mayan Zoology, and Dr. Earl E. Sherff, Research mutually beneficial to those interested in hieroglyphics are as yet undeciphered. The Associate in Systematic Botany at the amateur photography and to the Museum, ax, which was part of the votive cache Museum. and it is believed they do much to encourage underneath a temple, was found in British The entries, aggregating a total of 1,650 and promote interest in nature and science. Honduras by a Museum expedition. February, 19^7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3

PERUVIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION RETURNS; 1,500 YEARS OF HISTORY UNCOVERED By DONALD COLLIER Basic to all interpretive and historical that rarity so dear to the archaeologist's CURATOR OP SOUTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY studies of an is the heart ^a in AND ETHNOLOGY archaeological region complete stratigraphic sequence establishment of a chronology, that is, a one deposit. The Natural Museum Chicago History time sequence of cultural periods or epochs 1946 to Peru SEVEN EPOCHS BARED Archaeological Expedition into which archaeologists can fit their finds. returned to the Museum late in December. Without chronology, archaeology is specu- Beneath the Inca remains were found ves- Under the leadership of the writer, the ex- lative and to a great extent meaningless. tiges of the Chimu people, who were con- pedition six months of completed explora- The work of the writer in the Viru Valley quered by the Incas. Digging still deeper, tion and excavations in the Viru on Valley was directed toward gathering evidence we encountered successively refuse from the the north coast of Peru. which would make possible the building of a Coast Tiahuanaco, Mochica, Gallinazo, temporal sequence for that valley and which Salinar, and Cupisnique periods. We guess would correct and amplify the general that the Cupisnique people lived in the early chronology already established for the north years of our era, so that when we reached the coast of Peru. bottom of the refuse fifteen feet below the This evidence was collected by means of present ground surface we had dug through the evidence of of stratigraphic (layer by layer) digging in nearly 1,500 years human refuse heaps. These refuse heaps had been history. gradually built up through the continuous This sequence of seven epochs included discarding of broken pots, tools, ornaments all of the known pottery-making periods on and other debris by the prehistoric inhab- the north coast of Peru, and confirmed beyond doubt the temporal sequence which tott had been laboriously constructed by over- lapping the excavation results from numer- CLEARING GATEWAY OF CHIMU ous refuse deposits.

How brush and earth were removed to uncover part of During the course of the excavations the Inca to for town, preparatory searching dump heap. & writer recovered some 25,000 potsherds (broken pieces of pottery), numerous whole The in the field expedition co-operated and restorable pots, tools and ornaments of with six from Yale and archaeologists of stone, bone, wood and shell, and plant and the American Columbia universities, Mu- animal remains which will throw much light seum of Natural and History, the Smith- on the prehistoric diet. This material will sonian Institution. aim of co- The that serve not only in establishing a chronology operation was to make an intensive study for the Viru Valley, but will reveal much of a coastal in order to single valley about life during the various periods repre- learn as much as possible about the history sented. And from this combined informa- of the local civilizations from the of time tion it will be possible to date tombs and earliest human occupancy of the region their contents, as well as temples, for- until the present day. Such an intensive tresses and other structures, and then to pro- investigation had never before been at- ceed to broader studies of the development tempted in Peru, or in any other part of South America.

The co-operative aspects of the work were carried out under the auspices of the Insti- tute of Andean Research, of which the writer is a member. With a grant from the Viking 1,500-YEAR STORY IN 15 FEET Fund, the Institute was able to furnish such The broken white lines indicate approximately the divi. service features as for jeeps transportation, sions in Peruvian rubbish pile between the seven cultural air maps, and a field laboratory where periods, as follows: 1, Inca; 2, Chimu; 3, Tiahuanaco; The specimens were washed, mended and cata- 4, Mochica; 5, Gallinazo; 6, Salinar; 7, Cupisnique. test in the floor of the trench was dug to make sure logued. The work of the writer was greatly pit that no additional refuse lay below. facilitated by these aids.

THOUSAND PREHISTORIC SITES itants, and thus yielded evidence of the changes in everyday life through the passing The Viru Valley is one of the smaller of ANSWER TO ARCHAEOLOGIST'S PRAYER centuries. the Peruvian coastal valleys, and was chosen Trench cut in stratified rubbish containing seven cultural of six local who The crew is at the ten-foot as a place to work for that reason. The With the help farmers, periods. digging standing trench is shown in second column. in the tech- level. Completed portion of the valley of archaeological im- soon became proficient precise trenches portance is an area approximately six by niques of stratigraphic digging, at a dozen of architectural and art and the twenty miles. It might be supposed that were excavated in refuse deposits styles of social and this confined area would be too crowded sites in the valley. These deposits varied growth political organization. in thickness from three to fifteen and Thus the refuse is the archae- with seven archaeologists at work, but this feet, lowly dump of contained remains from at to the cultural history of was not the case. The valley contains more most them ologist's key pre- least two cultural one on historic than a thousand prehistoric sites, such as periods, lying top peoples. of other. temples, fortresses, cemeteries and dwelling the When the collection reaches the Museum, places. It was possible to study only a While excavating a refuse heap left by the the specimens will be classified and analyzed third of the existing sites and to excavate Incas, who conquered Viru Valley about and a report will be prepared for publication a much smaller number. A.D. 1450, we were fortunate to encounter by the Museum. Page b CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 191,7

JAPANESE CYCADS, 'LIVING FOSSILS,' PORTRAYED IN MURAL very reliable basis for age determination. by theodor JUST Unlike woody flowering plants of temperate not published until 1784 when Thunberg's areas with their fairly regular annual classic Flora of Japan appeared. It took growth rings, the cycads produce wood The mural, portraying "Cycads in a some time before the first fruiting specimens devoid of such dependable indicators of Temple Garden," recently installed in Hall were seen in Europe. These were observed age. Their relatively slow growth, however, 29 (Plant Life) shows the largest cycads in 1801 at Farnham Castle, Surrey, be- suggests considerable age as far as larger known to grow in Japan. These plants longing to the Bishop of Winchester, and specimens are concerned. adorn the garden of the Ryugeji Temple in were later described and illustrated by J. E. The leaves of this cycad may be more than Shimizu near Fjiri, Shizouka prefecture, Smith. two feet long and bear numerous small roughly 120 miles west of Tokyo. The By comparison, this cycad seems to have leaflets, giving them a palm-like or fern- largest tree near the road is more than been in cultivation in Japan long before it like appearance. The leathery texture of the leaves keeps them fresh for a long time, thus retaining their green color as decora- tions. Often specimens grown in greenhouses produce remarkable coralloid masses on their roots above ground. These distorted structures contain at their tips bacteria which intensify the distortion of the roots and prepare the way for the entry of another micro-organism, a blue-green alga. The latter multiplies profusely and forms a zone of easily visible growth below the outer layers, if one takes the trouble to section such a tubercle. This type of root growing upward, unlike the regular roots, occurs in all cycads, although it is more readily seen in plants grown in greenhouses than out- doors. An outstanding feature of all cycads is the absolute separation of the sexes on different specimens of the same species. Generally the reproductive structures of cycads are grouped together either loosely as in this species or in a more compact form ordinarily referred to as cones or strobili. In Cycas revoluta, the female reproductive CYCADS IN A TEMPLE GARDEN, SHIMIZU, JAPAN leaves look somewhat like smaller editions Painting by Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29). of the real leaves, bearing usually three Adapted from a drawing published in "American Fossil Cycads" (1906) by G. R. Wieland. pairs of ovules below the leafy portion. 25 feet tall, and its basal diameter is five was brought to Europe. It is not surprising, These so-called sporophylls are found at the feet. Its erect and unbranched habit is therefore, that the skill of Japanese gar- tip of the plant and are spirally arranged characteristic of this cycad, while the deners should have produced striking like the regular leaves forming the crown branched trunks seen in the background are horticultural variations. One of these below them. the result of injury induced during early forms is known as "shishi" or "lion's-head This condition of loosely arranged sporo- growth. variety." Its habit is so different from the phylls is regarded as the most primitive This species of cycad is known by the normal erect plants that it has been likened arrangement from which various stages of scientific name Cycas revoluta. It grows wild to some of the fossil relatives of the living reduction of the leafy parts lead to the com- in southeastern Asia as far north as southern cycads which were low-growing and com- pact type of cone found in the male plants Japan, where the erect plants are called pact plants. Shishi plants are purposely of this species as well as most of the other "tessio" or "sotetsu" and the branched ones dwarfed and may have as many as twenty members of the family. Although at the "hoso." By many this cycad is regarded closely aggregated crowns of leaves. De- beginning the female cones of Cycas revoluta as the most beautiful member of this family spite their low height these specimens may are covered by yellowish hairs, these dis- of plants, and is frequently cultivated in be several hundred years old. appear gradually and the seeds, have a soft parks, estates, gardens and greenhouses. Another horticultural form is known as orange-red color. Its common name is "sago palm," because "hoso" or "tree-formed palm." It branches Other members of this family of "living its stems and seeds contain large amounts of more diffusely and may produce as many as fossils" which has come down to us almost starch. Actually it is more closely related fifteen distinct crowns of leaves. In culti- unchanged for about a hundred million years to large tropical ferns than to palms which vation, plants of this species may be induced are low-growing like their fossil relatives it resembles in general habit only. Its to branch, but rarely will they develop as or even larger than those illustrated in this rigid fern-like leaves are familiar symbols of many as three branches, each with its crown mural. Though more widely distributed in Palm Sunday and are widely used as decora- of leaves. the past, they are today confined to sub- tions. Attempts to estimate the age of cycads tropical and tropical regions except for the Although an Admiral Hutchinson of the invariably lead to difficulty. Depending on genus Cycas in Asia and the American genus Royal Navy introduced the plant to Eng- local climatic conditions, crowns of leaves Zamia which reaches southern Florida. land in 1758, and specimens have been may last from one to several years. The Their present distribution and greatest con- grown at the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew, armor of leaf bases left after the leaves drop centration may be seen in Mexico and the Surrey, since 1760, the scientific name was off thus furnishes only an indirect and not West Indies in the Western Hemisphere and February, 1917 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 in Australia and South Africa in the Eastern and specifically how the exact adjustments MUSEUM ANTHROPOLOGISTS and Southern Hemispheres. of living organisms to their environment AT AAA MEETING in remote have arisen, is still unanswered a tre- Commonly they grow places despite On December 27-31, Chicago Natural and often are local in their distribu- mendous amount of study. This is the quite History Museum, the University of Chicago, tion. The great hardiness of the sago palm most important biological problem today. and Northwestern University acted as joint insures its popularity for outdoor planting The question of how evolution has oper- hosts at the forty-fifth annual meetings of in such areas as southern California, the ated is being attacked from two different the American Anthropological Association Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean standpoints: experimentation and observa- and its affiliated societies. The meetings, tion. Neither of these alone could supply an region. held in the Palmer House, were the first remarkable answer, and the work has been Many specimens representing largely since the beginning of the war. the nine of this unusual family of genera The principal feature consisted of a num- have been collected or received from plants ber of symposia organized around certain abroad the late Professor Charles by Joseph STAFF NOTES outstanding interests in American anthro- of the of Chamberlain, University Chicago pology today. One symposium was devoted and a Research Associate of this At the annual meeting of the Botan- Museum, to the present status and inter-relations of ical of held Dec. 26- and can still be seen in the of the Society America, greenhouses the several fields of anthropology. Another of 31 in Boston, Dr. Francis Drouet, University Chicago. was concerned with the progress of African devoted the Curator of Cryptogamic Botany, was Professor Chamberlain A third centered on the need elected of anthropology. of his lifetime to the and Secretary the Systematic greater part study for river in the United and Dr. Theodor Chief valley archaeology collection of these plants and is readily Section, Just, States, with particular reference to valley as the on this Curator, Department of Botany, was recognized greatest authority areas where archaeological sites will be inun- The Museum was fortunate to re-elected Secretary of the Paleobo- group. dated or destroyed to the com- tanical Section and Chair- consequent receive his valuable photographs, herbarium reappointed pletion of proposed river control projects. and slides assembled his extensive man of the Committee on Paleobo- during One of the most significant of these sym- travels in of the or at home in tanical Nomenclature Mr. Karl quest cycads posia was concerned with found P. Chief recently his laboratory and greenhouses. Schmidt, Curator, Depart- remains of giant types of early man in Java ment of Zoology, recently presented a and China, and the problems involved in radio broadcast, "Come and See the the interpretation of these remains. Finally, MUSEUM MEN PARTICIPATE Museum," in the Make Them Look the growing importance of anthropology IN EVOLUTION SYMPOSIUM Alive series on science for the Chicago in matters of practical concern was reflected Public Schools over stations WIND Three of Chicago Natural History Mu- in two sessions on — and WBEZ. applied anthropology four seum's departments were represented one on military government in the Pacific, at an important symposium on "Common and a second on the work of anthropologists Problems of Genetics, Paleontology, and in the field of human relations in industry. Evolution," held at Princeton University divided between university laboratories and Two members of the staff of this Museum January 3 to 5. the laboratories of natural history museums. presented papers at the meeting. Dr. Wil- The Department of Botany was repre- Most of the experimental work is being done frid D. Hambly, Curator of African Ethnol- sented by Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator; in university laboratories, in the fields of ogy, read "Visual Aids to Teaching African and Geology by Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator genetics experimental embryology. Anthropology," a report on research under- of Paleontology, and Zoology by Chief Natural history museums, because of their taken on behalf of the Committee on African Curator Karl P. Schmidt and D. Dwight vast collections of specimens, have provided Anthropology, National Research Council. Davis, Curator of Anatomy. most of the observational data. Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic The conference was one of several spon- Fossils not only prove that evolution Ethnology, presented "Changing Kinship sored by Princeton, in connection with its went on in the past, but also show how fast Systems." Mr. George Quimby, Curator of year of bicentennial celebration, to consider plants and animals actually evolved and Exhibits, was a member of the Chicago problems of major humanistic and scien- something about the manner in which new committee on arrangements. tific importance. Sixty selected participants, types arose. The enormous numbers of A large number of those attending found and animals are the including five outstanding biologists from plants living today time to visit the Museum and to inspect the the British Isles, spent three days in formal result of this past evolution. Anthropology Department's most recent meeting and informal discussion. The evolution of the future is taking place exhibits—those in Hall B (Archaeology of in the great laboratory of nature. Only a the New World). MYSTERIES REMAIN small handful of animals can be brought into The theory of evolution is the only great the laboratory and experimented upon. selves are turning from their laboratory generalization, comparable to the atomic One of the important functions of a museum specimens to detailed ecological field studies. theory in the field of physics, that has come is to test the results of such laboratory It is this evident rapprochement between from biological studies. The fact of evolu- experimentation in the larger laboratory of the extremely specialized field of genetics tion has long been accepted by every nature, which is where evolution is actually and the more general and old-fashioned biologist, but the way in which it occurred taking place, and to work at levels where fields of systematic zoology and botany that and the mechanism by which it was brought experimentation is impossible. made the Princeton symposium peculiarly about are still imperfectly understood. appropriate and timely. GENETICS TURNS TO FIELD Students of heredity have discovered that The question of how evolution operates localized ultramicroscopic substances called It is significant that evolution was not was not answered at the Princeton Confer- genes determine the similarities and the discovered in an experimental laboratory, ence. But the active exchange of ideas, differences between animals, and thus are but was suggested by the "museum" type similar to the familiar round table and panel the basis of all evolutionary change. But of observational research. Now, after two discussions on the radio, promoted a mutual this is only half the story. generations of laboratory studies in heredity, respect and understanding among those who The question of how gene changes (called the active branch of genetics is turning to are seeking the answer from many different mutations) are translated into the evolution paleontologists and naturalists for illumi- angles. The results of the conference will that has taken place in plants and animals, nating "leads," and the geneticists them- be felt for many years in biological research. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 191,7

Chicago Natural History Museum Among wild creatures, albinos often have Foundbo by Marshall Field, 1893 an unearthly beauty. Unfortunately, it is Rooaerelt Road and Lake Shore DrlTe, Chicago also often a fatal beauty. Hawks and other Books Telephone: Wabash 9410 predators see them more easily. They lack the camouflage that saves the lives of (All books reviewed in the BULLETIN are THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES normally colored birds and animals. Their available in The Book Shop of the Museum. Lester Armour Marshall Jr. Field, orders remittance are Sevvbll L. Avery Stanley Field strange beauty is also a kind of curse that Mail accompanied by W. McCormick Blair Samuel Jr. Insull, ostracizes them from their kind. A flock of promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham Boardman Conover Highston M. McBain birds will sometimes set upon an albino or a postage on shipments.) Walter J. Cimmings Wiluam H. Mitchell Albert B. Jr. Clarence B. Randall partial albino member of the group and Dick, A Naturalist in Cuba. By Thomas Bar- Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson drive it Such birds have dif- N. Field A. Smith away. usually Joseph Solomon bour. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston. $3. Marshall Field Albert H. Wbttbn ficulty in finding mates. John P. Wilson A few years ago, a redwing blackbird The late Dr. Barbour's host of friends OFFICERS appeared in a swamp with which I am rejoice in the memorial of his naturalist's Stanley Field President familiar. Almost half the feathers of one life left in his volumes of reminiscence and Marshall Field First Vice-President Albert B. Dick, Jr. Second Vice-President wing were white. It was a marked bird. travel. He dedicated his book on Cuba Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President as a tribute to commemorate Cufford C. Gregg Director and Secretary I used to see it calling from the top of a specifically Solomon A. Smith Trtanrtr willow tree, in aerial his friendship and admiration for the natu- John R. Millar Assistant Secretary weeping engaging battles with other males for the defense of ralists of that island. It forms also a most of a its territory, darting after crows or herons satisfactory memorial record lifelong THE BULLETIN that flew too close. It stood out among love of an island. EDITOR the other birds for its dash and vitality The generous stack of papers on the West Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Uunn and courage as well as for its half white Indian fauna that came to my own desk as ASSOCIATE EDITOR wing. Yet it never seemed to get a a gift from Dr. Barbour thirty years ago Wilfred EL Osgood Curator Emeritus, Zoology mate. Before the summer was over, it introduced me at once to the charm of the CONTRIBUTING EDITORS disappeared. I never saw it again. West Indies, and to the stimulus provided Paul S. Martin Curator Chief of Anthropology (The above is a syndicated article of The by one's personal library for a field of special- Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany ization. Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology George Matthew Adams Service, reproduced KARL P. SCHMIDT Chief Curator of Zoology by permission of the author.) The personal tone of Dr. Barbour's book, MANAGING EDITOR and the constant reference to the back- H. B. Hartb Public Relation Counsel ground of personalities that forms so per- MUSEUM OFFICERS RE-ELECTED vasive an aura of interest to the other Members are requested to inform the Museum of descriptive zoology, is promptly of changes of address. Mr. Stanley Field was re-elected Presi- practitioners sympathetic. He had a vast fund dent of Chicago Natural History Museum peculiarly of anecdote about the of the for his consecutive development in Action thirty-ninth one-year Nature .... Harvard Botanical Station, about term, at the Annual Meeting of the institu- important the bird collecting that accumulated the ALBINOS tion's Board of Trustees, held January 20. - great collection in the Museum of Compara- By EDWIN WAY TEALE All other officers who served in 1946 were tive Zoology, about the fascinating anoles re-elected. are: Mr. Marshall In a glass case at the Natural They Field, Chicago and snakes and froglets and shield-headed History after lecture Chicago publisher, First Vice-President; Museum, my [Mr. toads, about the mammals, both living and Teale lectured here last March I was Mr. Albert B. Dick, Jr., Second Vice-Presi- 2S] extinct, and about the adventures of cave shown a remarkable exhibit of albino birds dent; Mr. Samuel Insull, Jr., Third Vice- hunting. and animals. There I saw a that President; Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, bluejay Naturalist in Cuba thus com- Director and Mr. Solomon A. A happily wasn't blue, a brown thrasher that wasn't Secretary; bines the interest of naturalist and historian, a crow that wasn't black. All were Smith, Treasurer, and Mr. John R. Millar, brown, forms a intro- Assistant and thoroughly satisfactory snow white. There I saw a pure white Secretary. duction to the plant and animal life of Cuba, English sparrow. Even its bill was the to the problems of island life, and to the color of white-wash. There I saw a 1946 ATTENDANCE UP great tropical island to which citizens of the flicker, completely white except for a United States are perhaps even more closely startling blood red crescent on the back of The counters in the hands of the entrance and multifariously tied than to our own its head. And there, also, I saw an albino guards at the Museum clicked for 1,287,436 island outposts in the Caribbean. woodchuck and an opossum and a skunk visitors during 1946. This was a large in- Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Zoology, that had fur as white as that of an ermine. crease over attendance in 1945 when the and Associate Editor of Copeia. In every instance the creature had number of visitors was 1,070,678. It is lacked the ability to produce pigments believed attendance would have been con- had it not been for the two within its system to a more or less marked siderably larger Technical Publications Issued degree. There are albinos among plants as coal strike dimouts which reduced Museum The technical were well as among animals. Snow-white lobsters, visiting hours temporarily, and for the pro- following publications issued Natural History Museum frogs, peacocks, cattle have been reported. longed bus strike which cut off the trans- by Chicago Press Among humans, it is estimated that the portation facilities of many potential Mu- recently: of the occurrence of albinism is seum visitors. frequency Fieldiana—Anthropology, Vol. 36, No. 2. about one in 10,000. The highest rate of Only 127,305, or less than 10 per cent of Toggle Harpoon Heads from the Aleutian frequency is said to be found among the the total, paid admission; more than 90 per Islands. By George I. Quimby. Decem- Indians of Arizona and Mexico. The cent came on the free days, Thursdays, ber 31, 1946. 9 pages, 9 text figures. reason the eyes of albinos are pink is that Saturdays and Sundays, or belonged to $0.35. the red blood the back classifications admitted free — circulating through every day Zoological Series, Vol. 25, Part 3. A of the eye is seen through the transparent Museum members, children, teachers, stu- Bibliography of Birds. By Reuben Myron tissues in front. dents, and military personnel in uniform. Strong. December 24, 1946. 528 pages. February, 19^7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

THE MUSEUM AS CUSTODIAN of , pursued his collecting and museums that they overlook the need of supply- OF PACIFIC CULTURES research with enthusiasm and vigor. In- ing exhibits that equip a visitor with necessary By ALEXANDER SPOEHR cluding his collection, the Museum has background for further study of the subject. CURATOR OF OCEANIC ETHNOLOGY 22,000 specimens from Melanesia. Minerals may be classified in several It is fair to "What use is this col- all of which are Excluding Malaysia and Australia, the ask, ways, nearly dependent, lection? to effort and their islands of the South and Central Pacific are Why go such expense however, on chemical composition or to obtain articles made far-off the forms of their some divided into three main groups— Polynesia, strange by crystals, although have a minor role in the Micronesia, and Melanesia. peoples who played prefer economic classification. By this, world affairs?" the minerals are first The Polynesian area is roughly triangular shaping present grouped according The answer is to be found in the of to the useful element or of elements in shape, with Hawaii, New Zealand, and point groups view of anthropology toward its subject contained in them, then are divided on the Easter Island at the corners of the triangle. — Micronesia encompasses the islands of the matter man. Anthropology is interested basis of similarity in chemical properties. in man as a not in Central Pacific, north of the equator, from whole, any particular BASED CHIEFLY ON CHEMISTRY the Palaus to the Marshalls. group of men alone. One of its distinguish- The classification shown in the Museum Melanesia takes in New Guinea and the ing characteristics is its attempt to obtain exhibit is based upon chemical composition, islands east and southeast as far as the broadest comparative basis possible in Fiji. and follows that used in the latest edition of man and his culture. This division is based partly on the examining Dana's System of Mineralogy. Crystallo- physiography of the islands, partly on the PART OF CULTURE JIGSAW graphic and physical relationships are taken racial characteristics The anthropologist is interested in man into consideration in breaking down classes of the inhabitants, at all times, in all places. In pursuing this and families into groups, species and vari- and partly on their interest, he has built up an outline of human eties. Minerals with the simplest composi- culture. The "South- history—sketchy in places, to be true— tion such as gold, silver and diamond are west Pacific," as it was from earliest to recent times. He has considered first, while those of the greatest used in wartime com- blocked out the living races of the earth and complexities such as feldspars, micas and muniques, referred to described the great variety of cultures they garnets are placed last. Melanesia—the island possess. It is in this comparative study that In recent years, X-ray studies of crystals area populated by the Museum's Melanesian collection as- to determine their internal structure have Oceanic Negroes. sumes its importance. made great strides, and the true nature of In the years before The cultures of Melanesia, as seen in the this structure has been recognized. The World War I, German series of tools, utensils, weapons, and ob- fundamental fact discovered concerning museums made great jects of art, ritual, and ceremony, represent crystals is that the atoms of which they are efforts to obtain eth- a part of the comparative base from which composed are arranged in an orderly fashion, nological collections anthropology draws its conclusions. forming a three-dimensional pattern. The from what were then Furthermore, cultures are constantly pattern varies, depending on the crystal, and German colonies in changing. At the time this collection was determines the class to which the crystal the Southwest Pacific. made, the native cultures were very different belongs. In the Mu- SOUTH SEA particular, from what they are today. Indeed, they The knowledge of the internal structure of seum fur Volkerkunde EFFIGY have been so modified in recent years minerals thus has led to a marked departure in (Hall A, Cut 63) Hamburg acquired through contact with the white man that from conventional mineral classifications. one of the finest col- in their strictly aboriginal form they exist Minerals that were formerly grouped under lections in the world from the Oceanic only in a few places. a certain class, because of this similar Negroes living on the islands of Melanesia. Thus the collection assumes an added— chemical composition, have now been placed CHICAGO COLLECTION UNCHALLENGED significance. It cannot now be duplicated in an entirely different class. To cite an of of it preserves a unique expression man's example : The quartz group minerals which The German museums suffered extensive culture, as found at a particular point of are oxides were heretofore grouped with the damage in World War II, however. Full time in the Southwest Pacific. oxides, but they are now classed with the details are not yet available, but recent The Museum also possesses representative silicates because X-ray studies have shown reports indicate that 90 per cent of the collections from Polynesia and Micronesia, that, structurally, quartz bears a closer famous South Sea collection of the Hamburg on display in Hall F. The remaining resemblance to the silicates. Doubtless, Museum fiir Volkerkunde was destroyed. Pacific Island area— Malaysia—is repre- with the increased knowledge of the internal Probably the finest collection that remains sented in Halls H and G. structure of minerals, there will be further in the world is that in Chicago Natural changes in the classifications. History Museum's Joseph N. Field Hall CLASSIFIED In the space available in the case used for (Hall A). HOW MINERALS ARE this exhibit, only a relatively small number This Melanesian collection of DISCLOSED IN EXHIBIT outstanding of minerals can be exhibited. It has thus excellence was acquired primarily between By SHARAT K. ROY been to a family or* CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY impracticable represent 1905 and 1913, a period when great efforts a group of minerals by all of its valid mem- were being made to build up the anthro- In keeping with the policy adopted in bers. Often important members have been materials in the Museum. recent of ex- pological Many years providing introductory omitted. specimens were purchased from private hibits that will lead to proper appreciation PATH TO DETAILED STUDY collectors, but by far the largest and best of each subject as a whole, a new exhibit, documented increment was obtained "The Classification of Minerals," has been Those interested in a more detailed study through the efforts of the late Dr. Albert added to the Museum's geological exhibits. are referred to the specimens displayed in B. Lewis, Curator of Melanesian Ethnology, It. has been placed in Hall 34, alongside its the adjacent cases. In them will be found on the Joseph N. Field Expedition to the companion case, "Physical Properties of most of the known minerals, which number South Pacific during the period 1909-1913. Minerals." considerably more than 1,000 species. Dr. Lewis spent five strenuous years in The new exhibit aims to furnish an adequate The exhibit was prepared by Assistant the field, and despite the handicap of severe introduction to mineralogy and provide a Curator Harry Changnon and Mr. Henry illness contracted on the malignant coasts remedy for the complaint heard against Horback, Assistant in the Department. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 19i7

SATURDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES In March, Mr. Dallwig's subjects will be: PROGRAM OF LECTURE TOURS TO BEGIN MARCH 1 Mornings, 11:30 each Sunday, "The Ro- FOR WEEKDAYS IN FEBRUARY mance of Our American Forests"; after- The Spring Course of Illustrated Lectures Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of noons, 2:30, "Miracles in Wood." Reserva- on Science and Travel for adults will be pre- staff lecturers, are conducted every after- tions for each date—March 2, 9, 16, 23, and sented on the nine Saturday afternoons in noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and 30— will be accepted by mail or telephone March and April. The lectures are accom- certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, (WABash 9410) throughout February. Ad- panied by motion pictures in color and will Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours are vance reservations are necessary for all of be given in the James Simpson Theatre of given, covering all departments. Special the Lectures, because of the heavy the Museum. All will begin at 2:30 P.M. Layman subjects are offered on Wednesdays and Fri- demand and the necessity of limiting the First lecture, on March 1, will be days; a schedule of these follows: size of each audience. "Through Khyber Pass—History's Oldest Wed., Feb. 5—Chicago, Millions of Years and the lecturer will be Deane Funnel," Ago (Winona Hinkley). Dickason, noted journalist, Far East author- GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Fri., Feb. 7—Reptiles Through The Ages ity and film director. The second lecture, Following is a list of some of the principal (Lorain Farmer). March 8, will be "Bird Magic in Mexico," received the last gifts during month: Feb. 12—The Adventures of Carl by Dr. Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr., of the Wed., Akeley (June Ruzicka). faculty of Carleton College, Northfield, Department of Anthropology: Minnesota. From: Charles Albee Howe, Homewood, Fri., Feb. 14—Exotic and Unusual Flowers A complete schedule of the entire nine 111.— 13 color prints of modern Mexico. (Marie Svoboda). lectures will appear in the next issue of the Feb. 19— and 'Rith- Department of Botany: Wed., Readin', 'Ritin', Bulletin. metic— of and From: Estate of Hermann C. Benke, Early Ways Writing No tickets are admission to Counting (Roberta Cramer). necessary for Chicago —100 herbarium specimens, Indiana these lectures. section the Theatre is A of and Illinois; Donald Richards, Chicago— Fri., Feb. 21 —The Magic of Jade (Miriam reserved for Members of the Museum, each of 350 specimens of mosses, Bryothece Iberica; Wood). whom is entitled to two reserved seats. Re- Dr. Harry K. Phinney, Chicago— 126 Wed., Feb. 26—Animal Menus (Lorain for these seats should be made in specimens of algae, Connecticut; Dr. Frances quests Farmer). E. —51 of advance by telephone (WABash 9410) or in Wynne, Chicago specimens mosses; Bill Bauer, Webster Groves, Mo.— Fri., Feb. 28—The First Apartment Dwel- writing, and seats will be held in the Mem- 41 herbarium specimens, Missouri. lers—Pueblo Indians (June Ruzicka). ber's name until 2:30 o'clock. Department of Geology: — CHILDREN'S ENTERTAINMENTS From: C. M. Barber, Hot Springs, Ark. Museum Contributor Elected a collection of fossil fish, turtles, and rep- ON SATURDAY MORNINGS Dr. Maurice L. Richardson, of Edward tiles, Arkansas; Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Chi- W. Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, Michigan, The James Nelson and Anna Louise cago— 12 specimens of fossil fish and fossil until recently a Non-Resident Life Member Raymond Foundation will open its spring turtles, Wyoming; Frank Derrick, Washing- — of the has been elected to the series of free entertainments for children on ton County, Tex. cast of maxillary of Museum, Dr. Mark Francis —casts of roll of the Museum's Contributors in recog- Saturday mornings with "Fishing In A Big Caenopus; three fossil specimens; Dr. David Dunkel, nition of his generous gifts of funds to the Way," a color motion picture showing a Washington, D.C.—20 specimens of fossil institution. salmon run; also lobster fishing off Nova fish fragments, Missouri; C. A. Goodell, Scotia. This program will be given on Albuquerque, N. Mex. —6 official Army March and will be rounded out with an 1, photographs of the explosion of the first NEW MEMBERS animated cartoon. On March 8 the pro- atomic bomb; T. R. Lambert, Chicago— The following persons became Members gram will be "The Story of Reptiles" told upper and lower third molar of Mammuthus of the Museum during the period from by Mr. Jack Raymon, Director of the primigenius Blum, Alaska; Dr. Heinz A. — December 16 to January 15: Kentucky Reptile Garden, who will appear Lowenstamm, Urbana, 111. portion of of cf. ornata in person. Mr. Raymon will demonstrate carapace Terrapene (Agassiz), Associate Members Arkansas; Richard Charles King, Colorado his subject with living specimens of snakes, Michael Green, Stanley G. Harris, Carl Colo. —a of green quart- as well as with charts and other material. Springs, specimen Holzheimer, John Jirgal, Leo Mayer, zite, Colorado. Ramond Leo G. Warsh. Seven other programs will be given on Silverstein, Saturday mornings throughout March and Department of Zoology : Sustaining Members April; a complete schedule of these will From: Robert Weber, Highland Park, 111. Albert L. Raymond, Morton M. Weil —10 mammal Armando appear in the next issue of the BULLETIN. skeletons, Illinois; Annual Members Velo, Highland Park, 111. —a mink skeleton, All programs begin at 10:30 A.M. and Bertram W. Silver Fla.— Bennett, Philip Bernstein, in the Theatre Illinois; Ross Allen, Springs, are presented James Simpson Mrs. James Burton Braun, Mrs. Walter D. 79 turtles, Florida; Chicago Zoological of the Museum. No tickets are necessary. Draper, Robert Eirinberg, Max Fuhrer, Society, Brookfield, 111.—a lizard and 29 Children may come alone, accompanied by Augustus J. Frank, M. J. Gale, Edward R. snakes, South America; S. G. Jewett, Jr., or in Glick, Mrs. C. Edward Gluesing, D. S. adults, groups. Portland, Ore.—4 mammal specimens, Mrs. James J. Haines, William H. Dutch New Guinea; Lincoln Park Zoo, Chi- Haigh, Harding, Mrs. Carter H. Hathaway, Mrs. cago—a mammal specimen and 4 grizzly Sunday Layman Lectures Otto H. Hedrich, Mrs. Murray D. Hether- bear cubs; John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chi- Suspended Until March ington, Robert E. Hirtenstein, H. H. Hoben, cago—an electric eel, South America; Max Hoefer, Dr. Ned U. Hohman, Herzl W. Because of out-of-town lecture engage- Cyril F. dos Passos, Mendham, N. J.— Honor, Mrs. Walter Clyde Jones, Frank P. ments during February, Mr. Paul G. 39 butterflies (all paratypes of 23 species and Keeney, Wentworth Park Mackenzie, Mrs. Dallwig, the Layman Lecturer, will not varieties), North America. Herbert S. Manning, N. J. McCurdie, Leo appear at the Museum on Sundays during Library : H. Milles, Harvey W. Olsen, Dr. John that he will resume his month, but lectures, From: Boardman Conover, Chicago; Dr. Chester Ross, Ralph E. Schuetz, H. S. on both morning and afternoon, March 2, Henry Field, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Henry Smith, Harry E. Smith, Jr., Monroe A. and thereafter will appear each Sunday W. Nichols, Chicago; and Miss Miriam Smith, Jr., Hubert F. Townsend, Morton through May 25 inclusive. Shaw, Harvard, Mass. Weinress.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicago Nature History Museum :tin Formerly y$p liiseum News

Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 MARCH, 1947 No. 3

SATURDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES SCHEDULED THROUGHOUT MARCH AND APRIL

The earth—from India to Mexico, from March 8—Bird Magic in Mexico impenetrable thickets, and noxious insects— Greenland to China, from the Mississippi to information on habits and be- Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. gather Delta to Australia— will be covered in the havior. It was exacting work. But it was Dr. a co-leader of the Cornell Spring Course of Free Saturday Afternoon Pettingill, exciting, too, with parrots screeching and Lectures illustrated with colored motion University-Carleton College Expedition to chattering, and with countless flashes of pictures. The series opens at the Museum the hill country of southwestern Tamauli- dazzling orioles, hummingbirds, trogons, on March 1, and will con- and cotingas. Dr. Pettin- tinue through the last Satur- gill used thousands of feet day in April. of film in photographing The nine lectures, for birds, some never before which outstanding speakers seen through the lens of a have been engaged, will be camera. given at 2:30 p.m. each Sat- March 15—Greenland urday in the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum dur- Commander Donald B. ing the two months' season. MacMillan are restricted to adults They Leader of twenty-five ex- — motion special picture pro- peditions to the Arctic—two for children will be grams of them sponsored by Chi- on Sat- given concurrently cago Natural History Mu- urday mornings during the seum— Commander Mac- same months under the aus- Millan presents a lecture of the James Nelson pices both new and timely. and Anna Louise Raymond Greenland, the world's larg- Foundation 5 (see page for est island, has been brought children's programs). closely into the orbit of the and The dates, subjects, United States by World War lecturers booked for the II. In his color films, Com- course are as follows: spring mander MacMillan brings intimate views of the life of March 1 —THROUGH Khy- this little-known northern ber Pass neighbor which was host for Deane Dickason several years to thousands of "There is no India," ac- men of the United States cording to Mr. Dickason, armed forces. "Whether we noted Far East authority, keep Greenland as part of who recently returned from our defense system or merely eight months in that dis- maintain closer commercial contented land. What he ties, this great island conti- means, he will tell in this FAMOUS RAINBOW NATURAL BRIDGE IN UTAH nent is a part of us and we lecture. Khyber Pass, the From Alfred M. Bailey's "Mormon Land" pictures for March 29 lecture should know it well," says high back door to India Commander MacMillan. which is the principal scene of his present pas, tells the story of this expedition in his No one is better able to tell of it than narrative and color films, he describes as lecture. He found that "Mexican birds are he, who is familiar not only with its geog- "history's oldest funnel." Mr. Dickason among the most beautiful in the world. raphy and its resources, but also its people, has had a long career as a journalist and There is something akin to magic in the way the Eskimos. He has covered it from foreign correspondent, and is the author their bright colors and strange shapes top to bottom by ship, dog-team and plane, of "Wondrous Angkor" and "Far Harbors." harmonize with the exotic land in which and has very recently flown over it several He is noted as the director of such well- they live." For two months the members times. In the last thirty-seven years, known motion picture successes as "Virgins of the expedition studied bird life, contend- twelve of his Arctic trips have been solely of Bali," "Down Singapore Way," and ing with the adversities of a tropical to Greenland. On one trip he stayed there "Beautiful Bali." environment—intense heat and humidity, four years. (Continued on page 2) Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 19*7

SATURDAY LECTURES beauty of the long chain of islands is more Province near Foochow. The Yellow River (Continued from page J) than rivalled by that beneath the water, and has not acquired the name "China's Sorrow" the Barrier Reef is a wonderland for the without writing a very and March 22—Sheep, Stars, and Solitude long tragic tourist, the big-game , and the history. For thousands of years men have Francis R. Line ichthyologist. fought to confine the river by heaping sand This is the epic film story of a segment higher and higher in dikes. In 1938 the 12—Campfires on the Sea of American life. Each year several hun- April Chinese army blew a section of the dike dreds of thousands of sheep are driven from Peter Koch away in order to halt the Japanese. The their winter pastures in the Salt River Valley Japs were stopped and bogged down for Mr. Koch, well-known photographer- of central Arizona far north to the summer months—but the river went on flowing naturalist, supplies the following synopsis grazing lands in the high forests. It is a through the break and inundating miles and of the natural color films which accompany forty-day trek through a wilderness of miles of good farm land and displacing his lecture: "Out of the north country the desert, cactus, mountains, ravines, and millions of people. blue geese migrate southward; they reach forests. Mr. Line accompanied one herd the willow-bordered Ohio and Mississippi 26—The Story of the Gems of sheep on this journey, hiking the entire April Rivers; the extensive marshland of Reelfoot distance in order to film this little-known Dr. J. Daniel Willems Lake is a focal point for migration routes of of American life. The sheep were in phase Dr. Willems, a Chicago physician, is an of Rosalio, a Mexican herder, and charge enthusiastic lapidarist at such times as he the cook. All sup- Pablo, camp camping is free from the duties of his profession. were carried on the backs of ten RESERVED SEATS plies For more than a year, he collaborated with burrows. The whole film unfolds as one FOR MEMBERS a competent professional motion picture continuous and adventure exciting story. No tickets are necessary for ad- photographer in producing a color film that mission to these lectures. A sec- would reveal the background of art and 29— Land gem March Mormon tion of the Theatre is for reserved explain the exacting techniques of the gem- of Alfred M. Bailey Members the Museum, each of cutter to his colleagues and friends. The whom is entitled to two reserved result has been a motion Mr. Bailey, once a member of the Chicago fascinating picture seats. Requests for these seats of interest and in Natural History Museum's staff and now great beauty. Featured should be made in advance Director of the Colorado Museum of Natural by Dr. Willems' film are examples of fine telephone (WABash 9410) or in and selected History in Denver, in his new all-color film minerals, gems jewelry from writing, and seats will be held in collections in this of Utah's scenic wonderland portrays the Museum and photo- the Member's name until 2:30 land of the Mormons from the shores of graphed in the building. Dr. Willems will o'clock on the lecture date. Great Salt Lake to the Arizona boundary. use this film to illustrate his lecture here. The route traveled by the Colorado Mu- Pictures and lecture together promise a most of the seum expedition was along that of Padre interesting exposition develop- ment of a of the that Excalante, the first white man to explore the Mississippi flyway. Here, too, is Crane- hobby type requires extreme concentration and Utah, and the sequences briefly show the town, America's most beautiful 'bird city.' perseverance, a of skill. work of the Mormons in changing the desert After seeing Cranetown during the nesting high degree to an inland paradise. Fillmore, the first season, we proceed southward with the toward the delta—in a we capital, Great Salt Lake, Bear River with geese PROGRAM OF LECTURE TOURS its bird and deer and other follow interesting bayous—the habitat of teeming life, FOR WEEKDAYS IN MARCH forms of animal life with a background of the boat-tailed grackles, redwing blackbirds, Tours of unrivalled Zion and Bryce canyons are swamp sparrows, red-bellied woodpeckers, exhibits, under the guidance of staff are conducted after- among the spectacular shots included in the myrtle warblers, vultures, and fox squirrels. lecturers, every noon at 2 and first part of the film. The second portion is From a sandbar we watch the shrimp fleet o'clock, except Sundays escorted certain On devoted to a desert river trip by boat down come in, by brown pelicans, gulls, holidays. Mondays, Tuesdays, and the canyon of the San Juan to the Colorado and terns. Skimmers and white pelicans Thursdays, Saturdays, general tours are River, and thence to Lee's Ferry—shooting join the motley crowd on the bar, and await given, covering all departments. Special the of tide at is a are offered on and rapids, and visiting the historic Rainbow change dawn. There visit subjects Wednesdays a schedule of these Bridge and the Crossing of the Fathers. to a neighboring 'Cajun's' muskrat camp. Fridays; follows: The film concludes with a visit to unfor- At the blue goose pond we obtain unusual Wed., Mar. 5—Peoples of the Past (.Roberta Monument —with and intimate studies of these wary birds, so gettable Valley excep- CaldweU). tional shots of the Navajos in their desert seldom seen at close range, in their vast Fri., Mar. 7—Primitive Glamour (June homeland. The people of Utah currently marshland home." Ruzicka). are celebrating the centennial of Brigham 19—China Journey Mar. Past Young's arrival in the Salt Lake Valley. April Wed., 12—Monsters of the Karl Robinson (Winona Hinkley). 5—The Great Barrier Reef April Fri., Mar. 14—The Gift of Green (Miriam Mr. Robinson's lecture and films present A. H. O'Connor Wood). essentially a story of the Chinese people Mar. 19—From Amoeba to — Mr. O'Connor is the Australian-born whose government is now reoccupying its Wed., Ape Classification of Animals (Lorain Farmer). descendant of a California "Forty-Niner." war-torn capital city of Nanking. People After boyhood on a cattle ranch, where he struggling with problems of economic Fri., Mar. 21—Pageant of Spring—The hunted and studied the strange wild animals change, where a ricksha coolie's earnings First Birds, Reptiles, Insects, and Flowers and birds, he joined the great gold rush in are now on a par with a New York City (Marie Svoboda). western Australia. The great Barrier Reef, taxi driver's. Here is inflation!—a lunch Wed., Mar. 26—Clean-Up, Paint-Up— subject of his present lecture, is an amazing costs thousands of local dollars. Three Story of Paints and Varnishes (Miriam coral formation some 1,200 miles long, important sections of China that Mr. Wood). which lies in and covers are the tropical semi-tropical Robinson Yellow River, Fri., Mar. 28—Story of Palms (Marie waters off the coast of Queensland. Surface Peiping, and the Min River Area of Fukien Svoboda). March, 191,7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN PageS

MUSEUM WORKERS IN ROLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES six letters long and begin with an 'a'." People were always startled when one could By J. MARGARET BAUER of the scientist to solve his ability problem, not give the answer right off. (The animal of the little-known of the the Museum scientist will do a amount phases great was an "aye aye," a Madagascan lemur.) work of a museum is to informa- of to find the answer for more ob- ONE supply sleuthing As the puzzles gained popularity, in self- tion. The Museum's storehouse of knowl- scure or difficult questions. Many times a defense the Museum workers tried to iden- its technical staff are at the dis- and is un- edge and seemingly easy simple question tify the animal pictures each day before tha well as answerable. does a posal of the general public as scholars. One inquiry, "Why barrage of telephone calls started. often turn to the rabbit's nose twitch?" the Authors and publishers stumped experts. One day, when a particularly difficult for verification of artists for While there are theories and Museum facts, many much what-animal-is-it picture arose, one of the and business use the resources of no one knows or has ever found ideas, men speculation, researchers, as a last and desperate resource, the answer. Need- paged through the index and picture section less to say, the in- of an obsolete dictionary. To his joy he quirer was surprised found the identical picture, a wood-cut, in when no answer was the dictionary. The puzzle-makers had been forthcoming. using the pictures in this dictionary for their puzzle. After that the Museum worker was 'dry frog' brings fog ready for his phone calls. Very commonly the Upon occasion, more serious problems question requires com- come in. Probably one of the most in- plete rephrasing to teresting and spectacular pieces of Museum make sense. Some- detective work was done by Mr. Edmond times the questions Gueret, late Curator of Osteology. come in badly garbled. 'elementary, watson!' One classic example A detail from the force came to the was a telegram sent in police Museum and wished to see someone about by a frantic crossword bones. The two detectives were shown to puzzle addict who a wanted a five-letter Mr. Gueret's office. They showed him bone about a half-inch and asked word for a "dry frog tiny long if he could tell them about it. Mr. on the upper Nile, anything Gueret saw that it was the of a little beginning with the joint that the or ends of the letter 'q'." It was finger; epiphyses, were still which meant a given to the Curator bone, soft, young and he the to be a of Reptiles to answer. person; judged person He had never heard girl, because of the slenderness of the bone. Mr. Gueret handed the bone back. of a dry frog, espe- "What is it want to know about this cially on the upper you Nile. He searched bone?" he asked. found it in a furnace and we believe through the literature "We it be the bone of someone we are but found nothing. might for. Can us?" Painstakingly he be- looking you help is little of a human gan a systematic "It a joint of the finger She was a about 18 search through the being. young girl years of Does that q's in the dictionary. age. help?" astounded. At last he found the The detectives were How could he tell? word. It was qobar BIG £AR5, Mr. Gueret smiled and couldn't resist and it meant a dry fog on the Nile. In saying, "Elementary, my dear Watson, Cartoon by Peggy Colhngs Brown upper transcribing the mes- elementary!" the Museum to solve practical problems of sage someone had written frog for fog. The 40,000 Beetles Received industry. crossword puzzle fan received the correct With the aid of references, and the tech- answer by return wire—collect. The Museum recently acquired the larger nical knowledge of experts, many of the Several years ago, one of the newspaper part of the F. W. Nunnenmacher Collection questions that come to the Museum can be fads of the day was to run a series of prize- of North American Coleoptera (beetles) answered without too much difficulty. winning crossword puzzles. One part of the including 40,000 specimens, representing Generally the questions are simple and often game was to decipher several small badly 4,500 identified species, chiefly from the repeated, and need only the stock reply. drawn pictures of objects, usually animals. western United States. This acquisition In fact, should a Museum worker become so was particularly desirable because the 'big ears, bushy tail . . .' engrossed in his work as to be out of contact western species of this important group of with the outer world (as specialist scholars Inquiries poured into the Museum, usually insects had been rather poorly represented in the vein: are sometimes thought to be) , the questions following in the Museum's research collections. The asked would tell him what season of the year "Hello! Can you help me? I have an latter now contain between one-half and it was. Invariably spring is announced in animal. It has four feet, big ears, bushy tail, two-thirds of the 25,000 species of beetles the Department of Zoology when someone and is climbing a branch. What is it?" known to occur in North America. calls in to ask, "How long does it take a At first the Museum workers wondered Mr. Nunnenmacher was one of the best- robin's egg to hatch?" what strange form of animal life had invaded known of the older coleopterists, and his Probably because of the peculiarly blind the city, but soon they caught on when the was probably the only large general private faith the layman seems to have in the inquirers insisted that "the name must be collection of western beetles remaining. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 191,7

AUTOPSIES REVEAL CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG ZOO ANIMALS of respiratory infection causes fatalities, and By DOROTHY FOSS diseases of the nature of dog distemper may birds, especially the penguins, there is a be even of so ASSISTANT, DIVISION OF ANATOMY suspected. Mos.t epidemics that attacks the air sacs and fungus lungs, infectious a disease as distemper are usually The museum of natural can often often the history destroying lungs completely. halted before any great damage is done. use of the skins or skeletons of exotic At least three-fourths of all zoo make penguins The majority of hoofed animals that have mammals, birds and reptiles that die at die from this disease. Liver and kidney come under my observation have been and in some cases the disorders also rank in cause of zoological gardens, high death, antelopes. Acute digestive disorders seem to be the chief cause of death. Few cases of respiratory infection have been observed, and there have likewise been very few cases of tuberculosis. Zoo animals as a whole are much longer lived than their wild brothers, and have a better chance to survive when illness or injury strikes them. Few of them die of injuries, as fatal fights are very rare among the mammals, and only occasionally will a bird kill a cage mate. They also run less risk of picking up parasites if the proper precautions are taken, as their food is selected for them, and their surroundings are always clean. With the excellent care afforded the zoo animal, it is small wonder they usually add years to the span of life that would have been theirs in the natural state. Records of animals in zoos neverthe- less form our principal source of informa- tion on the longevity of animals other than THE BEST ZOO ANIMALS NEVER DIE- the domestic animals and man. — they relive at the Natural History Museum, as a result of co-operation established with Brookficld and Lincoln Park EXPERIENCE CONSISTENT Zoos. These emperor penguins, collected in Antarctica by Admiral Byrd (or Brookficld, died of a fungus disease, but have been salvaged in this habitat group at the Museum. As in all such general patterns, there are exceptions to the rule, but on the whole my entire animal may be preserved for anatomi- together with tuberculosis of various parts experience has been consistent. Respiratory cal study. The skins may be mounted for of the body. infections, including tuberculosis, seem to exhibition or may be prepared for the much Omitting insectivores, edentates, rodents, rank first in nearly all groups, with digestive more extensive study collections. The and water mammals, because they rarely disorders next, followed by other varied skeletons are carefully cleaned, and in reach the Museum, marsupials head the list types of disease. addition to their use by anatomists and on the cause of death in mammals. Kanga- Comparison of my notes with the records artists, their accumulation forms an essential roos and phalangers are the animals of this of the London Zoological Gardens over a base for the studies of paleontologists. group most frequently received. Kangaroos similar span of years, reveals considerable A by-product of the museum-zoo relation- are very susceptible to a disease referred to parallelism. Of the total number of bird ship, which functions especially well between as "lumpy jaw." This disease takes the deaths, more than half were from respiratory both Brookfield and Lincoln Park zoos, form of abscesses that form on the side of diseases, including tuberculosis. Next in and Chicago Natural History Museum, the jaws causing the destruction of the jaw- importance were digestive disorders. It is the accumulation of information as to bone, and resulting in the falling out of the must be remembered that in many cases, if causes of death among zoo animals. teeth. The animal is unable to take enough the animal had not already been weakened I am frequently asked to make autopsies nourishment, and death soon follows. A by other undetected disease, the respiratory of the animals received. Taking the animals few phalangers have been noted to have infection would not have gained the upper systematically by groups, the following lumpy jaw, but a greater majority of them hand. Some relation of incidence of disease general observations may be made: seem to die from an intestinal disorder. It is types' to age of the animal is to be expected. Diseases of reptiles, on the whole, are not known whether or not the lumpy jaw of somewhat difficult to diagnose. Internal marsupials is a disease related to the condi- An exhibit in Hall 34 contains pictures are found tion so in domestic cattle. parasites frequently, although termed taken without light, by emanations from there is doubt as to whether such parasites In the primates (lemurs, monkeys, and the radium contained in uranium and are the cause of the death. Snakes fre- apes), respiratory diseases lead in cause of thorium minerals. quently get a disease of the mouth that death, with digestive disorders in second interferes with eating, and if not treated, place. For a period of time a large per- results in death. centage of deaths was caused by tuberculo- Visiting Hours Change March 1 sis, but in the past three or four years this LUNGS ARE BIRDS' WEAK ORGAN disease seems to have been practically Beginning March 1, spring visiting The most serious diseases of birds are eliminated from our local zoological gardens. hours, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., will replace respiratory. Tuberculosis of the lungs is The primates on the whole seem to be a the winter schedule of 9 to 4. The hours will continue in effect until not observed as often as is an acute respira- healthy lot, repiratory diseases being their new after the tory infection that kills the bird quickly. greatest enemy. April 30, which Museum will 9 A.M. to 6 p.m. until Weakened by other afflictions, birds die of The carnivores are rather long-lived, and be open from the acute lung infection before curative a good many of them seem to succumb to the September 1 (Labor Day). measures can be applied. Among water infirmities of old age. Occasionally a form March, 1U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

TALE OF A NECK— Amphichelydia, could not do this. Retract- SPECIAL NEW FEATURES ADDED THE TURTLE'S ibility of the head and neck developed in TO CHILDREN'S PROGRAMS By RAINER ZANGERL the course of time, and was accomplished The spring series of free programs for CURATOR OF FOSSIL REPTILES in two radically different ways, the two children presented by the James Nelson and solutions of the problem being by no means Most persons think of anatomical features Anna Louise Raymond Foundation, includ- in terms of their or equally efficient. merely beauty ugliness. ing motion pictures and several special fea- But structural of animals In both solutions the neck is strongly many peculiarities tures, will be given on Saturday mornings are of interest because show the curved; in all the so-called cryptodire tur- general they during March and April. The programs tles the curve lies in the vertical plane of workings of evolution. Living things are begin at 10:30 a.m. in the James Simpson the whereas in the adjusted to their surroundings and there is a body (see Fig. 1), Theatre of the Museum. or "side neck turtles" the distinct relationship between the structural pleurodires loop The special features include a lecture on organization of an and the func- is formed in the horizontal plane of the organism reptiles demonstrated with living specimens tions that it Such animal (Fig. 2). In the cryptodires the performs. bodily adjust- and other materials, a complete marionette neck is into the interior of the shell ments to particular functions are, pulled however, show presented on the stage, and three not of the same kind and conse- where it is totally hidden from view and always motion picture programs accompanied by quently far from efficient. An thus completely protected, but in the side- equally personal appearances of lecturers who will which will demonstrate this neck turtles it can only be pulled underneath example clearly tell the story of the films. the front lobes of the where it is fact is described below— the interesting shell, always Children come alone, visible from the outside. may accompanied ability of the turtles to retract their heads partly or in from etc. are most familiar to since by adults, groups schools, and necks under the protective cover of Cryptodires us, Following is an outline of the programs: their shells. all North American turtles are included in turtles this group. Pleurodires are mainly tropical The have the most peculiarly March 1 —Fishing in a Big Way. modified anatomy found among vertebrates. in their distribution, but in the geological Color motion picture showing salmon run past they inhabited the northern temperate and entire story of salmon. Lobster zones as well. Members of the modern fishing and catches off Nova Scotia. genus Podocnemis of the pleurodire group Also a cartoon. have recently been described from the late Cretaceous marls of Arkansas and March 8—The Story of Reptiles. by Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Told and demonstrated with materials, Zoology in this Museum, and by the writer. charts and living specimens by Jack The representatives of the genus Podocne- Raymon, Director, Kentucky Reptile mis are freshwater animals and have an Garden. interesting, discontinuous geographical dis- tribution at present: seven species inhabit March 15—The Crow and the Fox. northern South America and one species is A stage production by The Foltake restricted to Madagascar. This fact was Marionette Studio—Basil Milovsoroff, widely used, in the past, as evidence in favor artist-producer, of Thetford Center, of intercontinental land which bridges along . these animals were supposed to have reached their present distribution areas. March 22—Revival of Spring. Fossil of the were found in species genus Color motion pictures of effects of spring the Cretaceous of North and South America; on animals, birds, flowers and people. in the Paleocene of the Congo; in the Eocene 1. X-RAYS OF A CRYPTODIRE Fig. of England, and India; in the Oligo- March 29—High Country. The common mud turtle, Sternotherus odoratus. In side of and in the cene Germany and Egypt; Color motion picture of big game in the view (above), the neck vertebrae (arrow) form an "S" Miocene of Malta and Egypt. Thus the mountains of Colorado; told shaped loop inside the shell. In dorsal view (below), the story by neck is retracted into the interior of the shell (arrow). Alfred Bailey, Director, Colorado Mu- seum of Natural History. The major part of the body is encased in a April 5—Insect Neighbors. solid, bony box, open in front and back to permit the head and neck, the limbs and Also a cartoon. the tail to be extended from it, or to be April 12—Said the Owl to the Spoon- retracted under its protective margin. The bill. shoulder girdle and the pelvic bones, to Color motion which the limbs are attached, lie inside picture; accompanying Peter Koch. rather than outside of the ribs, as they do in story by all other vertebrates. The vertebral column April 19—The Earth "Blows Her Top." is fused with the bony shell in the trunk Story of volcanoes, by Winona Hinkley. region. The tail is usually short. The vertebrae of the neck are greatly elongated, 26—Wings Over Ireland. Fig. 2. X-RAY OF A PLEURODIRE April always eight in number, and the joints Rhinemys nasuta has the neck vertebrae in front of the Also a cartoon. between these vertebrae are so developed shoulder girdle (arrow). Compare with Fig. 1 (below). that they permit considerable freedom of movement, a matter of great importance to paleontological record indicates clearly that cies occur in marine shoreline deposits, and an animal with an otherwise rigid body. the genus had a wide, probably holarctic the species of the late Eocene of Egypt Most modern turtles are capable of retract- distribution in its early history, which, in were discovered in estuarine beds, indicating ing the head under the protective rim of the itself, dispenses with the necessity for the that the dispersal of the genus might, at shell, or, at least, of bringing it close to the hypothetical assumption of land bridges. least in part, have taken place along the shell, but the early turtles, the extinct Furthermore, both North American spe- continental shores. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1U7

Chicago Natural History Museum Indians Before Columbus contains 122 Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 illustrations, a glossary of archaeological Shore Books Rooserelt Road and Lake DrWe, Chicago terms, an extensive bibliography, and a Telephone: Wabash 9410 full index. (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are The authors are members of the Museum's THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES available in The Book Shop of the Museum. Mail orders accompanied by remittance are Anthropology staff. Dr. Martin is Chief Lester Armour Marshall Jr. Field, —The the Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field promptly filled Book Shop pays Curator, Mr. Quimby, Curator of Exhibits, Blair Jr. on W. McCormick Samuel Insull, postage shipments.) and Mr. Collier, Curator of South American Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham Boardman Conover Hughston M. McBain and are all Trinidad Melville J. Hersko- Ethnology Archaeology. They Walter J. Cummings Wiluam H. Mitchell Village. By also Research Associates of the Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall vits and Frances S. Herskovits. Alfred A. Department Howard W. Fbnton George A. Richardson of Anthropology at the University of Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith Knopf, New York, 1947, 348 pp., price $4.75. Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten Chicago. John P. Wilson For many years Dr. M. J. Herskovits, The book will be reviewed in the next OFFICERS Professor of Anthropology at Northwestern issue of the Bulletin. Stanley Field President University, has been well known as a leading Marshall Field First Vice-President B. Jr. Second Vice-President authority on problems relating to the physi- Albert Dick, Technical Publications Issued Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President cal anthropology and ethnology of American Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Negroes. In this extensive research in the The following technical publications were John R. Millar Assistant Secretary United States, West Indies, and South issued by Chicago Natural History Museum America Dr. Herskovits has been ably recently: assisted his wife. THE BULLETIN by Anthropological Series, Vol. 33, No. 4. EDITOR The interest of these two scholars was Changing Kinship Systems. By Alexander Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum first aroused during a temporary stay in Spoehr. Jan. 17, 1947. 85 pages, 13 ASSOCIATE EDITOR Trinidad where they heard of local worship drawings. $1. Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of the African god Shango. Years later Emeritus, Zoology Fieldiana—Anthropology, Vol. 36, No. 3. were able to out a CONTRIBUTING EDITORS they carry systematic Cranial Capacities, A Study in Methods. observation in a selected area of Trinidad. Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology By Wilfrid D. Hambly. Feb. 4, 1947. The©: OR Just Curator of Botany Chief The book carefully outlines the economic 52 Sharat K. ROY Chief Curator of Geology pages. $0.75. Karl P. Schmidt. . . Chief Curator of Zoology conditions of that area and shows these Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 7. The MANAGING EDITOR fundamentals in relation to the family and South American Rodents of the Genus H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel social structure. The general major portion Neotomys. By Colin Campbell Sanborn. describes of the work religious beliefs, Jan. 20, 1947. 8 pages, 2 text figures. Members are requested to Inform the Museum divination and magic, and the technique $0.15. promptly of changes of address. of spiritual revivals. Both the lay reader and the scientific man will find great GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM OUT OF THIS WORLD!' interest in the strange combination of is a list of of the beliefs and rites to a remote African Following some principal Each the time of the National relating year during received during the last month: religious background now blended with wor- gifts 4-H Club Conference in Chicago, the dele- ship as conducted by the "Shouters" sect Department of Anthropology: gates visit the Museum as a part of their in some parts of America. From: Miss Marcia — carefully worked out schedule. For the Capps, Minneapolis The book is illustrated and has an a shell Hawaii. ensuing several months, the Director lei, appendix of additional scientific material receives letters of appreciation from them. Department of Botany: relating to Shango, the God of Thunder of The following enthusiastic letter was written From: Mrs. Clifford Stout, Barrington, the Yoruba of Nigeria, West Africa. — by a visitor from Rhode Island: people 111. 39 herbarium specimens, Illinois; Miss There is an adequate index and a useful Louise — herbarium "Your Museum of Natural History is Raddin, Chicago 1,250 Illinois, Africa, Chile, and India; simply out of this world. When I went I bibliography. specimens, Wilfrid D. Hamblv. M. Acosta Solis, Quito, Ecuador—8,000 thought it would probably be very dry, but Curator, African Ethnology. herbarium specimens, Ecuador. I quickly changed my mind as soon as I of stepped inside the door. Department Zoology: "Your animals are so real and alive. From: N. L. H. Krauss, Summit, Canal They 3 MUSEUM ANTHROPOLOGISTS Zone—27 specimens of lizards, snakes, and look as if they're just awaiting there for you COLLABORATE ON BOOK amphibians, and 7 sea shells, Panama; to come up and pet them. Someday if I Indians Columbus— Years Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. ever get to Chicago again I hope to come to Before 10,000 —2 capybaras and a black bear cub; H. S. museum and draw some of of North American History Revealed by your your Ducoff, Chicago— 112 coral reef fishes, Archaeology, by Dr. Paul S. Martin, Mr. animals. Do you mind? Saipan; G. S. Cansdale, Oda, Gold Coast, I. and Mr. Donald "I want to thank you for the wonderful George Quimby, Collier, Africa—a flying mouse, Gold Coast; United the of afternoon in your museum. I enjoyed has just been released by University States National Museum, Washington, Press. It be obtained from the every minute of it and I only wish I could Chicago may D.C.—9 lizards, Syria. Museum Book ($6). spend more time there someday. Who Shop Library: it is claimed, is the first time such a knows though, maybe someday I'll be back." This, From: Mrs. Frank W. Carson, Pasadena, account of the history of the comprehensive Calif.; Dr. Henry Field, Cuernavaca, North American Indian has ever been Mexico; Stuart H. Perry, Tucson, Ariz.; Agate in Ancient Times. gathered together. Much of the informa- Stanley Field, Lake Forest, 111.; and Donald Agate was once more highly esteemed tion has never before been published. From Collier, Boardman Conover, and Rupert L. than it is at present. Theophrastus, who the remains of the material culture of early Wenzel, all of Chicago. wrote his History of Stones in the 3rd Americans (pottery, mounds, cliff houses, Raymond Foundation: "The is also an century B.C., says, agate and stone tools) the authors have recon- From: George W. Parker, Bloomington, elegant stone. Its name is from the river structed history from earliest times until III. —47 color slides; S. L. Gibbons, Chicago Achate in Sicily. It is sold at a great price." the period of first contacts with Europeans. —13 color slides. March, 19^7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

A RARE TROPICAL PLANT IS FOUND BY MUSEUM BOTANIST STAFF NOTES BY JULIAN A. STEYERMARK treeS) , ianaS( and varj ous y^ o{ orch;ds About 200 yards from the camp my atten- Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of One of the most spectacular plants is tion was suddenly attracted by a display of Botany, has been appointed Research the Madagascar palm (Ravenala mada- large banana-like plants growing among the Associate in the Department of Botany gascariensis). Not a true palm but rather palms. The large strap-shaped leaves, at Northwestern University Mr. a member of the banana family (Musaceae), strongly ascending in a fan-shaped arrange- Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, it grows wild on the island of Madagascar. ment, surmounted a trunk about 35 feet will lecture at Antioch College, Yellow Its large banana-like long-stalked leaves tall and five inches in diameter. Standing Springs, Ohio, on March 6 John spread majestically, double-ranked into a stiffly among the leaves was an erect cluster, W. Winn, Assistant in the Division of large fan-like cluster atop a woody trunk, a couple of feet in length, of white and green Fishes, recently spent several days in the which may attain a height of 35 feet. flowers embedded in large bluish-green boat- Museum of Fishes at the University of Moreover, it is the only true woody mem- shaped bracts which spread in two directions Michigan, Ann Arbor, on special research. ber of the banana family, the banana itself from the main axis. The appearance of the .... Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of being considered not a tree, but a giant latter suggested a giant Heliconia, a com- African Ethnology, will participate in the herbaceous plant. mon genus of the banana family meeting of the African Anthropology Com- Because of its striking appearance, it has It was not possible to survey the entire mittee of the National Research Council, commanded much attention and is culti- extent of the stand at this locality, but many to be held at Northwestern University in vated as an ornamental tree in all tropical plants were counted within a half-mile Evanston on March 1. This committee's regions. It receives the name "traveler's radius. At the time of the discovery, I was work is a continuation of that inaugurated tree" from the fact that refreshing draughts not aware of the rarity and uniqueness of the by the same body for aid to the government are often obtained by travelers from the plant I was collecting. After returning to during the war. water caught and stored in the large cup-like the Museum nearly a year later, I had an bases of the leaf-stalks. A good photograph opportunity of studying this material, and LAYMAN LECTURES RESUMED; of the cultivated plant and an exhibit of a the identification revealed that this plant of the dried are in was indeed the famous Ravenala 2 TOPICS EACH SUNDAY portion plant displayed guianensis. Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall of It is the first record for this species from After an absence of a month for an out-of- Plant Life (Hall 29); there is also a large Venezuela. In French Guiana it is known town lecture Mr. Paul G. the tour, Dallwig, mural by the late Charles A. Corwin, for as "bosch-banaan" (bush or wild banana). will resume his Layman Lecturer, Sunday many years the Museum Staff Artist. Of additional interest is the fact that the — and afternoons— appearances mornings Besides the species known from Mada- giant leaves, measuring 10 to 20 feet in at the Museum on in March Sundays gascar, a second one, Ravenala guianensis, length, were used by the workmen on the and (March 2, 9, 16, 23, 30). also of limited occurrence and rarity, grows expedition for thatch to cover some of the The of his lectures this subject morning wild in the Guianas and Brazil, and recently temporary shelters in camp. In this con- month will be "The Romance of Our Ameri- has been found in a native state in a remote nection it is interesting to note that the can on each of the same Forests"; Sunday portion of southeastern Colombia. During leaves of this species in British Guiana and afternoons the will be "Miracles in subject exploration for quinine-yielding plants in the one of Madagascar are likewise used by Wood." The lectures at morning begin South America, I led an expedition on the the natives as thatch material. the afternoon ones at 2:30. 11:30, upper Orinoco River to Mount Duida in Pollination of the large flowers may be In the lecture on Mr. morning forests, southern Venezuela. At the base of that effected, at least in part, by birds, since they will tell of the vital Dallwig currently famous mountain a temporary camp was are known to visit the flowers of the species involved in the conservation of problems made along a rocky stream hemmed in by of Madagascar, as well as those of certain this renewable natural resource. He great dense luxuriant rain-forest, consisting mostly bananas and the bird-of-paradise flower will also information present interesting of large palms and many kinds of forest (Slrelitzia reginae) of the same family. about trees and, in a lighter vein, will relate interesting Paul Bunyan tales. The dra- matic part of the lecture includes a sketch depicting early logging operations. The afternoon lectures on "Miracles in Wood" will cover some of the new uses for this material recently discovered by scien- tists. Mr. Dallwig will explain the startling new scientific discoveries based on the chemistry of wood, making it possible to produce ethyl alcohol, plastics, and other commercial products out of "wood wastes." He will explain the terms "hardwood" and "softwood"; tell about plywood, veneers, etc.; and describe how fine woods are imitated in furniture and how to detect such imitations. The heavy demand by the public for Mr. Dallwig's lectures, and the necessity of limiting the size of each audience, make it essential to require advance reservations. In April, Mr. Dallwig's lectures will be "Who's Who in the Museum Zoo" (morn- ing) and "The History, Mystery, and Ro- mance of Museums" (afternoon). MADAGASCAR TRAVELER'S TREE -MURAL IN HALL OF PLANT LIFE Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 19U7

THE SECRET OF YOUR AGE rounder, and have thinner margins than NEW MEMBERS IS IN YOUR BONES those of the male. The following persons became Members By WILFRID D. HAMBLY On the under side of the skull, the sex of the Museum during the period from CURATOR, AFRICAN ETHNOLOGY differences are seen in the larger mastoids, January 16 to February 15: and in the broader Men and women, particularly the women, palate and larger teeth of the male. Contributors of all times and places have made cunning The arm and bones of attempts to cheat Nature and to give a false leg males are, on Dr. Maurice L. Richardson of the of Thou- the average, longer than the corresponding impression passage years. Associate Members bones of and the sands of years ago, Egyptian women females, male bones have Mrs. Harry L. Canmann, Mrs. John enhanced the beauty of their lustrous black stronger ridges to accommodate heavier Favill, Colin S. Gordon, Dr. Blair S. the use of a dark named muscular attachments. eyes by pigment Latshaw, Miss Anna J. Wavrinek. "kohl" and there has been (antimony), SKELETAL RECORDS OF AGE widespread use of tattooing, facial cosmetics, Annual Members At birth, a human skull comprises elaborate hairdressing, and personal orna- many Mrs. Thaddeus V. Adesko, Lynn W. bones which are Some ments. All this, like the modern "hair-do" distinctly separated. Beman, Henry J. Beutel, Frederic A. of the bones, such as those on the and Earl J. Phil S. Dickin- and other mysteries of a beauty parlor, was top Birmingham, Bush, sides of the have saw-like John J. Mrs. C. intended to rejuvenate and cheat the records skull, edges son, Downey, Raymond which Miss Jane Will S. of Father Time. (sutures) gradually grow together. Dudley, Dyon, Ellis, At the of 50 all trace of the sutures W. A. Figueira, Samuel Fishman, Reuben Case 8 recently added to age years, Chauncey Keep S. Charles Y. Charles has usually disappeared and the dome of Flacks, Freeman, Jr., Memorial Hall (Races of Mankind, Hall 3) B. Joshua B. Mrs. A. N. the skull looks like one bone. Genther, Glasser, may be a disappointment to the girls in Hauter, Mrs. John R. Heyworth, Ray R. The ends of the long bones of arms and showing that, despite all efforts to the con- Hutmacher, Lee D. Jalkut, Joseph J. Janda, legs show a distinct division from the shafts trary, Nature keeps a careful account of the Charles D. Kaufmann, Mrs. John Lord in but these divisions years as they go by, marking the changes in infancy, generally King, Judson Large, Mrs. Luther M. have before the of 25 the skull and long bones. disappeared age years. Lorance, Justin MacKiewich, Mrs. L. G. Teeth are often a reliable to Arnold H. William Every reader has been impressed by some guide age Maison, Maremont, because there is a order of Markoff, E. S. Marsh, Mrs. Louise C. M. newspaper story which gives an account of regular appear- ance. The first to are the Martin, Mrs. Alfred C. Meyer, Glenn A. the gruesome discovery of a skeleton or appear juvenile Milleren, John T. Moran, Holbrook Mul- of a (milk) teeth. These are replaced in regular perhaps the finding of parts skull under P. M. Mrs. the ford, Murphy, George Pearson, circumstances The sequence by adult (permanent) teeth. suggesting tragedy. Miss Bonita V. Plimpton, John C. Price, The third molars (wisdom teeth) usually reader has perhaps wondered in what way Samuel R. Rappold, Dr. Thomas P. Saltiel, at the of 18 to 21 years, sometimes an expert came to the conclusion that the erupt age George H. Schulz, J. R. Selby, Dr. H. Regi- rather later. bones represent a male adult of more than nald Smith, Mrs. Adlai E. Stevenson, James With the angle of the H. William M. M. G. twenty-five years, or a young female of advancing age jaw Tatman, Trumbull, grows wider. Teeth fall out and the VanBuskirk, Mrs. Ethel R. VanSchaick, eighteen years. The new exhibit in this margin of the becomes a Herman S. Waldstein, Allen M. Weary, Museum illustrates in a simple way the jaw thin, bony edge. Maurice Webster, Alfred C. West, Mrs. skeletal differences of sex, and the changes NATURE DECEIVES THE EXPERTS Seymour Wheeler, Mrs. Jay N. Whipple, in skull bones which take place and long J. Mrs. Lucille Mother Nature seems in some instances W. Whyte, Wickersham, from birth to maturity, and beyond. E. Williams, G. J. to be whimsical and even with a sense of Ralph Willingham, A favorite test imposed on a student of Henry F. Woulfe, Maurice M. Zusser. humor in deceiving the scientist with regard physical anthropology consists of supplying to age, sex, and even race. The scientist is the young aspirant with a large miscel- sure of his but mis- has been unavoidable in instances of the laneous collection of human bones in a general principles, just trustful enough of the exceptions to temper discovery of certain remains of fossil man fragmentary condition. The student is his decisions with caution. of great antiquity. Therefore judgments asked to unite the appropriate fragments so A reference to the deceptions of Nature are always cautiously expressed, and the as to reconstruct them, and he is required in regard to age has been given. The sex prudent man leaves himself a back door to state how many persons are represented, traits are sometimes contradictory in a open from which he can escape if further also their probable age and sex. This certain skull. The skull is small and feels evidence challenges his original judgment. sounds like the $64 question of a radio light when poised in the hand, so suggesting Human bones are always white through quiz, but the guiding principles are simple, female traits. But the mastoids and brow life, and a visitor should not be misled by though not absolutely infallible in certain ridges are large and the ridges for muscular the brown or even black surface of some of individual instances. Owing to a variety attachments are strong. In a collection of a the skulls in this exhibit. The dark color is of causes—diet, work, disease—there may be hundred skulls there will always be a few of post mortem, and may be due to the burial an unusual speeding up or a retarding of the these sex problems. of skulls. Some people preserve the skulls natural processes indicative of age. In most races, the sex characters are of ancestors and of captured enemies as SEX DIFFERENCES IN BONES clearly marked with the few exceptions well, in the rafters of the home. There they In general, the male has the larger and noted above. Yet in some people, the rest perhaps for many generations, to be heavier skull. The larger brain-box of the ancient Egyptians for instance, males were blackened by smoke from domestic fires. male does not necessarily denote higher of slender build and their bones have some- The chemical changes due to aging bone intelligence than that of the female. Brain what feminine qualities. cannot easily be demonstrated to visitors. weight is proportionate to body weight, and Work is a factor in enlarging and strength- Perhaps no demonstration is necessary. males are on the average considerably heavi- ening muscles. Consequently, in tribes Our visitors know, perhaps, from painful er than females. where women are the agriculturalists, who experience, or by observation of aged The differences of sex are further shown hoe the fields and carry produce, the ridges relatives, that the gelatinous binding by the heavier brow ridges of the male, his for muscular attachments are unduly material of bone decreases. The matter more massive jaw, and, at the back of the developed. then becomes extremely brittle. Fractures skull, strong ridges for muscular attach- A scientist naturally dislikes to base his are easily sustained, and the process of ments. The eyesockets of the female are opinions on fragmentary remains, but this repair is slow.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Natur History Museum Chicago BU Formerly Mijseum News

Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 APRIL, 1947 No. 4

LIFE IN THE DEEP SOUTH CENTURIES BEFORE THE FIRST WHITE MEN ARRIVED

By GEORGE I. QUIMBY villagers threw their refuse on the floor or made of bone and antler. These were CURATOR OF EXHIBITS, ANTHROPOLOGY out the door, thus easily disposing of their conical and socketed for hafting. A visual story of prehistoric Georgia is refuse and at the same time building a solid, Various kinds of fish were caught with shown in a new exhibit recently installed in well-drained platform for their village. bone hooks or nets weighted down with the Museum's Hall of American Archae- The Late Savannah River Indians used small perforated soapstone slabs or notched ology (Hall B). This new exhibit illustrates tools and weapons of stone, wood, and bone, soapstone pebbles. Large ovate and tri-

( \

^iK^jtA

SOUTHERN HUNTERS IKOIANl OF CEOtCl* A. D. 900 - tOO s?

PREHISTORIC GEORGIA-CULTURAL FEATURES OF THE LATE SAVANNAH RIVER INDIANS. A.D. 500-900

the culture of the Late Savannah River and ornaments of bone and shell. Lacking angular knives were made of chipped stone, Indians as it existed in the period about the bow and arrow, they hunted with the as were cross-shaped and expanded base A.D. 500-900. spear and spear-thrower. The spear- drills. Fully grooved or three-quarter The Late Savannah River Indians occu- thrower was a device for throwing a spear grooved axes were made of stone by grind- pied the coastal plains of Georgia, southern with greater force than could be achieved ing and polishing. Whetstones may have South Carolina, and northeastern Florida. by hand only. This weapon consisted of a been used for shaping bone tools. Large They made their living by hunting, fishing, wooden shaft about 15 or 20 inches long. and small spherical stones were used as and the gathering of shellfish and vegetal At one end of the shaft was a handle or hammers. foods such as nuts, seeds, roots, and berries. grip. At the other end was a socketed antler Stone mortars and disk-shaped mullers Their villages were groups of simple shelters hook for engaging the butt of the spear. or grinders were probably used in the prepa- built on top of refuse dumps of discarded For purposes of greater momentum and ration of collected foods —nuts, roots, wild clamshells, animal bone, broken pottery, force, stone weights were attached to the seeds, and the like. There were a number and other junk. spear-thrower shaft. These weights were of styles of bone awls, antler flakers, antler The refuse dump or midden was much prism- and wing-shaped bannerstones, rec- handles, cylindrical tubes, spatulas, and like a modern city dump, except that people tanguloid bars, and boat-shaped stones. chisels. were living on top of it. A modern city Spears were made of wood or cane and Necklaces were made of small disk-shaped dump usually is located at the periphery of tipped with large lopsided triangular points beads of stone or shell, spherical shell beads, the city and refuse from all over the city is chipped from flint or hard slate. These and tubular shell beads. Another style of transported to the dump. The ancient points had stems which were used in bead was manufactured by cutting the dump or midden of the Indians was beneath hafting the point to the wood or cane spear spires from olivella shells. Rectangular the village and very convenient, too. The shaft. Other types of spear points were pendants with single holes used for suspen- Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 191,7 sion were made of bone or shell, and two- SPOEHR FLIES TO MICRONESIA; Assistant Curator, will begin about the hole bar gorgets were made of ground stone. OTHER 1947 EXPEDITIONS second week in June a ten-week circle and short bone pins of various styles journey in various fields from the Adiron- Long The Museum's first expedition of the 1947 have been ornaments. Some of these dack Mountains to various sites in the Far may season was launched March 16, when Dr. were decorated with painted or incised West to collect physical economic Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic geology, geology, and metallic mineral specimens. designs. Ethnology, left Chicago for San Francisco, with in Mr. Pottery was made of clay tempered from where he flew to the South Pacific Early June, Bryan Patterson, moss or other fiber. Curator of and Mr. James H. Spanish vegetal Only groups of islands known as Micronesia. Paleontology, bowls were manufactured. Most bowls Quinn, Chief Preparator in Dr. Spoehr is a lieutenant in the U. S. Naval Paleontology, were but were decorated with will to Colorado to collect of plain, many Reserve who served in naval aviation during go specimens and linear prehistoric vertebrate mammals. punctate punctate impressions the war largely in the area he will now survey. in On Mr. William of arranged simple geometric patterns. The Micronesian expedition marks the April 15, Turnbull, the of will leave for The dead were deposited in graves dug resumption of the Museum's long-standing Department Geology, of these Alabama to collect of fossil into the midden. Some graves were interest in the peoples of the Pacific area, specimens turtles. Dr. Rainer Curator of round pits. The bodies were flexed, anthropologists from the Museum previously Zangerl, and in Fossil will conduct an extended, or disarticulated placed having worked years ago among the native Reptiles, expedition the burials to collect fossil turtles in Washekie bundles. Probably bundle repre- peoples of the Philippines, the Netherlands Basin, of the dead: sented a secondary deposition East Indies, the Malay Peninsula, and the Wyoming. burial of the bones of individuals that had islands of Melanesia. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of will the on either been buried elsewhere and disinterred Dr. Spoehr will conduct his work among Zoology, go during summer an to Texas for the continuation of or that had been allowed partly to decom- the natives of the Marshall Islands, one of expedition studies pose before burial. Burial furniture was the groups formerly mandated to Japan. zoogeographic carried on in previous not abundant, although there were grave The purpose of the expedition is to study years. of and ornaments Mr. Colin Curator offerings tools, weapons, the present-day social, economic, and politi- Campbell Sanborn, of Mr. with some of the burials. cal structure of the native society in order Mammals, accompanied by Louis The Late Savannah River Indians were to determine how contact with modern de la Torre from the University of Michi- descended from the Early Savannah River western civilization has affected native cul- gan, will conduct an expedition to Texas and its to Indians, who had the same kind of culture, ture and what its present characteristics are. Mexico, purpose being collect of mammals. for the most part, but lacked pottery. The results of the expedition are expected specimens Mr. Clifford H. of Although the Early and Late Savannah to be of value both in the comparative study Pope, Curator River cultures are part of the same con- of native cultures and as a means of provid- Amphibians and Reptiles, will conduct a two-months' in western tinuum, the latter culture is particularly ing the factual basis necessary in the expedition New to the interesting because it is indicative of the successful administration of the island Mexico survey reptiles and amphib- ians in the forests of certain areas whose early transition from ancient hunting cul- peoples. tures to later agricultural peoples. "The United States has found itself in the fauna is incompletely known and to study the altitudinal distribution of in the By looking at the new exhibit, a Museum position of having acquired the former reptiles mountains from to feet visitor can obtain most of the information mandated Japanese islands through con- 2,500 14,000 altitude. Dr. Fritz Curator of Lower that I have just presented more easily and quest, but without having an adequate Haas, Mr. more quickly than by reading this article. knowledge of the native inhabitants," says Invertebrates, accompanied by Joseph B. will con- The objects shown in the exhibit were Dr. Spoehr. Krstolich, Artist-Preparator, duct an in to the excavated from a Late Savannah River The Micronesian Expedition is also part expedition Bermuda study life of — sea Indian refuse dump or shell midden in of a wider program for the co-ordinated coral reefs corals, Crustacea, sea sea and Georgia. The new exhibit was created by investigation of Micronesian anthropology, anemones, urchins, cucumbers, Mr. Gustaf Dalstrom, artist in the Depart- sponsored by the Pacific Science Board of fishes. As a contribution to the Mr. ment of Anthropology. the Navy Department. Museum, Dr. Spoehr stopped in Honolulu for some and Mrs. William Street have arranged both to finance and conduct an preparatory studies at the University of expedition The cross-shaped staurolite twins, some- Hawaii and the Bishop Museum. Thence to Alaska, in May, to collect specimens of the Alaska brown bear for a times called "fairy stones," of which ex- his itinerary carries him to Kwajalein and (Kodiak bear) amples are shown in the Museum's mineral Majuro in the Marshall Islands. About new group in the Museum. Mr. C. J. are often used as charms or a staff taxidermist at collection, luck July 10, he will to Guam and the Marian- Albrecht, formerly stones. the has been to accom- as, where he will engage in further work at Museum, engaged Saipan and Tinian. Late in the summer he pany the expedition as a special representa- tive of the institution. On his return Mr. will return to his post at the Museum. Albrecht will mount and install the new- Other CHANGING YOUR ADDRESS? Expeditions group at the Museum. Ten other expeditions are still to be dis- The expeditions in the field, carried over Members of the Museum who patched from the Museum later in the 1947 from 1946, include a botanical expedition change residence are urged to season, and four that departed in 1946 are to Central American countries, being con- notify the Museum so that the remaining in the field. ducted by Mr. Paul C. Standley, Curator BULLETIN and other communi- The expeditions scheduled to go are: of the Herbarium; a zoological expedition cations may reach them promptly. An Archaeological Expedition to the to Trinidad in the British West Indies, being A post card for this purpose is en- Southwest, to excavate prehistoric Indian conducted by Mr. Frank C. Wonder, closed. sites in New Mexico under the leadership of Staff Taxidermist; a botanical expedition to Members going away during the Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of the interior of Cuba, being conducted by summer may have Museum mat- Anthropology, will be in the field from June Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator Emeritus of ter to sent their temporary 15 to September 15. Botany; and a zoological expedition to the addresses. Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of Philippine Islands under the leadership of Geology, and Mr. Harry E. Changnon, Capt. Harry Hoogstraal. April, 1U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

HUNTING RABBITS bases, and between the trees are many HARES AND EXOTIC RODENTS WITHOUT A GUN conelike "knees" that project above the ADDED TO EXHIBITS By PAUL C. STANDLEY water and are supposed to serve as breath- Recent acquisitions have made possible CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM ing organs. The lower part of the trunk the exhibition of formerly unrepresented The Everglades that comprise all southern often is hollow, as the sequel proved. rodents from South America, Asia, and Florida are an almost perfectly flat area only RABBIT CAUGHT BY HAND Africa. These have been added to the screen a few feet above sea level, from which the of exotic rodents and hares in Hall 15. The summer rains drain very slowly. Most of the We had not proceeded far when the dog Peruvian viscacha, a larger relative of the land consists of pine savannas with a low raised a rabbit and began barking madly on chinchilla, which lives at altitudes from growth of grasses and hundreds of kinds of its trail. • At the edge of the swamp the dog 3,000 to 16,000 feet in the Andes, is now small plants, many with beautiful flowers. was soon barking at the foot of a rather shown. Also, the large burrowing bamboo Interspersed through the pine woods are small and slender cypress in whose base rat of China, so called because it feeds bald-cypress "hammocks," slight depres- there was an inconspicuous opening. The sions, usually with a pond in the center, trunk was tapped tentatively with the containing many water plants and sur- hatchet; then a hole was cut some four feet rounded by dense thickets of myrtle and above the base (often it is cut still higher) other shrubs. with the hatchet through the thin wood. Among the shrubs arise tall cypress trees A hand thrust upward into the hollow with slender pale trunks whose bark is grasped the hind legs of the panting animal almost like soft velvet. The hammocks and hauled him from his retreat. occupy places usually filled elsewhere by This is the conventional method of rabbit rivers—there are no real rivers here, at best hunting in the Everglades, economical of small streams—and along the chains of ammunition and with few failures. The hammocks the water drains slowly to sea. rabbit is so tightly wedged into the narrow Great areas of savanna and hammock channel within the tree trunk, pushing land remain even in those parts of the Ever- upward just as far as his head permits glades where vegetables and citrus fruits are him to climb, that one wonders that he can cultivated, and these wild areas are one of free himself when he feels safe again. the most densely populated refuges of wild In New Mexico, almost 40 years ago, I saw life to be found anywhere in the United another quite different kind of rabbit States. Birds live here in countless numbers hunting by the Spanish-speaking residents HUTIA CONGA despite the disappearance of such former of the Rio Grande Valley near Las Cruces. Specimen presented by the Chicago Zoological Society residents as the Carolina parrakeet and the These people, who have inhabited the valley great rarity of others, such as the flamingo for many centuries, are descendants of largely on bamboo, and the Patagonian and ivory-billed woodpecker. agricultural Indians like the Pueblos of cavy, a large almost tailless rodent of the more northern New Mexico, and cling Argentine pampas, are now exhibited. VENOMOUS SNAKES tenaciously to many ancient customs. Of especial interest is the arboreal hutia There are uncomfortable numbers of from one of ten forms of hutias ANNUAL DRIVE conga Cuba, moccasins and rattlesnakes. Alligators — — found in the West Indies. As the heavy persist even in well-settled areas and may Here it was formerly and may still be forests are cleared for agriculture or grazing, be seen along or even on the paved roads. customary to hold a rabbit drive once a year these mammals are gradually becoming Wild turkeys and deer are bagged in large or oftener, usually in late autumn. The rarer. Some have been successfully raised numbers during the open season, and in the affair was directed by a responsible "chief" in captivity and were found to make gentle most remote swamps black bear and of the rabbit hunt, who marshaled as many and interesting pets. Only one or two panthers survive. men and boys as possible, armed at least young are born at a time, after a gestation of One of the most interesting mammals is with clubs, and many them with short period of, in the conga, 123 days. The conga the swamp rabbit, in size and appearance curved throwing sticks of hard wood. These does not have a prehensile tail as do some much like the northern cottontail. Because sticks can be thrown by a skilled man with of its relatives. It feeds on fruit and leaves. of the peculiar environment, its habits are considerable accuracy and will return to the An antelope jackrabbit and a snowshoe somewhat different. During the summer thrower like an Australian boomerang. rabbit have been added to the exhibit of the savannas are covered with shallow Stationing the men in a great circle these mammals. Other additions are the water seldom more than two or three inches around a selected area, usually upon the pygmy rabbit, a small relative of the cotton- deep, too shallow to drown the smaller high level mesa above the Rio Grande tails of the western United States, and two animals but enough to keep their feet always Valley, the circle was gradually narrowed as pikas or conies, one from Oregon and one wet. The rabbits feed on the higher ground, the men advanced on foot, urging the cotton- from the mountains of western China. but if molested they race for the swamps. tails and jackrabbits, both very abundant These mammals, related to the rabbits, When frightened, they make no attempt to in this region, toward a chosen center. If are best known for their habit of making avoid water, but dive into the ponds and the circle was sufficiently large at first and hay and storing it for winter use in the swim across them or lie quietly among the care was used to keep the rabbits within it, broken rock slides where they make their plants in the margins. a large number of them often were herded homes. Upon my first visit to the Everglades a into a close mass and slaughtered by club- The new exhibits were prepared by Staff sticks. good many years ago, I was invited one bing or by use of the throwing At Taxidermist W. E. Eigsti. morning to go rabbit hunting with my sister. the end of the hunt the dead animals were —C. C. S. Noting that she was accompanied by a dog soberly apportioned by the chief and carried but carried only a hatchet, I asked whether away for a feast. she were not going to take a rifle, but was These New Mexican rabbits, in contrast obtainable, and in their whole lives they told there was no need for one. The route to the Florida ones, have little acquaintance probably never see even the smallest pool followed led toward a cypress hammock. with water. They live on plains where for or trickle of water, even when the scant The cypress trunks have enlarged bulblike most of the year not a drop of water is summer showers fall. Page b CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 19U7

A PYTHON IN THE HOME second, the herpetologist does not yet know these "pests" are urgently desired because the answers to most of the that the wife has issued an ultimatum—a choice By CLIFFORD H. POPE questions the is all too to ask. The between wife and snake! After CURATOK OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES layman prone only elaborating way to find out certain of the answers is to on the difficulties of eradication and explain- are of 'TTHHERE many ways tackling study living snakes. ing that garter snakes are harmless and snakes," writes Dr. Malcolm [_ big interesting creatures, I suggest that it might "but the fol- Smith of the British Museum, be easier to eradicate the feminine fear. method is as as of them. lowing simple any The clear and emphatic reply never varies: Take a bath towel and it several times wrap "Yes, but you don't know my wife!" At around the left hand so as to it com- protect this point I ring off; it is obvious that far Push this into the snake's face." pletely. too few men, when choosing a mate, con- Dr. Smith, who is writing about the sider the dread of snakes a serious drawback, of reticulated python, the largest all, goes and it would be contrary to public policy to on to say that the snake's body will get suggest elimination of the wife herself. wound about but that this is of no yours In northeastern Burma on October 3, the snake is not more consequence provided 1945, a snake was found under the sugar feet He adds that it is than twelve long. barrel in the mess hall of an Army labora- well to have a friend at hand to unwind the tory. It was noisily announced as a seven- snake's tail from neck should the your reptile foot cobra, but closer examination proved to establish such intimate relations happen it to be an infant python less than three with you. feet long. Through the kindness of a col- a of a Reticulated pythons reach length league it was presented to the Museum in little more than thirty feet; so the towel December, 1945. After biting at us a few method should not be used on all of them, times, this snake settled down to laboratory even by the experienced snake catcher. It life with such ease that we were soon con- that no must be explained, however, python vinced of its value as a living rather than as a or boa is poisonous, if that helps any. preserved specimen. It fed readily and in other ways proved itself to be in excellent QUICKER THAN HUMAN EYE condition. Dr. Smith's advice come as a may surprise After a few weeks, I took the python to to those who have assumed that a con- big my home because there temperature can be strictor would squeeze or constrict an controlled and The Museum HE CAN'T POISON YOU! day night. rather than use the teeth on it. antagonist laboratories, unfortunately, are not equipped boas and defend them- One procedure for handling a python: Wrap bath towel Actually, pythons to house living animals (and this is one of the around left hand and push it into the snake's face. If he selves like smaller snakes and resort to con- — winds himself about you. be nonchalant just have a valid excuses herpetologists have for being striction when outmaneuvered. It is only friend undo the coils. Some caution is advised, however, unable to answer all those questions). an to the that calls forth and Cartoonist Brown the incon- appeal appetite Peggy Collings suggests Placed in a clean box next to the furnace, the a combination of venience that may result from carelessness. feeding reaction, biting where the temperature stays well above 70° and the is seized and constricting: prey Fahrenheit, the python began a complacent instantly encircled by the lithe coils. The Some of these questions without answers existence. action is too quick for the eye. First one are: sees the python confronted by the victim, How fast do the giant snakes grow? then a flash of and the two coils, reappear, How long does it take them to grow up? the smile on the face of the python and the How long do they live? prey in its jaws but almost hidden by its How much can they learn? coils. How do they crawl? Surprisingly little pressure is required, How much do they weigh? because the terror inspired by the attack It is to the has made the victim reduce its girth to a embarrassing herpetologist when and amateurs ask minimum by expelling all its breath. The reptile keepers these and other I know a python merely takes advantage of this by many questions. circus man who even says that a herpetolo- drawing the coils tight enough to prevent MR. POPE'S PYTHON GUEST is last consult about and the suffocates. gist the person to expansion, prey quickly Three feet long when adopted in curator's home as a pet, reptiles. Since there is no one else to ask, the It is hardly necessary to add that constric- it grew a foot in four months, and if it reaches full life solution for the student is to of feet. tion also interferes with the victim's only reptile expectancy it may eventually attain a length 22 work out all the answers for himself. At general circulation. present he does know a lot about the classi- Stories of finding broken bones in the By February 10, 1946, it measured 41.5 fication of reptiles, but few laymen lose bodies of animals rescued from pythons are inches and would immediately take food because they do not know whether not true. One who doubts this can find sleep from my hand. Nearly two months later, the blue racer and the snake, let us say, out how hard it is to break bones in any king on April 7, it had reached a length of 47.5 are first or second cousins. animal by applying pressure evenly about inches, thus proving that its new life was the of a dead animal. with it body SNAKE OR YOUR WIFE? agreeing perfectly. Accurately measuring the length of many large snakes 'attractive pet!' interest is of a Often the lay drastically is all but impossible because they squirm Some timid readers have no doubt practical nature. Every year, for instance, and resist attempts to stretch them out. thought by now, "But who wants to catch the Museum receives calls from new house This python is an exception that proves the a big snake, anyhow?" Such a reasonable owners whose wives are finding garter snakes rule. If allowed to crawl against the wall, question deserves an answer. First, a small in the yard or even in the basement of their it will extend itself in a perfectly straight python or boa makes an attractive pet; suburban homes. Methods for eradication of line and then a measurement accurate to April, 19i7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 within a fraction of an inch can be taken by swallow something with a diameter several hinged to the body, so that great agility two persons using a tape measure. times that of its own head, many periods of of motion is assured. The shadow plays Such rapid growth made me reflect on the rest are necessary. During these, the wind- have an advantage over the Chinese legiti- place of a python in the home and exactly pipe with its heavily reinforced walls is mate stage which now, like the English how long a python has to be before it wears shoved out to the tip of the lower jaw and stage in Shakespeare's time, is almost lack- out even the welcome of a herpetologist. the lungs filled with fresh air. ing in scenery, while in the picture plays Uncertainties were involved, because the The chain of events that began in Burma the sea, clouds, rivers, gardens, mountains, growth rate of Indian pythons is not known. with a python, a sugar barrel, and some palaces, temples, courts, and boats, as well Would our Burmese reptile continue its alarmed men is thus stretching halfway as gods, demons and monsters, are all most rapid growth for years and, let us say, by around the world to an end nobody can excellently represented. 1950 attain a length of fifteen feet and a foresee. If this python survives, he may The performance is always accompanied weight of 1 50 pounds? And what about that answer some of those puzzling questions. by a small orchestra, while the various roles increasing appetite? Being cold blooded, It is certain that he will also create problems. are recited by the operator behind the snakes require little food and infrequent Try to picture, if you can, a twenty-foot curtain. The plots are taken from Buddhist meals. Our pet had been put on a diet of a snake, no matter how docile, comfortably and Taoist lore, or incidents in the history few mice or a small rat a week. This meant coiled by your furnace! of China. The shadow plays excel in that rats had to be raised, and so a colony comic or satiric subjects; their wit is aimed of the hooded variety was started by autumn CHINA HAD TALKING MOVIES at human weaknesses, official corruption, when the snake's length had increased to and social and evils. AS EARLY AS 100 B.C. political 61 inches and its weight had reached 3 The shadow play was originally of a re- pounds 8 ounces. More than a hundred years before the ligious character, and only gradually as- After the python shed its skin, the beginning of the Christian era, a form of sumed the function of mere entertainment. gorgeous pattern caused even snake haters talking motion picture plays originated in It is without doubt, according to Dr. to exclaim, for then the iridescence of the China, and it has continued in popularity Laufer's researches, indigenous to China, scales added a splendor that defies descrip- down to the present day, despite the ad- whence it spread to the Persians, Arabs, tion. On one occasion during the summer, vances of modern cinematography. This Turks, and other peoples, finally reaching our prize had stolen the show by causing type of entertainment is the ancient Chinese Europe. The first mention made of it is guests to desert a birthday party for the shadow-play, which anticipated the talking in historical annals relating to the year 121 company of the python. The inevitable pictures of our time by having concealed B.C. The historian narrates an anecdote embarrassment was one of those unforeseen readers to produce voice effects. Collections of Wu-ti, an emperor, who lost one of his difficulties of raising pythons in the home. of the figures used in the action of these favorite wives and was obsessed by a great obtained various early moving pictures, by desire to see her again. A magician appeared , HOUSEBROKEN, TOO Museum expeditions in past years, form at court who was able to throw her shadow On February 2, 1947, at the approximate an interesting part of the exhibits in on a transparent screen. The story is age of eighteen months, this snake had a Hall 32, of which a large section is devoted to symbolic of the general idea underlying length of 72.5 inches, a girth of 7.21 inches, this and other forms of Oriental theatricals. the early shadow performances—the shadow of and a weight of 6 pounds 6 ounces; it con- The Museum also has examples the screen figures were regarded as souls of the de- stricted and devoured a large, dead, hooded and other equipment used for the projection parted, summoned back into the world by rat in fourteen minutes. Sometimes captive of shadow plays. professional magicians. reptiles get the worst of a battle with a rat, The history of shadow-plays, and details apparently because life in confinement has of their production were traced by the late NEW MEMBERS robbed them of part of their natural aggres- Dr. Berthold Laufer, former Curator of The following persons became Members siveness. Like other snakes, the python Anthropology who was leader of the Mu- of the Museum during the period from swallows all of its food whole, being unable seum's expeditions to China. The scenarios February 17 to March 15: to chew or tear it apart. This way of eating used for the shadow-plays are derived from makes the snake one of the cleanest of the literary drama of the legitimate stage, Associate Members eaters; ours had also become housebroken and they, with marionette shows, constitute Harry Z. Perel, Frank C. Rathje, John in a sense, but that is extremely unusual. the most popular theatrical pastimes of the Roggenkamp, Nathan Rosenstone. Coincident with evolving a long body and Chinese. The reader, "in the wings," Annual Members losing the limbs, the snake has acquired an recites the words of the plot as the figures Miss Carmen Aguinaldo, Robert J. expansible gape and jaws that work like a perform the action. The special appeal Aitchison, Frederick W. Alger, John F. shuttle. The skin is so elastic and the jaws to popular taste lies in the fact that the Barron, J. Algert Baukus, Ferrel M. Bean, Louis G. Mrs. so loosely joined together and to the rest the words are recited in the living vernacular, Arnon N. Benson, Berman, James A. Dante D. A. of the skull that the mouth can be stretched while until quite recently the repertoire of Cathcart, Chimenti, Conroy, Ernest F. Corey, Dr. Francis M. over a huge object with a diameter several the legitimate stage of China employed the Crage, Harry E. Davis, Milburn L. Forth, times that of the head. The right and left literary language, which was intelligible Robert R. Glenn, Otto W. Goes, Earl H. jaws are alternately moved forward, allow- to a limited educated group. only Graff, Mrs. Robert W. Hamill, George A. the curved to the in the ing inwardly teeth grip The acting figures shadow-plays Hamm, Adam Hefner, Paul S. Hein, prey. Thus the snake literally pulls itself are flat and ingeniously cut out of parch- Robert E. Levin, Edward H. Loevenhart, over the object, much as a housewife gets a ment, usually ox or sheep skin, evenly Richard M. Loewenstein, N. S. Mackie, pillowcase on a pillow by pulling it first here colored and varnished on both sides. When Maurice Mandeville, Lynn L. Mathewson, Edward L. W. S. Mrs. and then there. If the pillowcase got itself held against the light they are transparent. Miller, Miller, Norman G. Mrs. Harold M. Pond, on without the help of the housewife, the A screen of white gauze lighted by means Parry, Philip Rootberg, James V. Sallemi, Edward simile would be perfect. of oil lamps from behind, is stretched G. Sandrok, Mario M. Sciaky, Donald K. Once the meal enters the python's throat, between two poles. The figures, held by Searles, A. G. Shennan, Robert Philip muscles of the and ribs to wires stuck into bamboo or reed handles, gullet co-operate Shepard, Robert W. Smick, Saul Stone, force the object along with surprising speed. are skilfully manipulated behind the screen Mrs. William H. Tomhave, Mrs. Frank It is the start that takes most of the time, upon which their silhouettes are cast. Head, H. Towner, Mrs. Paula H. Townley, D. H. although, when the reptile has tried to arms, and legs are cut out separately and Voltz, Dr. Eugene L. Walsh. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, in?

Chicago Natural History Museum the flora of Ecuador, has contributed a the layman and student, will be found Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 number of articles to Tropical Woods, official indispensable to anyone who wishes to Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drlre, Chicago magazine of Yale University School of For- obtain up-to-date and authoritative infor- Telephone: Wabash 9410 estry, and to Flora, official publication of the mation on the past history of the aborigines Ecuadorian Institute of Natural Sciences, of of this continent. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES which he is the director. In addition, The manner of presentation is simple and Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. Professor is Sewell L. Avbry Stanley Field Soils the author of several direct. There is a glossary of technical W. McCormick Blair Saiiuel Insull, Jr. studies on the vegetation of certain areas terms and there are 100 Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham more than illustra- Boardhan Conover Hi'ghston M. McBain of Ecuador, including a monograph on the tions. The reader is enabled to maintain Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell of of Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall province Esmeralda, and lately a book both a geographical and a temporal perspec- W. Fenton George A. Richardson Howard on quinine exploration in Ecuador. tive the of areas Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith by map archaeological on Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten As the flora of Ecuador is not too well the inside cover, appropriate chronological John P. Wilson known, Dr. Steyermark and Professor Soils charts of the successive cultures of these OFFICERS plan to collaborate on a "Flora" of that regions in the text, and a master chronologi- Stanley Field President country, an undertaking that will require cal chart four of 34. Marshall Field First Vice-President covering pages Chapter of botanical Albert B. Dick, Jr. Second Vice-President many years exploration before After introducing the reader to the tech- Jr. Third Vice-President Samuel Insull, In this Dr. Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary completion. project, Steyermark niques of digging and methods of dating Solomon A. Smith Treasurer will his to a devote time largely systematic the there is a brief discussion John R. Millar Assistant Secretary objects found, of the while Professor Soils study flora, of the origin of the Indians and of some will secure additional collections and data popular fallacies about them. Then there to the and economic THE BULLETIN pertaining ecology follow several chapters on basic arts and uses of the EDITOR plants. industries, concerned with the manufacture Clifford C. Gregg Director the Museum Professor Soils' notable collection and the of of objects of stone, bone, and copper, of number of collected ASSOCIATE EDITOR large plants (2,600) by pottery, textiles, and so on. The earliest Dr. such Wilfred H. Osgood Curator Emeritus, Zoology Steyermark greatly augment known cultural remains (Folsom, Cochise) historical collections from Ecua- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS important are then described, followed by a systematic Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology dor as those of Spruce, Jameson, Liebmann, review and of the Theodor Just summary presentation Chief Curator of Botany Father Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Sodiro, Mille, Rimbach, Mexia, material remains of the peoples who occupied Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology and others in the Skutch, Penland, already the major geographical regions of the conti- MANAGING EDITOR Herbarium of the Museum. nent at various periods in the past. H. B. HARTS Public Relations Counsel But the book is not a mere compilation of data. The authors do not hesitate to Members are requested to Inform the Museum promptly of changes of address. Books enrich the meaning of the facts they have collected and synthesized. When they do this they say so; consequently, there are IMPORTANT ECUADOR COLLECTION (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are many paragraphs headed "Conjectures and RECEIVED IN HERBARIUM available in The Book Shop of the Museum. To this is one of Mail orders accompanied by remittance are Comments." my mind, the The Museum recently acquired a large promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the most valuable features of the book. For and collection of from important plants postage on shipments.) facts never speak for themselves; they Ecuador, assembled for and presented to Indians Before Thou- always need interpretation. The authors' the Herbarium Professor Columbus, Twenty by M. Acosta comments often are in the nature of stimu- sand Years of North American History Soils of that This is country. the largest and of their Revealed by Archeology. Paul S. lating hypotheses, many collection so far By Martin, from Ecuador received by should the to further George I. Quimby, and Donald Collier. hypotheses point way this or other institution and one of the any If we ever are to have a University of Chicago Press, 1947. Pp. investigation. largest from a South American country to 122 super-synthesis of our growing knowledge have reached the Museum. xxiii+582, illustrations, price $6. of the American Indian, we shall need more The collection was made The of this archae- possible through appearance timely first-order syntheses, such as the authors of the efforts of Dr. Julian A. after the Steyermark, ological synthesis thirty years this book have essayed, for other regions of Assistant Curator of the of the first edition of Clark Herbarium of publication the New World and for ethnographical as Natural the Wissler's The American Indian is an Chicago History Museum. At well as archaeological data. beginning of his wartime quinine explora- excellent measure of the remarkable accel- A. Irving Hallowell tion work for the government of the United eration in our knowledge of the aboriginal States, Dr. Steyermark recommended that peoples of the New World. Whereas Professor of Anthropology, Northwestern Professor Soils join the Cinchona Mission in Wissler's book (3rd ed., 1938) was the first University Ecuador as a well-qualified field worker and synthesis of our knowledge of all aspects of student of the flora. the life of American Indians past and present Technical Publications Issued After some preliminary field work, Pro- in North, Middle, and South America, this fessor Soils spent more than a year in volume, larger in format and containing The following technical publications were quinine work in various parts of Ecuador, more pages, covers only the archaeological issued by Chicago Natural History Museum during which time he collected assiduously record for North America north of Mexico. recently: numerous representatives of the flora. Much of the data, it may be added, has Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 8. The After his work with the Cinchona Mission been made available by excavations carried Sheath-Tailed Bat of the Palau and was last fifteen finished, he continued botanical out only within the ten to years Marshall Islands. By Colin Campbell in there are in exploration various other parts of the and, even so, wide gaps our Sanborn. Jan. 20, 1947. 4 pages, one country. During two years, he amassed a knowledge, as the authors point out, for text figure. $0.15. total of 6,283 numbered plants, amounting, great stretches in Canada, Alaska, and even Fieldiana—Geology, Vol. 10, No. 3. A with the to some the Middle Atlantic Seaboard. together duplicates, 8,000 New Anosteirine Turtle from Manchuria. This is as well as specimens. book, therefore, unique By Rainer Zangerl. Jan. 23, 1947. 10 Professor Soils, recognized authority on timely and, although designed primarily for pages, 4 text figures. $0.15. April, 191,7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

AMERICA'S RAREST WARBLER studies in the Chisos Mountains. The series CAUGHT BY CAMERA of natural color photographs, which we STAFF NOTES By EMMET R. BLAKE made at that time, includes studies of the nests and and the adult ASSISTANT CURATOR OP BIRDS eggs, nestlings, Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of warblers in their engaged feeding young. has been a member of To the ivory-billed woodpecker, now Zoology, appointed first nest discovered Our was by accident the Pacific Science Board of the National reduced to a few scattered individuals, in on Boot Canyon May 25, when a small, Research a of belongs the unenviable distinction of being Council, group American unidentified bird was flushed from the side scientists concerned with various America's rarest bird. Scarcely more problems ravine near our of a camp. Its alarm calls in the islands of the South Seas. ... Mr. abundant in this country, and certainly less indicated the proximity of a nest; so we well is the Colima warbler. This Philip Hershkovitz has joined the Staff as known, withdrew a few and yards quietly awaited Assistant Curator of Mammals. He took inconspicuous and elusive species is repre- the bird's return. his master's sented in the United States by a few breed- degree in zoology at the Univer- It within a few but reappeared minutes, of in 1940. He has made two ing pairs restricted to canyons of high eleva- sity Michigan the nest was so well concealed that the bird, tion in the Chisos Mountains of Brewster expeditions to South America to collect identified as a Colima had to be now warbler, mammals. He the in County, in southwestern Texas. spent years 1933-37 flushed before the nest could be repeatedly Ecuador and worked in Colombia in 1941-43 Photographing so rare a bird is an exciting traced to a clump of bunch grass. Four on the Walter Bacon Rathbone experience for an ornithologist and there is Traveling blind and naked the first known nestlings, Scholarship. He served in the U. S. Army in added zest in being the first to capture it on to science, extended eager gapes toward us in 1943-46. ... Dr. Julian film. Europe A. as we their nest. carefully exposed Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Colima warblers were long believed to A canvas "bird blind" was erected hastily Herbarium, spoke before the St. Louis occur only in the mountains of several near the nest with camera mounted and, Horticultural Society on "Exploring for and focused, we settled down within the Plants in Guatemala." He was lately blind to await Such occa- developments. re-elected president of the Barrington sions are always critical, for birds differ in Natural History Society. . . . Dr. R. H. their tolerance of nest disturbance and many Whitfield and Mrs. Violet S. Whitfield will not a even to approach foreign object have been appointed Associates in Paleo- feed their young. Our tension mounted as botany. . . . Mr. Llewelyn Williams, the minutes but the female dragged, finally Curator of Economic Botany, has returned returned to resume her domestic responsi- to his post at the Museum after a leave of bilities in order to save the from nestlings absence of fifteen months devoted to the the sun's rays. study of latex-yielding trees and to field the that there was During days followed, trips in Mexico and the West Indies. ample opportunity to observe, and to record on film, the activities of this rare species. of In habits, and in general appearance, the Department Zoology: Colima warbler is much like the related From: Leslie Hubricht, Battle Creek, Mich. —5 45 land and 11 sea Virginia warbler of our Rocky Mountain fishes, snails, crabs, Missouri, Virginia, and Louisiana; states, but our photographs of so elusive a Ross Allen, Silver Springs, Fla.— 114 fresh- bird remain for us the highlight of our sum- water shells and crabs, and 25 marine and FIRST PHOTO OF COLIMA WARBLER mer's field work. freshwater fishes, Florida; Wendell M. Levi, Sumter, S. C.—6 domestic pigeons; Chicago Mexican states. Only twelve specimens GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. —2 mam- were known to science prior to 1928, when mals and a snapping turtle; Col. Clifford C. Following is a list of some of the principal the first recorded in this Gregg, Valparaiso, Ind.— a mammal speci- specimen country received the last month: gifts during M. K. was collected in the Chisos by Dr. Frederick men, Indiana; Jacobson, Rockaway, Department of Botany: N. Y.— 17 freshwater shells, Illinois; Walter M. Gaige, former Director of the Museum — From: Prof. M. M. L. Necker, Chicago 14 lots of shells, of Zoology, University of Michigan. Sub- Lacas, Monterey, Mexico—161 herbarium crustaceae, and worms, Mariana Islands; field work in that disclosed specimens, Mexico; sequent locality H. S. University of Texas, Austin, Texas—74 Ducoff, Chicago —820 specimens of the presence of other Colima warblers, and shells and herbarium specimens, Mexico and Texas; crustaceae, Pelew and Mariana eventually three nests were discovered. Dr. D. C. Las J. Francis Macbride, Palo Alto, Calif.—273 Islands; Lowrie, Vegas, N. M. —71 of and Four additional nests were found in May cryptogams, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mex- specimens shells, crabs, worms, Lincoln Park —a and June, 1941, by the writer and Mr. ico, Arizona, and California; Dr. William Texas; Zoo, Chicago Mexican beaded lizard; Misses Ruth and Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Associate in the Randolph Taylor, Ann Arbor, Mich. —47 Ellen Carlson, West Chicago, 111. —a male Division of Birds, while conducting field specimens of algae of "Crossroads," United Manx Dr. States atomic bombing expedition, Mar- cat, Denmark; Henry Field, Mexico — 19 shall Islands; Herman Silva, Knoxville, Cuernavaca, scorpions, beetles, and Mexico; Charles D. Tenn. —44 specimens of algae, Great allies, — Nelson, Smokies National Park. Grand Rapids, Mich. 9 river clams, Michigan and Indiana; Dr. Jeanne S. Department of Geology: Schwengel, Scarsdale, N. Y.—80 sea shells; From: Dr. H. Cox, St. — George Petersburg, Stanley G. Jewett, Jr., Portland, Oreg— 170 Fla. 2 specimens of Ostrea coxi Gardner, mammal specimens, New Guinea; State Alfred M. Colo. — —Florida; Bailey, Denver, Natural History Survey, Urbana, III. 54 5 photographs showing differential ero- bumblebees, Mexico. sion; C. M. Barber, Flint, Mich.—a collec- tion of fossil vertebrates, Alabama; Eugene Library: Richardson, Jr., Winnetka, 111. —one min- From: Stanley Field, Lake Forest, 111.; eral and 6 rock specimens; Dr. Henry Col. Clifford C. Gregg, Valparaiso, Ind.; Field, Cuernavaca, Mexico—4 specimens Oakes Ames Botanical Museum, Cam- RARE COLIMA WARBLER NESTLINGS of soil and sand, Mexico. bridge, Mass.; and University of Chicago. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 191,7

PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN, and American museums. He will discuss SATURDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES SATURDAY MORNINGS the functions of museums as research insti- FOR ADULTS IN APRIL tutions for both scholar and layman, their The James Nelson and Anna Louise Ray- Four more lectures in the Spring Course place in our educational system for both mond Foundation will present the final four for adults remain to be given on Saturday children and adults, and their value to the programs in its Spring Series for children on afternoons during April. Accompanied by community, with, finally, a forecast of Saturday mornings during April. Motion color motion pictures, all lectures begin at their future and how their influence can be pictures will be shown on all of the programs, made more widespread by such mechanical and on two of them there will be personal advances as the perfection of television. appearances of story-tellers to interpret the The demand the for Mr. films. heavy by public Dallwig's lectures and the necessity of Following is the schedule: limiting the size of each audience make it April 5—Insect Neighbors. essential to require advance reservations. Lectures are restricted to adults. Reserva- Also a cartoon. tions will be accepted by mail or telephone April 12—Said the Owl to the Spoon- (WABash 9410). bill. With the close of this tenth season of his

Color motion picture; accompanying lectures, which were begun in 1937 and have story by Peter Koch. become an ever increasingly popular feature of Museum activity, Mr. Dallwig will dis- April 19—The Earth "Blows Her Top." continue his appearances to take a long and SURGEON'S HANDS CUT GEMS Story of volcanoes, by Winona Hinkley. well-earned rest. Mr. Dallwig undertook Dr. the lectures as a contribution to the J. Daniel Willems, when he can get away from his Over Ireland. medical practice, pursues his avocation as a lapidarist. He April 26—Wings Museum. He received no compensation, will lecture at the Museum April 26 on "The Story of Also a cartoon. but was to his lectures happy give purely the Gems" (with motion pictures). as a public service. For his contribution, The programs will be presented at 10:30 he is entitled to the deep appreciation of a.m. in the James Simpson Theatre of the 2:30 P.M. and are given in the James Simpson the Museum, as an institution, and of the Museum. Admission is free, and children Theatre of the Museum. thousands of who have or persons composed may come alone, accompanied by parents are the dates, and his audiences over the years. Following subjects, or in from schools and other adults, groups speakers: other centers. PROGRAM OF LECTURE TOURS April 5—The Great Barrier Reef SUNDAY LAYMAN LECTURES FOR APRIL WEEKDAYS A. H. O'Connor TO END THIS MONTH Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of 12—Campfires on the Sea staff lecturers, are conducted every after- April Last call for the Layman Lectures! noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and Peter Koch With two topics offered on Sundays in certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, April (April 6, 13, 20, and 27), one in the Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours April 19—China Journey morning and one in the afternoon, Mr. Paul are given, covering all departments. Special G. Dallwig, the Layman Lecturer, will end Karl Robinson subjects are offered on Wednesdays and his tenth anniversary season at the Museum. Fridays; a schedule of these follows: "Who's Who in the Museum Zoo," at April 26—The Story of the Gems 2— Fool in the Animal 11:30 A.M., and "The History, Mystery, Wed., Apr. April Dr. J. Daniel Willems World and Romance of Museums," at 2:30 p.m., (Lorain— Farmer). — are the subjects for each of the April Sun- Fri., Apr. 4 Dressed in Sunday Best No tickets are necessary for ad- Choice of the World's days. The second of these lectures has not Clothing Peoples mission to these lectures. A sec- (June Ruzicka). been presented in any of Mr. Dallwig's tion of the Theatre is reserved for previous seasons. Wed., Apr. 9—The Earth "Blows Her Top" Members of the Museum, each of — of Volcanoes The morning lecture, mostly about Asiatic Story — (Winona Hinkley). whom is entitled to two reserved and African animals, will include Mr. Dall- Fri., Apr. 11 Indian America (Roberta seats. Requests for these seats wig's own dramatic account of the "two Caldwell). should be made in advance by lions of that devoured — — man-eating —Tsavo" Wed., Apr. 16 Fashions in Foods Effects telephone (WABash 9410) or in 130 human beings the lions are now of Food Customs on Peoples (Marie writing, and seats will be held in mounted in Carl E. Akeley Memorial Hall Svoboda). the Member's name until 2:30 will of the Museum. Dr. Dallwig tell the Fri., Apr. 18—Drama in the Orient (June o'clock on the lecture date. complete story of the late giant panda of Ruzicka). Brookfield also now a Zoo, "Su-lin," Wed., Apr. 23—Animals Go Courting The April 26 lecture by Dr. Willems will Museum exhibit. Other features of the (Winona Hinkley). give the Museum audience a feature different lecture are a discussion of the art of taxi- from the in these Fri., Apr. 25—The Land of the Mummies type usually presented and a dramatization of "A in dermy Day (Roberta Caldwell). courses. Gems are a hobby of Dr. Willems, Africa." who is a and Wed., Apr. 30— Rare Animals (Lorain practising Chicago physician, The afternoon lecture covers the like amateurs in the arts he has culti- origin Farmer). many and history of museums. Mr. Dallwig will vated an intense degree of skill outstripping tell how museums began merely as collec- many professionals. Equally "professional" tions of "curiosities and rarities," some of Babylonian, Roman, and Italian cameos in tone and technique is the color motion the collections so gruesome that people com- and intaglios are represented by many choice picture in which he shows the beauties of plained they caused bad dreams, and then examples in the gem and jewel collection gems and reveals the exacting techniques trace the development of leading European (H. N. Higinbotham Hall, Hall 31). of the gem-cutter.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicago Natural History Museum BULLETIN Formerly Wit ^Miiseum News

Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 MAY, 1947 No. 5

INDIAN MOUNDS: SOME FACTS ABOUT THEM, AND SOME FALLACIES DEBUNKED

By PAUL S. MARTIN are no grounds for postulating slavery), shells, stone hoes, or shoulder blades of CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY co-operation, a preconceived plan, and hard bison, deer, or elk may have served to occur for the most part only manual labor. loosen or to dig the dirt. MOUNDSin the United States east of the Rocky One may gain some idea of the huge There are four kinds of mounds: Mountains; a few shell mounds are found amount of work involved in building one 1. Burial mounds along the Pacific Coast. Most mounds of the larger Ohio mounds by considering a. Conical-shaped were built between b. Linear-shaped a.d. 500 and 1100, and c. Effigy-shaped some of the largest 2. Temple mounds ones were erected in 3. Earthworks the 15th century. Up to compara- 4. Shell-middens tively recent times, While burial mounds many people believed were intended exclu- that the mounds were sively as depositories built by a highly civi- of the dead, burials lized group of peoples may also occur in who were finally over- temple mounds and in run and stamped out earthworks. The two by the uncivilized In- last-named types of dians. This idea of a structures were not mighty nation with primarily built as advanced ideas of tombs. It should be government and reli- noted that the age of gion and with great these mounds may knowledge of all the vary considerably. arts and crafts, a 1. BURIAL MOUNDS nation that later dis- appeared, leaving be- Conical-shaped hind no evidences of mounds, as the name its wealth, glory, and indicates, are shaped power save the like a cone and occur mounds, is a fascinat- all over the eastern ing theory and one MONKS' MOUND, LARGEST ABORIGINAL EARTHEN STRUCTURE IN AMERICA United States. They In the Cahokia Mound in southwestern Illinois near East St. Louis. It is in area the of that, unfortunately, group greater than Pyramid range in diameter Artist Gustaf Dalstrom of the of still has many ad- Cheops. Drawing by Department Anthropology. from 15 to more than adherents. 300 feet, and in height Careful archaeological work in the mound the fact that it took the Ohio State Museum from 18 inches to 70 feet. Burials are area has dissipated all former ideas of an expedition of fifteen workers, equipped found near the center. extinct race of "mound-builders" and has with teams and scrapers, about nine months Linear mounds may be from 20 to more shown, without shadow of doubt, that the to move the 20,000 cubic yards of dirt in a than 250 feet long, 11 to more than 150 feet builders of all the mounds were American burial mound that measured 250 feet long, wide, and one to 30 feet high. This type of Indians, whose modern descendants were 150 feet wide, and 30 feet high, and every mound occurs mostly in the Great Lakes living somewhere in the Mississippi Valley advantage of gravity was seized upon to area. Burials may be found anywhere along when Europeans first penetrated the mound hasten the work. Imagine, then, how much the major axis. area. more difficult it must have been for the Effigy mounds, occurring mainly in Wis- builders to the dirt and The construction of the mounds presents original transport consin and most frequently representing to erect this mound. no great engineering problem. Certainly great bears, panthers, or birds, may range in there is no evidence that the Indians The method of building was very simple. length from 30 to more than 600 feet, and possessed any knowledge of machinery or Each person who was assisting carried dirt in height from one to four feet. Burials any secret methods of construction. Build- in baskets or skin bags and dumped his load occur in the heart position, in the head, ing a mound involved willing laborers (there on the ever-growing heap. Sticks, clam- hips, shoulders, and between the hips and Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 19i7

INDIAN MOUND BUILDER EXHIBITS IN MUSEUM The Cahokia Mound in south- western Illinois was built by Middle Mississippi Indians about A.D. 1400-1700. Exhibits relating to the Middle Mississippi Indians are in the Hall of North American Archaeology (Hall B). The Great Serpent effigy mound and the Miamisburg mound in Ohio were built by Hopewell Indians about A.D. 1100-1400. Many exhibits illustrating the spectacular culture of the Hope- well Indians are also in Hall B.

shoulders. The Great Serpent Mound in Ohio may also be classed as an effigy mound. Its length (in an air line) is about 500 feet. No burials have been found in it. It has frequently been claimed that effigy mounds were built to represent totemic or clan symbols, but there is no proof for this claim. Anyone who thoughtlessly excavates a burial mound in the hope of obtaining loot THE SERPENT MOUND IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO or treasure will find that he has back- the done Finest and largest effigy mound. Aerial photograph supplied by Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus. breaking work for nothing; and, further- unless one has had more, special training, west points. The greatest height of the The custom of making shell dump-heaps he do much and may damage destroy mound is 100 feet; the east-to-west width was not confined to any one culture but valuable All information. excavations is 710 feet; and the maximum north-to- seems to have been an environmental should be done under the direction of a south length, including that of the terrace, adaptation, inasmuch as they are generally Artifacts of competent archaeologist. any is 1,080 feet (our Museum plot covers about found along the seacoasts or rivers where kind are rare in burial mounds. IS acres, and the longest dimension of the shellfish were plentiful. Museum is 706 It is believed 2. TEMPLE MOUNDS building feet). that a ceremonial wooden structure once mounds are Temple always flat-topped occupied the spacious upper level. WEEKEND TOUR SUGGESTION: and generally pyramidal in shape. They VISIT A MOUND may also be square, rectangular, or round. 3. EARTHWORKS Temple mounds in from You don't have to go to Iraq, may range height The term "earthworks" includes enclo- five to 100 feet; and the greatest breadth Egypt, Peru, or even to Guate- sures, walls, and embankments. ranges from 20 to 1,080 feet. Almost every mala or Mexico, to experience a Enclosures were built in various temple mound was provided with ramps or shapes: taste of the archaeologist's thrill circular, oblong, square, and octagonal. staircases leading to the top. at digging into ancient civiliza- occur in of the eastern The temple mounds were erected as They many parts tions. As Dr. Martin points out, United States. The area enclosed by these substructures for wooden temples—hence the largest prehistoric mound in earthworks vary from one to 100 the name. Apparently, the builders wanted may North America is right in Illinois, acres. The height of the embankment to raise their sanctuaries above the profane near East St. Louis, an easy week- walls ranges from one to 20 feet. earth. The temple-mound idea probably end drive from Chicago in your originated in Mexico and spread northward. The purpose of these enclosures is not new (or even an old) car. Take Wherever pyramidal or temple mounds known. They may have been built for U.S. Highway 66 to junction Illi- were not nois 43 to U.S. and occur in groups of two or more, they seem religious reasons; they probably 43, junction — 40, to be oriented about a plaza or central constructed for defense. Two of the better the last to the mound about 300 square. The flat-topped mound surmounted known ones are "Fort" Ancient and the miles each way. For the spectacu- by a wooden temple was situated at either Newark Works, both in Ohio. lar Serpent Mount in Ohio, also a end of the plaza. weekend trip of about 360 miles 4. SHELL-MIDDENS is: 41 The largest mound of this type—in fact, each way, the route U.S. and 30 to U.S. 33 the largest prehistoric mound in North Another type of mound is the shell- Fort Wayne, Indiana; 127 to America—is the great Cahokia Mound, midden. The midden, however, is merely a and Greenville, Ohio; Ohio 49 to U.S. 35 to near East St. Louis in Madison County, large mound of refuse that is built up Dayton; Xenia; 73 Illinois. It covers an area of approximately incidental to its occupation. The midden is U.S. 68 to Wilmington; Ohio to Hillsboro the South 16 acres and may best be described as a very similar to a modern city dump. and mound. of miles is truncated pyramid, rectangular in form, Middens range in height from a few inches out Dayton twenty-five with a broad terrace or apron that extends to 12 or 15 feet and may be 1,000 feet in the Miamisburg Mound, highest from the south side, all sides being well length. In contrast to other mounds, for- (70 feet) Hopewell mound. oriented in regard to north-south, east- mation of middens is unintentional. May, 1H7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

COAL WAS HEADLINE NEWS AEONS BEFORE NEWSPAPERS transformation of peat to coal were deter- By HARRY E. CHANGNON mined by geological activities. The great and it is unlikely that atomic power will ASSISTANT CURATOR OF GEOLOGY masses of peat, due to oscillations of the replace coal to any large extent in the near Recent controversies over the of earth's crust, were slowly depressed and mining future. covered with coal have made us keenly aware of the vital subsequently clay, silt, or ORIGIN OF COAL which we find in the form of role coal plays in our society, which seems sand, today and sandstones to function smoothly only as long as the Coals are compact masses of carbonized shales, slates, overlying the coal beds. The was delicate balance between raw materials, plant debris derived from vast accumula- process necessarily in the course of these masses transportation, and specialized industry is tions of vegetable matter of former geologi- slow, but, ages, of acted fermentative heat maintained. cal ages. The areal extent of the coal beds peat, upon by and the of the Coal has been known for centuries. As and studies of the plant fossils found pressure overlying rock were to early as the ninth century it came into com- associated with the coals attest that millions masses, metamorphosed varying and transformed into black mineral mon household use in England and active of years ago large sections of the world were degrees substances low in moisture and volatile world trade in it soon followed. The inven- covered by swamps and marshy places in constitutents and in tion of the steam engine introduced a new which an ancient type of vegetation grew high fixed-carbon content. These are commonly known as coal. The chief coal-producing districts of this country include West Virginia, Pennysl- vania, Illinois, Kentucky, and Ohio. EXHIBITS OF COAL

Among exhibits recently installed in Hall 36 (non-metallic elements and minerals of commercial importance) is one of the mineral fuels representing coal and peat. The exhibit aims to furnish an adequate introduction to the origin and classification of coal as well as to show by comparison the progressive changes that take place in coal as it is transformed from peat (the embry- onic form of coal) through lignite (brown coal), to bituminous (soft coal), to anthra- cite (hard coal), in which the changes have gone the farthest. In Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) the Museum has an elaborate reproduction of a scene in a swamp forest of the Coal Age (the Pennsylvanian period some 250,000,000 years ago), vividly represented in all the luxuri- ance that characterized it in life. The trees and other carboniferous vegetation are reproduced in life size, and a number of insects and animals of the same age are — with a PART OF RESTORATION OF A FOREST OF THE COAL AGE (250 MILLION YEARS AGO) represented dragonflies two-foot wing spread, cockroaches up to three and one-half inches and various industrial era and coal became the backbone in wild luxuriance. The plants, both large long, primitive insects. This one of the in of industry throughout the world. Countries and small, represented types related to the group, largest the Museum, is also one of the most endowed with it became world powers; those club mosses and horsetails of today, ferns, spec- tacular reconstructions of a prehistoric lacking it became mostly agricultural or conifers, and the forerunners of modern seed ever The handicraft nations. plants, including some whose relationships subject attempted. group, repre- senting the labor of several years, was Coal still holds the eminent position of to present-day forms are still obscure. in the reproduction labora- being the most important source of utilizable These, growing year after year, died down, prepared plant tories of the of for the energy. Despite the inroads made upon it depositing in the comparatively shallow Department Botany of Geology. by petroleum and water power, coal still waters great masses of vegetal debris, which Department produces about 70 per cent of all energy was subsequently transformed into coal. Children Museum units. Water power, even when developed In the transition of vegetal debris to coal, Michigan Throng to its fullest, is not likely to replace coal. two stages at least were passed through— Ottawa County, Michigan, rural schools Petroleum as the preferred fuel for mobile the first a biochemical and the second a sent 1,000 grade-school children, from the power units has encroached greatly on coal geochemical stage. In the first stage, age of 10, on a visit to Chicago Natural in this field. Nevertheless, increased partial decay was brought about soon after History Museum and the Shedd Aquarium efficiency of coal burning is counteracting deposition by wood-destroying micro-organ- on April 11. Another group of 900 is the inroads made by oil and gas. isms. During this process of decomposition scheduled for May 2. The future of coal as a leading source of and maceration, biochemical changes liber- The first contingent came via Holland, utilizable energy appears to be assured, for ated oxygen, hydrogen, and concentrated Michigan, on a special train early in the it is widely distributed and world reserves carbon, transforming the debris to a brown- morning and was at the Museum from about are sufficient to last many thousands of ish or blackish matter with a high carbon 11 A.M. to 4 p.m. Members of the Museum's years. Although atomic power promises to content known as peat. Raymond Foundation school lecture staff become an important source of utilizable The second stage is termed geochemical and other Museum staff members conducted energy, sources of uranium ore are limited because subsequent chemical changes in the them on tours. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 191,7

WHAT'S IN A NAME?' those plants that were said to possess healing or strange name, the public receives false IN THE PLANT WORLD properties. Good examples are snakeroot information and the existing confusion is By JULIAN A. STEYERMARK and rattlesnake master, both used for their increased. snake ASSISTANT CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM supposed efficacy in treating bite; A case in point is the recent introduction pleurisy root, more familiarly known as on the market of a to the "What's in a name?" is a phrase com- plant belonging butterfly weed, for its reputed effects in buckwheat It is a monly used in a manner that might indicate family (Polygonaceae). alleviating pleurisy; boneset; and heal-all. of from the that a name doesn't matter very much. species Eriogonum originating This naming of all objects is a natural as mountains of southern California. The Actually, names are all-important. They well as convenient and necessary procedure. with the habit of some serve as definite and tangible go-betweens plant grows alpine But difficulties arise whenever numerous or desert with cushion-like rosettes that enable man to designate objects and species, objects are considered. For instance, the of thick leaves from the to classify them. tiny gray spreading violet was to name originally applied any tips of woody rusty-brown or coppery Names given to plants are often based member of the violet family or Violaceae. curved branches. The colorful stem con- on some of their obvious characters. But did not last since it did However, this long, tinues for some distance below the ground, in many cases a question arises whether the not stop people from calling Saintpaulia, a branching and winding into the extensive word used as a name existed before plant's member of the Gesneria or Gesneri- family root system; when removed from the soil, because of the aceae, the African violet, it has a curiously twisted wind-beaten definite violet color of its flower, nor from appearance, much like the bark of some of the giving cyclamen, a member primrose weather-beaten mountain juniper or fir. family or Primulaceae, the popular name The leaves are either left in their natural of violet. These cases alpine emphasize gray state or are sprayed to give a lively a uni- the need of reserving for each plant green color. versally adopted Latin name that is under- These plants may now be seen in the stood by botanists and plant-lovers all over windows of florists, jewelers, and gift shops the world. of the larger cities, not under their rightful careful of the structure of the By study name Californian Eriogonum but under the flower as well as of the vegetative characters misleading one of Peruvian cypress tree. of the stems, leaves, and roots, and of the The last name undoubtedly increases the internal anatomy, botanists have been able sales and creates a sense of the exotic, to classify plants and place them into groups although it adds to the confusion of the of families, those of one family possessing a SO-CALLED 'WOODEN ROSE' public. Since the plant resembles in shape given set of characteristics distinguishing some dwarfed Japanese trees, it is also It is really the fruiting stage of a tropical morning glory, them from those of another Thus, family. mistaken for them. col- with the capsule surrounded by thickened calyx lobes. readily Prolonged the flower of a true violet (Violaceae) is lecting and sale will lead to the extinction quite different from that of an alpine violet of this plant, for it grows in a very limited the plant was known or whether the word or African violet (Primulaceae) (Gesneri- mountainous area. came into the for other language applications aceae). However, because of some resem- as the result of with the comparison plant. blance to the true violets, or to the habit 'wooden flowers' It is another case of the "Which question: of their growth, the other names have been Other misnomers that have come into the came first, the hen or the egg?" Thus, allowed to persist. trade and are florists and "violet" perhaps became the common name perpetuated by for violets because the first plants seen by FALSE LILIES those who chose the name were of violet In this manner we encounter many plants color; but it just as well be that the may that are not true lilies or members of the lily color its name because its shade got approxi- family (Liliaceae) with popular names sug- mated that of the variety of flowers called gesting that they are true lilies: spider lily violet. roses have been Likewise, may (Pancratium) of the amaryllis family named for their predominant color or the (Amaryllidaceae), water lily (Nymphaea) of color for the plants. the water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae), and Other obvious characters of plants were ginger lily (Hedychium) of the ginger family used in the selection of names. Thus, (Zingiberaceae). Similarly, although the bloodroot was a logical name to give a plant apple belongs to the rose family (Rosaceae), that contained an orange-red coloring the following names were given because of matter in its rootstock, a fact also expressed some supposed resemblance to an apple: in the Latin generic name, Sanguinaria. rose apple (Eugenia Jambos) of the myrtle The number of plants with descriptive family (Myrtaeeae), pineapple (Ananas) of names referring to some outstanding charac- the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae), and teristic is legion: balloon-vine, blueberry, custard apple (Annona) of the custard Turk's-cap lily, shooting star or bird's bill, apple family (Annonaceae). spider lily, nipple cactus, bluebells, bell Thus, as the common names become more flower, crowfoot, larkspur, Dutchman's and more misleading, the layman becomes breeches, Dutchman's pipe, five fingers, more and more confused. Because the MISNAMED 'PERUVIAN CYPRESS TREE' pepper plant, sourwood, hens-and-chickens, layman's time is limited, names should have Actually it is a species of Eriogonum of the buckwheat from the mountains of southern California. pitcher plant, buckeye, turtlehead, and clear and definite meanings. It is regret- family flower. monkey table, therefore, that names are often An equally long list of names includes purposely misapplied for commercial pur- others are "wooden rose," "wooden flower," poses or in the hope of giving people fanciful and "spoon flower." The last is really the •An article entitled "What's in a Name," treating impressions. By obscuring the true origin entire leaf of the sotol plant (Dasylirion of nomenclature in zoology, appeared in the Bulletin (then Field Museum Setrs) of August, 1939. and nature of a plant under an unnecessary Wheeleri) with the firm polished-appearing May, 1H7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 broadened base displayed as the tip. versity, however large, can possibly cover NATURE COURSE OFFERED "Wooden roses" are actually not roses at all, all fields of human knowledge. This is FOR CAMP COUNSELORS but the fruiting stage of a large yellow- especially true for the biological sciences, During May, the Museum is offering a flowered member (Merremia tuberosa) of which are so enormously complex that no nature course for camp counselors. There the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae). expert can be familiar with more than a very will be four sessions of the class, on Thurs- The spreading calyx-lobes in this case small corner of the whole field. day evenings, May 1, 8, 15, and 22, in the in fruit and become thickened and studies are impossible persist Many biological Lecture Hall of the Museum. Sessions will out in the without collections of thousands of brown, spreading horizontally speci- be from 7 to 9 p.m. The West Entrance of form of petals and surrounding a large mens from the four corners of the earth, the building—the only one to be open—will which contains which are referred to in much the same way shining globular capsule, admit members of the class at 6:30 P.M. the seeds. A smaller example of this type as books in a technical library. Few This course includes brief information of fruit is on display in Case 843 of Martin universities can afford to underwrite such concerning the natural history of the A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Plant an enterprise, and collecting and storing Chicago region, suggestions for nature trails Life— Hall 29). such material logically falls to the larger and camp museums, techniques for collect- To the layman, "wooden rose" sounds natural history museums. But this division ing and organizing nature materials, and quite alluring and exotic, but actually it of labor between museum and university is projects for integrating nature work with may be a letdown to some people to learn functional only if such collections can be camp activities. that it is only a type of morning glory in utilized by the university as well as by the All recreational leaders are welcome; fruit. "Wooden flower" is not even a flower museum. Otherwise the supposed division there is no admission fee. For further infor- or any normal part of a plant, but rather an of labor is mere compartmentalization, mation, call WABash 9410, Extension 43. abnormal bizarre-looking enlarged and which is the arch enemy of progress in are the for each brown woody growth produced by the science. Following subjects session: branch of a tree in the Central American The head of a mammal or reptile is an that has been stimulated the and its evolution May 1 —Introduction, Nature Trail, Geology tropics by amazingly complex thing, — Psittacanthus, a member was correspondingly complex. Many of the May 8 Animal Flyers (birds and insects) parasitic plant — — of the mistletoe family (Loranthaceae). body's most important organs the brain,— May 15 Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians The parasite induces the formations of the eyes, the ears, the organs of taste are May 22—Plant Kingdom striking and expanded growth faintly here crowded together in an intricate maze The classes will be conducted by members resembling a flower carved out of wood. of details, infinitely more complicated than of the staff of the James Nelson and Anna A good example of a "wooden flower" is any device man has ever contrived. In Louise Raymond Foundation. shown in Case 839 of Hall 29. most animals the mouth is used for self- Misapplied popular names may thus defense, and to seize and hold food as well First Collections from Philippine become generally accepted as has been the as to chew and swallow it. Some of the Zoological Expedition Arrive case with many false Latin generic names. things that happened in the history of our For example, we are accustomed to using own heads are almost unbelievable. The The first shipment of specimens from the geranium for pelargonium, gloxinia for three little ear bones (the familiar hammer, Philippines Zoological Expedition, 1946-47, sinningia, nasturtium for tropaeolum, and anvil, and stirrup), for example, once were led by Captain Harry Hoogstraal, has amaryllis for hippeastrum. As such, gera- parts of the lower jaw and gills in our recently been unpacked and contains numer- nium, gloxinia, etc. are correct Latin names, remote ancestors. ous rare mammals not hitherto represented though they pertain to other plants. In The histories of Greek and Roman civili- in the Museum's collections. This material short, when we see or hear the popular name zations, for example, are far better known was collected on Mount McKinley, Minda- of a plant, it is wise to investigate it before than the history of our own heads. Yet by nao Island. accepting it. using the Museum's collections, a course in Most outstanding is a series of thirty the history of the head is made a thousand wood shrews formerly known from but one HOW MUSEUM AND UNIVERSITY times more graphic than any course in politi- specimen. Some are preserved in alcohol so BENEFIT EACH OTHER cal and social history could possibly be. that the soft parts may be studied. Skins By D. DWIGHT DAVIS When the science student handles dozens of and skeletons of the flying lemur are a wel- CURATOR OF YEREBRATE ANATOMY fossil skulls, it is as if a history student could come addition. This mammal is poorly of cities like The successful completion of a unique visit dozens entombed Pompeii, named because it does not fly but glides and a trained course in the cranial morphology of verte- under the expert guidance of is not a lemur but is related to the insecti- the science student dis- brates marks another step in the plan to historian. When vores. There are also four tiny squirrels, head of an it is as if the integrate the activities of the Museum and sects the alligator, about six inches long, among the smallest could live for a time the University of Chicago. history student among known squirrels in the world. or the African The course, an advanced study of the the Australian Bushmen Besides these are rodents, representing with a to to evolution of the head among vertebrates, Pygmies, sociologist explain genera new to the collection, monkeys, bats, him the structure of the human was planned to take advantage of the primitive and deer. In all, there are about 180 speci- he resources of the Museum. It was presented society that was visiting. mens. The arrival of two other much larger for the first time this year on an experi- The advantages of this program are not collections is expected soon. mental basis. A class of eight students in all one way. Museum scientists are some- the graduate school of the University met times accused of living in an ivory tower twice weekly at the Museum instead of in because they are out of contact with the making bricks finds himself called upon to and the University classrooms and laboratories. inquiring minds and challenging questions assemble those bricks into an edifice, of an architect is often more This arrangement made it possible for the of student classes. Organizing ideas for the work students to make full use of the Museum's presentation to student classes has long difficult than that of a brickmaker. ideas for further vast research collections and of the special been recognized as an astonishingly effective New and stimulating from such knowledge of various staff members. It is way of showing up inconspicuous but impor- research almost invariably result — And in the case of planned to offer the course again next year. tant loopholes in our knowledge and in the classroom experience. Underlying the idea of Museum-Univer- personal knowledge of the instructor. The the Museum some, at least, of these ideas will find their into future exhibits too. sity co-operation is the fact that no uni- research scientist who has been industriously way Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 191,7

Chicago Natural History Museum tenth season (1946-47). During his service, charge of Mr. John W. Winn, Assistant, Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 his audiences have totaled 34,090 persons. whose appointment as Assistant Curator of Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago Mr. Dallwig will take a well-earned rest Fishes is effective from April 1. Telephone: WABash 9410 during the season 1947-48, and plans for his lectures beyond that time have not been STAFF NOTES THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES completed. The best wishes of the Museum Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. go with him, as he terminates for the time Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field Mr. John W. Moyer, taxidermist in the W. McCormick Blair Samuel Insull, Jr. being his splendid effort in behalf of this Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham Division of Birds before the war, has been Boardman Conover Hughston M. McBain institution and of the people of Chicago. Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell appointed Chief of the new Motion Picture Clifford C. Gregg, Director Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Division at the Museum. This division has Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith a program of natural history and other Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten Museum educational films. In the John P. Wilson E. R. BLAKE PROMOTED war, Mr. Moyer served as a Navy motion OFFICERS Effective May 1, Mr. Emmet R. Blake picture photographer in many parts of the Stanley Field President is advanced from Assistant Curator of Marshall Field First Vice-President world. . . . Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Albert B. Jr Second Vice-President Dick, Birds to Associate Curator of Birds, a Curator of attended the Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President Zoology, organiza- Solomon A. Smith Treasurer position that has been tion meeting of the American Institute of Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary vacant since the death John R. Millar Assistant Secretary Biological Sciences in Washington, D.C, of Dr. Charles E. in April. The organization is to unify the Hellmayr in March, many biological societies of the Americas. THE BULLETIN 1944. Mr. Schmidt also attended, as representa- EDITOR Mr. Blake became a tive of the American Society of Ichthyolo- Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum of permanent member gists and Herpetologists, the annual meeting ASSOCIATE staff of EDITOR the the Mu- of the Division of Biology and Agriculture Wilfred H. Osgood Curator Emeritus, Zoology seum in 1935. July, of the National Research Council. . . . Mr. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Previous to that time, Frank C. Wonder, Staff Taxidermist, Paul S. Martin Curator Chief of Anthropology however, he had returned April 21 from his expedition to Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology taken part in two of Trinidad, British West Indies, bringing a Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology the Museum's expedi- large collection of birds, mammals, reptiles, MANAGING EDITOR EMMET R. BLAKE tions, to Venezuela and amphibians for the Museum's syste- H. B. Harte PublU Relations Counsel and Guatemala. Mr. matic collections. He had been in the field Blake was absent from the Museum in since December 29. The collection he Members are requested to inform the Museum military service from June 15, 1942, until is the first to be in Trinidad promptly of changes of address. assembled made June 1, 1946, during which time he rose by an American museum since 1893. from enlisted status to the rank of captain MR. DALLW1Q COMPLETES in the Counter Intelligence Corps, serving A JOB WELL DONE in North Africa, Italy, France, and Ger- NEW MEMBERS many. Besides five battle stars on his With his afternoon lecture on Sunday, The following persons became Members campaign ribbon, Mr. Blake was awarded from April 27, 1947, Mr. Paul G. Dallwig com- of the Museum during the period the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart. pleted his tenth season as the Layman March 17 to April 15: Lecturer of Natural Chicago History Associate Members Museum. Since the autumn of 1937, Mr. TWO STAFF PROMOTIONS Joseph C. Belden, Jr., Isidore Horween, Dallwig has carried on his series of popular IN FISH DIVISION Michael L. Igoe, Dr. Nicholas H. Kern, lectures on subjects within the scope of this O. R. Murphy, Kenneth W. Skarrn. Museum as a voluntary contribution to the Mr. Loren P. Woods, a member of the Sustaining Members work of this institution. His scripts, care- Museum staff since 1938, and Assistant W. J. Stebler fully prepared at his own expense, have been Curator of Fishes since 1941, has been checked by other staff members of the promoted to the position of Curator of Annual Members Museum for scientific It effective from 1. His first accuracy. may Fishes, April posi- Lawrence A. Appley, Harley R. Bucklen, interest the tion at the Museum was as a of the public to know that in the course member Mrs. DeWitt Davis, III, Mrs. Jean E. of the preparation of his lectures Mr. Dall- lecture staff of the Raymond Foundation. Dougherty, C. Harold Eshbaugh, A. wig has accumulated a personal library In 1943, he was commissioned an ensign Ettlinger, Chester L. Glover, Austin T. covering the many fields of his interest in in the Naval Reserve and in war service was Graves, Harry J. Graw, A. S. Gray, Louis Harpole, Christopher G. Janus, Byrne A. order to have available for reference at all promoted to lieutenant (j.g.). After the Jackson, Arthur S. Leonard, Moses Levitan, times the works of acknowledged authorities war's end, while still in the Navy, he was Dr. J. J. Litschgi, Robert R. Lockwood, in those fields. assigned to work in Japan for the American Willard R. Matheny, Leo A. Mautner, Dr. The of Mr. Military Government in the investigation popularity Dallwig's presenta- C. 0. Miller, Harry L. Mitchell, Oscar F. tions is indicated by the fact that applica- of . Late in 1946, Mr. Woods was Modene, Harold A. Moore, M. W. Murray, tions for the necessary tickets often have granted a leave of absence from the Museum Harold F. North, Benjamin Franklin Olson, been received two months in advance and, of two years to accept a temporary post as William F. Patterson, MacMillan Priest, in several instances, requests were made in an associate curator of fishes in the United Miss Martha Jane Rogers, Eben T. Sabin, Gabriel Salta- the early fall for season tickets. In former States National Museum, Washington, Miss Betsy Ruth Salk, Dr. relli, R. Shapiro, Mrs. Albert F. years, Mr. Dallwig gave but one lecture D.C. He is working there on the classi- Joseph Sperry, Miss Katherine J. Spiegel, Dr. Karl each Sunday afternoon. In order especially fication of shore fishes of the Marshall H. Tannenbaum, Mrs. J. M. Taussig, Dr. to mark his tenth he collected before and after the atomic anniversary, however, Islands, Willard O. Thompson, Claude Towne, gave and afternoon lectures bomb tests at Bikini. morning during Earle E. Vogt, Glenn D. Wade, Sheldon A. November, December, January, March, Since Mr. Woods' departure on leave of Weaver, William D. Wick, Mrs. Allan C. and April, thus presenting ten lectures in his absence, the Division of Fishes has been in Williams, Jr. May, 19i7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS out too great an expenditure of time and IN FOSSIL HUNTING effort. Books By BRYAN PATTERSON Not only are aerial photographs of great CURATOR OF PALEONTOLOGY help in the finding of fossils, but they are also invaluable in the precise recording of During recent years, large portions of the the localities at which they are found. Too United States have been photographed often, localities that have been recorded in from the air by such governmental agencies the literature are difficult or even impossible as the Department of Agriculture and the to relocate at a later date. Army Air Forces. Whatever the main An imaginary but fairly typical case purpose for a particular aerial survey may would be as follows: A field party that have been, flood control, soil erosion, etc., worked a certain area in 1910 reported that geology in many of its varied branches has fossils were found in abundance in Antelope been one of the chief beneficiaries. Aerial Draw and around the base of a butte known photographs show physiographic and struc- locally as Calamity Jane's Hat; a section tural features, complement and supplement of the strata exposed in Antelope Draw was maps, and reveal areas suitable for investi- published in the report. A party revisiting gation that might otherwise not be detected. the area some thirty years later naturally Since the aerial photographs are taken in wishes to head straight for these spots. overlapping series, the same patch of ground The only topographic map of the region, is seen from slightly different angles in published in the 1890s, shows neither of these place names. The residents have never heard of them either; they've nearly all moved in during the last fifteen years or so. Finally, one old-timer who has heard of Calamity Jane's Hat turns up, but he can't recall to which of several buttes it was applied, and as for Antelope Draw—he doesn't know the name at all! The party, therefore, has to start practically from scratch. In an effort to avoid this sort of thing, careful collectors have, whenever possible, recorded the township and section in which their finds were made. In more settled Fig. 1. A "STEREOSCOPIC PAIR" areas, this works quite well; but in the Cut from two overlapping aerial photographs, covering approximately seven square miles of an area in trans.Pecos Texas worked by a Museum Expedition in 1946. To obtain the stereoscopic effect, focus the eyes beyond the page; the two images will merge into a central one that, when adjusted, will reveal the relief. several photographs. If two of these are looked at through a stereoscopic device, the ground relief leaps into view, and the depths of gullies and the heights of hills and cliffs are clearly revealed (Fig. 1). Individual aerial photographs and the aerial mosaics of larger stretches of country that are made from them are of inestimable benefit to those who hunt for the remains of fossil vertebrates. Many fossil-bearing formations are largely covered by grass, scrub, or woods, and rock exposures are few and hidden. A blind hunt for these might take fruitless weeks, but with aerial photographs in hand each one can quickly be located.

OLD TRAILS LOCATED

The success of the Museum's recent expeditions to Alabama, where the verte- brate-bearing Cretaceous deposits are for the most part obscured by vegetation, is due in large measure to the existence of an aerial survey made by the Department of Agricul- ture. Aerial photographs usually disclose old roads and trails that may enable the fossil hunter to extend his operations with- Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 19J,7

NEW MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 15. Notes LECTURE TOURS IN MAY on Philippine Mosquitoes —XI—A New Popular Series—Botany, No. 26. Tropical Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of Species of Tripteroides. By F. E. Baisas. and Subtropical Fruits. By B. E. Dahl- staff lecturers, are conducted every after- April 11, 1947. 4 pages, 1 text figure. gren. April, 1947. Pp. x+72, 68 illus- noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and $0.10. trations (one in color). $0.50. certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours The latest number of the Museum's SPECIAL RAYMOND FOUNDATION are given, covering all departments. Special Popular Series (Botany, No. 26) to come PROGRAMS FOR SCHOOLS subjects are offered on Wednesdays and off the press is a profusely illustrated account The James Nelson and Anna Louise Fridays; a schedule of these follows: of the more important tropical and sub- Raymond Foundation offers the following tropical fruits of the Old and New World, Fri., May 2—Bridges and Barriers—Like- in the Museum to the prepared by Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator special programs 5th, nesses and Differences Among Peoples and of of Emeritus of the Department of Botany, 6th, 7th, 8th grades the schools (Roberta Caldwell). the with the assistance of Mr. Albert Frey, Chicago region during May: Wed., May 7—Burial Customs (June artist. facts about the dis- Ruzicka). Interesting Animal Flyers—May 7, 8, 10:30 a.m. and cultivation of covery, introduction, Illustrated talk on birds and insects Fri., May 9—Plants of the Past (Marie of these are recorded in the many plants common in the Chicago region. Records Svoboda). Each fruit or of opening pages. group of bird calls and songs. Wed., May 14—Downtown Ornithology— fruits is illustrated, and significant informa- City Bird Life (Winona Hinkley). Animal Adaptations—May 14, 15, 10:30 tion concerning its botanical characteristics, 16—Mammals the a.m. How animals themselves to Fri., May Through Ages well as the scientific adapt origin, uses, etc., as and (Lorain Farmer). their surroundings and protect them- common names in French, Spanish, Portu- — selves. Wed., May 21 Oriental Weavers (Roberta or is found in the guese, Dutch, Malay, Caldwell). accompanying descriptive text. The inter- The Earth's Green Mantle—May 21, 22, Fri., May 23—People of the South Pacific ested reader can find additional data by 10:30 a.m. The of the story plant king- (June Ruzicka). consulting the references given in the bibli- dom, illustrated. Chicago region flora Wed., May 28—Tales of the Spice Roads- ography. An index to common and scientific will be featured. Ancient and Modern Routes of Trade names facilitates the use of this timely and The Land of Chicago, Past and Present— (Marie Svoboda). attractive book. May 28, 29, 10:30 a.m. The story of the Fri., May 30—No tour. (Memorial Day The following technical publications have Chicago region from prehistoric times to holiday—Museum open 9 A.M.-6 p.m.) been issued recently by the Museum: the present. Fieldiana— Vol. No. 4. New Geology, 10, A Suggestions for summer nature hobbies Fish the Cretaceous Pycnodont from of will be given. Visiting Hours Change May 1 Louis Hussakof. Feb. Arkansas. By 18, Reservations may be made by teachers Beginning May 1, summer visiting 1947. 6 pages, 1 text figure. $0.10. up to one week in advance. Call WABash hours, 9 A.M. to 6 p.m., will go into Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 9. Notes 9410, Raymond Foundation. Admittance to 1 on Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacan, to the program will be limited to the number effect, September (Labor Day). Mexico. By Karl P. Schmidt and specified in request. Frederick A. Shannon. Feb. 20, 1947. 24 1 text $0.25. pages, figure. GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Chicago —24 specimens of shells and Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 10. Two worms, United States; Lincoln Park Zoo, Following is a list of some of the principal Races of the Bridled Titmouse. By A. J. Chicago—a golden eagle; Chicago Zo- gifts received during the last month: — van Rossem. Feb. 28, 1947. 6 pages. ological Society, Brookfield, 111. a young 12 La $0.10. Department of Anthropology: camel and birds; Sam Hinton, Calif.—7 From: Dr. Henry Field, Cuernavaca, Jolla, night lizards, California; Fieldiana— Vol. 31, No. 11. A New Zoology, Dr. Clarence R. 111. —a Mexico—a partially finished fish net with Smith, Aurora, Race of Koklas Pheasant. By Robert L. N. L. H. two netting shuttles and ball of fine cotton snake, Illinois; Krauss, Summit, Fleming. March 13, 1947. 4 pages. Canal Zone—2 snakes and 2 Canal netting twine, Mexico. frogs, $0.10. Zone; Roger Conant, Philadelphia, Pa.—17 Department of Botany: lizards, 2 snakes, and 42 frogs, Delaware, 1. Pha- Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 32, No. From: Dr. Bahia, Gregorio Bondar, Maryland, and Virginia; Dr. Sidney Cam- langida from Tropical America. By Brazil—72 herbarium Brazil; specimens, ras, Anchorage, Alaska— 11 bird skins and Clarence J. and Marie L. Goodnight. Dr. D. — 152 her- George Fuller, Chicago 20 specimens of accessories for sea-otter March 31, 1947. 58 pages, 30 text figures. barium specimens, Illinois; W. A. Archer, group, Alaska and Aleutian Islands; R. M. $0.75. Belem, Brazil—a trunk section of Malouetia Barnes (deceased), Lacon, 111.—39 speci- wood, Brazil; Dr. Paul Voth, Chicago—236 Fieldiana— Vol. No. 12. Some mens of freshwater shells, United States; Zoology, 31, herbarium specimens of ferns, Mexico, Dr. Henry Field, Cuernavaca, Mexico—32 Neuropterous Insects from Szechwan, United States, Hawaii, and New Zealand. of a and a horned China. By Nathan Banks. April 11, specimens shells, frog, Department of Geology: toad, Mexico. 1947. 12 pages, 5 text figures. $0.15. From: Eugene Richardson, Jr., Winnetka, Library: Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 13. A 111.—one mineral and 6 rock specimens, and New Kinosternid Turtle from Colombia. one calcite crystal; Ralph J. Lofquist, From: Middle America Information Bu- —one of lead ore; Houston reau Fruit New York; By Karl P. Schmidt. April 11, 1947. Chicago specimen (United Company), Boyd, Lindsberg, Kan.—4 quartz rosettes, New and Develop- 4 pages, 1 text figure. $0.10. Hampshire Planning Georgia; Dr. Henry Field, Cuernavaca, ment Commission, Concord, N. H.; Dr. Fieldiana— Vol. 14. The —4 of soil and Zoology, 31, No. Mexico specimens sand, Henry Field, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Dr. Mexico. Malleus (Ossiculum Auditus) of the Wilfrid D. Hambly, Chicago; Pioneer Hi- Anthropoid Apes. By Walter Segall. Department of Zoology: Bred Corn Company, Des Moines, Iowa; April 11, 1947. 8 pages, 3 text figures. From: Dwain Willard Warner, Ithaca, and United States Brewers Foundation, Inc., $0.10. N. Y.—a shrew, Mexico; Walter L. Necker, New York.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicago Natural History Museum BULLETIN Formerly S iseum News Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 JUNE, 1947 No. 6

A PALEOZOIC 'APARTMENT HOUSE' OF 400 MILLION YEARS AGO By EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, Jr. the animals found them- of tall CURATOR OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSII.S tubes, ultimately Chicago's impressive skyline array selves on top of a structure that might be buildings would be called a reef. It is is a too-much used statement several feet high, though the animals them- interesting to reflect that in the Silurian that there is new under the THERE nothing selves were no more than one-tenth of an period there was indeed a great reef in what sun; and usually someone adds that what- inch long. In the nineteenth century, it is now the Great Lakes region, extending ever it is that we call particularly up-to-date would have been fashionable to draw a moral northward to Arctic climes. It was com- was familiar to the Chinese centuries ago. conclusion from this per aspera ad aslra sort parable in size and topography to the Great Recently added to the exhibits of inverte- of activity, as Oliver Wendell Holmes ex- Barrier Reef, which now borders the Queens- brate fossils in Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall land coast of Australia, both being composed is a small built millions (Hall 37) skyscraper of many small reefs. of years before the Chinese had any (see As in the modern city, skyscrapers form In it was made even before Fig. 1). fact, a conspicuous but numerically small part there were Chinese or other human any of the whole; so in the Paleozoic reef the the work of s6me corals called beings, tiny Favosites type of coral was outnumbered by which lived in the Silurian Favosites, period, less spectacular forms. These were mostly about 400 million years ago. Bryozoa, which look like corals, but are The animals who built this apartment smaller; and many other kinds of sessile house have never been seen, for they were animals with limy shells added to the volume of soft flesh and are long extinct, but they of the reef by their numbers. must have been very similar in appearance The abandoned chambers in the lower to modern corals, having a small sack-like part of the animal's tube became filled with with an surrounded body, opening, by tiny crystalline calcite, even during the life of the at one end. so fleshy tentacles, Being very colony, making the early structure a firm built a soft, they protective limy coating rock foundation for the living society above. for their the tentacles bodies, leaving only Since corals always live on the top part of without. And, so very tiny, it was to being their edifice, they have no need of windows, their to live in colonies, or close advantage nor would windows profit them, because each Favosites its groups, touching neighbors each tube is closely appressed to the next. on all sides, a practice that made them six- The spots on the specimen, which give it the sided. Their of course, principal occupation, appearance of a windowed building, are little was in which weren't so feeding, they very holes in the limy structure made for the different from some could name. people you accommodation of "buds." A bud is a To bring the minute animals and plants young coral growing from the side of a <)n which they fed into reach, all members of parent and represents the way corals usually a colony probably moved their tentacles in begin. If it is not crowded out, the bud will unison, setting up a current in the sea water develop tentacles, sheath itself in a limy above them. When a suitable morsel tube, and, breaking its connection with the happened along, the nearest coral closed his body cavity of the parent, become a full- tentacles upon it and pushed it into his fledged coral. Though each parent member hollow interior. of the colony considered here produced a Fig. 1. HOUSING PROBLEM SOLUTION? As a by-product of digestion and respira- multitude of buds and carefully left open No, this is not a tall modern Lake Shore Drive apartment tion, each animal continued to deposit part of its own wall to give the young one a building; it is a coral colony from a Silurian limestone. lime around his body, even after the pro- start, most of the infant corals were stopped tective coating was initially achieved. Of horted his soul: "Build thee more stately against the solid wall of the next grown-up. course, in time, the addition of lime would mansions," after he had been contemplating But the holes remain, and look very much be a little too great, so that the animal would a Nautilus. Perhaps now, however, we like windows (see Fig. 2, page 2). have to reach up over it to get at his food. might compare the situation of the corals It is remarkable that the "windows" form Hence, each coral periodically pulled him- with the residents of a city apartment house, such straight horizontal rows; apparently self up to the top of his growing tube, built who gain a factitious social prestige from the impulse to sprout a bud came almost a little limy floor to rest on, and continued living on a higher story than someone else. simultaneously to every member of the catching his microscopic wild game. Reduced to the scale of our Favosites, and group. If we could look inside, we would Because of the repeated moving up in the seen in the shallow water that corals inhabit, find that the "floor levels," where the limy Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 19U7

decomposition of the plant body it imparts quite susceptible to the algal plague. It is an objectionable flavor to the water. impossible for the botanist to attempt more Before and after death occurs, algae may than the identification of the causal organism also cause trouble in interfering with water- and, possibly, furnish any information works operation in clogging intakes, filter regarding its lethal threshold to copper. screens, and filter beds. In addition, certain Investigation in the laboratory and species are noted for producing tastes and experience in the field have shown that most odors in the medium in which they grow as of the organisms that constitute a menace a normal metabolic phenomenon. Odors are susceptible to less than one part per have been noted resembling both fresh and million of copper. Some species have rotten fish, rotten wood, cucumbers, and reported lethal thresholds as low as one- musty grass. tenth part per million. Thus, accurate identification of the organism involved can CHEMICAL TREATMENT result in savings by allowing the use of a Once the water has become unpalatable minimum amount of copper sulfate. This is through any of these causes, the problem important because many fish species are Fig. 2. CLOSE-UP OF THE 'WINDOWS' must be handled entirely as a chemical relatively sensitive to copper and it is best Actually, traces of stifled coral buds. deodorizing process. This is accomplished to keep the dosage of copper as low as is in most waterworks at the same stage possible. platforms come, are almost even, too, in all where chemicals are added to flocculate SPECIFIC FORMS AND REMEDIES the tubes. The similar level of floors and sediments or where chlorine is added to bud-holes leads us to conclude that there reduce the bacterial population. The two Of the green algae, Cladophora,* Hydro- was a "community flesh" covering the top common agents employed for this purpose dictyon,* and Spirogyra* clog filter beds and of the colony, as there is in many modern are chlorine and ammonia, either singly or screens while Volvox, Dictyospherium, Pan- corals. This is a very convenient provision, together as ammoniachlorine. dorina, and Eudorina cause odor and taste. for if one polyp (individual coral animal) If the control biologist periodically checks Here the differences in amounts of copper has greater success in catching food than his the algal content of the water and a sharp needed for eradication are great. They vary neighbors, his nourishment is shared with increase is noted or objectionable species from one-tenth to ten parts per million. the others, and if one detects a danger, a appear, treatment should be undertaken to The diatoms* are frequent trouble makers, nerve-like impulse can be distributed destroy the organisms before they reproduce as they are responsible for both vile flavors through the colony and cause all its mem- in sufficient quantity to cause difficulty. and clogging of filters. The amounts of bers to withdraw into their stony forts. This may require treatment of the lake or copper needed for their control vary from The soft parts of the animals are gone, river that is the original source of the water two-tenths to five-tenths parts per million. but by observing the limy structure that or often the reservoir or storage basin into Among the yellow-brown algae, Cera- remains and by comparing this with struc- which the water is pumped. tium,* Dinobryon, Synura, and Uroglena tures of present-day animals whose soft The method of making population counts are the most frequent producers of a fishy parts are known, we can form a probably of free-floating organisms has been standard- taste and it requires from two-tenths to reliable idea of the nature of these inhabit- ized and offers no obstacle to the aquatic five-tenths parts per million of copper to ants of the Silurian sea. biologist. It has been the accepted practice kill them. for more than forty years to use copper as Aphanizomenon, Anabaena, Microcystis,* an algaecide in such situations. The copper and Rivularia (Gloeotrichia)* among the ALGAE AND WATER SUPPLIES is applied as copper sulfate (blue vitriol) blue-green algae have been reported to K. By HARRY PHINNEY either in the dry state or as a concentrated clog filter beds and to cause odors. These ASSISTANT CURATOR OF CRYFTOGAMIC BOTANY solution. The calculation of the quantity forms can be eliminated or sharply reduced The water supplies of most American of dry salt necessary to make the water to in number by adding copper sulfate in a cities are kept healthful by rigid regulation be treated a copper solution of the required quantity to give one-tenth to four-tenths of the disposal of domestic and industrial strength must be made by a person having parts per million of copper. wastes within the supplies' watershed. By accurate first-hand information concerning Occasionally the stoneworts (Chara) close observation of the bacterial content the quantity of water to be treated and the cause trouble because they form large masses of the water it is possible for the laboratory biological and chemical content of that and on decay give forth a sulphurous, rotten- bacteriologist to note pollution and to check water. onion odor. They are destroyed by copper its source. in concentrations from one to five-tenths BOTANISTS ASSIST Although water-borne contagion can thus parts per million. be kept at a minimum, many water supplies The problems of applying the algaecide NON-CHEMICAL METHODS are occasionally afflicted and some are con- are of an engineering nature and do not stantly endangered by the presence of enter the realm of cryptogamic botany. Under certain circumstances in which the members of a group of organisms quite Frequently, however, the identification of water is not put to domestic or industrial distinct from the disease-producing bacteria. the organism creating the difficulty must uses and the basin involved is small, it is These organisms belong to the group of be undertaken by a specialist who can make possible to control the algae by other than chlorophyll-bearing cellular plants generally a positive determination and thus give the chemical means. In small pools the masses and collectively known as algae, pond information necessary for adequate control. may be removed by raking. scums, water blooms, and the like. They It is for this reason that cryptogamic If no harm would ensue, draining the basin are plants reproducing by means other than botanists are called upon for their help. for a period of days will at least reduce the seeds and lack true roots, stems, and leaves. Such inquiries are received not only from number of organisms but will not eradicate The menace of these plants is their nuisance waterworks engineers but also from tropical them. Shading small pools is often effective, value in producing unpalatable tastes and fish fanciers whose aquaria become clouded odors in the water. and from owners of outdoor green, swimming The forms singled out in the above discussion by model Any algal species may grow so abundantly pools, and from people whose property an asterisk are represented in the glass display of algae at the north end of Martin A. and Carrie in a water supply that upon death and includes lakes and ponds all of which are Ryerson Hall (Plant Life-Hall 29). June, 191,7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3 as algae multiply best in warm water in 'OIL IN VENEZUELA' PHOTO SHOW AT MUSEUM, JUNE 5-27 strong sunlight. Reducing the nitrogen An exhibition of photographs document- Jersey Standard affiliate, is drilling for oil content of the water by removal of all ing the oil industry of Venezuela will open beneath water as deep as 60 feet. The organic debris and by cementing the bottom in Stanley Field Hall of the Museum on panels also portray the refineries and their is another fair means of control. June 5 and continue through June 27. pipelines, the types of native workers and The blue-green algae are reputedly quite Entitled "Oil in Venezuela," the exhibition modern housing projects, and schools and sensitive to the nitrogen content of the was prepared by Standard Oil Company hospitals constructed for the people'of the medium and this method is most applicable (New Jersey) for the Council for Inter- oil communities. All photographs are when they are concerned. In general, it is best to know the identity of the trouble- making organism in order to determine the best treatment for it.

EXPEDITION TO SOUTHWEST HUNTS EARLY SITE

Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of the Department of Anthropology, will leave Chicago this month for western New Mexico where he will continue archaeological researches for the Museum. He will be assisted by two staff specialists, Dr. John Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology, and Mr. George I. Quimby, Curator of Exhibits. Dr. Rinaldo has already left for the field. In previous seasons, exhaustive work was carried on at an early site—called the SU village. Here were discovered evidences of an early civilization that archaeologists have called Mogollon (pronounced mugg-a- yown). Briefly, it may be characterized as simple, primitive, and unsophisticated. The people, as deduced from the skeletons Photo by Vachon-Standard Oil Co. (N. J.) found buried under the house floors, were similar in appearance to the modern Hopi TIA JUANA OIL FIELD, LAKE MARACAIBO or Indians. lived in of the to exhibited Zuni They pit houses, Drilling in this Venezuelan area is done in 60 feet of water. (One photographs be June 5-27.) made undecorated pottery, used the crudest kind of stone tools, existed mostly on seeds, American Co-operation, Inc., and is to be accompanied by labels telling essential nuts, berries, and products of the chase, and presented in twenty cities throughout the facts and will be exhibited in individually perhaps did a little farming on the side. United States. The Pan-American Council lighted cases. This Mogollon civilization was different of Chicago is co-sponsor of the exhibit here. All photographs in the exhibition were from that of the Pueblo Indians and of the The ten large panels of photographs taken by Mr. John Vachon, who is well Hohokam Indians of southern Arizona. provide a dramatic record of the tropical known in his field through his work for SEEK AGE FROM WOOD oil country of Venezuela with its derricks Farm Security Administration, Office of rising from Lake Maracaibo, where the War Information, and United Nations The age of this SU village is not yet posi- Creole Petroleum Corporation, a New Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. tively known, although the burned roof beams are being studied at the Laboratory of Tree Ring Research at Tucson. But considered is that this Dr. Martin's guess Several such sites may be encountered. it will be thoroughly excavated for the was about the A.D. 500. village occupied year They will be excavated during this and fol- Museum. Two reports have appeared on the results lowing summers to obtain evidence for trac- With experience and training, one can of the work at the SU site, and the third and ing the origin of the Mogollon civilizations. spot the ruins of abandoned village or camp is of the final document in press now. In them, The survey work requires special training sites by the presence of one or more Dr. Martin has explained the significance and experience. About two months will be following traits: broken pieces of pottery, has of of the various specimens found and required to cover the area of interest. Mr. broken stone implements, chips stone, hollows synthesized the results of the expeditions. E. B. Sayles, Curator of the Arizona State fragments of bone tools, saucer-like 14 feet in and traces of The next problem is to trace the origin Museum, leader of the survey and an expert (about diameter), walls. and development of the people of the SU in this field, has already begun the task. the no village. This calls for Dr. Martin and his He is being assisted by Dr. Rinaldo. In event that early, pre-pottery associates to undertake what is known as village is located, investigation of a village HOW RUINS ARE SPOTTED an "archaeological survey." On foot or occupied after A.D. 500 will be undertaken. on horseback, the archaeologists cover As the survey has not yet been completed, There is equal interest in the developments those that many miles of territory in order to locate it is not possible at this time to give any leading up to the SU culture and what might be a village earlier than the SU report on the results obtained from it. But stemmed from it. his associates will village and perhaps ancestral to it, or a site it is hoped that an early village will be found Dr. Martin and employ that is later than the SU village and perhaps —one that might date from about A.D. 300 five or six local laborers and will be in the inhabited by descendants of SU people. or earlier. When such a village is located, field until the middle of September. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 19i7

2 MILLION VOLUMES IN MUSEUM LIBRARY BY A. D. 2022?—'THE DOCTRINE OF SUFFERANCE' By CARL W. HINTZ mendous flood of it seems to In other in order LIBRARIAN printed matter, 2022, 56,000. words, that some of the assumptions on which the to double in size every sixteen years, the few decades have witnessed a past alarmists base their case may be critically annual rate of acquisitions must constantly THEtremendous increase in size of the book examined. increase. collections of libraries throughout the world, The prize example is cited in "The Last It is interesting, though dangerous, to and particularly in the United States. The Canute"; namely, that if Yale University speculate on the number of volumes of problem of housing, organizing, and admin- Library continues to grow at the same rate research interest published annually in the istering large collections has engaged the as it has in the past, it will have approxi- world. The Library of Congress, the largest attention of many people—librarians and mately 200 million volumes by a.d. 2040. American library, received a total of non-librarians alike—and proposed solutions It is true that research libraries have doubled 2,984,619 pieces of new material during the have ranged from regional storage ware- every sixteen years on the average, but it fiscal year 1944-45, and disposed of, or houses for the less used material to the seems questionable whether this rate of consolidated into volumes in the course of reduction of books photographically to the growth will continue. The realization that binding, 648,326 pieces, leaving a net gain size of catalogue cards to save space. libraries are important to research, plus the of 2,336,293 pieces. Of the total number of The latest warrior to enter the lists is development of new fields since the turn of items received, 572,821 were classed as Garrett a at Santa Hardin, bacteriologist, the century, led in large measure to the volumes and pamphlets. The remainder Barbara College. His article, "The Last tremendous increase in the size of book were unbound serial parts, unbound news- which in the Canute," appeared Scientific collections, in part, at least, made up of paper issues, maps, microfilm, motion for is a beautiful Monthly September, 1946, material published many years earlier. picture reels, recordings, etc. Admittedly, of satirical which follows the piece writing, Eventually, the backlog of desiderata will the Library of Congress does not acquire a Swiftian method of a making point by be overcome—either because it has been copy of all publications of research interest, It is built the theme exaggeration. upon acquired or because a supply is no longer but included in its total are many publica- of a man who left to wealthy $20,000,000 available. When and if this happy stage is tions not of research value. each of four university libraries on condition reached, libraries will be faced primarily If we attempted to construct a rough fig- that for each ten dollars they applied for, with current production. ure in volumes for unbound serial parts and one book had to be removed from the stacks newpaper issues, we would arrive at a total forever and The will was broken HOW MUSEUM LIBRARY GROWS destroyed. of 650,000 volumes and pamphlets added because of some smart alecks at Harvard, It is interesting to apply these figures to annually. Multiply this by 100, and we and the four universities the got money Chicago Natural History Museum Library would have 65,000,000 volumes by A.D. without attached. Librarians any strings in terms of its past and projected growth. 2045—a staggering figure, but considerably fare rather at Mr. Hardin's as badly pen, According to the Annual Report of the less than the 200,000,000 volumes projected he that "libraries must have a well says Director for 1894-95, the Library was for Yale. Similarly, the 650,000 volumes out for rid of thought system getting books, organized in March, 1894. By October 1 of added annually seem like a drop in a bucket as have for them. This they acquiring that year, 6,520 items had been entered in compared with the presumptive 5,500,000 seems obvious —to but the enough everyone the Accession Book. volumes that Yale would be adding from a.d. librarian."

This proposal that books be evicted from the library is elaborated upon in a second Annual article by Mr. Hardin: "The Doctrine of Sufferance in the Library," in the April, 1947, issue of College and Research Libraries. His thesis here is that all books shall be placed on the defensive after a certain period of time. Unless their retention can be justified, out they go. "No book remains in the library save on sufferance. This must be the basic principle governing libraries, at least college and research libraries."

SHORT LIFE FOR BOOKS

If the system Mr. Hardin outlines were adopted, he predicts that, in a college library, for instance, most textbooks would go out at the end of ten years, and the majority of monographs and reviews in the field of science, at the end of twenty years. Even original research papers could be destroyed after one hundred years or at the most two hundred, on the assumption that it is easier to make the discovery anew than it is to exhume it from the library after a lapse of many years. Mr. Hardin cites the classic example of Mendel's work remaining unknown for forty years, during which time at least three other investigators had inde- pendently reached the same results. Granted that we are faced with a tre- June, 19^7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

research publications is the fascinating, Books though perhaps equal- ly unanswerable one (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are of the number of peo- available in The Book Shop of the Museum. ple engaged in writing Mail orders accompanied by remittance are them. For if libraries promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the on are to double in size postage shipments.) every sixteen years, The Ancient Maya. By Sylvanus Griswold it is that the implied Morley. Stanford University Press, 1946. of production publica- Pp. xxxii+520, 152 illustrations, price, $10. tions must constantly The ancient one of the grow. If publications Maya produced most civilizations of the New double, it is reason- fascinating able to assume that World. Fittingly enough, Morley's book on the is as as the civili- the producers of those Maya outstanding zation about which it is written. The book publications will in- crease in number. In is the most up-to-date synthesis of the detailed that have other words, Mr. Har- knowledge archaeologists din's character who extracted about the Maya, their history, and their intellectual and artistic achieve- says, "If everyone is ments. cataloguing books who now that the on God's green earth is Also, picturesque Maya of Yucatan and Guatemala is so going to write them?" country accessible the book is of value might well be para- easily by air, in an essential for all phrased to read: "If providing background those whose interest in native America everyone is writing LIBRARIAN OF THE FUTURE? them to visit the scene of the ancient books, who is going to impels (Cartoon Brown) ruined cities and to see the by Peggy Collings buy, read, and care Maya Maya of for them?" The need people today. Dr. Morley, an associate of the in the collection or the material will no for thousands of cataloguers will be brought Carnegie Institution of and one of the longer be available. This is not an indica- about only by the existence of many more Washington most eminent of Middle American archae- tion that our rate of acquisitions will drop. thousands of writers. Perhaps birth control has devoted a lifetime to the Rather, it should increase with particular at the source rather than euthanasia at the ologists, study of the In his he treats in emphasis on securing current material and end is the answer. Maya. book, detail the and decline of the more complete coverage, so that it will not origin, rise, civilization and the final be necessary fifty years from now to go Maya conquest Field Trip of the the in the 16th back in order to remedy deficiencies. How- Paleontology Maya by Spanish century. He also gives a concise of ever, it seems doubtful if we will ever reach The Museum's 1947 Paleontological Expe- picture the natural in which the lived a stage where we would be adding enough dition to western Alabama, after five setting Maya and describes the focal points about which volumes each year to meet the figure under successful weeks in the field, returned to life revolved. the doubling-every-sixteen-years formula. Chicago on May 15. Mr. William Turnbull, Maya One learns of the central that What of the doctrine of sufferance? In Preparator in Paleontology, was in charge. position maize held the and our case, the older material is frequently He was assisted by Mr. C. M. Barber. In agriculture among Maya of its intimate relation to religion and referred to. Hardin's thesis that it is simpler addition to several fine fossil turtles, mosa- ceremony. There are excellent on to rediscover facts independently after a saurs, and whales, the most exciting speci- chapters the of hieroglyphic writing and long lapse of time ignores the law of economy men is an almost perfectly preserved fish. system on mathematics and astronomy. by suggesting that work already done should Nearly all of the specimens were from the Maya Achievements in architecture and the arts be duplicated rather than utilized. The fact Selma Formation of late Cretaceous time, are described. sections that Mendel's work was not known until although the whales and a few others clearly Interesting are also devoted to various of forty years later is a situation that would not were found in the Jackson Formation of the aspects every- life and to the structure of reoccur, in all probability, in these days of Eocene epoch. day Maya and social research libraries and abstracting and index- government organization. One of the book's most attractive features ing services. Furthermore, the suggestion Technical Publications Issued is the number of excellent that older material, which is presumably no very large illustrations and text figures. A number longer useful to an experimental scientist, The following technical publications were of explanatory tables further enhances the be removed from the stacks and forever issued by the Museum during the last volume. The well-known French is artist, destroyed a denial that the history of month : Jean Chariot, has provided a colorful science is important as a subject in its own Fieldiana—Geology, Vol. 11, No. 1. The jacket. Finally, the Stanford Press is to be right. Any humanistic aspects that the Family Diadectidae, and Its Bearing on on the over-all of sciences possess would be ignored in favor complimented makeup the Everett the the excellent and the fine of a stark utilitarianism. Classification of Reptiles. By book, type, Claire Olson. April 23, 1947. 54 pages, of the Furthermore, the argument that unre- quality paper. 8 text $ .60. Alexander Spoehr stricted growth will lead to a situation where figures. Curator of Oceanic Ethnology librarians will outnumber every other group Fieldiana—Geology, Vol. 10, No. 5. Re- in the population is ridiculous. Before books description of Taphrosphys Olssoni, a can be added to a library, they must be Fossil Turtle from Peru. By Rainer Models of a record-size squid and an written and published. Closely allied to the Zangerl. April 30, 1947. 12 pages, 4 octopus are suspended from the ceiling in question of speculating on the number of text figures. $ .20. Hall M (Lower Invertebrates). Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 19U7

Chicago Natural History Museum Reptiles, left May 1 on a field trip to the Philippine Expedition Progress

Founded by Marshall 1893 Eocene in . . . The Field, deposits Wyoming. Reports of successful work by the Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 resignation of Dr. C. Martin Wilbur as Museum's Philippine Zoological Expedi- Telephone: WABash 9410 Curator of Chinese Archaeology and Eth- tion, which is staffed in part by collectors nology as of 31, is announced. Dr. May from the former Philippine Bureau of THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Wilbur joined the staff of the Museum on Science, continue to arrive from the field, Lester Armour Marshall Jr. Field, October 1, 1936. He has been on leave of Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field as well as notable collections. The expedi- Blair Samuel Jr. absence since for service with W. McCormick Insull, April 7, 1943, under the direction of Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham tion, Captain Harry the Office of Services of the War BOARDMAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBAIN Strategic Hoogstraal, is continuing work on the Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell Department, and later with the State Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall interesting island of Palawan. This long Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson On of his Department. completion present narrow island lies the Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith between Borneo and H. Wetten assignment in government service, Dr. Marshall Field Albert Philippines, and its animal life, almost John P. Wilson Wilbur will join the faculty of Columbia entirely unlike that of other Philippine University, New York. OFFICERS islands, is closely related to that of Borneo. Stanley Field President Active studies of the collections Marshall Field First Vice-President Philippine Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Vice-President in Southwest received from Mindanao, the largest of the Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President Reptile Study Solomon A. Smith Treasurer southern Philippine islands, are under way. Clifford C. Gregg Director and During the last week of June, Mr. Clifford Secretary The use of Filipino members on the expedi- John R. Millar Assistant Secretary H. Pope, Curator of Amphibians and tion constitutes co-operation with the new Reptiles, will leave for western New Mexico Philippine National Museum. THE BULLETIN where for about two months he will make a of the and life of EDITOR survey reptile amphibian the southern border of the that Collection From Trinidad Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum high plateau covers most of New Mexico and much of An addition to the South ASSOCIATE EDITOR important Arizona. Special attention will be paid to American collections of the Museum has Wilfred H. Osgood Curator Emeritus, Zoology the altitudinal distribution of lizards on the resulted from the collections made in CONTRIBUTING EDITORS plateau and in mountains lying to the east Trinidad, British West Indies, by Staff Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany and west. Taxidermist Frank C. Wonder, whose Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology return from a four-month expedition to MANAGING EDITOR GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM that island was reported in the last issue H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel of the Bulletin. Since that report, Mr. is a list of some of the Following principal Wonder's collections have arrived safely received the last month: Members are requested to Inform the Museum gifts during at the Museum. Mr. Wonder concentrated promptly of changes of address. Department of Anthropology: on collecting mammals, reptiles, and am- From: Dr. Harold S. Bayless, Chicago— phibians, but he also assembled repre- the robe of a Maori chief, Hawkes Bay sentative birds. STAFF NOTES tribe, New Zealand. Trinidad is the type locality of many of and fresh from Department of Geology : species animals, specimens the island are essential to the Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of From: Kent Jones, Joplin, Mo.—2 fossil accordingly of the distribution of South Anthropology, and two of his associates, pelecypods, Texas; Glen L. Evans, Austin, understanding — was aided Mr. George I. Quimby, Curator of Ex- Texas a fossil gastropod, Texas; Michael American species. Mr. Wonder —a of brown J. C. hibits, and Mr. Donald Collier, Curator Chappers, Chicago specimen by Dr. E. M. Chenery and Mr. Cater fluorite and a Pleistocene of South American Ethnology and Archae- conglomerate, of the Forestry Department of Trinidad. Ohio; Charles E. Mohr, Director, Academy ology, attended the meetings last month of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia— 10 photo- of the Central Section of the American NEW MEMBERS graphs of exhibits in the Hall of Earth Anthropological Association held at the History at the academy; Eugene S. Richard- The following persons became Members of at University Michigan Ann Arbor. 111.—169 of son, Jr., Winnetka, specimens of the Museum during the period from Mr. Quimby presented a paper on the invertebrate fossils, Pennsylvania and New April 16 to May 15: Death Cult among the prehistoric Indians Jersey. of the Southeastern United and Associate Members States, Department of Zoology: Mr. Collier one on the A. Forrest Steepleton, Mrs. Robert presented Indians From: Boardman —a Conover, Chicago Tarrant. of South America. . . . Mr. Colin C. reproduction of a Labrador duck; Chicago Curator of Members Sanborn, Mammals, visited Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. —a Man- Sustaining museums in Cambridge, Mass., New York, darin duck, China;— Dr. Henry Field, Gerhard Lessman Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh last Cuernavaca, Mexico 51 specimens of shells, Annual Members month to make studies of Mexico; Ross Allen, Silver Springs, Fla.— comparative H. B. Barber, Lawrence H. Barrett, 401 of and South American mammal . . . specimens reptiles amphibians, specimens. George L. Barrowclough, Miss Helen Boyd, Florida and Gulf States; N. L. H. Krauss, Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Edward J. Burnell, Lynton W. Caldwell, Honolulu, Hawaii—a snake, Hawaii. Zoology, attended a meeting of a subcom- G. Murray Campbell, Horace M. Carleton, mittee of the Pacific Science Board last Library: Dr. Sam S. Chrisos, Stuart O. Fiedler, Mrs. month in Washington, D.C., to discuss From: Commissioner for Archaeology D. C. Franche, III, Carl R. Gray, Jr., Kenneth M. J. L. Hollo current active projects for research in the and Anthropology, Khartoum, Egyptian Henderson, way, Col. Clifford C. Fred Kaspar, I. C. Keller, Pacific. The Museum shares in the major Sudan; Gregg, Valparaiso, Jacky, Ray Ind.; Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, LaJolla, Calif.; Miss Clara R. Lacey, Arthur G. Leonard, project for an anthropological survey of the Dr. Henry Field, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Jr., John D. Leonard, Dr. Aquil Mastri, Pacific islands under American control Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Winnetka, 111.; Claude R. Miller, Myron T. Monsen, through the work of Dr. Alexander Carl Colby, Loyal, Wis.; P. Coremans, Robert R. Owen, Paul M. Plunkett, Mrs. S. Curator of Oceanic Spoehr, Ethnology, Brussels, Belgium; and Boardman Conover, Austin Pope, John V. Sandberg, Warren H. currently on an expedition in the area. . . . Dr. Theodor Just, Rupert L. Wenzel, and Sapp, Jr., Ralph W. Schalla, T. P. Stathas, Dr. Rainer ZangerJ, Curator of Fossil Anthony Mazur, of Chicago. Donald J. Walsh. June, 191,7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

LECTURE TOURS IN JUNE Everyone is familar with the common and branches are tapped; in others the entire milkweed, or the rubber plant frequently plant is macerated. The liquid is solidified Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of grown in homes—when the stem is broken, a by the application of heat or the addition staff lecturers, are conducted every after- milky juice exudes. Milk or latex is charac- of such chemical agents as acetic or phos- noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and teristic of hundreds of plants, especially phoric acids or alum. certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, those of the Spurge, Dogbane, Mulberry, In the Amazon Valley and adjacent Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours Nettlewort, and Sapodilla families. regions, rubber trees are tapped during the are given, covering all departments. Special dry season. The tappers explore the forest subjects are offered on Wednesdays and LIFE FUNCTION UNKNOWN and open paths to suitable trees. A vertical Fridays; a schedule of these follows: This latex has its origin in a system of incision is made with a special knife up to a Wed., June 4—Sun Journey—Southwest capillary vessels or cells found in the first- height of three or four feet. A lateral cut, Indians (June Ruzicka). formed or primary tissue of the stems, in at an angle of 45 degrees, is opened, leading the secondary tissue in the underlayers of the to the vertical channel. Subsequent inci- Fri., June 6—Edible Wild Plants in the bark, and sometimes in the sapwood of sions are opened parallel with the original Chicago Region (Marie Svoboda). the trunk and branches. Its function in the lateral cut, usually on alternate days. The Wed., June 11 —The Races of Mankind growth and life of the plant still remains latex begins to flow immediately and is (Miriam Wood). unsolved. When seen under the microscope, caught in a receptacle fastened to the trunk. this milky juice has the appearance of After a few hours the contents of all the cups Fri., June 13—Animals of Tropical Climates minute oily globules of variable size and are transferred to a larger vessel and taken to (Lorain Farmer). chemical content, depending upon the plant the main camp. Wed., June 18—Plants to Beverages (Marie from which the latex is obtained. The next step is to convert the still liquid Svoboda). Though comparatively rare in temperate latex into solid rubber. A fire is lighted, — regions, rubber-yielding plants are exceed- using certain species of hardwoods or palm Fri., June 20—Your Trip to the Rockies nuts, to produce a dense smoke. Latex is The Story Behind the Mountains (Winona poured over a pole or paddle and held over Hinkley). the smoke. Almost instantly the heat Wed., June 25—Denizens of the Deep causes the latex to dry or coagulate, forming (Lorain Farmer). a thin layer on the pole or paddle. More latex is added and then smoked. The Fri., June 27—Your Trip to the Rockies- process is repeated until a large ball, weigh- Animal Life of the Region (Winona ing up to 100 pounds or more, is formed. Hinkley) . When fresh, rubber is of a golden brown color, but it gradually becomes dark, almost PLANTS AS SOURCES black, on contact with moisture or on OF RUBBER exposure to air and sunlight. By LLEWELYN WILLIAMS PROCESS ON PLANTATIONS CURATOR OF WOOD TECHNOLOGY RUBBER GATHERERS* CAMP it is to On the Orinoco River, Venezuela. In On plantations customary coagu- The use of the milky exudation of certain upper foreground are balls of crude rubber prepared by smoking the latex late the liquid with chemical agents and to plants by the natives of tropical America, over Curaror poles. (Phoro by Williams.) press the solidified mass into thin sheets, and elsewhere, has been known to explorers which are afterwards placed for several and naturalists for centuries. History ingly common in the tropics. Many of the days in a smoke-filled chamber. relates that when Columbus, on his first largest trees in the humid forests of Central Despite considerable research and great voyage to the Americas, reached the island and South America, Africa, Asia, and the progress made in recent years in the syn- of Hispaniola he found a group of Indians Malay Archipelago exude a milk-like sub- thetic industry, wartime experience indi- playing with balls that bounced. At the stance when the bark is cut or damaged or cated the manifest superiority of natural beginning of the 17th century, Pietro when the leaves and twigs are torn or rubber over synthetic substitutes in the Martyre d'Anghiera, chaplain to the court snapped. The best known are various species manufacture of certain articles, especially of Ferdinand and Isabella, told how the of Hevea, widely distributed in northern those subject to friction or requiring Aztecs played with balls made "from the South America, especially in the Amazon endurance. juice of a certain herb." and upper Orinoco regions; species of Sap- An exhibit showing trunks of several FIRST RAINCOATS ium, in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela; rubber-yielding trees, various types of Ceara rubber tree (Manihot glaziovii) and rubber, and steps in the preparation of When the Spaniards arrived in Mexico, Mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa), in eastern Para rubber is on display in Cases 605 and they established the practice of dipping Brazil; species of Clitandra, Carpodinus, 607 in Hall 28. capes into latex to waterproof them. Landolphia, and Funtumia, in Africa; and of the Amazon likewise Early explorers the so-called India rubber tree (Ficus reported that the primitive forest dwellers Museum to Be Host to Librarians elaslica), in India, Burma, and Malaya. of the region prepared waterproof garments, The most rubber and that of highest The Special Libraries Association will rubber and so forth from pouches, vessels, quality comes from the Para rubber tree hold its 1947 convention at the Drake Hotel, an elastic substance of which plant origin, (Hevea brasiliensis), native of the Amazon June 9-13, and its Museum Group is called "cahuchu." they valley. Late in the last century it was scheduled to meet at Chicago Natural Years later, Charles-Marie de la Conda- introduced into the Far East, where it has History Museum on June 13 at 2:30 p.m. mine, the French scholar and explorer, been so extensively propagated that until A brief tour of the building is planned, furnished descriptions of the uses and recently the Far East furnished the world's followed by a talk by Chief Curator of preparation of rubber, samples of the chief supply of rubber. Zoology Karl P. Schmidt on "Bibliographi- material, and details of the botanical The method of extracting the latex and cal Foundations of Museum Research" and characteristics of the trees tapped by the the preparation of rubber vary according a description of the library and its activities Indians of equatorial America. to the plant. In some instances the trunk by Librarian Carl W. Hintz. Page 8 CHICAGO" NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 1U7

PLEASE PASS THE SALT' HAS A SWEET SOUND IN AFRICA whose leg had been wounded while escaping fire treated By WILFRID D. HAMBLY from a village the wound with as that procured from sea water only, by CURATOR OF AFRICAN ETHNOLOGY ashes of plants that had been burned in the the same method of boiling, is preferred to conflagration. Later she sucked the wound the salt, please." African Ne- it by the natives." "T)ASS to ease the pain, and so discovered that the jT groes, especially those of the interior, At the present day, near Lake Mweru- ashes had a pleasant taste. Some time later and Pygmy tribes as well, would be most in east Africa, the making of salt is accom- the discovery was made that these ashes, if happy if the above modest request could panied by important ritual. A local priest soaked in water, would yield a satisfactorily be continually made with hope of com- inaugurates the work by spending several briny substance. pliance. For even today, after consider- days alone at his own salt diggings, and on able opening up of Africa, salt has a high his return he erects a small spirit-hut near MURDER INDEMNITY PAID IN SALT value. During the Frederick H. Rawson- a sacred tree. In the middle of the floor One curious use of salt in payment of a Field Museum Expedition to Portuguese of this hut a cup of salt is placed. Formerly, fine is recorded by a traveler in a village of West Africa, led by the writer, gifts of salt and even today if European supervision is central Africa, about forty years ago. A were welcomed, and occasionally the com- lax, a human victim is sacrificed, and the murder had been committed and, according to custom, the community in which the murderer lived was responsible for paying TRANSPORT the blood-money. The chief of this village OF SALT IN went around on an appointed day and WEST AFRICA collected from each of his subjects two cupped handfuls of salt. This was pooled The blocks these to form payment for the life taken. tribesmen Negroes who keep cattle, and there are catty ate many such tribes, although other Negro natron, a salt tribes are wholly agricultural, have to find used in the salt for their herds as well as for themselves.

drinking water of Among the Suk tribe of northeast Africa, domestic animals cattle are driven to a salt lick once a month in the Lake Chad on the first appearance of the new moon.

region. There is a belief to the effect that cattle must not proceed if the moon is obscured, for if they do a stomach disease may result. A well-known ethnologist said of the modity was used in exchange for objects ground is blessed by the sprinkling of human Bakitara tribe of northeast Africa, that of Negro manufacture, although money has blood. The whole of this procedure is to should the rain-makers fail to bring rain, been circulated among native tribes for many solicit the ancestral spirits, for the essence they were punished by being made to eat years. The Ovimbundu tribe of Angola of Negro religion is a belief that the dead a meal cooked with a large amount of salt. preserve locusts in a mixture of salt and are able to influence even the most trivial They then had to sit perspiring in the sun. fat. In the early centuries of European events in the lives of the living. A division Nobody believed that the rain-makers were trade with Negro Africa, salt was one of of labor is followed in the preparation of incapable; they were thought to be stubborn. many objects, such as brass wire, cowrie salt; men bring firewood, children carry the The sacred office appears to be one that shells, beeswax, ivory, and copper ingots, salt earth and water, while women take care might well be difficult to fill, for should the each of which had a standardized purchasing of the evaporation and collection of the magicians make too great a downpour they power and a definite value in relation to resulting salt. When the water containing were compelled to drink excessive quantities other forms of currency. salt earth has nearly boiled away, women of water; or a capricious king might immerse It is stated occasionally that African scoop the salt with a cup and pour it into them and appoint guards to push them under people prefer salt of their own manufacture receptacles made of bark. The salt is when they arose to breathe. to the more purified forms that are imported intended not merely for personal use, but from Europe. Be this as it may, there also for trade on a quite large scale with in Texas still exist very crude methods of obtaining neighboring villages. Reptile Collecting adulterated salt from ashes that result from Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of 6000 PER CENT PROFIT the burning of carefully selected plants. Zoology, his son, John, and Dr. C. C. Liu, The usual method is to soak the ashes in Negroes of west Africa have, since very engaged in research at the Museum on a water, then to strain them, and finally to ancient times, received cakes of salt from State Department fellowship, have returned evaporate the water. the mines of Bilma and Tigguida in the from a brief field trip to Texas and the interior Sahara desert. At the present day adjoining states for early spring collection SEA-WATER SALT one may see salt cakes from the Sahara on of amphibians and reptiles. Despite the As far back as the year 1775, Lieutenant sale in markets hundreds of miles from the adverse season, interesting collections were J. Matthews witnessed the manufacture of place of their origin. In Hall D (Case 21) made in Baylor County, Knox County, and salt from sea water, by Negroes of Sierra are pieces of salt cake which were purchased Palo Pinto County in Texas, and in Natchi- Leone, West Africa. He describes marshy in Nigeria, West Africa by the Frederick H. toches Parish, Louisiana. plains that were overflowed by the sea Rawson-Field Museum Expedition to that The group also attended the meeting of twice a year, and when the resulting deposit country. Salt which is worth a penny in the Texas Herpetological Society. This of mud had hardened after the high tides Bilma is worth sixty times as much at the society has an annual field meet for a day's had receded, cakes of the saline earth were end of a long caravan journey. collecting that draws attendance of 40 to 50 collected by slaves. "The mud is dissolved In Negro Africa, as well, there are stories members from various parts of Texas. Mr. in water in large earthen pots; when the concerning a commodity so highly esteemed. Arthur F. Senior of Homewood, Illinois, an water is sufficiently saturated with salt it is The Bushongo of the southwest Congo enthusiastic amateur photographer, joined

' boiled in shallow brass pans, and yields an region have a legend that describes the the party to attend the meeting and obtained excellent salt, which, although not so white discovery of salt as an appetizer. A woman an interesting photographic record.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicacfo Nature Museum a. History BU} :tin Formerly Eiiseum News

Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 JULY, 1947 No. 7

PANGOLINS, TARSIERS, AND FLYING LEMURS OF PHILIPPINES By KARL P. SCHMIDT where in the Netherlands Indies, Captain study in the Philippines but had never CHIEF CURAIOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY de Vos resigned from the project and came acquired a representation of the Philippine title of this preliminary note on to America to continue his education animal life. Captain Hoogstraal had long THEthe Museum's Philippine Expedition, Lieutenant Donald Heyneman then joined been favorably known to the Museum for which has been operating for more than a with Captain Hoogstraal in the alternative his promotion of zoological and botanical year in Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan, plan to collect mammals and birds, reptiles collecting in Mexico. A year's expedition- might easily be ex- ary work was accord- tended to fill all of the ingly approved by this space in a number of institution. the Bulletin with The party began the mere catalogue work in the high of names of strange mountains of northern animals collected, Luzon, famous in mu- among which only the seum circles as a zoo- words pigs, deer, and logical "type locality" monkeys would have from the remarkable a familiar sound to variety of curious or non-zoological read- primitive rodents dis- ers. Shrews, civets, covered there by the and rare rodents; British collector John hornbills, parrots, and Whitehead. Most of monkey-eating eagles; these rodents are ex- arboreal earthworms, ternally rat-like, but colorful land snails, with extraordinarily and giant centipedes; modified dentition. mosquitoes, bird-lice, Some are large and and ticks; and insects, very un-rat-like, al- insects, and more in- though still related to sects will be enumer- the true rats. White- ated in the accessions head had collected on and catalogues and Mt. Data, which rises scientific reports deal- THE TARSIER. REMOTE RELATIVE OF MAN to an elevation of ing with the incoming This strange-looking lemuroid primate is well represented in the collections of the Philippines Expedition, and the more than 10,000 feet, collections. specimens will be used at the Museum in important research projects. and the Hoogstraal The Museum's party set up its camps Philippine Zoological Expedition of 1946- and amphibians, fresh-water fishes, and in- on the same mountain. The Mt. Data collec- 47 results from the pre-war interests sects and land invertebrates of all kinds tions, by a not unfamiliar mischance, arrived of several American GIs, two of whom in the Philippines. It was their especial at the Museum only in June of the follow- had been involved in the -con- desire to profit by the existence of surplus ing year, more than a year after they were trol work of the Sanitary Corps and Army equipment and of Army facilities. collected. the Medical Corps in the Far East. At By co-operation with the personnel of the Desiring to strengthen Captain Hoog- the end of the war, Captain Harry Hoog- bomb-and-fire-destroyed Philippine Bureau straal's party for insect and invertebrate straal, finding himself in the Philippines of Science, it was hoped that their operations collecting, in line with the general desire to with Captain Anthony de Vos, of the might be greatly extended and that pre- strengthen the Division of Insects in the Royal Netherlands Air Force and formerly liminary steps might also be taken to build Museum, Mr. Floyd G. Werner, of Ottawa, of the staff of the great Buitenzorg Museum up collections for a new Philippine National Illinois (quite recently from Okinawa), was in Java, planned first of all to spend a year Museum. attached to the party. Mr. Werner joined on the great spider-shaped East Indian This plan had much obvious intrinsic forces with Hoogstraal and Heyneman in island Celebes. When political disturbances merit as a project for Chicago Natural southern Mindanao, planning to make a and the necessity of repatriating Japanese History Museum, which had conducted frontal zoological attack on two of the high prisoners made it impossible to work any- extensive anthropological collecting and mountains northeast of Davao, Mt. Apo Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 191,7

quately preserved for anatomical study. This animal is an almost ideal living generalized mammal, essentially a "living fossil." Its anatomy will yield insights into the evolution of the mammals that are otherwise unobtainable.

RELATIVE OF MAN

Also because of its remote relations to man, the tarsier, a strange-looking and otherwise remarkable lemuroid primate, has had much attention from anatomists. This arboreal creature, with toes modified like those of a tree-frog or gecko for clinging to branches, has been difficult to obtain because of its small size and nocturnal habits. It seems at first astonishing and even horrifying that the Philippines party should have collected no less than eighty specimens of so rare an animal. But sudden abundance of a supposedly rare creature is by no means an unfamiliar experience to a MOUNTAINS OF THE PHILIPPINES museum collector, for rarity is more often apparent than real. Scene the region combed by the Museum expedition. Mt. Apo and Mt. McKinley challenge the zoological collector. The tarsiers were obtained when their and Mt. McKinley. The field collectors of skull and dentition that pose new and still jungle habitat was cleared away for a the Philippine Bureau of Science greatly unsolved problems of functional anatomy. hemp plantation. Since the surrounding strengthened the small American personnel; The tree shrews of the southern islands have forest was undoubtedly already filled to its it is to be hoped that this co-operation may only recently been transferred from the full carrying capacity with tarsiers, it is prove an effective step in the rehabilitation shrews to the lowest place in the order doubtful if many could have survived even of natural science in the new Philippine Primates, to which man belongs. This gives if transported to the neighboring uncut Republic. extraordinary anatomical and evolutionary forest. Vastly greater destruction of tarsiers Though a considerable by-product of interests to this group. These interests may obviously has taken place and continues exhibition material will accrue from the be extended directly to the ground shrew inevitable wherever original forest is being collections of the Philippine Expedition, the Podogymnura, which has long been known cleared for agricultural use. main emphasis in both plans and operations only from a single specimen; it was collected The scientific interest of the tarsier as to has been upon material intended for immedi- in considerable numbers by the Hoogstraal anatomy and behavior is very great, and it ate research, collections to strengthen the party, and several specimens were ade- appears that the Museum's series will be reference collection in the Museum, and observation in the field. One scientific paper, based on these collections, "A New Species of Tripteroides," by F. E. Baisas of the Bureau of Health in Manila, describing a new species of mosquito, has already been published.

ISLANDS PRESERVE FAUNAS

The zoological interest of the Philippines lies in a combination of tropical wealth of life with insular and regional peculiarity. Islands may preserve primitive forms from extinction, as seems to be indicated by some of the strange rodents of Mt. Data in Luzon; island archipelagos may exhibit a profoundly interesting study of the origin of species in all stages and degrees in their insular species and chains of species; and, in the relations of the animal life from island to island, past land connections and directions of immigra- tion of the land life of the region may be indicated. In a region so complex as the East Indies, analysis of the living plants and animals forms an important means of study of the basic geography. To remark further only upon the mam- mals, the results of the expedition in this alone suffice to make it a notable group most JUNGLE CLEARING ON PHILIPPINES EXPEDITION one. The curious rodent of Mt. genera Numerous tarsiers and other animals desired for the Museum collections were disclosed by these operations. Inset: The Data exhibit a extraordinary modifications of tarsier. Its zoological interest is in inverse proportion to its size; it can be held in the palm of man's hand, July, 1U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN PageS

an insectivorous mammal that is so highly SIX SUMMER MOVIE PROGRAMS modified that its relations to the insectivores OFFERED FOR CHILDREN and to the lemurs are obscure. This proper The annual summer series of free motion creature exhibits the extreme of develop- picture programs for children on Thursday ment of gliding flight among mammals; it mornings during July and August will open is provided with membranes between the July 10. The series is presented under the fore and hind limbs, like those of a flying auspices of the James Nelson and Anna squirrel, but these extend also between Louise Raymond Foundation. Six pro- tail and hind limbs and the chin and fore- grams will be given featuring films on limbs. The Museum had two specimens natural history and travel; animated car- of the neither in condi- flying lemur, good toons will be included on four. tion; the Philippine collection contains The entertainments will be given in the thirty specimens. James Simpson Theatre of the Museum at Of less immediate scientific importance, 10:30 a.m. Children are invited to come but of the and most spectacular public alone, accompanied by parents or other is the or general interest, pangolin, scaly adults, or in groups from clubs and various shown its tail from the anteater, hanging by centers. Admission is free. Following are hand of a Philippine collector in one of the the dates and titles of the films: accompanying illustrations. The large July 10—Thunderhead overlapping scales of this strange mam- A story sequel to Friend malian type give it a superficial resemblance "My Flicka." THE PANGOLIN to a reptile, and specimens have sometinu-s been delivered to the of 17— the Wild Otherwise known as a scaly anteater, this creature repre- reptile departments July Realm of sents a Bornean element in the Philippine fauna. museums as a result. The pangolin, like Wild game and birds of our National other termite-eating types, has lost its teeth Parks. in the course of evolution. Like the put to excellent scientific use. Research flying Also a cartoon. Associate A. A. Dahlberg has undertaken a lemur, the pangolins represent a distinct 24—Summer Adventures for All report on the individual variation of the and most peculiar order of mammals. July Ideas for a vacation near home. dentition and its succession. Among recent visitors to the Museum's Division of Anat- Also a cartoon. SUMMER GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS, omy, Dr. H. W. Mossman of the University July 31—Puss in Boots of Wisconsin and Dr. C. O. Bechtol have MORNINGS AND AFTERNOONS Also a cartoon. their interest in signified undertaking special During July, conducted tours of the studies on our tarsiers. The August 7—Adventures of Chico disporportion- exhibits, under the guidance of staff lec- which to be fixed The story of a Mexican Indian ately large eye, appears turers, will be given on a special schedule, in a forward direction, together with a great as follows: boy. movability of the head, which appears to August 14—Animal tales Mondays: 11 A.M., The Earth's Green rotate through 180° on the neck, suggests Mantle (General survey of the plant Also a cartoon. both anatomical and behavioral problems. exhibits); 2 p.m., General Tour (Exhibition It is to be hoped that Major George Whar- halls, all Departments). Central America Botanical Expedition ton, engaged in collecting for the United Tuesdays: 11 a.m., The People of the World Reports Recent Progress States National Zoological Garden, may be (General survey of the anthropology Recent reports from Mr. Paul C. Stand- exhibits); 2 p.m., General Tour. ley, Curator of the Herbarium, indicate 11 The Earth's Wednesdays: A.M., Story that the expedition that he is leading is (General survey of the geology exhibits); making substantial progress. Most of the 2 p.m., General Tour. time since Mr. Standley left last November Thursdays: 11 a.m. and 2 p.m., General has been spent in El Salvador and Honduras. Tours. Many different localities were visited in Fridays: 11 A.M., The World of Animals these countries and many species hitherto (General survey of the animal exhibits); unknown from these areas were found, e.g., 2 P.M., General Tour. a number of species previously known only from Guatemala have thus been added to There are no tours given on Saturdays, the flora of Honduras. During the early Sundays, or on July Fourth. part of May, the expedition moved to Nicaragua, the least known of the Central TREE SHREW Wyoming Fossil- Field Trip American countries. Here many important These inhabitants of the East Indian are the region most discoveries are expected during the course primitive of the Primate relatives of man. A field trip to the Washakie Basin in of exploration in the next few months. southern Wyoming was concluded by Dr. successful in bringing back tarsiers alive. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, Paleontology Expedition to Colorado Major Wharton will deliver the expedition's on June 5. The Washakie formation is of live monkey-eating eagle (one of the great late Eocene age and its fauna is relatively An expedition to collect specimens of rarities among Philippine birds) to the poorly known. Among the more important prehistoric mammals in the vicinity of Mesa, Brookfield Zoo. results of Dr. Zangerl's exploration are the Colorado, left the Museum June 9. Mr. discovery of a turtle-crocodile-fish grave- Bryan Patterson, Curator of Paleontology, FLYING LEMURS yard covering a large area, a well-preserved is leader. He is accompanied by Mr. James Still another of the remarkable mammals shell of a large land turtle, and a fine skull H. Quinn, Chief Preparator in Paleontology, of Mindanao is the so-called "flying lemur," of a soft-shell turtle. and Mr. William Turnbull, Preparator. Page I CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1H7

THE ADVERSITIES OF ANGELINA together to help her move about: a head- earth's crust by some fortunate chance (A FOSSIL, NOT A MOVIE) shield, a segmented body-shield, and a small happened to miss her delicate shell. tail-shield. side had no By EUGENE S. Jr. Her under shelly RICHARDSON, ADVERSITIES BEGIN CURATOR OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS covering, and even the legs, of which a pair stuck out from under the ends of each shell But at the close of the Ordovician period, had her Perils; Belinda segment, were soft and weak, each with a Angelina's luck ran out. The shale in PAULINEthe Beautiful Boiler Maker's Daughter feathery gill for obtaining oxygen from the which she lay imprisoned, along with the had more than her share of woes. Happy water. other rocks since deposited above her, was are those who can retire to a quiet case in a folded into gentle waves and lifted above sea museum. One of the retired characters MERGED INTO SHALE level. With the folding and accompanying staying here with us is Angelina. Her When Angelina died, her soft parts pressure, the shale became harder, more like present address is Hall 37 (Frederick J. V. quickly decayed, and she was left with slate. It is here that the real adversities of Skiff Hall), where she is propped up in the nothing but the test (shell) that covered her Angelina began, for the folding of the rocks upper right-hand part of the case devoted back. Soon the slowly accumulating clay pushed her shell a little out of shape and she to Cambrian fossils. and silt of the sea-floor buried her deeply, didn't look herself at all (Figs. 2 and 3). Our Angelina, and thousands of her and in course of time, when the overlying For a while there was peace and quiet. kindred with such thoroughly un-British material had consolidated and become shale, The low hills were eroded by the run-off of names as Shumardia, Angelina became part of the shale. rain water until the land was flat and near Asaphellus, Olenus, At the end of the Cambrian period (550 sea level. During the next period, the TriarOirus, and Eulo- million years ago), Angelina lay well buried, Silurian (390 million years ago), this new ma, were trilobites, so well buried indeed lowland slowly sank beneath the waters and living quietly with a that the first g<:ntle there was a sea, with Angelina down multitude of smaller gj, again upheaval of the earth's there somewhere far underneath its bottom, and less active neigh- crust, anticipating a but no longer lying flat, as before, for the bors in the quiet sea period of mountain late Ordovician folding had tilted the bed that covered a large building, had no effect of rock in which she lay. Several times part of England in the upon her. With the during the Silurian there were episodes when late Cambrian period. of the next the rocks were into However confident we beginning again squeezed tighter Fig. period, the Ordovician folds and she was further distorted. The may be that "there'll (480 million years pulses of activity were becoming more and always be an England," we may be still ago), some of the new- more more certain that there has not always frequent. ly formed Cambrian been an England—at least not the same THE REVOLUTION rocks were arched COMES (GEOLOGICAL) rabbit-shaped island that we sometimes above sea level in the Finally, at the close of the Silurian call Albion. region of the present period, the greatest and longest-continued A long time ago, before the North Sea English-Welsh border, epoch of compression occurred, and the and the English Channel flooded the edge east of Angelina's rocks were not only tightly folded but were of Europe, England was a part of the conti- former home. It was a broken and pushed along. It was the birth nent, and the Thames a minor tributary of naked land, and the of a major range of mountains, the Cale- the Rhine. And long before the Thames streams that carried donian range, rivaling the Rocky Mountains started flowing, Britain was a region of arid off the rain water in size though not in beauty, for they were basins of high, block-like mountains shining fallen upon it carried without trees—without plants, indeed, bright red under a semitropical sun. Before off the land as well, for lichens and possibly some very it was a with except that, low, swampy place Fig. 2 depositing it again to tiny woody reeds. mountain ranges where are now Wales and the westward. Thus The Caledonian Revolution ended hun- Scotland. Angelina was buried ever more deeply. dreds of millions of years ago, and the ONCE DOMINANT CREATURES High above Angelina's grave now was a mountains then But even this was long after Angelina's moderately deep ?ea of quiet, warm water, formed have long since time. She and her relatives with the queer with animals different from those she had been worn down to names found their warm sea-bottom a good known. Conditions of life were a little plains and valleys, place to live and feared nothing in it, for harder; the trilobites no longer ruled the sea. covered again with they were the biggest and strongest of all There appeared animals larger than her further deposits and its creatures. kind—cone-shaped cephalopods with arms now again uplifted Fig. 3 Angelina may have lived four or five years, like the modern octopus and appetites like and eroded. During slowly crawling about on the muddy sea- the modern schoolboy. But even more dis- this erosional cycle, in the cutting of one of floor and chewing up the smaller animals turbing was the continued evidence of the present valleys, the bed containing that had died and fallen to her table. Then, crustal unrest. Volcanoes broke out, both Angelina was finally exposed. Ages passed; having attained a length of about two inches, on the land as far east as what is now she too died in the fullness of age, settled London and in the sea itself, where they down into the mud, and wasn't seen again formed chains of islands much like the KEY TO FIGURES for 600 million life chain. years. Her had been Hawaiian The ash and dust from — in Fig. 1 Angelina sedgwicki as she appeared uneventful, but her troubles had not yet the volcanoes fell as sediment on the bottom life. One'half natural size. the silt begun when slowly settling of the of the sea. Lava pouring from the volcanoes — of Fig. 2 Angelina as she appears in exhibit sea closed Cambrian over her paper-thin flowed out under the water in wrinkly, Cambrian fossils in Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall shell (Fig. 1). stubbly sheets, while the water boiled and (Hall 37). Natural size. A trilobite is a bubbled and the local trilobites were stewed — which very much-jointed animal, Fig. 3 Another Angelina sedgwicki, even more so than the related horse-shoe alive. Angelina, however, was safely under- happened to lie in a different relation to the Cale* donian One-half natural size. crab of the present time, and Angelina had neath all this commotion, and even the lava pressure. sixteen different pieces to her shell, hinged rising to the volcanoes through cracks in the July, 1H7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 glaciers and glacier-dammed lakes occupied The leaves are used as thatch in much the example, the halves of the trunk are severed the valleys. Stone Age man hunted now- same way as those of other palms, but are with the machete, and the leaves are then extinct animals; Druids performed strange considered inferior because of their limited laboriously cut near the base of each rites in their leafy temples; Welsh tribesmen durability. In very young plants the leaves thickened leaf-stalk or petiole. As these hurried past in their successful defense of appear to arise directly from the ground, overlap with one another and surround the Wales against the legions of Caesar, Hadrian, whereas the trunk becomes thicker and more central core of the stem in a spiral manner, the Danes, the Normans; plows and culti- elongated as the plant grows older. Even each leaf-stalk must be chopped off sepa- vated fields appeared; and, finally, a paleon- in mature plants the height of the stem does rately from the main trunk. Finally, the tologist with his hammer and chisel. not exceed ten or fifteen feet. The plants growing point is encountered on the inside While breaking up piece after piece of the grow in tropical or subtropical rain forests and the delicious white interior can be Tremadocian shale, the scientist discovered from near sea level up to an altitude of taken out. It consists of the bases of the Angelina, very nearly ruined by the vagaries 3,500 feet, usually inhabiting damp areas, unexpanded leaves and petioles. of Nature. Angelina, we blush to relate, has such as valleys, banks of streams, and moist Aside from the use of this plant for food, lost shell as its is even her ; for, the valley was cut slopes near rivers. Probably the species best most interesting and profitable part the closer to her bed, the slowly moving water hard ivory-like portion of the seed. In the always present just below the ground had vegetable ivory palm, the sexes, contained dissolved it. What we see of her now in in the flowers, are found on separate plants, Skiff Hall is only a distorted cast of the some of the plants bearing only male flowers, shell's lower side. Almost destroyed, she is others female flowers. The fruits, found still recognizable as a member of the species only on the female palms, consist of clusters to which J. W. Salter, in November of 1864, of six or seven large drupes, the whole mass gave the name Angelina sedgivicki. becoming the size of a man's head. At Soon after her discovery, Angelina was first these clusters are erect, but later, set on her travels, her first since the Cale- owing to the increasing weight of the ripen- donian Revolution had moved her original ing fruits, become pendulous. burial place. Eventually she arrived in When ripe, these clusters may weigh Rochester, New York, at Ward's Natural about 25 pounds. The outside of the fruits Science Establishment, and in 1891 came is marked by dark brown woody wrinkles or to Chicago as a member of the first collection convolutions. The inside consists of a hard VEGETABLE IVORY AND PRODUCTS of fossils in what was then the Columbian white portion containing the seed. At first, Museum. Since that time Angelina has Various toys and ornaments carved from the seeds of the the inside of the young fruit consists of a vegetable ivory palm. In the centef two of the seeds are been blandly ignoring the stares of countless clear tasteless liquid, often drunk by the shown with their wrinkled exterior. Inset: The fruit of visitors. She will ignore you too, if you go inhabitants as a thirst-quencher. Gradually, the palm. It consists of a compact head of single fruits, to see her. each containing from four ro six seeds, some of which arc the liquid assumes a milky color and solidi- shown sectioned. fies into a hard ivory-like substance. This A UNIQUE AMERICAN PALM, solid portion, vegetable ivory, has great VEGETABLE IVORY known is P. macrocarpa of Ecuador, Peru, commercial importance. The inhabitants By JULIAN A. STEYERMARK and Brazil. During my explorations of the of Ecuador carve from it all kinds of orna- ASSISTANT CUBATOR OF THE HERBARIUM quinine forests in southern Ecuador this ments, toys, ash trays, rings, reels of Normally ivory, the hard dentine-con- palm was often seen at elevations of 3,000 spindles, knobs of walking sticks, etc. taining substance found in the teeth of most to 3,500 feet, occurring nearly at the lower- USED FOR BUTTONS mammals, is secured from the large teeth of most limit of growth of the quinine forests. elephants, walruses, hippopotamuses, and In Ecuador the plant itself is called But far more important than these are narwhals. Although it has no structural "cadi," and the seed, which contains the the hundreds of thousands of tons of buttons counterpart as such in the vegetable world, hard white ivory-like substance, is known that are made from this material. Large the fruit of some tropical American palms to the inhabitants as "tagua" or tagua-nut. quantities are exported to Europe and North contains a remarkably hard, creamy-white The trees are often cut down by local people America, as well as to various South Ameri- substance resembling the consistency and for the tender whitish heartmeat found can countries. As early as 1840, quantities appearance of true ivory to such a degree within the growing tip below the leafy crown. of 150 tons were imported into England. that it is called "vegetable ivory." The This may be eaten as a salad, which is quite The buttons are very durable and, until a generic name of these palms is Phytelephas, delicious when mixed with some kind of short time ago, were as commonly used, if meaning "plant elephant," because of the dressing, or plain with only salt added to not more commonly, than ordinary pearl obvious resemblance between the ivory of flavor it, or cooked like any other vegetable. buttons. Now, with the introduction of the elephant and that of the plant. The It has the rich meaty quality peculiar to plastics, the button industry that uses Spanish name, often applied to fruit of this most palms. As is well known, many other vegetable ivory is meeting greater competi- palm, is "marfil vegetal," which means palms are commonly used for food. It is a tion. In Ecuador alone, the exportation of "vegetable ivory." wasteful practice to destroy such large plants tagua nuts occupied fifth place in that About a dozen species of vegetable ivory for the sake of relatively small amounts of nation's exports, nearly 65,000,000 pounds palm are known. Although most of them food, though such delicacies constitute for being shipped annually. Most of the shops occur in South America in Venezuela, the people a real change in the otherwise manufacturing buttons are in the towns Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, some monotonous daily diet limited to rice, beans, of Manta, Guayaquil, and Ambato. extend as far north as Panama. They are potatoes, and tortillas (corn cakes). Ecuador is believed to possess the highest usually vigorous palms having a short stout Actually it is a time-consuming as well as grade of vegetable ivory found anywhere. erect trunk topped in plume-like fashion by laborious task to cut down one of these Thus far, attempts to establish plantations long dark green feathery fronds. These palms for the heartmeat alone, because the of this palm in other countries have been leaves may attain a length of. twenty feet, trunk is very hard and tough. A man may unsuccessful. An exhibit showing the each leaf segment measuring up to three spend half an hour or more whacking away natural fruit and various articles carved feet in length and two inches in width. at one of these trunks with his machete from vegetable ivory may be seen in Case 7 A single leaf may have 160 segments. before felling the plant. In Ecuador, for of Hall 25 (Food Plants and Palms). Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 19U7

Chicago Natural History Museum tion. Joining the United States Bureau of useful after 40 years. Still more important Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Biological Survey in 1897 (while still an is the fact that his work on the white-footed' Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 undergraduate), when that organization mice laid the foundations for investigations Telephone: WABash 9410 was undergoing rapid expansion, he came in the modern fields of genetics and ecology. under the influence of C. Hart Merriam They thus form an illustration of the pro- THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES and as a result became one of the American foundly important ramifications of investi- Marshall Jr. Lester Armour Field, group pre-eminent in the study of mammals. gations in pure science. Seweli. L. Avery Stanley Field W. McCormick Blair Samuel Insull, Jr. His field work for the Biological Survey was Members of the Museum staff and other Leopold E. Block Henry P. Ishah BOARDlfAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBAIN especially in Alaska and western North friends of Dr. Osgood attended a memorial Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell America. service on June 25 at Bond Chapel on the Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson After joining the Museum staff, Dr. University of Chicago campus. Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten Osgood took part in one more major govern- John P. Wilson mental activity, the important investiga- OFFICERS tions of the fur seal in Bering Sea, resulting Stanley Field President in the report of the Fur Seal Commission Marshall Field First Vice-President of 1915. In Natural Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Vice-President Chicago History STAFF NOTES Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President Museum, he soon developed a program of Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Clifford C. Gregg Director and South American studies that took him Secretary Colonel Clifford C. Director, was John R. Millar Assistant Secretary Gregg, repeatedly to that continent. His special a speaker before the science section of the interest in the geography of South American annual meeting of the American Association mammals was varied by the leadership of THE BULLETIN of Museums held in the city of Quebec, the Chicago Daily AVws-Field Museum EDITOR Canada, May 30. His subject was "Live Expedition to Abyssinia in 1926-27, and a Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum Ideas or Dead Storage." to Indo-China in 1937. ASSOCIATE EDITOR personal expedition The scientific interests of Dr. are * Wilfred H. Osgood Curator Emeritus, Zoology Osgood reflected in his of more than CONTRIBUTING EDITORS bibliography Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil 200 titles. His from the Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology publications range Reptiles, was recently appointed Lecturer Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany monumental study of the white-footed mice, in in the of Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Geology Department Geology in to discussion of details of Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology published 1909, at the University of Chicago. He has also the scientific nomenclature of in MANAGING EDITOR mammals, contributed to the Encyclopaedia Britannica the Journal His H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel of Mammalogy. major Book of the Year, writing the article on * for the Museum include his Deceased June 20, 1947 publications "Paleontology" for the 1947 edition. monograph on the remarkable South Ameri- Members are requested to inform the Museum can marsupial Caenolestes, a volume on the promptly of changes of address. mammals of Indo-China, and one on the Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Cura- mammals of Chile (1943). A volume of tor of Birds, was recently elected a Director papers on mammals written by his friends of the Illinois Audubon Society and Vice- and was in 1942 as a WILFRED HUDSON OSGOOD colleagues published President of the Chicago Ornithological testimonial to his leadership in this field. Society. 1875-1947 A distinguished volume, Artist and Natural- News of the death of Dr. Wilfred Hudson ist in Ethiopia, was written by Dr. Osgood in Colombian Botanist on Staff Osgood on June 20, after a brief illness, was collaboration with his friend, the eminent Dr. Jos6 Cuatrecasas of Cali, Colombia, received at the Museum with deep regret. animal artist Louis Agassiz Fuertes, who has been appointed to the Museum staff as He was 71 years old. had joined the Abyssinian Expedition. Curator of Colombian Botany for a period of Dr. Osgood joined the Staff of the Numerous affiliations with scientific soci- three years, during which he will engage in Museum in 1909 as eties, especially as charter member of the research on the flora of Colombia, using the Assistant Curator American Society of Mammalogists, as collections of this institution and the exten- of Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Mammalogy sive herbarium that he has collected. and Ornithology, Union, as Corresponding Member of the after serving Zoological Society of London, etc., indicate Three New Contributors twelve years with the breadth of Dr. Osgood's scientific the United States affiliations. His services in Chicago to the Three names have been added to the Biological Survey. Geographic Society of Chicago and to the Museum's roll of Contributors by action of In 1921 he became Chicago Zoological Society, in both of the Board of Trustees. (Contributors are a head of the Depart- which he served on the Board of Directors, special class of membership including all ment of Zoology at are examples of his service to the community persons whose gifts of money or material the Museum and in which he made his home. He served range from $1,000 to $100,000.) continued in that similarly in the Quadrangle Club, where he Dr. M. Acosta Solis, Director of the capacity until lived, and the University Club of Chicago. Instituto Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, 1940, when he re- The studies of the small rodents known as Quito, Ecuador, was elected in recognition tired as Chief white-footed mice, ubiquitous on the North of his gift of extensive and valuable plant W1LFRED H. OSGOOD Curator. As Cura- American continent, foreshadowed a con- collections to the Museum Herbarium. tor Emeritus at tinuing interest in the rodent group, which In recognition of notable gifts of geological the Museum, he continued, until the date includes many more species than all of the and zoological specimens and microscope of his death, the scientific research for which remaining types of mammals together. It slides, Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of he was pre-eminently qualified. is important to note that Dr. Osgood's Fossil Reptiles, was elected. Dr. Osgood was a graduate of Stanford disentanglement of nomenclature and classi- The late Mr. Oscar E. Remmer was LJniversity, where he formed life-long fication in a large and complicated group posthumously elected a Contributor because friendships among naturalists of his genera- of small mammals remains significant and of a generous legacy to the Museum. July, 19i7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

- Langford, Chicago -2 invertebrate fossils, JOINS STAFF AS CURATOR Books Illinois. OF ECONOMIC BOTANY Department of Zoology: Dr. Hugh Cutler, recently appointed From: Lincoln Park Zoo, —a (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are Chicago Curator of Economic Botany, began his fiddler a 2 hell- available in The Book Shop of the Museum- crab, European hedgehog, duties in June. A Mail orders remittance are benders, and an American badger; Alex K. accompanied by — graduate of the Uni- promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the Wyatt, Chicago a spider and 151 insects, versity of Wisconsin postage on shipments.) Colorado, Florida, Illinois, and Indiana; and Uni- Rupert L. Wenzel, Oak Park, 111.—28 Washington I In-mon Carey Bumpus, Yankee Natu- St. he histerid beetles; Dr. Georg Haas, Jerusalem, versity, Louis, ralist. Hermon C. Jr. in By Bumpus, Palestine—50 land and freshwater shells, conducted research University of Minnesota Press, Min- United States; R. M. Barnes (now deceased) Mexico and Guate- neapolis, 1947. 141 pages, 14 illustra- —280 clutches of eggs; Don McVicker, mala through the fa- tions, price $2.50. Chicago —a European hedgehog; Robert L. cilities of the Missouri Haas, Chicago —288 specimens of stream To modern museum curators some of the Botanical Garden. Dr. fishes, Illinois; Henry Field, Cuernavaca, While a Fellow of the things in both university education and Mexico —8 specimens of shells, Mexico; museum exhibition that had to be Guggenheim Founda- fought Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. tion and a staff mem- for by Hermon C. Bumpus have become —a Diana monkey; Maj. Robert Traub, CUTLER HUGH ber of Harvard's Bo- commonplace. This biography by his son Washington, D. C. —2 fleas (on slides), tanical he pleasantly records his career from birth and a holotype and an allotype of Opisodasys Museum, conducted botanical in childhood to old age with honors. One hollandi traub, Mexico; Prof. Clarence R. expeditions Brazil, 111. —a red fox, Illinois. Bolivia, and to collect wild corn might wish for a more literary, more colorful, Smith, Aurora, Paraguay and some of the grasses related to corn. and more critical account of Bumpus' Library : During the war he was a field technician for career as teacher of biology in the best From: Stanton Brumfield, Santa Fe, the United States Rubber Agassizian tradition, as assistant director New Mexico; Martin Gusinde, Luxenburg government's and in that at the Marine Biological Laboratory at bei Wien, Austria; Dr. Henry Field, Development Corporation, was in work in Brazil. Woods Hole, as director of the great Ameri- Cuernavaca, Mexico; Col. Clifford C. Gregg, capacity engaged Club of the can Museum of Natural History in New Valparaiso, Ind.; Propeller United States, New York City; and Uni- York City, as university business manager, French Librarian a Visitor versity of Chicago and Polish American as university president, and as a leader in Congress, Inc., both of Chicago. Dr. Julien Director-General of the movement for outdoor education in the Cain, the National Park Service. Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, was a recent visitor to the Museum. He is also K.P.S. NEW GENERAL GUIDE FEATURES PICTURES Vice-President of the International Council of Museums. GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM A new and different General Guide to the collections of the in a Following is a list of some of the principal Museum, prepared NEW MEMBERS form much easier than the old one to use gifts received during the last month: The following persons became Members and profusely illustrated, was published Department of Anthropology: of the Museum the from by the Museum last month. In addition during period From: F. Ida.—a 15 to June 14: George Niklaus, Boise, to its functional use as a guidebook, it is May Chinese dollar, China; Mrs. Paul Q. Card, highly attractive as a souvenir. It is priced Contributors Minneapolis—a Hupa basket and a Hoho- at 15 cents. Oscar E. Remmer,* Dr. M. Acosta Solis, kam bowl, jar, and 25 projectile points, has attractive covers Dr. Rainer Arizona. The guide symbolic Zangerl. of the scope of the Museum; a map of Associate Members Department of Botany: Chicago showing the Museum's location Robyn Wilcox From: of Austin—269 University Texas, relative to other Chicago landmarks and the herbarium specimens, Missouri and Mexico; Sustaining Members various means of transportation for reaching Dr. M. S. Doty, Evanston, 111.—69 speci- Rowland L. Williams it; floor of the exhibition halls, made mens of of plans algae, Massachusetts; University Annual Members easy to follow pen-and-ink sketches California, Berkeley, Calif.—844 specimens by of their 31 half-tone Mrs. Hugo F. Arnold, Dr. A. Allan Bates, of algae, North America, , Malaysia, suggestive contents; Joseph T. Bay, Richard C. Bond, Kenneth China, and Africa; Dr. Walter Kiener, illustrations of the building and of outstand- H. Brush, Charles H. Campbell, Nathan Lincoln, Neb. —260 specimens of algae, ing exhibits; general information about the Cummings, L. Hyland Erickson, John N. Nebraska; Donald Richards, Chicago—50 Museum, its facilities, activities, organiza- Gage, Gerald Gidwitz, F. A. Groenwald, specimens of mosses, chiefly Maryland; and and tion, history; summaries, much Richard H. E. William Grosse, George Gunther, R. Overton and Wesley Gillespie, brief and clear than in the old more guide, Mrs. Caroline M. Haas, Edward B. Heyden, Arlington Heights, 111., and J. Francis of the contents of each exhibition hall. Henry Mark Hilton, Mrs. Jaroslava B. Macbride, Palo Alto, Calif.—513 crypto- For visitors with a limited amount of time, Kosner, Howard Lane, B. F. Lewis, Edward gams, Arizona and New Mexico; Prof. the directions for a brief E. Loebe, Charles A. Marshall, Lee R. Cesar Vargas C, Cuzco, Peru—97 her- guide provides to cover the Maxwell, H. J. McAllister, Gordon M. barium specimens, Peru. survey tour, carefully arranged Fred C. W. Mul- highlights of all departments within about Metcalf, Morgan, Harley of Department Geology: lins, W. A. Patterson, Elliott H. Penne- one hour, and illustrated charts of the course From: Charles 111.— baker, Sanger P. Robinson, Mrs. Donald Towey, Westmont, to be followed as well as textual directions. an invertebrate fossil and 4 minerals, South M. Roche, John H. Rodger, Thomas W. Dakota and Illinois; Mrs. B. H. Heide, Rogers, Harry H. Saalfeld, Harold C. Schott, Chicago— fossil skull and jaws, and 2 J. N. Stanbery, Anton J. Tadrowski, George Unfamiliar scientific names often have a polished agates; Miss Priscilla Freuden- P. Torrence, W. Fred Townley, G. H. simple meaning. An example is the amyg- heim, Chicago—a specimen of chrome ore, Turner, Mrs. Benjamin Weil, Mrs. Frank E. dule. This is the mineral of Philippine Islands; William E. Menzel, merely filling Wilhelm, William P. Wiseman, Arthur H. Chicago—a dakeite and a fluorite specimen, a bubble in lava made by escaping steam Woodward, Austin M. Zimmerman. fluorescent, Wyoming and Illinois; George as the lava cooled. * Deceased Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1H~

APPEASING THE 'SPIRITS' OF DESTINY IN THE PHILIPPINES NEW CURATOR APPOINTED IN BIRD DIVISION The Tinguian tribes of northwestern move," and from its depths are believed to Luzon in the Philippines are a people whose come all the gongs which the people use and Dr. Austin L. Rand, formerly Acting entire life is organized under the control of upon which they place great value. The Chief of the Division of Biology at the National of "spirits." They believe in specific spirits, friendly Kaboniyan is supposed to have Museum Canada, Ottawa, will each assigned to exerting an influence upon taught the Tinguians nearly all the details of join the staff of Chi- almost every act or occurrence in the day's ceremonies and celebrations. Further to bind cago Natural History work or play. To the Tinguians, religion is himself to the people he is reputed to have Museum on July 7, as thus a very real and all-important concept. married "in the first times" a mortal woman Curator of the Divi- sion of Birds. They believe even in special spirits that from Manabo. More than 150 other spirits, Dr. a Nova "cause pains in the side" (appendicitis?), some good, some evil, are known by name Rand, and at one time or another axe believed to y R.^ Scotian by birth, visit the people through their mediums. comes to the Museum well qualified for this SERVE AS MEDIUMS WOMEN position. He was asso- ciated with the The mediums are especially qualified Ameri- women, and examples of the outfits with can Museum of Natu- which they must be provided are included ral History in New AUSTIN L. rand in the Museum exhibit. Before a candidate York for about four- may become a medium she must have mas- teen years, prior to his the staff of the tered the details of all the ceremonies, num- joining National Museum of in 1942. has bering more than twenty. When this has Canada, He had wide expedi- in and the been satisfactorily accomplished, she secures tionary experience Madagascar southwest Pacific as well as in the her outfit, consisting of a basket, one hun- area, United States and dred fathoms of thread, and certain seashells. Canada. A small pig is then killed. The blood is The position of Curator of Birds at this mixed with rice and offered to the Museum has been vacant since the resigna- IT LOOKS ROUGH - spirits, who are summoned the shells tion of Curator Rudyerd Boulton on July 1, — by striking but they're not fighting. This is the ceremonial of the against a fish or plate. The liver of the 1946, to remain in a government post. pounding of the rice. (Museum expedition photo.) animal is carefully studied, and if any spots or blemishes appear on it, the spirits are others that cause headaches; spirits that regarded as unfriendly to the candidate, and guard over children, and spirits that exert is ready to serve, the medium strikes two the medium may not perform her duties a malign influence upon them; spirits that split sticks on the ground, and the rattling until such time as a favorable sign may affect crops, the issues of war, the safety of sound produced is supposed to attract the be obtained. dwelling places. The favor of the good attention of the spirits, who are then invited Special offering holders, made of bamboo, spirits must be sought with offerings and to partake of the repast. Shown also are are often seen near the entrance to a town. ceremonies, while similarly the evil spirits spirit boxes representing the head and horns In these are placed jars of food and drink to must be appeased. In these dealings with of a carabao, and pottery spirit houses, in appease "the that cause headaches" the unseen and supernatural creatures in spirits both of which cups and dishes with food —in early days the same baskets were used control of the destiny of every man, woman, offerings are likewise placed. The pottery also to display the heads of slain enemies. child, or group of people, important func- houses are regarded as dwelling places of tions are performed by properly qualified the spirit who multiplies the rice. mediums and various kinds of charms. HOLDING BACK A FLOOD a spirit "dictator" Another object shown is a weaving stick In the Museum's Hall of the Philippines used during flood time— it is believed that (Hall H) is an interesting and extensive the river can be held within its banks if this exhibit (Case No. 2) illustrating the lengths stick is planted at the water's edge by a to which these people go to assure them- woman, provided, however, that the woman selves of peace with the world of the spirits. was "born on the far side of the river." Each That world, incidentally, is represented as village is believed to be guarded by a spirit a thorough-going dictatorship— it is dom- whose residence is a guardian stone which inated by a great and powerful spirit called may be found in a grove near-by. Examples "Kadaklan" who lives in the sky. To him of these guardian stones are exhibited in the all other spirits are subordinate, "like Philippine hall. These particular spirits are soldiers," the people say. Kadaklan, remain- credited with the ability to change form at ing aloof in his celestial home, is assisted by will to that of a wild chicken or a white dog. a sort of deputy named Kaboniyan, who Ceremonial garments, jewelry, and blan- resides on the earth and is regarded as the kets, examples of strange charms, bells and friend and helper of the people. Kaboniyan PORK FOR THE SPIRITS ornaments used in ritual dances, and many is credited with having taught the Tinguians other objects associated with the peculiar Filipino medium offering pigs to the supernatural beings how to plant and harvest, how to overcome who are believed ro control all human destinies. (Museum superstitions of the Tinguians are also evil signs, and how to foil the designs of expedition photo.) included in the exhibit. Even special ill-disposed spirits. He is believed to inhabit trousers are provided to be worn by female a magical mountain cave in which is a These baskets and many other objects may mediums when impersonating male spirits. wonderful tree on which grow the agate be seen in the Museum exhibit. There is a It is the extreme attention to such details as beads so prized by the women. "Living" spirit mat with its ten clay dishes used to this that makes the Tinguian beliefs espe- also in this cave are "jars which talk and set out a meal for the spirits. When the food cially interesting.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicago Natur History Museum BU TIN FormerlyM liiseum News

Published Mont the Museum's lily for Membership

Vol. 18 AUGUST, 1947 No. 8

HOW PREHISTORIC PUEBLO INDIANS OF SOUTHWEST LIVED By JOHN RINALDO different form of earlier underground pit warmed thereby and in turn warming the ASSISTANT IN ARCHAEOLOGY houses that were used as dwellings. Like room beyond. The smoke from the fire An exhibit recently installed in the them, the kivas contained in their structure and the warmest air at the roof level passed Museum's Hall of American Archaeology a kind of air-conditioning system. Outside up and out the hatchway. (Hall B) presents in graphic form some and through one wall of the circular kiva The prehistoric Pueblo Indians made highlights of Pueblo fine, tightly woven Indian life and cus- baskets of osiers, toms from a.d. 500 to wooden splints, split 1700, as revealed by roots, or yucca fibers, archaeology. This ex- clothing of apocynum hibit illustrates some fiber, human hair, or of the characteristics cotton cloth, and of the ancestors of the ornaments of stone contemporary Pueblo and shell. Their artis- Indians. tic ability and their During the 1,200 interest in ceremonies years of history out- are shown in their pot- lined in this exhibit, tery, basketry, and the Pueblo Indians textile designs as well lived on the deserts as in the murals in and mesas of northern their kivas. So intense Arizona and New was their desire for Mexico and southern decoration that they Utah and Colorado. even covered the soles Like their present-day of their sandals with descendants, they complex patterns of grew corn, squash, knots. Their well- and beans and ob- fired pottery, deco- tained food also by rated with geometric hunting. They kept designs painted in UNDERGROUND IN AN 'AIR-CONDITIONED' KIVA ABOUT A.D. 1200 dogs and turkeys. black on a grayish- Miniature model Dioramist Lee Rowell included in the new Pueblo Indian life ex hibit in Hall B. The turkeys were used by white background, not only for food; was made in many their feathers were woven with yucca fiber chamber (tradition decreed that it should shapes, such as bowls, ladles, and mugs. into warm feather-cloth blankets. be the south wall, if possible), there passed string DEVELOPMENT OF AX The Pueblo Indian towns of prehistoric an L-shaped shaft with the opening of the times, like those of today, were in a form vertical section on the outside at ground These prehistoric Indians used tools and that could be described as terraced apart- level and that of the horizontal section on weapons of stone, bone, and wood. Progres- ment houses. The houses were several the inside at floor level. A few feet away, sive style trends in a few of the tools and stories high, with the upper stories terraced in front of the floor-level opening, stood a pottery types and also developments in back from the lower ones. The apartments deflector screen and, just beyond that, the sandal types and architecture are shown in were frequently built around a central plaza fire pit. Directly above the fire pit was a half of this exhibit. For example, there is or courtyard. Under the floor of the plaza hatchway entrance in the roof, through shown the development of the ax from a were ceremonial rooms called "kivas," which a ladder projected. When a fire was relatively crude implement, notched at which served a purpose similar to that of burning, hot air and smoke arose and flowed either side of the head for the attachment our churches. These were used also as a out of the hatchway entrance, causing a of the handle, to a nicely worked ax with a center where men of a certain clan met, and mild vacuum. The fresh air thus drawn three-quarter groove around the head for for weaving and other handiwork. down through the L-shaped ventilating hafting by an entirely different method. shaft came out at the floor-level opening A similar progressive history is illustrated EARLY 'AIR CONDITIONING' as a draft and then hit the deflector screen in the pottery sequence from the rather "Kivas" are considered by archaeologists where it was forced to circulate around delicately delineated Kana'a style design to have been a development from a slightly either side of the fire pit and fire, being of the early period to the boldly executed Page t CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 19^7

rUIHO HIS IN TNI ITTN CENTUtV

POfllO LIFE IN THE I5TN CEHTUSV 1 I f

PUESIO UFE IN THE STh CENTUHV SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF PUEBLO LIFE SOUTHWESTIBN UNITED 1T»TE1 A.O. 500-1700 l

EXHIBIT ILLUSTRATING HIGHLIGHTS OF PUEBLO INDIAN LIFE AND CUSTOMS, A.D. 500-1700 and richly colored Sikyatki polychrome of about the underground pit houses, through of a relatively complex way of life that also almost a thousand years later. On the the large many-storied terraced apartment had a large number of regional variations. other hand, the trend in sandal styles is house-towns located in caves and on mesa The new exhibit was created by Mr. Gustav retrogressive, going from the artistic tightly tops, to the larger aggregates of apartments Dalstrom, artist in the Department of woven cord sandal with its unusual decora- symmetrically arranged around a central Anthropology, Mr. George I. Quimby, Cura- tion (on both sides!) to the more coarsely plaza and kivas. tor of Exhibits, and the writer. Mr. Lee woven undecorated examples of later times. In putting this exhibit together, we were Rowell, dioramist, constructed the sectioned However, in architecture we perceive a limited by considerations of space and could kiva model, illustrated on page 1 of this progression from one-story villages grouped include only the highlights in a long history issue of the Bulletin.

MUSEUM EXPEDITION DISCOVERS vicinity of the small community of Reserve. of pit houses once occupied the site. Mr. HIGHEST MOGOLLON SITE To archaeologists, this tedious and exacting Sayles deduced that the early Indians lived task is "a problem and end in itself aside in the high ridges possibly for defensive The Museum's Archaeological Expedition from being a necessary preparatory job purposes, possibly because, like modern to the Southwest, currently operating in before actual excavations commence," in penthouse dwellers, they wanted a view. western New Mexico, has discovered, at the words of Leonard G. Johnson, a mem- The great thickness of the potsherds plus approximately 7,000 feet above sea level, ber of the expedition. Adding to the diffi- the unusual elevation of the village seemed the highest site of prehistoric Mogollon culties was the fact that the area is one to indicate that it was of an early stage. Indian culture known to date and is about with tall pines, pinyons and fir trees, small Dr. Martin and his associates are now faced to begin excavations upon it, it is reported bushes, and rocky terrain with water con- with the questions: Where had these Indians by Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of fined to a few underground springs. To come from? and at what date approximately Anthropology and leader of the expedition. reach it, the two surveyors had to make a was the site occupied? The excavations of The site, named "Promontory," was dis- long, steep climb under the scorching rays Promontory site, now beginning, may covered by two members of the expedi- of the New Mexico sun. For this work, answer these and other questions. tion, Dr. John Rinaldo, Assistant in Archae- they were dressed like gold prospectors or ology at this Museum, and Mr. E. B. Sayles ranchers on the trail of "strays," and as Fossils in Floor of the University of Arizona and Arizona they proceeded they filled the pockets of State Museum, who had been assigned to Not all the invertebrate fossils in the their blue denim work trousers and their make an advance survey of the area. Their Museum are confined to cases in Hall 37. shirts with heavy loads of stone chips made assignment—begun before Dr. Martin and The marble (actually a limestone) of which by ancient man and potsherds (bits of the main body of the expedition arrived on some of the floors and stairs are made con- pottery) that they retrieved from the the scene—was large. Their instructions tains fossil shells, seen as sections on the ground. Covering the entire ridge top had been to hunt for early sites, anything polished surface. Perhaps the most readily were tons of boulders, half buried and half from the Pine Lawn phase of Mogollon recognizable fossil thus to be found is hidden the straw culture (a.d. 500) back to the early Cochise by hardy yellow-greenish Archimedes, a bryozoan with a spiral or culture (13000 B.C.). They were also grass. screw-like shape, reaching a length of several assigned to map all sites found and by At the 7,000-foot level, an abundance of inches and visible in many of the steps examination of the surface finds of artifacts potsherds representing the undecorated throughout the building. in the area to try to approximate an idea pottery of the Mogollon culture was found. of its past history. These and the stone tools found on the The famous Natural Bridge of Virginia is The area surveyed, practically foot by surface, together with a few shallow depres- represented in a model in Clarence Bucking- foot, is one of some ten square miles in the sions noted, indicated that an ancient village ham Hall (Hall 35). August, 191,7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3 GIANT GALAPAGOS LAND TURTLE, TERRAPIN OF THE SQUARE-RIGGERS' MESS By KARL P. SCHMIDT largest of these creatures will weigh one numbers taken grew to thousands. C. H. CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY hundred fifty or two hundred weight, and Townsend, late Director of the New York The Galapagos Islands, 600 miles off the some of them are two feet or two feet Aquarium, searched the logbooks of seventy- Ecuadorian coast, take their name from the six inches over the callapee or belly." nine New England whaling vessels that Spanish word for giant turtle. It was and [Dampier's use of the words "turtle" and visited the Galapagos between 1831 and remains an extraordinarily appropriate "tortoise" illustrates a continuing confusion 1868 for entries regarding the turtles (under name, for every voyager who has visited the in the use of these terms, since in English the variously spelled American name "ter- islands since their discovery has commented the word "turtle" was originally reserved rapin") and found positive record of the on the remarkable large land turtles that for the marine forms. Turtle and tortoise taking of 13,013. This, of course, is only an feed on the cactus of the barren volcanic are essentially interchangeable, since even indication of the vast numbers taken by slopes like sheep feeding in a hillside pasture the ornamental shell of one of the marine American and British vessels in the whaling in some civilized landscape. The Galapagos turtles is usually known as "tortoise shell." era. Unfortunately for the turtles, their Archipelago was entirely uninhabited by The attempt by some writers to restrict the fat may be tried out to make an excellent man when discovered, and none of the smaller islands have been colonized, several even of the larger ones being essentially without human inhabitants to this day. The islands are famous in the history of science for the fact that their remarkable birds and reptiles caught the attention of the young Charles Darwin on his visit with the Beagle in 1835. He was interested in the differences between birds of these islands and adjacent islands, in the relations of the island life as a whole with that of South America—relations that underlie conspicu- ous differences—and in the archaic aspect of the island lizards and turtles. He was so much impressed with his observations and with the problems posed as to the origin and relations of such island forms that thoughts about them continued to revolve in his mind, and the Galapagos observations found a niche in his arguments about The Origin of Species in 1859.

IDEAL SHIPBOARD 'LIVESTOCK'

The giant land turtles of the Galapagos have great intrinsic interest and romantic and tragic history of their own, aside from GALAPAGOS TURTLE IMMORTALIZED IN PLASTIC their role in the problem of the history of the Most recent addition to the exhibits of reptiles in Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18). Prepared by Staff Taxidermists Leon L. Walrers and Friesser. species. They were reported by Fray Julius Tomas in 1535 on the occasion of the discovery of the islands. The first detailed term tortoise to land turtles now violates clear cooking oil. After the discovery of description by William Dampier, in 1684, common usage as much as does the older the uses of petroleum and the decline of forecasts the extremely practical nature of restriction of "turtle."] tropical whaling, the remaining turtle the interest taken in the turtles by early The giant land turtles did, in fact, reach populations were preyed upon by Ecua- further voyagers in general and finally by the a much larger size, three hundred to four dorian oil-gatherers, who killed of the early part of the 19th century. hundred pounds being fair adult weights thousands of turtles for the sake of a few This lay in their use as food, for turtles for the larger races, with occasional gigantic pints of oil from each. Even so, the almost offered a free and easily obtained supply old turtle patriarchs that must have reached incredibly rough lava terrain of the volcanic of fresh meat to sailors living on "salt seven or eight hundred pounds. Indeed, a slopes would have preserved the turtles in had been horse" and had the extraordinary merit, turtle foot from a specimen that despite their continued destruction by one sailing-ship days, that they could live for killed and eaten on Indefatigable Island, man; but the introduction on the larger obtained months without food or water. of the larger Galapagos Islands, islands of domestic dogs, which soon the Cornelius Crane Pacific Dampier writes: "The Spaniards when by Expedition, escaped to form quite distinct feral races, first discovered these found measured no less than seven and one- they islands, supplied an enemy more persistent than multitudes of land turtles or and inches across and indicates that it tortoise, quarter man, an enemy that devoured the eggs and named them the islands. I do may have belonged to a thousand-pound Gallipagos young where man had taken only the larger believe there is no place in the world that is super-giant among the turtle giants. specimens. so plentifully stored with these animals. HISTORY OF EXTINCTION The role of turtle enemies is sadly rounded The land-turtle are here so numerous, that out by the scientific collectors, who came in five or six hundred men might subsist on The value of the turtles as food was tragic the 1890's and in the decades of the them alone for several months, without any for their persistence as species. Early early 20th to collect systematically for other sort of provision: They are extraor- visitors to the islands carried away some century various where collections had dinary large and fat, and so sweet, that no hundreds of specimens; when the whalers museums, chance, pullet eats more pleasantly. One of the came, some on four-year-long voyages, the previously grown up only by by PageU CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 19i7

confluence of five distinct volcanic centers, and its estimated age at death is between there were, indeed, five races of the turtles. 200 and 250 years. Since the marine turtles that are abundant EXPEDITION RESCUES TWO in Galapagos waters exhibit no trace of such island differentiation, the lesson as to the The Crane Pacific Expedition of Chicago importance of geographic isolation in the Natural History Museum, in 1929, was basic evolutionary process is impressive. happy in any case to rescue two small living specimens, weighing respectively 28 LONGEVITY OF TURTLES and 30 pounds, from the Norwegian fisher- A great and quite justifiable popular men settled at Academy Bay on Inde- interest attaches to these large reptiles for fatigable Island. We exchanged flour and U. S. TURTLE MEETS GIANT COUSIN their longevity. Even the smaller species canned vegetables for the turtles, and the

its of turtles tend to be the settlers with their The Galapagos turtle model looms gigantically over long lived; great seemed most pleased small quite close relative, a live Texas gopher turtle, gently land turtles of the Galapagos (with the bargain. Had we arrived a few weeks restrained Buchwald of the Museum staff. by June corresponding forms on islands in the earlier we might have obtained the gigantic Indian Ocean) have a life expectancy of turtle of which only the soles of the feet gifts of specimens from travelers, and at much more than a hundred years, perhaps remained! second hand from zoos. It is true that the of two hundred years. The two turtles sailed with us to Tahiti. feral dogs and cats are such potent enemies The most reliable actual report of great There we boxed them and shipped them that it may well be justifiable to preserve age in one of these creatures refers to an alive to Chicago, hopefully remembering the last remaining specimens of some of the individual Indian Ocean turtle known as their reputation for traveling for months declining species in zoological gardens. "Marion's Tortoise." A large turtle with without food or water in the holds of the The scientific importance of these island four others was taken alive to the Island whaling . They survived the journey turtles lies perhaps mainly in their contri- of Mauritius in the year 1766 by the and became acclimated in the new reptile bution to the very problem of the origin of French explorer, Marion de Fresne. One house of the Brookfield Zoo. There they species that so much impressed Charles of these specimens was mentioned on the flourished, one of them growing in 18 years Darwin. Darwin suspected, as has sub- occasion of the capture of Mauritius by to a weight of 360 pounds, and still surviv- sequently been confirmed, that there were the British in 1810; and all records indicate ing. One specimen died in 1941 and was several species of the turtles. As specimens that this turtle lived on at the Artillery returned to the Museum. It served as were studied with accurately known origin, Barracks until 1918, when, apparently model for the celluloid replica now placed it became evident that each of the islands blind from age, it fell into a gun emplace- on exhibition in Hall 18. The model in is inhabited by a recognizably distinct form ment and was killed. The remains are cellulose acetate is the work of Staff Taxi- of turtle, and that on the large island of preserved in the British Museum in London. dermists Julius Friesser and Leon L. Albemarle; which has been formed by the Thus this turtle was known for 152 years, Walters.

NEW GRAVEYARD OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES IN WYOMING the circumstances that led to the aggrega- By RAINER ZANGERL tion of such vast numbers of animals in formation of late Eocene age in southern CURATOR OF FOSSIL REPTILES relatively small areas? What killed them Wyoming. In this case, the burial ground all at once? Once in a while a veritable great grave- contains probably countless thousands of of fossil vertebrates is found. yard Many swamp and river turtles, a few crocodiles, STUDIES OF FOSSILIZATION in sites have become world famous the course fishes similar to the The and living gar pikes. Answers to these visitor to a questions, naturally, of time. A paleontological turtle remains are in all of preserved stages with each case. The circum- museum collection in the United States vary specific disarticulation, belong to individuals of all stances responsible for the destruction and could hardly fail to see the impressive and at least three sizes, represent species. burial of the turtles and croco- rhinoceros slabs that are now exhibited in subsequent The specimens are so tightly packed diles in Wyoming were certainly very dif- nearly every museum. These slabs show in the one level in which occur together they ferent from those that brought about death large numbers of disarticulated rhinoceros that more than individuals were forty and final of the rhino herd in skeletons with the bones mixed up and deposition counted in an area of about three square Nebraska. has been written about crowded Much tightly together. yards. The extent of the graveyard known fossilization, and at least one author, Recently another vertebrate graveyard at is the present considerable; fossil-bearing Deecke, has made field observations on was discovered by a Chicago Natural level could be traced over an area of at death and burial of animals at the present History Museum expedition in the Washakie least mile. What were one-quarter square time, observations that are of immeasurable value in the interpretation of peculiarities of preservation in fossils. On the other hand, there are very few accurate records on the occurrence of fossils in any given formation. As an outstanding exception to this, the careful records kept and subsequently published by Dr. Bern- hard Hauff on the occurrence of fossils in the marine early Jurassic (so-called Lias) in the region of Holzmaden in southern Germany merit brief discussion. This formation (Fig. 1) has produced some of the most beautifully preserved fossil verte- brates exhibited in all major museums. Fig. 1. Mystriosaurus bollensis (Steneosaurus bollensis), a superb specimen of a Liassic crocodilian from the region of of Holz- Holzmaden, southern Germany. The specimen is on exhibition in Hall 38. In the region east of the town August, 19^7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

needs yet to be learned. Graveyards of vertebrates such as the one discovered in Wyoming hold a wealth of information that can rarely be obtained otherwise. The deposits there are largely stream borne; to a somewhat lesser degree they accumulated as swamp bottoms. The rock in which the turtles are buried is a fine sandy clay of fairly uniform character throughout the fossil-bearing level. The condition of the fossils themselves, in different phases of disarticulation, suggests that the animals were dead when buried, but not for too long a time. Obviously the carcasses were transported to the present burial site, most likely by a spring flood. What killed the animals is difficult to determine, but it is known that present-day turtles sometimes die in large numbers when caught by a severe premature freeze, before they have time to protect themselves in a suitable manner.

ORE PROCESSING EXHIBITS

Two exhibits of models, one representing the evolution of the blast furnace for smelt- Fig. 2. Sketch showing the exact position of the good skeletons that were discovered in Pit No. 16, Lias formation near iron the other the interior Holzmaden, Germany. From Hauff, 1921, Palaeontographica, vol. 64. ing ore, showing of an Arizona gold mine and a stamp mill for the extraction of free gold from crude maden and south of the industrial town of skeletons in pits Nos. 3-31, in their relative ore, have recently been reinstalled in the Goppingen, the dark bituminous shales of location to one another. This shows the Hall of Economic Geology (Hall 36). the Lias formation are buried in horizontal arrangement and state of preservation of The blast furnace exhibit includes three position below the top soil and have been the better specimens over about two square models representing the hot blast furnace commercially mined for a long time. Hauff, miles of formation. At the time of publi- of today, the cold blast furnace of seventy a local resident of Holzmaden, became cation, 1921, data gathered over more than years ago, and the Catalan forge in which interested early in the mining activities and thirty years had accumulated. In apprecia- iron was smelted 150 years ago. They are particularly in the rich fauna of fossils that tion of his merits in the careful collection of arranged side by side in one case and labeled occur in the formation, and while he col- this highly valuable information, Hauff was to enable the visitor to compare readily the lected, prepared, and sold his finds, his given an honorary doctor's degree. great advances made in smelting of iron interests were, most fortunately for pale- As a result of this effort, it is now possible and to comprehend the steps involved in ontology, scientific as well. to reconstruct rather accurately the general the extraction of iron from crude ores. geographic and faunistic conditions that CAREFUL RECORDS MADE The models of the Arizona gold mine and prevailed at the time when these strata of the stamp mill, installed in a single case, Hauff studied the vertical extent of the were deposited. To mention just a few, it illustrate the common features present in shales classified them into is possible to say with certainty that there accurately, groups the great majority of metal mines and the were no major currents in the Lias and minute subdivisions of the latter, and ground manner by which many ores are extracted labeled each level so that each sea in the region of Holzmaden, because the accordingly, and processed. of his shale horizons could be determined in position of the skeletons to the compass directions is the thirty-odd pits that were dug in the area totally irregular. Furthermore, Library Notes of Holzmaden. Whenever a fossil was the depth of the water must have been con- since there is no evidence of The Museum Library recently has found, the number of the pit and the exact siderable, action. of received from the Preussische designation of the level in which it lay was wave ground The preservation shipments skeletons a bottom in Akademie der Wissenschaften, the Sencken- affixed to its label, and all this information, the suggests mud, anaerobic bacteria could live the Deutsche together with the identification of the speci- which only bergisches Museum, Morgen- landische and the Museum men, was put down on record. Naturally, and decompose the carcasses. On the other Gesellschaft, fiir V6lkerkunde. It is remarkable that records were also kept for specimens that hand, this ocean pocket was not too far learned societies and institutions were able were not well-enough preserved to merit away from land, since the fossils include to on their activities in the midst of preparation or had otherwise no sale value. such land animals as flying reptiles and carry fresh- war to the extent did. Publication in Hauff, furthermore, made maps of the region forms that almost certainly frequented they streams. seems not to have been indicating the location of the various pits water pools and Germany seriously until well into and earlier and, whenever a good vertebrate skeleton The general conditions at Holzmaden are interrupted 1944, of material from Holland, was discovered, he sketched its position and rather complex and formations of this kind shipments France, and indicate that scientific approximate state of preservation on these are not very common. Thus the data and Belgium activity continued even the darkest crises. maps, projecting all the good skeletons of all conclusions reached from them are of little during the fossil-bearing levels onto one plane. use in different types of formations, such as These skeletons were all found in an area lake, swamp, or land deposits. Our knowl- For the conservationist, the acquisition of 1,782 square yards, in about 5,180 cubic edge of conditions of fossilization in forma- by the Library of a complete set of the yards of rock. Another sketch (Fig. 2) tions such as these is, in spite of many Journal of Wildlife Management to date is by Hauff gives the exact position of the good observations, far less systematic and much an event of some importance. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 19!t7

Chicago Natural History Museum First, this year's flowering dates are among exist between the flowering periods of Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 the latest on record, being one to several plants and the prevailing weather conditions. Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 months behind normal records. Secondly, Telephone: WABash 9410 as a result of cool weather and frequent rains, many plants ordinarily out of bloom SUMMER GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES were still in flower while others came into MORNINGS AND AFTERNOONS Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. bloom. Thereby conspicuous overlaps in Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field During August, conducted tours of the W. McCorhick Blair Samuel Jr. flowering time appeared this year. Ordi- Insull, under the of staff lec- Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham exhibits, guidance narily, squills (Scilla) are followed by Boardman Conover Hughston M. McBain turers, will be given on a special schedule, Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell hyacinths, hyacinths by tulips, tulips by Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall as follows: Howard W. Fbnton George A. Richardson lilacs and crabapples and irises, all repre- N. A. Smith Joseph Field Solomon different of and 11 The Earth's Green Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten senting phases spring early Mondays: a.m., Mantle of the John P. Wilson summer. This year, however, tulips were (General survey plant 2 General Tour still in bloom while and exhibits); p.m., (Exhibition OFFICERS lilacs, crabapples, halls, all Departments). Stanley Field President irises all flowered at the same time, and Marshall Field First Vice-President squill, one of the earliest, was still in bloom Tuesdays: 11 A.M., The People of the World Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Vice-President of the Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President when tulips and other later flowering plants (General survey anthropology Solomon A. Smith Treasurer 2 their exhibits); p.m., General Tour. Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary made appearance. John R. Millar Assistant Secretary An examination of the dates of flowering Wednesdays: 11 A.M., The Earth's Story of some of the more common flowers reveals (General survey of the geology exhibits); 2 General Tour. THE BULLETIN the contrast of this year with last year.* p.m., The one of the earliest of our culti- EDITOR crocus, Thursdays: 11 a.m. and 2 p.m., General vated did not come into Tours. Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum garden flowers, bloom this year until April 13, while last CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Fridays: 11 a.m., The World of Animals year it was recorded on March 27. This of the Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology (General survey animal exhibits); Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany year hepatica, one of the earliest native 2 p.m., General Tour. Sharat K. Roy Curator Chief of Geology did not bloom until Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology spring flowers, April 13, There are no tours given on Saturdays, although last year the first flowering speci- MANAGING EDITOR or on 1 mens were seen on March and the Sundays, Monday, September H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel 24, year before that on March 19. (Labor Day). Rue anemone Members are requested to inform the Museum (Anemonella thalictroides), promptly of changes of address. also an early spring bloomer, this year did GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM not appear until April 24, although in 1946 it flowered on March and in 1945 on Following is a list of some of the principal SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER 29, March 22. In cool weather this species gifts received during the last month: FLOWERING RECORDS, 1947 normally continues flowering for a long Department of Anthropology: By JULIAN A. STEYERMARK period. Actually this spring it flowered From: Miss Florence Dibell Bartlett, ASSISTANT CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM until June 14, for a period of 50 days. Chicago—a collection of Guatemalan tex- The spring and early summer of 1947 will Daffodils were flowering this year between tiles and carved wooden manikins, and to the go down in the annals of the United States April 24 and May 1, whereas in 1946 they photographic negatives pertaining textiles. as among the wettest and most backward were in bloom on April 7, and in 1945 on on record. Floods throughout the Middle March 31. Lilies of the valley were about a Department of Botany: West were the worst in 103 years. Farmers month behind this year, not coming into From: Dr. Hugh Cutler, Chicago—39 throughout this region were forced to plant flower until May 25, while last year they herbarium specimens, Bolivia and Cuba. their crops of corn either very much later flowered on May 1. This year tulips Department of Geology: than normally or had to abandon hope of flowered on May 22, last year on April 17. From: Roy Eversole, Bitter Creek, Wyo. even planting their fields too long inundated Similarly, the crabapple season was —a specimen of dakeite, Wyoming; Paul J. flood water. In acres of much this until June com- by many places, delayed year 1, Woodcock, St. Clair, Mo.—a specimen of to harvest left with last first record for wheat ready were to spoil as pared year's April Drusy quartz and one of barite, Missouri. high waters prevented farmers from using 21. The purple trillium or wakerobin Department of Zoology : their machinery in these fields. (Trillium reeurvatum) bloomed this year From: Chicago Zoological Society, Brook- Flowering plants, too, were late in reach- on May 22, though last year it was out on field, 111.—a Diana monkey. ing their average time of flowering. The April 25. Irises appeared this year on spring flowering season around Chicago June 9, whereas last year they flowered Library: starts from one to three months later than on May 13. Delayed flowering during the From: Boardman Conover and Eugene S. both of Dr. in most of the southern states and the areas first half of 1947 affected all flowering plants Richardson, Jr., Chicago; Henry and James Lewis as far north as the edge of the Ozarks and observed. Even skunk cabbage, normally Field, Thomasville, Ga.; Kraft, New York. Great Smoky Mountains. Even as close to the earliest wild flower of this region, this Chicago as Springfield, Illinois, the season year did not flower until March 15, although is about two to three weeks ahead. Thus, in other years it was observed in flower as Visitors from Abroad by experience we are accustomed to expect early as February. the spring flowering season to begin much Likewise in many parts of the United Among recent notable visitors from later than southward. This year, however, States the 1947 season was far behind nor- abroad entertained by the Director of the the appearance of the first spring flowers mal as indicated by dates of flowering. Museum and members of the staff were was greatly delayed. So late, in fact, were The old expression, "Plant corn when the Dr. Achille Urbain, director of the Museum this year's spring and early summer that oak leaves are as big as squirrels' ears," is National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and many interesting data of local significance clearly based on the correlation known to Mr. Martin Noel, Argentinian architect can now be reported. and president of the Argentine Academy * Flowering dates recorded north of Harrington, Lake Two general facts stand out clearly. County, Illinois. of Fine Arts, Buenos Aires. August, 19U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

TWO MORE SUMMER MOVIES of nature writing, subjective and literary STAFF NOTES OFFERED FOR CHILDREN rather than scientific and objective. His work is to be compared with that of Richard The annual summer series of free motion Jefferies or even David Thoreau, Mr. 1 mil Sella, Chief Preparator, for children on Henry picture programs Thursday of rather than with that of the half-literary, Department Botany, was appointed will continue for two weeks in mornings of for the half-scientific essayists so often evolved in Curator Exhibits Department, August. The series is presented under the museum circles. Mr. Dubkin's children or effective July 1. Mr. J. S. Das ton was auspices of the James Nelson and Anna grandchildren might perhaps produce the transferred from Assistant in Economic Louise Foundation. The pro- Raymond Collections to Assistant in effective great natural history of the Chicago Region, Botany, grams feature films on natural history and the date. . . . Mr. in which man is accepted as a part of nature same John W. Moyer, travel. Chief of the Division of and for which a model is provided in the Motion Pictures, The entertainments will be given in the left 14 on field to recent London's Natural History. July a month's trip New James Simpson Theatre of the Museum at where he is color films of Enchanted with a few Mexico, making invited to Streets, negligible 10:30 a.m. Children are come pit-house excavations by the Archaeological errors of fact and interpretation, actually alone, accompanied by parents or other Expedition to the Southwest under the is a book of great value to scientists, who, adults, or in groups from clubs and various direction of Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief for the most part, write badly and who centers. Admission is free. Following are Curator of Anthropology and leader of the urgently need someone like Dubkin to the dates and titles of the films: expedition. Among other uses, the films present to the general public the fact that will be shown at the Museum in November August 7—Adventures of Chico rats and mice and insects and park pigeons when Dr. Martin appears in the annual The story of a Mexican Indian may provide fulcrums for the levers of Autumn Course of Saturday afternoon boy. science, art, and philosophy. lectures. . . . Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Cu- —Karl P. Schmidt August 14—Animal Tales rator of Oceanic Ethnology, has returned to the Also a cartoon. from his expedition Marshall Islands.

. . . Mr. Donald Curator of South Technical Publications Issued Collier, American Ethnology and Archaeology, The following technical publications were attended a conference last month in New the last issued by the Museum during York on Peruvian archaeology, sponsored Books month: by the Institute of Andean Research and the Fund. Anthropological Series, Vol. 32, No. 3. The Viking (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are SU Site, Excavations at a Mogollon Village, available in The Book Shop of the Museum. Western New Third Mail orders accompanied by remittance are Mexico, Season, 19^6. Paul S. Martin and John B. Rinaldo. NEW MEMBERS promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the By postage on shipments.) June 6, 1947. 110 pages, 42 halftones, 12 The following persons became Members maps. $2.50. of the Museum during the period from Enchanted Streets. Leonard Dubkin. By 16 Fieldiana^Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 16. The June to July 15: Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Bacula of Some Fruit Bats (Pteropus). Associate Members 1947. 210 pages, illustrations, price $2.75. Davis. 1947. 8 By D. Dwight May 14, Sam J. Eisenberg, Louis Hollenbach, When Leonard Dubkin was writing pages, 2 text figures. $0.10. Mrs. Alfred Stern, Ernest H. Thompson. Murmuring Wings, he called at the office Fieldiana—Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 17. Geo- Non-Resident Associate Members of the Chief Curator of Zoology in Chicago graphical Races of the Rodent Akodon Dr. Eliot F. Porter Natural History Museum to explore the Jelskii Thomas. By Colin Campbell possibilities of aid and advice from the Sustaining Members Sanborn. May 14, 1947. 10 pages, one Museum in his project. It was his intention Kenneth Kroehler text figure. $0.10. to write a book about the familiar birds of Mrs. James W. Thome the Chicago streets and parks. The Chief Annual Members Curator seized upon this evident eagerly Dr. B. E. Dahlgren Returns Maurice J. Barron, Emery E. Bergfors, interest in birds with a of immediate variety With Cuban Collections James B. Blaine, Barry J. Clifford, Sydney suggestions as to how Mr. Dubkin might K. Culver, William H. DeParcq, Gilbert Dr. B. E. Curator Emeritus of become an ornithologist—perhaps even an Dahlgren, Etheredge, Peter V. Feil, Clarence E. has returned from a five- Ornithologist!—by studying bird anatomy Botany, recently Freeto, John P. Gregg, W. A. Hatfield, month excursion to Cuba undertaken for the at the Museum, by joining the Chicago Joseph W. Hicks, Dr. William A. Hutchi- of first-hand observations A. R. Thomas H. R. O. Ornithological Society and the American purpose obtaining son, Jameson, Jolls, and material for the of the Ives, Roy R. Larsen, John O. Levinson, Ornithologists Union, by a reading course study many of that are found there. Ben S. Lochridge, Frank V. Lockefer, in the Museum's notable Ayer Library on species palms Charles C. Looney, Mrs. M. K. Maclntyre, and by such university In his field work on the island, Dr. Dahl- Ornithology, taking Hugh M. Matchett, Dwight McKay, John work in as would round out desir- the of the biology a gren enjoyed advantage company M. McLaurin, Graydon Megan, Throvald able for collaboration of the background a zoologist specializing and distinguished Cuban Nielsen, Thomas L. Norton, Robey Parks, in birds. Mr. Dubkin, who wanted to write botanist, Brother Leon, of Colegio de La Morris Perlman, Allen H. Price, Harold A. a book about birds and who was interested Salle, whose unique knowledge of the island Renholm, Adolph Ryser, Philip H. Salzman, in human emotional reactions to birds—but has been acquired in the course of a life- E. E. Sando, Milton H. Schwartz, Grant F. William P. William B. only secondarily in the birds and not at all long study of the flora of Cuba, especially Shay, Simmons, Traynor, Mrs. Christopher F. Turner, in the ornithologists he had encountered, of its palms, many of which were unknown George H. Weiner. made his escape. It is reported on good to science until discovered and described by authority that his own account of this him. skirmish with the zoological world has The collections and many photographs The sources of the world's most important become a quite hair-raising escape story. now made in Cuba will enrich the Museum's beverages, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic, Mr. Dubkin's Enchanted Streets, like his palm herbarium and furnish especially are illustrated in the Hall of Food Plants earlier book, represents an authentic type desired material for cytological research. (Hall 25). Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 19i~

FOOD PLANTS OF THE ANDES such as mats (like our word "maize"), have best dried potatoes are called 'tuntcha and By HUGH C. CUTLER spread throughout Spanish America and in the most common type is called chuno. CURATOR OF ECONOMIC BOTANY many places replace the native word. Many potatoes, especially the larger ones, Throughout the Andes the traveler finds More accurate records of plants and food are eaten immediately. All potatoes taste remains of civilizations whose members habits were made when Spanish rule of the insipid when they are prepared in the high- countries had been established. this lands where water boils at 175 often surpassed in numbers, skill, and artistic By degrees, and had been several hours are feeling the present population. It is difficult time, however, many plants needed before they are introduced and later writers often could not cooked. if are to understand how a large population could But Andean potatoes pre- have existed in these lands where rainfall is determine which plants were indigenous. pared near sea level or in a pressure cooker, and the soil and where the some have flavor and texture superior to the scanty rocky LIVE AS IN PREHISTORIC DAYS temperature frequently varies 50 degrees potatoes of the United States. in a few hours. Here only a few edible wild Many of the Indians live today as they did NASTURTIUMS AS FOOD plants grew and wild animals were scarce. before the Spanish invasion. There is little difference the vil- Yet a large part of the Andes was inhabited very between Inca A peculiar food plant of the Andean high- by peoples who not only lived there but lage shown in Hall B on the ground floor and lands is a nasturtium with large tubers. found enough time and energy to build Just as in the potato, there are wild species monumental structures and to develop of nasturtium, and the difference between artistic and technical skills. wild and cultivated ones is often very slight. Only the cultivation of plants especially The nasturtium we grow for flowers is also adapted to the highlands enabled these grown in Peru but the flowers are eaten in civilizations to survive. Their skill in salad unless used for ornamental purposes. farming and in the selection of plants is In the highlands where corn could not shown by the large numbers of known grow and in places where the soil was poor, varieties of the principal crops. In this area a close relative of the common pigweed of more than 400 named varieties of potatoes the United States was grown. This plant, occur, and the variation within some of called quinoa, has been found in some of the these varieties is almost as great as that in oldest ruins on the Pacific slopes. Quinoa all the potatoes of the United States. should not be confused with quinine, the We know what foods these ancient tree whose bark is used as a preventative and peoples used. In the dry western foothills cure for malaria. Both quinoa and quinine of the Andes, remains of the actual plants are native in the Andes. are often dug out of the old ruins. Some- The importance of quinoa is diminishing times these plants are found in rubbish because it is difficult to prepare and has a heaps, together with broken pots, old low market value. Barley replaces it on the clothes, ashes, and charcoal. Occasionally better soils, provided there is sufficient jars of food or seed are found. These appear rainfall. to have been storage vessels that had been The principal food of nearly all the major forgotten or abandoned. Food was often Indian civilizations was corn. It is still the placed in graves. most important plant of the Americas and is grown in more varied habitats than any ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRACES other important food. Corn is planted near Even the climatic conditions Lake Titicaca at altitudes of on where were ANCIENT PERUVIAN GOD- 13,000 feet, the unfavorable for the preservation of vegetal — lowlands near sea level, in deserts with clothed in a cloak of maize to symbolize fertility. Statue material, we can occasionally find modeled ten inches of rainfall per year, and in tropi- in Hall of Food Plants (Hall 25). Othef similar gods and cal forests with 96 inches of rainfall replicas of fruits, vegetables, and seeds, or goddesses are represented in the Central and South per year. vessels decorated with figures of the foods. American collections of the Department of Anthropology Besides varieties for special climates, there 8 and The best examples of vessels showing food (Halls 9). are varieties for definite uses. One of these plants are from the Chimu culture of north- has a purple dye used for fabrics and drinks. western Peru. These are shown in Case 21 the Indian communities of the present. The CORN AS ART MOTIF in the Hall of South American Archaeology descendants of the Inca tribes may use metal (Hall 9) on the first floor. The most interest- points on their hoes and see airliners fly Because corn was so important, there is vessels in still live ing are the form of food plants overhead ; yet they on their ancient much old pottery decorated with designs modeled with remarkable skill and fidelity. foods and speak their Indian language. based on ears of corn. Small clay models, These representations can be identified with From them we can secure living plants for which were probably used as offerings to certainty, but when the pjant is represented our studies and specimens for comparison insure good crops, are often found. One of in a painting or in a design woven in cloth, with the prehistoric remains. these clay models was erroneously described the design is often so stylized that it is In the highest parts of the Andes the as a fossil ear of corn. This mistake is difficult to distinguish the plant. principal food is the potato. The numerous readily explained because some of the models Besides the evidence left by the old cultivated varieties belong to several species. are so accurately made that even the place inhabitants, we can gather some informa- Wild potatoes are occasionally harvested where the silks were attached is shown. tion on ancient foods from records left by and some of these are hard to distinguish For many years the clay model was con- the Spanish conquerors, rulers, and priests. from cultivated varieties. Most of these sidered a real fossil but finally when cut The first Spaniards were mainly soldiers and wild potatoes and many of the cultivated open was found to be only a clay rattle. left very few references to foods. When they ones must be treated to remove a bitter A similar ancient clay model is exhibited did write about plants, they often applied taste. This is usually done by soaking them in Case 12 of Hall 25 (Food Plants and the names they had learned in Cuba and in water, letting them freeze during the cold Palms), together with a pottery jar made Central America, and their descriptions were nights, and then stamping out the water. about 1,000 years ago in coastal Peru. brief and often inaccurate. Some of the After the potatoes are dried they can be Other cases in Hall 25 contain models of names introduced from the Caribbean area, stored for many years before using. The native American food plants in use today.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicago Natur History Museum BU IN Formerly Wi/e urn News

Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 SEPTEMBER, 1947 No. 9

4 SOME ANCIENT DPs' played an important part in the life of these MICRONESIA EXPEDITION OF NEW MEXICO early Indians is lost forever. Only stone COMPLETES WORK By LEONARD G. JOHNSON was able to resist the ravages of time and By ALEXANDER SPOEHR (MEMBER OF THE MUSEUM'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL weather. CURATOR OF OCEANIC ETHNOLOGY EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWEST, 1947) AND LEADER OF THE EXPEDITION The few stone tools, regarded by the Five thousand years ago the primitive expedition personnel as the oldest and most The 1947 Ethnological Expedition to the Cochise Indians of southern Arizona packed important Indian find made by the Museum Marshall Islands in Micronesia marked the their few possessions return of the Museum and moved north far to active field work in into New Mexico. It the anthropology of apparently was not a the Pacific. The Mu- political displacement seum has maintained but, rather, an eco- a long-standing inter- nomic one. "This est in the study of movement was due to Pacific peoples, dating the rain-gods' lack back to the early of co-operation," says years of the century. Dr. Paul S. Martin, The 1947 expedition Chief Curator of to the Marshall Is- Anthropology and lands has just com- leader of the Mu- pleted its field season. seum's Archaeological The following is a pre- Expedition to the view of its results. Southwest, which is In addition to their still in the field. basic theoretical im- The erosion that portance, anthropo- has done and is con- logical studies in that tinuing to do so much part of the Pacific damage throughout islands known as the Southwest has Micronesia have to- been quietly working day an added signifi- for the archaeologists cance. Micronesia en- during the last fifty compasses the islands of the former years. It has revealed SCENE ON THE •DIG,' ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWEST, 1947 Japanese a site that thou- mandate. At the close camp Members of the expedition in Wet Leggett Canyon near Reserve, New Mexico, excavating the ancient sands of years ago implements that revealed the presence of a tribe of "displaced persons" that came from Arizona some of hostilities with Ja- had been the stamp- 5,000 years ago. (Museum Expedition photo.) pan, the United States ing grounds of the was in possession of ancient Cochise Indians, who, forced to in many years, were dated geologically these islands, and at present has assumed the leave Arizona for lack of water, had jour- through the old gravel beds in which the responsibility for the administration of the neyed hundreds of miles before finding a artifacts were found. They were embedded native peoples of the area under an agree- small permanent stream in the mountains six feet below the surface in very hard, ment with the United Nations. Yet our of west central New Mexico. How long they cement-like material. With a combination knowledge of the Micronesians is either non- stayed in the vicinity of Wet Leggett of good luck and years of experience, Mr. existent or inadequate. Canyon, ten miles from what is now Reserve, E. B. Sayles, of the University of Arizona Both for purposes of sound administration New Mexico, nobody knows, for all that and Arizona State Museum, and Dr. John and for the formation of an intelligent public remains of these Indians is a few stone tools, Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology at the opinion in this country regarding the islands so crude that the layman would have a hard Chicago Museum, authorities on ancient and their inhabitants it is essential that a time distinguishing them from ordinary man in the New World, discovered this well organized, up-to-date body of scientific river boulders. material. information be available. It is the job of On their way to the Museum and soon "Although Cochise material has been the professional anthropologist to provide to be placed on exhibition are the grinding found in southern Arizona, this is the first this information.— stones, choppers, scrapers, and arrowheads indication of these people in New Mexico," Micronesia the land of small islands—is of these people. All else that may have (Continued on page 8, col. 1) composed of three principal groups: the Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 1H7

The houses of the villagers are scattered economic life is the development of trade for a distance of two miles along the well- relations with the outside world. Beginning kept main road that stretches along the with the German administration of the length of the island just back of the lagoon Marshalls prior to World War I, and becom- shore. Secondary roads also cross the island ing more marked under the Japanese to the ocean side. thereafter, the Marshalls were drawn into In the interior of the island and on the the orbit of international trade. Although ocean shore there are also houses, but the their resources were strictly limited, the lagoon shore location is on the windward Marshallese exported copra and woven side of the island, is cooler, and is preferred. pandanus mats and other handicraft in The houses formerly were of thatch, but exchange for cloth, needles, thread, sewing today the people have switched to modest machines, sugar, flour, rice, canned meat, homes constructed of sawed lumber, in large , and a variety of manufactured part salvaged from the former Navy base products on which they have come to across the lagoon. depend. Public buildings in the village include a Associated with this development of meeting house, a dispensary manned by a foreign trade was the establishment of a Marshallese medical practitioner, and a money economy in trade relations with the YACHTLIKE MARSHALLESE OUTRIGGER large well-built church. In addition, two outside world. On the other hand, within CANOE stores fulfill the desire co-operative partially — the village a system of gift exchange of (Museum Expedition photo) of the villagers for imported trade goods goods and services, stemming from old such as needles, thread, cloth, canned economic practices, still prevails. Marshall Islands, the Caroline Islands, meats, fish hooks, soap, and kerosene. The Marshallese also continue to main- the and the Marianas. including Palaus, tain a feudal class system of kings, nobles, which these islands PURPOSE OF THE FIELD WORK The Oceanic zone over and commoners, although class distinctions is than the United are scattered larger The field work was conducted at this based on birth alone have been greatly but the total land area is about States, only village. What was the purpose of the modified and weakened in recent years. miles. The Marshall Islands 1,000 square expedition in coming to Majuro, and what The system continues to survive largely are of low- themselves composed thirty-four was the aim of the anthropologist in carry- because it is so closely tied to practices of coral atolls and islands lying covering nearly ing on his studies there? land use and ownership. Land is the limited but with a combined 375,000 square miles, Although the Marshallese were the subject resource, and a complicated set of usages land area of 75 miles. The only square of anthropological inquiry some forty years exists, defining the respective rights of kings, of the Marshalls totals population approxi- ago, Marshallese society and culture have nobles, and commoners to the ownership of In racial mately 11,000. characteristics, changed greatly in the past four decades. land and to its fruits. the Marshallese are probably an early Today the Marshallese cannot in any way and CLAN SYSTEM CONTINUES hybrid mixture, primarily of Caucasoid be considered as a native people untouched and are related Mongoloid elements, closely by contact with the West. They wear In most small communities the ties of both and to the racially culturally Poly- Western-style clothes, are largely Christian- kinship are widely extended and regulate of the vast island area to the east. nesians ized, build Western-style houses, and are much of social life. The Marshallese are work of the Museum was The expedition familiar with the movies (shown at the no exception. The old clan system con- at one atoll — concentrated — Majuro. Majuro Navy ships and stations) and popular songs is a typical coral atoll a ring of narrow of America. islands and coral reef surrounding a clear Yet there remains a core of Marshallese blue lagoon that is approximately twenty- culture that stems directly from native miles from three to six miles one long and tradition, and modified though it may be, Marshall the across. To the islander, lagoon it is essentially Marshallese rather than is almost as much a part of his home atoll Western. The question therefore arises as as the land itself. No more typical sight to how these culture elements of old and new exists in the Marshalls than a cleanly have blended to form Marshallese culture of with its lateen designed outrigger canoe today. And what are the distinguishing sail billowing in the wind as it cuts through characteristics not of Marshallese society as of the the sparkling waters lagoon. it once was, but as it is at the present Although Majuro was the scene of a major moment? These were the questions that wartime Pacific base, the atoll fortunately guided the work in the field. escaped bombardment, and most of the The limitations of time made it necessary land area remained free of the severe dis- to concentrate effort at a single village, and ruptions caused by base-building. The considerations of transportation, communi- vegetation consists primarily of coconut cation, and supply led to the selection of palms, pandanus, breadfruit, and a few Majuro as a type village for study. ISLANDER BUILDING tropical hardwoods, together with low brush What were the results of the field work? MARSHALL FISHTRAP and grasses. Although Majuro is only seven Space allows only a brief summary here. (Museum Expedition photo) degrees north of the equator, the northeast A full report will be issued in the Museum's trade wind tempers the tropical climate. scientific series. tinues to exist. One to the clan There is no malaria, and the people are The economic basis of Marshallese life belongs of one's and everyone in one's own healthy and happy. still revolves around the old products of mother, clan is considered a relative. Kinship ties The principal village is located on the land and sea—the coconut, pandanus, are economically important, in that most atoll's largest island, called also by the name breadfruit, taro, and fish. These provide are drawn from the of Majuro. Here there lives a community the staples in the diet and the raw materials co-operative groups of a little more than a thousand people. of handicraft. The principal change in the (Continued on page 8, col. S) September, 19^7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3 SCHOOLS WITHIN THE MUSEUM: ELEMENTARY TO UNIVERSITY By H. B. HARTE Museum and in the a PUBLIC RELATIONS COUNSEL by expeditions field; by $500,000 endowment, plus accretions, (b) a vast direct education program reaching established by Mrs. James Nelson Raymond. the arrival of September hundreds of thousands of grade-school The seven young women who compose the WITHand the opening of the children and thousands of high-school and staff of the Raymond Foundation organize students and adults in which the their lectures consultation with members autumn term in grade schools, high college by Museum functions as actual classroom or of the scientific staff, by surveys of Museum schools, and colleges, it is appro- part of the campus. materials, and by studies in the Museum priate to review some of the con- Principal direct-education activities are: Library. Thus fully prepared, they conduct tributions of this Museum in the groups of school children on tours of the /. Raymond Foundation field of direct education. These Museum exhibits. They go out into the Varied and are the activi- schools of with slides and occasion- activities constantly are being ex- comprehensive Chicago ties of the James Nelson and Anna Louise ally with motion picture films to present panded. Raymond Foundation, whose staff of seven lectures in classrooms and school assembly Education, of course, is a year-around activity of the Museum. The millions of

"AND THEY LIVED 30 MILLION YEARS AGO!"

Roberta Caldwell of Raymond Foundation

staff tells story of

prehistoric three'toed horse (Mesohippus) to

children spellbound by Museum restoration.

lecturers gives natural-history lessons to halls. They prepare sheets of questions about 115,000 grade-school children and and suggested activities concerning Museum Phoio courtesy Chicago Daily Times high-school students in an average year. exhibits for groups of children visiting the MEET THE RAYMOND LECTURE STAFF. The work of the Foundation is supported Museum. For these, they draw their own Daily in the newspapers and monthly in the illustrations and print the texts and pictures Museum Bulletin appear the names of these young by means of mimeoscope and women and their lecture subjects. Left to right: mimeograph, Marie Svoboda, Winona Cosner, Lorain Farmer, sometimes in several colors. They also June Buchwald. Miriam Wood, Chief of the Ray- write "Museum Stories for Children," mond Foundation, is to pointing Chicago map which are published by the Museum Press indicating hundreds of schools for outside lecture and distributed free of to children assignments. Two other lecturers, Roberta Cald- charge well and Marie Pabst, were away when picture at the Raymond Foundation's spring and was taken for a recent newspaper "spread.** autumn series of free Saturday motion picture programs in Simpson Theatre. visitors who come into its halls are moti- In addition to the work directly with vated, for the most part, solely by the desire children, Raymond Foundation staff mem- for recreation. Nevertheless, they can bers occasionally conduct nature courses scarcely avoid adding something to their for Boy and Girl Scout leaders, camp own education as they view exhibits and counselors, and school teachers, and special read the accompanying labels. The absorp- classes for advanced school pupils. In tion of knowledge in this manner, which such courses they use Museum specimens probably takes place without conscious for demonstration, on occasion even han- realization by most of those who come here, dling live snakes. Occasionally they may is an important educational process. go on field trips within the Chicago area to It is this educational effect through its collect specimens to illustrate lectures. recreational facilities that people in general 2. Adult Education are inclined to regard as the only function of the Museum. It is not widely enough Some museums, particularly in the East recognized that there are two other primary Photo couttesy Chicago Daily Times and abroad, employ "docents" to conduct lines of activity: (a) the extensive and RAYMOND FOUNDATION GIRLS don't lee- visitors on tours of their exhibits. Some ture all but in between. important research program in many fields, day, they're kept busy museums have guides in uniform, whose Here Lorain Farmer is on stencil conducted by the scientific staff in offices drawing picture bearing is all too reminiscent of the man with stylus and mimeoscope for mimeographed and laboratories hidden from the with the megaphone on the sightseeing away "handout" to guide study group of children in public on the third and fourth floors of the Museum; Winona Cosner offers suggestions. buses and whose memorized unvarying Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 19i7

them—on a regular schedule: two cases at a time, with changes each two weeks, through- out the school year. In this way, some 500,000 children are reached, and reached repeatedly. The cases are used as school cor- ridor and classroom displays, where the children may independently make observa- tions, and in connection with classes engaged in nature study, biology, and related subjects. There are about 1,100' traveling exhibits in circulation. New ones are constantly in preparation by the preparators in the Harris Extension laboratories. Many of the cases are small dioramas with colored photo- graphic or painted scenic backgrounds. The work is supported by a special endow- ment set up by the late Norman Wait Harris and added to by his son, Mr. Albert W. Harris, formerly a Trustee of the Museum, and other members of the Harris family. The contributions of the Harris family total more than $525,000.

4. Art Classes

The nature research classes of the Art Institute of Chicago—some for grade-school children, some for high-school and college- Photo courteiy Chicago Daily News age students, and some for adults beyond "MUSEUM DAY" AT A SCHOOL. In each of nearly 500 Chicago schools— public, parochial, and the formal schooling stage—use the exhibits the N. W. Harris Extension truck them a of exhibits private— children greet bringing .change traveling and facilities of the Museum in the study of are reached the school every two weeks. Thus about 500,000 children repeatedly throughout year. drawing, painting, sculpture, and ceramics. The Art Institute groups have been provided 3. The N. W. Harris Public School "lecture" also too often recalls the busman's with their own classroom in the Museum Extension stereotyped "spiel." building. After lectures there from their Chicago Natural History Museum em- This is the department that takes the instructors (members of the School of the into the schools—the birds ploys neither "docents" nor uniformed Museum right Art Institute faculty who accompany them is and small mammals and the rocks lecturers. Instead, it has hit upon what insects; here), they disperse throughout the exhibi- thought to be the happiest solution of all. and minerals and meteorites; the flowers, tion halls with sketchboards and easels. It has searched the universities and colleges and the vegetable products upon which man 5. With Universities to select young women who combine major largely depends for food and clothing. This Co-operation (and Museology Class) achievement in the natural sciences with is done by means of traveling exhibits of charm and the ability to speak informally natural history and economic subjects, Most of the universities and colleges in and spontaneously. These young women which on a small scale resemble the larger the Chicago area send classes and their meet their audiences as hostesses represent- exhibits within the Museum itself. instructors to the Museum to use the ing the Museum and, because their lectures Harris Extension cases are sent to practi- exhibits and study collections in connection follow an informal, conversational plan cally every public, parochial, and special with such studies as geology, paleontology, instead of a memorized set form, visitors school in Chicago —approximately 500 of zoology, botany, anthropology. The Uni- may interrupt to ask questions or make remarks, as they would at a social gathering. This gives to Museum guide-lectures a tone and quality not obtainable in any other way. It does not imply, however, any superficiality. On the contrary, each of the NATURE CLASS young women is a specialist in at least one field—anthropology, botany, geology, or USES TRAVELING zoology—as well as being equipped to HARRIS EXTENSION impart information in any or all of them. EXHIBIT OF BATS As a result, countless visitors have com- mented, delightedly, on the difference From study of specimens between a tour as guide-lecture provided in case, children have at this Museum and the usual sort of guid- made drawing of bat wing ance and lecture offered in connection with on blackboard at left. most tourist attractions. Another adult education activity of the Museum, one with which most Members of the institution are familiar, is the Satur- day afternoon lecture courses in the Simpson Photo by John. T. Newell, Chicago Board ol Educatio Theatre in the Autumn and Spring. September, 191,7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

STUDENTS OF THREE SCHOOLS OF HIGHER LEARNING USE MUSEUM FACILITIES in of Anthro- animals in an exhibition hall. and lower (Upper left) John Pletinckx, Ceramic Restorer Department Chicago, sketching (Upper right) pology, instructs Marie Esther Hermitte, who came from Argentina to join "Work-Earn-and-Learn" students from Antioch College, Yellow Springs, University of Chicago muscology class, in method of piecing together frag- Ohio. They alternate periods of formal study on the campus with periods in of the of for Lucille the birds' collection. ments of ancient pottery. (Lower left) Two of the students one working salaries. Hanford catalogues egg adult classes sent to the Museum by the School of the Art Institute of Donald Stoops works as an assistant in the chemical laboratory for Geology. versity of Chicago and Northwestern requirements include actual work in the college divide their school year between University, in particular, make wide use of study and preparation of Museum specimens periods of formal classroom work on the these facilities. under the supervision of Museum people. campus and periods of on-the-job training, the the students are with in various of businesses and An especially interesting division of this During course, brought pay, types into contact with the and methods in institutions all over the This work is the University of Chicago's course personnel country. in the of almost Museum a few such for in museology. This is composed of students, employed operation every provides positions division of the Museum—the scientific men and women interested in its frequently including some from foreign young and such divisions as business in which the students are on countries, who are preparing themselves for departments field, actually the Museum one life careers as curators, museum artisans, administration, membership, publicity. payroll. When group goes and museum directors. Three days a week back to the campus in Ohio, another group 6. The "Study-Work-and-Eam" Group are spent on the university campus in the is sent to the Museum to replace those usual arts and science courses of a university This, the most recent direct-education students in their jobs. Some of the students curriculum; two days a week the classes are program of the Museum, consists of a small are employed in the scientific departments held in the Museum, with members of the group of students from Antioch College in and some in the administrative offices of Museum staff as instructors. Laboratory Yellow Springs, Ohio. All students at that the Museum, in junior capacities. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 191,7

Chicago Natural History Museum tionaux du Congo Beige. The latter groun PEIPING—SPECIAL EXHIBIT Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 contains the published results of the work OF PHOTOS, SEPT. 1-30 Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 of the several expeditions sponsored by "Peiping," a photographic exhibition pre- Telephone: WABash 9410 the institute. pared by the editors of Life magazine, will be placed on view at the Museum from THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES September 1 to 30, inclusive. The pictures Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field STAFF NOTES in the exhibit are devoted primarily to Blair Samuel Jr. W. McCormick Insull, architecture based Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham Peiping and, although Hughston M. McBain Boardman Conover Mr. Karl P. Chief Curator of on a photographic essay that recently Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell Schmidt, Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Zoology, and Mr. John W. Winn, Assistant appeared in the magazine, they include Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson not Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith Curator of Fishes, as well as Mr. Loren P. many hitherto published. Albert H. Wetten Marshall Field of Fishes leave of The photographs were made by Mr. John P. Wilson Woods, Curator (on absence), attended the meetings of the Dmitri Kessel, a Life staff photographer, OFFICERS American Society of Ichthyologists and during an assignment in the Far East. Mr. Stanley Field President Kessel weeks Marshall Field First Vice-President Herpetologists at Higgins Lake, Michigan. spent many photographing Albert B. Jr Second Vice-President Dick, Mr. Woods presented an account of the coral the Chinese city's unique and beautiful Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President which had suffered little from Solomon A. Smith Treasurer reef fishes of the Bikini Atoll, on which he is architecture, Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary the hands of the the war. John R. Millar Assistant Secretary working under the direction of Dr. L. P. Japanese during Schultz at the United States National Of the subject, the editors say: "The history Museum. Mr. Schmidt com- of China's ancient capital began more than a THE BULLETIN presented mittee reports as representative of the thousand years before Christ. For cen- EDITOR its society to the National Research Council. turies, palaces and temples have been Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum times rebuilt . . . Mr. Philip Hershkovitz, Assistant many built, destroyed, again. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Curator of Mammals, and Mr. Luis de la And although most of its present-day Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology no further back than the Torre, temporary assistant, attended the monuments go Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany 15th still one of Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology meetings of the American Society of Mam- century, Peiping stands, Karl P. Curator Schmidt Chief of Zoology the architectural cities of the world." malogists, August 25 to 27. . . . Dr. Fritz great exhibit will in the MANAGING EDITOR Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, The be on display south H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel half reports a very cordial reception at the of Stanley Field Hall. There are twenty- five 28"x38". In some an Bermuda Biological Station for Research, panels, instances, Members are to inform the Museum requested where he has been Mr. B. entire panel is devoted to a single photo- promptly of changes of address. joined by Joseph such as a view of the Krstolich, artist. Dr. Haas reports condi- graph, superb rooftops tions for study of the marine fauna extremely of the Forbidden City or the Inner Starry LIBRARY RECLASSIFICATION Wicket Gate to the Altar of Heaven. favorable. . . . Mr. Samuel H. Grove, The Board of Trustees has approved the Jr. has been appointed a preparator in the project of reclassifying and recataloguing plant reproduction laboratories of the GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM the Museum Library according to the Department of Botany, and Mr. Harold is a list of some of the Library of Congress Classification as rapidly Hinshaw has been appointed assistant in Following principal received the last month: as possible. The reasons for adopting this the Herbarium. gifts during classification in preference to continuing Department of Anthropology: with the Library's own scheme are several: From: Major Wang— Ching-Yien, Chanute The L.C. scheme has been developed by Ecuador Botanist at Museum Field, Rantoul, 111. a rubbing from inscrip- tion on stone specialists in classification for actual applica- monument, T'ang dynasty, For several weeks the Museum will be a.d. 841, China. tion to a large collection of books; it is com- host to one of Ecuador's foremost scientists, Department of Botany: prehensive, expansive, flexible, and practi- Professor M. Acosta Solis, Director of the From: Dr. C. 39 cal; emanating as it does from a growing Hugh Cutler, Chicago— Ecuadorian Institute of Natural Sciences herbarium specimens, Bolivia and Cuba; library, it is undergoing continuous ampli- at Quito. Mr. Solis, who has made detailed Dr. Henry Field, Thomasville, Ga.— 18 fication and revision; the fact that it is the studies of the vegetation of Ecuador and specimens of fungi, Georgia. classification scheme of our "national who recently gave the herbarium the largest Department of Geology: library" insures its continued development. collection of Ecuadorian plants ever received From: C. M. Barber, Flint, Mich.—speci- A great deal of attention has been given by this or any other institution, will be mens of Plesiosaur, Arkansas. the problem of cataloguing costs. By writing labels for the thousands of specimens Department of Zoology: adopting the L.C. Classification and cata- so that they will be available for study and From: Robert Guillaudeu, Chicago— 17 loguing practice substantially without eventual insertion in the herbarium. frogs, lizards, and snakes, Illinois and change, the Museum Library will be able Indiana; Lt. John F. Kurfess, Warrington, to utilize the bibliographical work performed Fla.—34 snakes, Florida; J. E. Johnson, Jr., by the Library of Congress Processing and John Texas—232 Change in Visiting Hours Sparks, Waco, snakes, Division. Eventually, this will result in frogs, lizards, salamanders, and turtles, economy of time and effort on the part of On September 2, the day after Labor Day, Texas. 9 a.m. to 5 the staff and will permit greater attention autumn visiting hours, P.M., go Library: into effect at the until to be given to other phases of the Library's Museum, continuing From: Margaret Conover, Stanley Field, 31. activity. October and Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., all of Chi- cago; Henry Field, Thomasville, Ga.; Henry C. Hitt, Seattle; A. W. Jessep, Melbourne, The Library's collection of material on Interesting to all readers of Robinson Australia; National Research Council, the Belgian Congo has been considerably Crusoe and other tales of adventure on Ottawa, Canada. strengthened by the receipt of a large block "desert islands" is the breadfruit tree. An Raymond Foundation: of publications of the Institut Royal Colonial exhibit of breadfruit is a feature of Martin A. From: Charles Albee Howe, Homewood, Beige and of the Institut des Pares Na- and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29). 111.—334 color slides. September, 19U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST of the life of the sea and the islands visited SCREEN LECTURES ADDED APPOINTED TO STAFF as one man could do. TO TOUR SCHEDULES Dr. Murphy is now chairman of the Mr. Robert Kriss Wyant has been Beginning with the program (below) for Department of Birds of the American appointed to the staff of the Museum as September, a new feature has been added Museum and the outstanding authority on Assistant Curator of to the guide-lecture tours that are presented oceanic birds. His major work is a classic, Economic Geology daily except Sunday. The Friday lecture the two-volume Oceanic Birds of South and is scheduled to tours, which are on special subjects, hence- America (1936). But when this story opens begin his duties forth will open with an introductory lecture he's recently out of Brown University, September 1. in the new meeting room on the second floor recently married to the "Grace" of the Mr. Wyant is a of the Museum. Here the guide-lecturers title, and about to start on an eleven-month graduate of the Uni- will give a preliminary talk usually illus- voyage in the Daisy. versity of New Mex- trated with lantern slides, and in some cases The tale is from his diary, his logbook, ico, where he majored with motion picture films and with speci- written daily to tell his wife what he saw in geology and chem- mens of material that can be inspected at and felt, to help bridge the gap in time and istry and earned his close range or handled by the audience. space, and to assuage his nostalgia. It's a R. K. wyant bachelor of science The tours will continue to be conducted human story, of pride and pleasure in degree. Since then at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. On Mondays, accomplishment, of the drag of empty days he has engaged in post-graduate work at Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, gen- in the of the life of a the of doldrums, free-running University Chicago and has com- eral tours are given, covering all depart- ship, and of the quick passage of crowded pleted most of the requirements toward a ments. Special subjects are offered on ' days. doctorate. Wednesdays and Fridays. A schedule of It's a human story of the weather, rain- In 1939-40 he was a chemist on the staff these follows: bows, and storms; of the Atlantic as flat as of the United States Geological Survey at Bells a silver disk and with great waves running; Wed., Sept. 3—School Ring Again Albuquerque, Mew Mexico, working on of ice fields and green tussocks and beaches (June Buchwald). ground-water problems in that area. From of South Georgia; of whales and whaling Fri., Sept. 5—Story of Mountains. Illus- 1941 to 1945, he was a production chemist trated introduction in Room and sealing, and how the whales spout and Meeting with Todd and Brown, Inc., where his work what the seals feed on; of albatross and skua, (Winona Cosner). was concerned with explosives manufactured — — and the petrels that swarm in the far south, Wed., Sept. 10 Smokes and Smokers by that company for the war services. He and the penguins that always run from the Tobacco and Its Uses (Marie Svoboda). is a member of the American Institute of sea when danger threatens; of the Portu- Fri., Sept. 12—Amoeba to Ape. Illustrated Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. guese man-o'-war, of a glimpse of the introduction in Meeting Room (Lorain convict settlement of Fernando Noronho, Farmer). and of incipient scurvy; of the daily life on Wed., Sept. 17—Story of Gem Stones a and of comments on Shakespeare (Winona Cosner). Books and Dante and Bunyan; and of the author's Fri., Sept. 19— Fibers, Feathers, and Furs anxiety to finish his job and be home with — Materials Used in Clothing. Illustrated his loved one. introduction in Meeting Room (Marie (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are available in The Book Shop of the Museum. It's an intimate story, combining travel Svoboda). Mail orders accompanied by remittance are and observation with a love story and much Wed., Sept. 24— Animals of Legend and filled—The Book Shop pays the promptly good writing. It's a book to be read and Fable (Lorain Farmer). postage on shipments.) cherished. Fri., Sept. 26—Indian America (Indian Logbook for Grace (Whaling Brig Daisy, Austin L. Rand Day). Illustrated introduction in Meet- Birds 1912-13). By Robert Cushman Murphy. Curator of ing Room (June Buchwald). The Macmillan Company, New York, There will be no lecture tour on Septem- 1947. 290 pages, 4 figures, 2 maps. Geology Expedition in East ber 1, because of the Labor Day holiday, Price $4. but the Museum will be open to visitors Dr. Sharat K. Chief Curator of Roy, from 9 A.M. to 6 p.m. The half-brig Daisy was a New Bedford Geology, and Mr. Harry E. Changnon, whaler going south in 1912 for the oil of Assistant Curator of Geology, began an sea sperm whales in the Atlantic and of expedition by automobile in various eastern Technical Publications Issued elephants on the island of South Georgia. states last month to collect representative The following technical publications were The skipper was from Martha's Vineyard, ores, physical geology specimens, and certain recently issued by Chicago Natural History and most of the crew of more than thirty of rocks for the Museum types required Museum: men were from the West India or Cape collections. A special effort will be made Fieldiana— Vol. No. 2. Cata- Verde islets. The whole crew had this in by the Eastern States Geological Expedition Zoology, 32, — North American Beetles of the common they were all islanders, "which to obtain specimens of ores with charac- logue of Family Chridae. By Albert B. Wolcott. is in keeping with the whaling tradition teristic features from which the mode of June 1947. 48 are than 12, pages. $0.75. because boatmen more important origin of the ores may be interpreted. Many Fieldiana— Vol. No. 3. Cata- mere sailors." of these specimens will be used in the Zoology, 32> logue of Type Specimens of Fishes in Murphy, too, was an islander, from Long Economic Geology Hall, where exhibits are Chicago Natural History Museum. By Island, New York. He shipped as assistant now being installed; others will be added Marion Grey. June 27, 1947. 100 pages, a berth reserved for the to the study collections. Much of navigator, usually geology 24 text figures. $1.25. skipper's wife, but his duties were those of the time will be spent in the Adirondack Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 18. Two museum naturalist. His interest was in the and its mines, an excellent area in region New Beetles from Costa Rica and Australia, animals of the sea. For the American which to obtain certain types of ores as with a description of a New Genus (Cole- well as that Museum of Natural History he skinned physical geology specimens oplera, Cleridae). By Albert B. Wolcott birds, pickled squids and cleaned skeletons, display effects of the forces involved in and Henry S. Dybas. July 31, 1947. and made as complete collections and studies mountain building and rock metamorphism. 6 pages, 3 text figures. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 19i7

ANCIENT 'DPs' at Wet Leggett spring. Possessions were MICRONESIA 1 few and life was hard and insecure. (Continued from page ) (Continued from page 2) it not been for says Dr. Martin. But almost as important Had the devastating circle of relatives. Considerations of kin- as the actual the of erosion and the persistency of the archae- discovery was dating ship also affect other aspects of life, from ologist's search for early man in the New the site. How long ago had these imple- birthday parties to the selection of village the evidence of the Cochise Indians ments been left by the side of the ancient World, officials, such as the magistrate. have remained an unknown stream? might chapter Finally, the Marshallese have adopted of American Indian In hope of a solution to this problem, history. Christianity, in the form brought by nine- Dr. Martin called on Dr. Ernst Antevs, of teenth-century missionaries, and modern a student of Ice Globe, Arizona, the Age 3rd CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL medical practices, and are taking rapidly to and of the climates of the past, formerly of NATURE PHOTO SHOW the American type of school. Yet though the Harvard faculty and the Carnegie the Marshallese have incorporated the The will with Institution, Washington, D.C. Dr. Antevs Museum again co-operate Western institutions of church, hospital, and at the Nature Camera Club of in came once, for not only an interesting Chicago school into their lives, they have not — in 1948 the geological problem was at hand here was a presenting early Chicago abandoned a strong belief that the ghosts of claim that the Cochise Indians had ventured International Exhibition of Nature Photo- the dead cause disease or that an effective far north into the mountainous regions of graphy, the third in this series of salons. system of education is found in the voluntary exhibition will be held western New Mexico. Mr. Sayles and Dr. The in the Museum association of children of similar age who in from 1 to inclusive. Entries Antevs had worked many years Arizona February 28, learn many of the necessary skills, manners, now be in care of the trying to unravel the history of these ancient may submitted, morals, and traditions through a highly Indians in that state. Museum. Final deadline for entries is informal, imitative process of absorption The information gleaned by Dr. Antevs January 17. The judging will take place from their elders and relatives. from the arroyo walls wove a fascinating on January 24 and 25. CO-ORDINATED story. The erosion and the gravel beds The exhibition will have two divisions, INVESTIGATION to those in other of the and color with a fee correspond regions prints transparencies, The Museum expedition to the Marshall Southwest and indicated an of $1 in each, to be sent with the form extremely dry entry Islands is part of a larger program for the from to and pictures. Contestants are limited to a period lasting 8,000 4,000 years ago. study of Micronesian peoples. This pro- "The was a lot drier then than maximum of four black-and- country prints (either gram, called the Co-ordinated Investigation it is Dr. "and now there white or and four color now," says Antevs, color) transparencies. of Micronesian Anthropology, is sponsored is — Forms will be available on in only fourteen inches of rainfall per year application by the Pacific Science Board of the National if the contributors need no rain-gods are merciful. During this September (foreign Research Council, and has been undertaken ancient little could form and no due to drought vegetation entry pay fee, foreign to meet the pressing need for anthropological the when it did ran off The forms be survive; rain, fall, exchange difficulties). may information on the native peoples of rapidly over the hard, bare ground, leaving obtained from the Museum or from the Micronesia. it scarred Soils and chairman of the Mr. H. J. with erosion channels. exhibit, Johnson, Major scientific institutions engaged in silts were washed and the stream bed 1614 Adams 12. away Street, Chicago anthropological research are participating became with and boulders." The will be: Mr. L. H. paved gravel judges Longwell, and are sending anthropologists into the of of Associate the Photographic Society field. The work has DRIVEN BY been greatly facilitated DROUGHT Mr. John R. America; Millar, Deputy by the assistance and co-operation of the Dr. Dr. Mr. and Director of the Mr. Karl Antevs, Martin, Sayles, Museum; Plath, Navy Department. The Museum's expedi- all it artist and Curator of Birds at Brookfield Dr. Rinaldo agree that was because of tion is the first to return from the field under Mr. Lee a school teacher drought and need of water that these pre- Zoo; Smiley, high this program. historic Indians strayed into the mountains of biology and photography, and Dr. of New Mexico. It was the drought that Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany at drove them up Wet Leggett Canyon to the the Museum. NEW MEMBERS there. As the matter of small, permanent spring that flowed usual, subject jentries The following persons became Members But the erosion that uncovered the stone will be restricted to but some nature, changes of the Museum during the period from tools of have been made in classifications. The these Indians to the archaeological July 16 to August 15: eye was begun by cattle-grazing in the period "Scenery" classification has been changed Associate Members around 1870 or 1880, thus reproducing the to "General" to make better provision for Robert A. John Caleb conditions that existed several thousand the inclusion of all classes of nature photo- Carr, Cushing, Marshall G. Sampsell, Mrs. Elmer J. years graphs that will not fit into the two pri- ago. Schafer. Now with and mary classifications of "Plant Life" and geological archaeological Annual Members evidence the antiquity of these stone tools "Animal Life." The General classification Henry C. Bonfig, Charles W. Bracken, is virtually assured. The total lack of will thus include scenery, geological forma- Mrs. Jane Marian Bradford, Mrs. Orville T. pottery, the apparent absence of houses, tions, frost forms, anthropological subjects Bright, Richard R. Chapman, David B. the of the tools, and the (including archaeological sites), and miscel- crudity geological Cheskin, Fairfax M. Cone, Samuel G. occurrence indicate the of the laneous manifestations of nature. great age Creden, Dr. William L. Culpepper, Walter material. But, further, the grinding stones, Color transparencies, instead of being F. Dodd, W. Fred Dolke, Dr. James R. the choppers, the scrapers, and the arrow- grouped together as hitherto, regardless of Downing, George F. Endicott, Joseph G. heads enable the archaeologist to appraise subject, will be divided into the same classi- Fuhry, Edward H. Hanses, Mrs. Edith Sackett with reasonable certainty the type of life fications as prints: Plant Life, Animal Life, Howard, R. W. Johnson, Harry E. these ancient Indians led. and General. Kellogg, Charles Kratsch, Paul Levy, Eli Metcoff, Miss Mary Jeanette Prietsch, It was a life of hunting, seed gathering, Attention of readers of the Museum Burke B. Roche, Ralph H. Ross, Thomas P. and constant moving in search of game and Bulletin is called to the fact that entries Scanlan, Mrs. Herbert S. Schelly, Joseph water. The habitable were restricted are welcome from anyone who uses a camera. regions Herbert Smith, Robert C. Smith, William to the of and It is not to be a member either of vicinity springs flowing necessary Knowlton Traynor, Philip W. Vineyard, of or of streams. Most tools were left at the camp- the Nature Camera Club Chicago Mrs. Philip H. Wain, George H. Wallace, ing sites, one of which has now been found any camera club with which it is affiliated. Albert W. Williams, H. Fred Wilson. Chicago Natural History Museum Blfif&ETIN Formerly ^seum News

Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 OCTOBER, 1947 No. 10

BEAR HUNT IN MEXICO—STORY OF MUSEUM'S GRIZZLY GROUP By C. M. BARBER grass and flower covered. You could see spaced a mile or two apart, each set near a The Mexican grizzly, said to be the any game a hundred yards away through good game trail. Some were placed in low smallest of the grizzlies, was named Ursus the trees. saddles in the hills, others in stream bottoms. nelsoni by Dr. C. Hart Merriam in honor of Large flocks of noisy, big, green parrots Since deer were plentiful we killed one for E. W. Nelson. The type specimens were laughed at us from the treetops. The each large trap, taking the hind quarters to taken near Colonia Garcia, in the Mexican giant woodpecker, the largest in the world, camp for our meat supply. The front end state of Chihuahua, by Hyrum A. Cluff in related closely to our ivory-billed wood- of each deer plus all entrails became the 1899, and additional specimens were col- pecker, resented our intrusion and flew trap bait. Once we baited a trap with a lected by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. away with loud, hoarse cries. A few sleepy, big turkey gobbler—gobblers are too difficult The southern form, while not habitually green trogons flew from bough to bough. to cook well in camp. looking for trouble like the northern ones The trogons and parrots in this temperate A pen was built of small logs from the described by Lewis plentiful supply on and Clark in 1805, the ground. Located would really fight on against the base of a the proper provoca- standing tree, this tion. pen was laid up log At Colonia Garcia on log like a rail fence [in 1901] I joined corner. A few short forces with Cluff, a chunks of log partly renowned bear hunter. closed the open side He had a partner of this triangle, leav- whom I now can only ing a narrow clear recall as Will. Be- path to the bait. At tween us we had sev- the front of the en- enteen small bear closure the trap was traps and a few No. 4 placed in a hole dug traps for wolves. out so that the trap Since our horses were pan was level with the to be ridden on grass, ground surface, then without grain feed, lightly covered with each man had two earth and finally with saddle horses so that SONORAN GRIZZLY BEAR GROUP leaves or pine needles. one could rest each The trap springs were The story of the adventures surrounding collection of the specimens is recalled by Mr. Barber, one of down and held day. We headed south the hunters, in the accompanying article. The group, in Hall 16, was prepared by Staff Taxidermist Julius put by the next morning for Friesser, and the background is by the late Charles A. Corwin, for many years Museum Staff Artist. large thumb screws Wild Horse Mesa. while the trap was It was cool, though the sun was shining scene showed how close we were to a much being set. Each trap had about three feet brightly from a clear sky. The summer rains hotter country a few miles west and down of strong chain and a large ring. were over. Most of the game had left the the slope. A sturdy green oak sapling twelve to higher ridges to move into the rougher At Wild Horse Mesa we left the main eighteen feet long was now cut for a drag. country on the slopes of the main range. plateau, dropped over the eastern rim and After being carefully trimmed of all branches The plateau proved to be covered with a down into a rough country of narrow this pole was driven through the chain ring magnificent stand of virgin pine. Here and timbered ridges, their steep sides covered within a foot or so of the large end. This there in this forest was a live oak, a red- thickly with oak brush. The canyons were formed the drag that kept the trapped bear barked madrona, or a manzanita, that gave deep and rocky, each with a swift, clear from traveling too far. Just to the rear and some added color to the scene. There was stream of cool water. Here we located our front of the trap small dead sticks were almost no underbrush. The forest floor was permanent camp. Two tents were set up, placed. Since a bear prefers to walk on we no rain or snow. A solid ground, these sticks directed his foot From the manuscript, "Recollections of a Museum although expected Collector," by former staff member C. M. Barber, brush shelter for cooking and eating was into the trap. As a rule, bears are not these notes present the story behind the Museum's habitat group of the Sonoran Grizzly Bear (Hall 16), built. difficult to trap and most of them are caught for which Mr. Barber collected the some specimens We now went out to find locations for the front foot. When the trap is sprung time before he joined the Museum staff. Mr. Barber's by account gives an extraordinary impression of the wealth trap sets. These were so selected as to give the bear makes a big jump, and runs off, of game animals in the mountains of northwestern Mexico at the beginning of the 20th century.—K.P.S. us two circuits to ride daily. The traps were taking trap and drag along at a rapid clip, Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 191,7 knocking rocks and down logs out of the bear thrashed around for a time, but could burro and pack saddle out on the north trap way. This drag makes a plain trail to not get up. He had been too close for com- line to change some trapsets that seemed to follow; brush catching on the drag soon fort, yet close enough for good shooting, be doing us no good. They had two bear slows the bear to a walk. When he reaches even in that failing light. The weather was traps on the burro as they approached an- rough country he crawls into dense brush, cool; so they left him where he fell. other trap, set in a shallow draw. The jogging digs out a big hole and crawls in to rest and At the break of day we were back there at burro carrying the traps made a loud jingling cool off. work skinning a magnificent specimen. He noise as it went along. When they topped Some of the Mormons intimated that seemed to be a full-grown and large bear. the draw, a grizzly ran out on the far side Hyrum Cluff was not a proper Latter Day On a later hunt we saw the crooked track and away at full speed. Cluff dropped Saint; but as a bear hunter he was really of a still larger bear's foot, apparently that from his horse, grabbing his rifle from its good! He was a small man, but very strong of a much larger grizzly. This latter bear scabbard as he went. His first shot knocked and quick. He was a splendid horseman. became known to us as "crooked-foot." the bear down but it was up and on the way On foot, this man seemed tireless. His He looked our trapsets over, but at a safe at once. courage and judgment were correctly mixed distance. Apparently, he had at some time A RUNNING BATTLE for every emergency. He used a 30-30 been caught in a trap and was too wise to Winchester, with which he was a dead shot. try again. The pelt of our big male speci- Cluff tried several more running shots men was like most of these Mexican grizzlies with no result. As the bear went DOG PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLE apparent in fall pelage, almost black with not many down, Will spurred his horse across the Cluff owned a big, rough-looking dog silver-tipped hairs. His coat was heavy and draw and gave chase. They were running in fine called Shep. He maintained that this dog condition. down a gently sloping ridge. As he began was half hound and half shepherd. Shep was A few days later, Shep and I made the to catch up with the bear, Will pulled his an excellent varmint far and north line with a lion dog, ranging trap only half-grown rifle, thinking to try a running shot from wide. At a word from Cluff he became a for our trouble. That night, Cluff and Will the saddle. Before he could start shooting, in of old slow-trail dog that would not leave your came with the handsome pelt an the bear turned and charged right at him. sight. On the trail of a trapped bear Shep she-bear. She was really a true silver-tip His horse dodged the charge, then made a was a great comfort as he walked slowly for color. Her teeth were much worn, run to leave, the bear following close behind not traveled far along ahead of you, trailing and sniffing the showing age. She had at every jump. Will was too busy riding and air for that bear. While he took no chances with the drag. She was rather small and dodging limbs and brush to risk a shot. with bear or mountain lion, Shep had no killing her had been easy. In the meantime, Cluff had mounted real fear of either. Cluff knew the dog had MOUNTAIN LION TRAPPED his horse to hurry into the battle. He inter- saved his life on several occasions. He cepted the charge, again dismounting for valued him and him. Will sometimes in to clean protected stayed camp better shooting. His next shot again skulls Once the traps were all set, we started up the hides and on hand. Hyrum, knocked the bear down. When Cluff tried our routine. Two men and and I then made the rounds. One riding hunting Shep, to flip a shell into his rifle barrel he dis- such occasion was At the together would run the north trap line. my lucky day. covered his magazine was empty. The bear The other man with for second we found a male a Shep protection trap big lion, was now charging him. He had just time handsome brute. As usual he was made the south run. caught for a jump and swing that took him over a the hind foot. These cats were We caught a couple of mountain lions, by big limb to safety, as the bear arrived below. Will the first almost too smart to be and then Hyrum and got caught. They Seeing that he was no longer being chased, walked on the and sticks we grizzly. The day was bad, baits stolen by always logs Will dismounted some distance away. He all of which about our but when they lions, traps sprung by skunks, placed traps, had a good shot at the bear swinging at made a lot of extra work. More bait had finally got their teeth into the bait they Cluff under his tree. A heart shot finally did to be reset. The last bear a hind foot into the killed, traps trap dropped trap. the business. Will remounted to round up on the north line was out in fairly open We ate our lunch of cold meat and Cluff's frightened horse and the burro. country. It was about an hour before sun- biscuits as we rode along. The next trap The boys now skinned their prize. They down when they found the trap gone. was missing, and since nothing was in sight, found eleven bullet holes in the hide, good Leaving their horses and with rifles ready, we knew we had a bear. Leaving our horses, shooting, everything considered. Most of they followed a plain drag trail, one trailing, we put Shep on the trail and were soon in the shots were near vital organs. It is the other looking over every foot of cover in rough country. We followed up a smooth remarkable how much lead a front and on each side to avoid surprise. draw for a half mile. Directly ahead was a thoroughly aroused can and still They knew at once, by his tracks, that a steep brush-covered mountain. Shep kept grizzly carry fight. This animal was a but male large bear had been caught. They also raising his head, trying to wind the bear. young matured knew he would be an angry bear, watching As we reached the foot of the mountain the in fine condition. He was caught by one toe in his back track and hoping for a fight. dog whined, then barked and rushed into a the trap. This must have been very thicket. About twenty feet away and ten painful to him. It held him all night, until GIANT GRIZZLY CHARGES feet above lis a handsome young female he heard the clanking traps and human After tracking a mile, night was approach- bear raised up out of a hole. It was agreed voices approaching, when he tore off the this be as I ing; so they had to hurry. The country was that was to my bear, had never toe to make a run for it. with of oak killed a grizzly. I raised gun to shoot. rougher now, large patches my The battle that followed did not last very brush, so thick could see into Cluff said, "Don't shoot from there—the you hardly long, but every one concerned was really them. was but bear could jump down on you." Hyrum trailing, hurrying, busy while it went on. I had a good supper trying to be careful. Will was doing his While Shep kept the bear busy, I crawled ready for the boys when they reached camp. best to look over everything in sight. around through the brush to get above the They seemed rather quiet as they dis- Suddenly, out of a brush patch they had animal. When I was well above her I mounted. When I untied that hide from the passed, a gigantic grizzly charged down on aimed for the heart. As I fired, the bear saddle, spread it out hair side down, and them. Even with trap and drag he was made a lunge at the dog. The bullet broke counted the bullet holes, I began to realize making speed. Both men whirled and fired, her spine, and a heart shot finished her. they had had a real adventure. almost together. Down went the bear. Shep and I missed the really big show a The shots were deadly, both of them. The few days later. Hyrum and Will took a (To be continued next month.) October, 1U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN PageS SPONGES THAT WORK FOR A LIVING: THE TARANTULA, TOADSTOOL, AND TULIP By EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, JR. a living will see it sucked into the of cell were added or CURATOR OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS sponge, you necessary types the almost invisible pores and then squirted derived, the animal's efficiency in feeding In almost every animal group there are out with the outgoing current. This was slight. It could have happened only in individuals who make their living by experiment was first done in 1825 by Grant, pre-Cambrian times, when minute animals on others. Cowbirds their "sponging" lay another Englishman, who thus demonstrated and plants were abundant and competition eggs in another bird's nest; jackals tag the feeding habits of sponges. for them slight. along to benefit from the kills of bolder ani-

mals; hermit crabs neither build nor pay OUTDOES CAT'S 'NINE LIVES' ! THE 'SPONGING' IS ON THE SPONGE most not a few rent; and, conspicuously, With a can see that the microscope, you The sponge is one of the most efficient human beings are not above cadging sodas, sponge body is made up of eight kinds of now with a ceaseless unintended invitations to food-gatherers living, accepting dinner, rather each cells, loosely joined together, current water in through the tiny or books for an indeterminate bringing "borrowing" almost an animal. If cut independent you pores, where the collared cells catch the tiny the the continue sponge apart, pieces living. animals and plants in it and then sweep it on there is no visible effect the Indeed, on through the sponge. The next time that you even in the near of the cut— sponge, vicinity want to call someone a sponge, think of a big it has like a nervous apparently nothing sponge found a few years ago in Tortugas, The of the cells of system. independence healthy and growing, though 16,352 shrimps this peculiar animal is strikingly shown by and thousands of lesser animals had installed a live the mesh of squeezing sponge through themselves within it to take advantage of the a fine which reduces it to sieve, tiny frag- food-bearing water so energetically swept ments of tissue. after a These, calamity past them by their uncomplaining host, who that would ruin any more highly organized provided them shelter as well. animal, continue to live and will reproduce With almost unlimited time for experi- several entire sponges. menting, sponges have developed many The of the individual cells vitality suggests different sizes and shapes. A complete that the not be far removed sponges may knowledge of their forms during geologic from a of Protozoa. Protozoan colony time will never be had, as a fossil sponge is TARANTULA-LIKE SPONGE colonies are small masses of a jelly-like rather rare. Upon death, sponges usually an Ordovician material, not more than one-tenth of an Brachiospongia digitata, species. disintegrate rapidly, leaving only some Illustration about half natural size. inch in diameter, with many individual spicules to be swept up by currents and one-celled animals on their surface. Each scattered over the sea-floor. An unusually To call these characters with the of these is of the rest, but they period. independent fine collection of fossil sponges is displayed carefree habits our live in colonies and have taken a "sponges" may assuage always in Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37), irritation, but it is an unwarrantable slur step toward a higher life-type in that some especially in the Ordovician, Silurian, and one of the and most hard- of the members are and against gentlest structurally Cretaceous cases. The specimens illustrated animals that has ever lived. working functionally specialized. here happen to have shapes suggestive of Not a is are the oldest forms of single parasitic sponge known, Sponges among other forms of life—a tarantula, a toadstool, though a great fasten themselves to life on the fossil record of many earth, though and a tulip. It is a matter of some trouble shells of crabs or other moving animals, and their earliest evolution is unknown. A to sponge specialists to account for the fact one, Cliona, burrows into oyster shells to with some of the colonial comparison proto- that such loosely organized animals can protect itself. Most sponges just settle zoans, whose members are nearly the same down on the bottom of the sea, in not-very- in appearance as the feeding-cells of the deep water, and stick to their business of sponge, strongly suggests that at some time catching microscopic food. Two very hand- in the dawn of Earth's history a highly some yellow sponges in the marine group developed colony of Protozoa produced new from the Maine Coast in Hall O (Fishes) cell types by specialization of some of its suggest the ornamental quality of this odd members, or else brought other kinds of animal. Protozoa into its association and became Because of their bright colors and their the first sponge. shapes, these animals, which are attached As the general plan was more and more to the sea-floor, were long supposed to be perfected, the "pre-sponge" acquired the plants. That they are really animals was several kinds of cell now used by its descend- TULIP-LIKE SPONGE shown in 1765 by an English investigator, ants: the collared cells with little whips, Siphonia tulipa, of the Cretaceous. Illustration who discovered currents of water for for water cur- Ellis, feeding and making the about natural size. issuing from the openings {oscula) on the rents (and so remarkably similar to some of top of some small sponges. He reported the colonial protozoans); the amoeboid cells a characteristic of each that the oscula "receive and pass the water for taking nourishment from these and develop shape species and stick to it. A deal remains to be to and fro," in which he was mistaken: a carrying it to the non-feeding cells of the great learned of their and the fossil steady and strong current of water passes body; the doughnut-like cells forming the make-up, are as to the out of the osculum, but never tn. pores of the body-wall; and the special cells sponges important problem as are the ones. How, then, does the sponge get all this to take mineral salts from the water and living water which he is continually sending out form them into stiff, bristly, little mineral of his only apparent opening? Look very needles, or spicules, which strengthen the closely at a sponge; the body is actually a sponge and make it unpalatable to most Chinese ivory carvings of the 18th and porous wall surrounding a central cavity potential enemies. It was a slow pro- 19th centuries and snuff bottles carved from that opens through the osculum. If you cess, this evolution by trial and error, semiprecious stones are exhibited in Case 12 put some powdered chalk on the surface of and in the intermediate stages, before all of Stanley Field Hall. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 19b7

TRAVEL AND NATURE LECTURES ON SATURDAY AFTERNOONS, OCT. 4—NOV. 29

The autumn course of nine free illustrated the jungles of southern Asia, India, the set sail for the frozen reaches of the Antarc- lectures on Saturday afternoons will open Malay Peninsula, Burma, Sumatra, Java, tic, Carl Eklund went along as official October 4 in the James Simpson Theatre Nepal, Borneo, New Guinea, the Sulu biologist and ornithologist of the expedition. of the Museum. The lectures will continue Islands, and the Philippines as well as the After having touched at Little America, the each Saturday through the last week of African and South American jungles. expedition sailed on to East Base some 1,500 November. All lectures will begin at 2:30 miles away, and it was from there that Carl October 18—The Land P.M. They are restricted to adults—special Down Under Eklund set out with one companion and two programs for children will be given on Carl ton Hoffman dog sleds on his trip of exploration. Mr. the and his traveled Saturday mornings during same months This lecture covers such diverse facets of Eklund companion 1,200 under the of the James Nelson and miles across the sometimes auspices Australian life as the tribal customs of the freezing wastes, Anna Louise Raymond Foundation. through howling blizzards that reached continent's primitive peoples; a trip through The lectures will be given 115 miles hour in intensity. But he by outstanding the desert on camels; strange animals—the per and will cover a wide of found what he had set out to get—a com- speakers range koala bear, kangaroo, wombat, platypus, subjects including prehistoric life, animal record of the wild life that clings to the kookaburra and lyre birds; 300-foot- plete hunting, the life relations of plants, and existence at the bottom of the world. high eucalyptus trees; the Great Barrier exploring in Hudson Bay, the Southwest, Reef, 1,200 miles of coral, unrivaled for the Australia, and the Antarctic. November 8—Archaeologists in Action variety and beauty of its marine life; diving The dates, subjects, and lecturers booked for pearls; and natives spearing crocodiles. Dr. Paul S. Martin for the autumn course are as follows: Mr. von Hoffman has appeared many times For fourteen seasons Dr. Martin, Chief on the Museum's lecture platform. Curator of Anthropology at this Museum, October 4—"Outlaws" in Nature has carried on excavations of prehistoric Murl October 25—Exploring for Dinosaurs Deusing sites in the Southwest, studied the artifacts The exciting story of the hawk and the Dr. A. S. Coggeshall yielded by this activity, and published the owl, the rattlesnake and the black widow Dr. Coggeshall, who has been a member of results of his findings which have added hornet the — spider, the and water tiger the paleontology staffs of several important many new chapters to the knowledge of creatures that frequently find themselves museums and now is director of the Santa some of the earliest American Indians. His the law" a "outside from human point of Barbara, California, Museum of Natural present lecture, including the narrative of is fun view. There rollicking with a cub History, takes his audience to the "very his latest expedition conducted during the black bear who goes on a series of adven- morning of time" when huge dinosaurs past summer, brings the record up to date. tures. is a of the Mr. Deusing member inhabited vast swamps and dense jungles The lecture will be accompanied by colored of the Public staff Milwaukee Museum. where great mountains now stand. In his motion pictures made in the field by Mr. motion pictures he shows the hunt for and John W. Moyer, chief of the Museum's new October 1 1—Jungle Adventures excavation of the skeletons of these great Division of Motion Pictures, who was Frank Buck prehistoric monsters of 100 to 200 million assigned as special cinematographer to the He also shows films in which expedition. Known as Frank "Bring 'Em Back Alive" years ago. they are restored to their appearance in life. Buck, this famous wild-animal collector, November 15—Hudson Bay Adventures adventurer, and explorer has a story to tell November 1 —Antarctic Adventure C. J. Albrecht of daring safaris into exotic places. He Carl Eklund brings his audience face to face with adven- Mr. Albrecht, formerly a staff taxidermist ture in stories and motion pictures of his When the last United States Antarctic at this Museum, brings to his audience an experiences. Mr. Buck knows intimately Expedition, led by Admiral Richard Byrd, intimate and dramatic color record of the

Phoiograph of mural by Charles R. Knight -Copjrnghi Chicago Natural History Museum THE STORY OF CREATURES SUCH AS THIS BRONTOSAURUS WILL BE TOLD IN THE OCTOBER 25 LECTURE, "EXPLORING FOR DINOSAURS," BY DR. A. S. COGGESHALL. October, 191*7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

carnivores, small primates and various SATURDAY MOVIES lizards, turtles, and crocodiles. The expedi- FOR CHILDREN RESERVED SEATS tion was one of a series initiated before the The James Nelson and Anna Louise Ray- FOR MEMBERS war and was intended as a final survey of an mond Foundation will open its autumn area in which the Museum has long been No tickets are necessary for ad- series of free Saturday-morning programs interested. With the completion of the mission to these lectures. A sec- for children on October 4, continuing collecting program, the study of the material tion of the Theatre is reserved for through November 29. The programs begin obtained can now be carried to completion. Members of the Museum, each of at 10:30 A.M. in the James Simpson Theatre Mr. Bryan Patterson, Curator of Paleon- whom is entitled to two reserved of the Museum. On three of the programs, tology, was leader. He was accompanied seats. Requests for these seats as a special feature, lecturers will appear to by Mr. James H. Quinn, Chief Preparator should be made in advance by tell the children the story of their films. in Paleontology, and Mr. Richard Bisbee, telephone (WABash 9410) or in Personal appearances will be made by Chicago, who was with the expedition as a writing, and seats will be held in Frank "Bring 'em Back Alive" Buck, Murl volunteer to make a motion picture record the Member's name until 2:30 Deusing of the Milwaukee Public Museum, in color of scenes and activities that may be o'clock on the lecture day. and Anauta, a native of Baffin Island. incorporated later into a film on paleonto- Children may come alone, accompanied logical exploration and research by Chicago by adults, or in groups from schools, etc. Natural History Museum. great caribou migration. He traveled 300 Following is an outline of the programs: miles with the bounding bulls of the tundra. October 4 Bright Feathers There he learned their habits and filmed STAFF NOTES The Murl in search of the intimate life of the otter, beaver, mink, Deusing family adventure Mr. ermine, and birds. This is a new color Captain Harry Hoogstraal and Mr. (lecture by Deusing) of sub-Arctic Floyd G. Werner returned to the United picture, just completed, October 11—Jungle Adventures adventure. States recently after completion of the Philippines Zoological Expedition, 1946-47. (Lecture by Frank "Bring-'em-Back- 22—The Natural History of November Upon their return both were temporarily Alive" Buck) Mosses appointed to the staff of the Division of October 18—Indians of America Dr. William C. Steere Insects. Captain Hoogstraal, who directed Also a cartoon the expedition, will remain with the Museum Dr. Steere, one of America's foremost until February of next year; Mr. Werner is bryologists, has spent most of his student October 25—Wings Over Alaska resuming his graduate studies at Harvard and professional life at the University of Also a cartoon University this fall. . . . Dr. Rainer Zan- Michigan, where he is now professor of Curator of Fossil Reptiles, flew to botany and chairman of the department of gerl, November 1—Story of the Seashore Europe recently on leave of absence. In botany. During World War II, Prof. Steere Also a cartoon addition to his home in served with the Board of Economic Warfare visiting Switzerland, he is specimens and conducting and the Foreign Economic Administration collecting November 8—Cavalcade of Marble research for the Museum in fossil fields and as a senior botanist. From 1942 to 1944 he Also a cartoon museums of Switzerland, France, Italy, and accompanied the government's Cinchona the American zone of Germany. Missions in Colombia and Ecuador, search- occupation November 15—My Friend Flicka He will return here about November 1. ing for sources of quinine to replace those (Repeated by request) . . . Miss Harriet Smith has been ap- taken by the Japanese in the South Pacific. pointed a lecturer on the staff of the Ray- November 22—East of Bombay 29— of the November Rams Rimrocks mond Foundation, replacing Miss Roberta Also a cartoon Cleveland P. Grant Caldwell who resigned to engage in post- graduate university studies. Miss Smith is November 29—Story of Baffin Island Mr. Grant's lecture is accompanied by a a graduate of Northwestern University and and Its People color film on one of the most spectacular obtained a master's degree in anthropology Told by Anauta, a native of Baffin Island and majestic of all big game animals, the at the University of Chicago. She formerly North American bighorn mountain sheep, was in charge of extension work at the photographed against its native Rocky Illinois State Museum, Springfield, later Bermuda Expedition Mountains. It is the story of bighorn was assistant to the director of the Chicago Reports Progress at their most critical and interesting sheep of and more was Academy Sciences, recently Curator of Lower Inverte- times of year—spring lambing and fall Dr. Fritz Haas, connected with the motion staff of picture a successful at the mating and fighting. To see these 250- brates, reports stay Coronet Magazine. . . . Dr. Wilfrid D. pound rams charge together until their Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Hambly, Curator of African Ethnology, is horns hit with the crack of a rifle is one of at St. Georges West, Bermuda, where he the author of Jamba a (the Elephant), and Mr. B. Krstolich are the thrilling sights of the American wild. Joseph engaged popular book on the tribal life of the Mr. Grant formerly was a member of the in studies on the life of the coral reef. Mr. Ovimbundu in Portuguese West Africa, staff of this Museum. Krstolich required first-hand studies of about to be published by Pellegrini and translucence and color of living marine The book results largely from Cudahy. forms for the Museum's program of exhibi- Dr. Hambly's observations while leader of Paleontology Field Trip tion in this field. The Bermuda reefs, with the Frederick H. Rawson West African to Western Colorado the facilities of the Research Station, are an of the Museum and is for adults. Expedition site for Dr. Haas' The Paleontological Expedition to West- especially favorable long- ern Colorado returned from the field on continued interest in the ecology of mollusks. August 31 with collections from Paleocene The various species of birds that have Dr. Dugald E. S. Browne, the director of the has keen interest in the work and Eocene deposits. Included were speci- become extinct on the North American station, taken and has its mens of Pantodonts, large, heavy, clumsy continent in historic times are grouped of the Museum party given mammals, primitive four-toed horses, early together in Hall 21. members all possible aid. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 19i7

Chicago Natural History Museum on Promontory site the Mogollon Indians were the most important factors in making Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 needed large quantities of water with which the expedition completely successful. Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 to make adobe, a clay plaster, which on top Most of January and February, 1947, Telephone: TV A Bash 9410 of branches and poles roofed their ancient was spent in El Salvador, where collections pit-houses. were made in the Sierra de Apaneca, above THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES "Mamma, papa, and all the papooses had Ahuachapan, near the Guatemalan border,

: Armour Marshall Field, Jr. to haul water during those days and prob- and around Metapan in the northwest, . L. Avery Stanley Field drank most of it before El W. McCormick Blair Samuel Issuli . Jr. ably they reached where Guatemala, Salvador, and Hon- Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham BOARDMAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBAIN the top of Promontory," says Dr. Martin. duras meet on Cerro Miramundo. The work Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell Dr. Martin, supervising a crew of Mexican was terminated at San Vicente in central El Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson workers equipped with picks and shovels, Salvador, a region celebrated for its varied Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith noted that the was far more arduous flora. is least Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten digging This country botanically John P. Wilson and slow than anything he had encountered interesting of all Central America because in thirteen to the is cultivation and OFFICERS previous expeditions most land under the Stanley Field President Southwest. The rocky terrain and the hard original vegetation and particularly forest Marshall Field First Vice-President cement-like ground broke pick and shovel remain in only very limited areas. Albert B. Dick, Jr. Second Vice-President Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President handles. The tools had to be sharpened Solomon A. Smith Treasurer PINE AND OAK FOREST Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary frequently. John R. Millar Assistant Secretary Dr. Martin has recovered all the stone Returning to Tegucigalpa and El Zamo- tools that were in common use 1,500 years rano at the end of February, work was but finds that could have been THE BULLETIN ago, nothing continued about the latter place, with EDITOR used by the Indians in digging their homes. frequent excursions into the adjoining The conclusion is that the Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum only possible departments. This whole region, like most Mogollon Indians used digging sticks— of the Honduran is CONTRIBUTING EDITORS mountains, covered, which meant hours and weeks of back- for an almost continuous Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology except clearings, by Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany breaking labor, he says. stand of pine and oak. Honduras has a Sharat K. Roy Curator Chief of Geology on a remote from KARL P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology "Living high ridge greater area of pine and oak forest than any homes on its narrow MANAGING EDITOR water, digging top other Central American country and prob- with tools in the H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel primitive hard, rocky soil, ably more than all of them combined, at Mogollon Indians had their own housing least under present conditions. and it was a Members are requested to inform the Museum problem, tough one," says March and April were spent in central promptly of changes of address. Dr. Martin. and northern Honduras, first at Comayagua, once the capital of Honduras and of all THE ANCIENT MOGOLLONS' BOTANICAL EXPEDITION Central America. It is situated in a broad HOUSING TROUBLES TO CENTRAL AMERICA valley with scant rainfall and has a distinc- tive of a rare in Central By PAUL C. STANDLEY vegetation type "Housing—heap big headache!" CURATOR OP THE HERBARIUM America. There are extensive areas of thorn AND LEADER OF THE EXPEDITION Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of forest and an unusual display of cacti. Col- Anthropology and Leader of the Archaeolog- The purpose of the Museum's fifth botani- lections of plants were made also in the high ical Expedition to the Southwest, is pretty cal expedition to Central America, which mountains about Siguatepeque, in the same sure that the Mogollon Indians of 1,500 returned early in September, was to obtain department, in pine-oak forest. Later work years ago did not use these exact words, herbarium material to complete the Muse- was carried on near the North Coast, the but it's a good bet that they grunted out um's collection of Middle Central American banana region, chiefly about La Lima in the something to that effect and probably cursed flora covering El Salvador, Honduras, and Department of Cortes, in virgin rain forest the gods for bringing them to the mountains Guatemala. Nearly ten months were spent about San Alejo in the Department of of what is now Catron County, New Mexico. in the field—almost two in El Salvador, Atlantida, and at several localities between "Although facing a severe housing prob- two and one-half in Nicaragua, and the rest La Lima and Quimistan in the Department lem in present-day society, we cannot envy in Honduras. There, headquarters and of Santa Barbara. yesterday's Indians, for in many ways they every facility for work were supplied most At the end of April, I returned to El faced a far more serious crisis," says Dr. generously by the Escuela Agricola Pan- Zamorano and, on May 12, went by plane to Martin. americana, situated at El Zamorano, 25 Managua, Nicaragua, remaining in that After excavating five pit-houses (circular miles from Tegucigalpa. The director of country until the end of July. Nicaragua ground pits, approximately four feet deep this institution is Dr. Wilson Popenoe, was the only Central American country in and nine to forty-five feet in diameter) at distinguished authority on tropical fruits, which I had not collected previously, and Promontory site, nine miles southwest of who was chiefly responsible for the intro- botanical collections from the republic are Reserve, New Mexico, Dr. Martin and his duction of the avocado into Florida and almost non-existent in American herbaria. staff found themselves confronted with a California. It proved to be a most delightful country, number of questions. I left Chicago in early November, 1946, with kindly people who facilitated the In climbing the ridge to Promontory, by ship from New Orleans, landing at botanical work in every possible manner. 7,000 feet above sea level, the question Puerto Cortes on the north coast of Hon- I am especially indebted to Brother Antonio naturally came to the breathless archaeolo- duras and proceeded by plane to Teguci- Gamier of the Institute Pedagogico de gists: "Why in blazes did the Mogollon galpa. November and December were spent Varones of Managua, maintained by the Indians ever decide to live on such a high, at El Zamorano. From there, collecting Brothers of the Christian Schools, and to inaccessible mountain?" For they knew trips were made in all directions, most often his associates, who were most generous in that the Indians would have to climb up in company with Dr. Louis O. Williams, their support of the expedition's work. and down, walking miles to obtain water. well-known authority on orchids, now a TORRENTIAL RAINS Warfare and defense immediately were member of the staff of the Escuela Agricola. suggested, but as yet no evidence of warfare His deep interest in the collections and his Plant collections were made first in the has been uncovered. In digging their homes unstinted kindness and practical assistance Sierra de Managua, near the capital. This October, 191,7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 is a strange region, rising to only 3,000 feet Guard cutter to Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, RESEARCH IN PALAU because of its curious climate, which and to New Orleans. In there but, by ship all, Mr. Henry S. Dybas, Assistant Curator is cold and wet, it supports a luxuriant type were obtained these months about during in the Division of Insects, will leave October of vegetation that ordinarily would not be 12,500 collections of separate plants, repre- 15 to engage in a co-operative project for on the Pacific slope at such a low sented twice as Most of expected by many specimens. the study of the land life of Palau Islands elevation. More than three weeks were these are from localities not represented (in the western Pacific) under the auspices in the of first in the Museum's and passed Department Chontales, previously collections, of the Pacific Science Board. Mr. Dybas at La Libertad, in the region where Thomas it is believed that include a number of they is especially prepared by his experience in Belt obtained data for his classic volume, species hitherto unknown to science. collecting in the Mariana Islands during A Naturalist in Nicaragua. La Libertad lies the war for collecting in the Palau group, at the southern of the Atlantic rain edge GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM where a richer fauna connects the life of the and there are excellent forest, collecting Marianas with that of the is a list of some of the Philippines. areas close to the but had to Following principal town, collecting The Palau Islands are a of the received the last month: part great be discontinued because of the quick arrival gifts during Micronesian region of the Pacific formerly of the first torrential rains of the wet season. Department of Anthropology: under Japanese mandate and now adminis- Then collections were made about From: Thomas S. Hughes, Chicago—a Juigalpa, tered the United States. The Museum Bell Krater red ware—4th by capital of Chontales, where heavy rain had vase, figured southern has already taken part in the over-all survey out the flowers and to the Century B.C., Italy. brought given program for these islands through the work landscape the appearance of early spring in Department of Botany: — of Dr. Alexander Spoehr, reported in the the United States. From: University of Texas, Austin, 650 number of the Bulletin. It is herbarium J. September Three weeks were at in the specimens, Mexico; Soukup, spent Jinotega to have the Museum share in Lima, Peru— 126 herbarium specimens, gratifying department of the same name, in the general Peru; M. Lucas, Monterrey, Mexico— studies on the Palau Islands, since this region known in Nicaragua as Las Segovias. 160 herbarium specimens, Mexico; Museo group is the most favorable site for a future The narrow valley of Jinotega, between two Nacional, San Jos6, Costa Rica—326 biological station in the region under control. mountain is one of the most high ranges, herbarium specimens, Costa Rica; Eizi beautiful in Central America, with an almost Matuda, Escuintla, Mexico—1,202 her- ideal climate, and botanically of extreme barium specimens, Mexico; University of OCTOBER LECTURE TOURS interest. I left there with —145 of reluctance, California, Berkeley specimens Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of because the was so rich that it algae; Dr. Herbert Habeeb, New Brunswick, vegetation staff lecturers, are conducted every after- Canada—160 specimens of algae, New was impossible to exhaust it in the three noon at 2 and Brunswick. o'clock, except Sundays weeks devoted to its exploration. certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, The last of in was Department of Geology: part my stay Nicaragua Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours are devoted to work in the Occidente or From: John Robert Gough, Curundu, West, given, covering all departments. Special —collection of fossil inverte- with at in the Canal Zone headquarters Chichigalpa subjects are offered on Wednesdays and brates and plants, Canal Zone; Dr. Rainer Department of Chinandega, and a visit to tours with an Zangerl, Chicago—23 invertebrate fossils, Fridays (the Friday open the of Corinto. It was desired to obtain port Wyoming. introductory lecture and slides or films in plants from the Pacific lowlands, and in this the room on the second floor of Department of Zoology: meeting the work was partially successful, but the the a schedule of these follows: From: Mrs. Clifford C. Gregg, Val- Museum); chosen was and unusual time unfortunate, — John G. paraiso, Ind. a frog, Indiana; Wed., Oct. 1—Tales of the Spice Roads- natural conditions seriously impeded the — Shedd Aquarium, Chicago a European Ancient and Modern Routes of Trade collecting. Dr. catfish and a leopard shark, California; (Marie Svoboda). Joao Moojen, Lawrence, Kan.—31 mam- VOLCANO ERUPTS Fri., Oct. 3—The Earth Blows Her Top. mals, Brazil; Illinois Humane Society, Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room A few days before my arrival at Chichigal- Chicago—a skunk, Chicago. (Winona Cosner). pa, a long quiescent volcano, Cerro Negro, in Library: Oct. Did Not the adjoining Department of Leon, erupted From: Roger London, Acting Consul Wed., 8—What Columbus See—American Indians Before 1492 violently, sending up a column of ash-like General, Consulate General of France, (June Buchwald). sand estimated at 40,000 feet in height. Chicago, and Dr. Henry Field, Thomasville, More than four inches of sand fell on the Ga. Fri., Oct. 10—Nature's Fall Color Show- Color Evident in Autumn. Illus- city of Leon, and a thinner but very annoy- Changes trated introduction in Room ing layer upon Chichigalpa and Corinto. NEW MEMBERS Meeting was and when (Miriam Wood). Every plant covered with it, The following persons became Members — one touched a bush or tree, showers of sand of the Museum during the period from Wed., Oct. 15 How Animals Prepare for Winter fell over and inside clothing and into ears August 18 to September 15: (Lorain Farmer). There was sand in the food and — and eyes. Associate Members Fri., Oct. 17—Fashions in Foods Effects sand in bed at on Illustrated night. Samuel H. Gensburg, Romaine M. Hal- of Food Customs People. introduction in Room Comfort was not improved by the arrival verstadt, Clarence O. Lillyblade. Meeting (Marie of vast clouds of chapulines or locusts that Annual Members Svoboda). filled luxuriant Oct. 22—World Harvests—The the skies and alighted on the Dr. Morris Arnkoff, Rev. Oscar A. Wed., World's fields of corn, often stripping the stalks of Benson, Paul Benson, Edward Benjamin, Food Supply (Miriam Wood). their leaves. F. The ugly insects did much Claude R. Bentley, Donald Campbell, Fri., Oct. 24—Reptiles, Past and Present. damage also to other crops, a matter of Jr., Thomas Edward Cooke, Marvin Frank, Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room great local importance, since this part of E. Richmond Gray, Ralph Haywood, (Lorain Farmer). William V. Kahler, T. L. Kelly, Mrs. T. L. Nicaragua is considered the "bread-basket" —Buried Treasure— Dr. Albert T. L. A. Wed., Oct. 29 Coal, of the Kelly, Lundgren, country. Oil, and Other Minerals (Winona Mekler, B. J. Merkle, Aaron Scheinfeld, Gems, Most of was at El August spent again Charles A. Schoeneberger, Laurence E. Cosner). Zamorano in whence the Honduras, plant Schwab, Joseph T. Shuflitowski, James L. Fri., Oct. 31 —Masks—Not for Halloween. collections were transported by plane to the Vincent, James E. Whitaker, William D. Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room north coast and by a former U. S. Coast Wilkinson. (June Buchwald) . Pagt S CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1U7

'UNEASY LIES THE HEAD could go to serve the king in the next world. and his influential subjects. Obviously the a in THAT WEARS A CROWN' The first reading of primitive literature monarch needed to be great diplomat order to avoid strained relation- Br WILFRID D. HAMBLY might impress a student with the privilege creating various families CTRATOR OF AFRICAN ETHNOLOGY of kingship. The will of the monarch was ships within the represented absolute before the intervention of in his large household of women. In the collections of Chicago Natural usually and he no doubt held of A doubtful of a chief of Bistory Museum there are many objects Europeans, powers prerogative Angola life or death for all his The was a of children from his If that at once attract the visitor's eye, subjects. hap- gift subjects. of the male were two principally because of the size and elaborate piness people depended very largely triplets born, stayed perma- on the nature and of the ruler. with the but at the of »'orkmanship. But it is well known that disposition nently mother, age traditions to monarachs who five one of them was to the some of the smallest and apparently incon- Many point years, presented seem to have varied from benevolent rulers whose child he became. There are no sequential objects have a function and a king to bullies. Offenses of theft or statistics to show the of lustory which reaches very deeply into the despicable frequency triple other misdemeanors the were but it seems that the was ives of the people from whom they are against king births, king likely )btained. far more serious than those committed to acquire a very large family. The children so adopted have the status of the king's own In Hall D, Case 9, are two small round offspring. The custom still prevails. objects which might be hastily passed by One restraint on the is that in some is children's playthings. They have, how- king of Africa he is not allowed to walk ever, a very important function to perform parts outside his The idea seems in a dance ceremony of the Ovimbundu tribe palace grounds. to be that the sacredness of the will be of Angola. The objects were collected by king lost if his feet come in contact with the the writer during the Frederick H. Rawson soil of the He there- African Expedition of the Museum. ordinary countryside. fore has to be carried on a litter. The inner ball consists of a rounded seed- box which has been covered with lizard When a king has observed the various restrictions which to his and skin, and each of the balls is held firmly in pertain person his when he has the hands of the dancer who performs with movements, performed outstretched arms. The onlookers strike many sacred rites and ceremonies, and after he has acted in a he still bis arms and when, as the result of the judicial capacity, has to face his main lancing and striking, he is completely obligation. Fatigued, he hands the two balls to another BODYGUARDS HAD VITAL INCENTIVE lancer who continues the performance; and The is the vital the soul of his so the ceremony proceeds for many hours king force, tribe, and if his physical powers are seen to srithout interruption. SACRED HOUSE, ANGOLA be waning the greatest depression pervades Here are bows, stairs, and tobacco-pipes of dead 'dance of lots' the country. The in former times not kings. A sacred fire burns perpetually. The tribal king to the house to be alone and to com* as the result of his This simple ceremony has a high symbolic king goes only resigned declining with ancestral spirits. (Photo by Fred* but offered himself for ceremonial for it is a of the powers ralue, magical prolongation crick H. Rawson African Expedition.) execution. At that time, and even before life of a sick or dying king. The power and the death of the men endurance of the dancers is supposed to be anticipated king, be appointed under a title mean- magically transferred to the waning spirit against an ordinary civilian, and punish- might "to die with the These of the monarch. ments were excessive. It was seldom, if ever, ing king." guards that monarchs who had volunteered to die with the king Students of European history are all however, Negro imposed long There were were naturally very solicitous about his familiar with the old theory of theTiivine imprisonments. fines, mutila- and death but it was under welfare, and they protected him against right of kings and the popular acceptance of tions, penalties, Mohammedan rule and not under poison and other forms of assassination. the theory that the king could do no wrong Negro that the idea arose of a to They were likely to be the king's most because he was God's personal representa- subjecting person a incarceration. trusted counselors both in peace and in war, tive. Most of the European wars over a long for at the death of the king, whether it was period of many centuries centered around The king, theoretically at least, had much voluntary or otherwise, they were forced to the succession of kings. No sooner was the power over the possessions of his subjects, commit suicide. king dead than rival claimants appeared and but normally he did not excertise his pre- in Africa politicians of various countries, often for rogative, and sudden confiscations of prop- Kingship has been very closely with the whole life of persona] reasons, allied themselves with one erty were the exception rather than the rule. bound up spiritual the taction or the other. Some of the wars were In one part of west Africa the king had the people, and after death the spirit of the king remains with the which he long and bitter; for example, the Wars of right of trading with his subjects in gold community ruled. the Roses, when the houses of York and dust, and he had the privilege of using two formerly His ghost is therefore Lancaster presented rival claimants for the sets of weights. He employed these in such approached with sacrifices and prayer, for, English throne. a way that he gathered an advantage both although in the spirit world, he can con- tinue to exert the in buying and selling. The monarch's greatest possible influence ROYAL DIVINITY IDEA PERSISTS over the practice was well known, and the people living. In Africa today this idea of the divinity accepted the procedure as a legitimate In Negro Africa, European and American of kings persists with great force, though means of producing national revenue. troops encountered these religious beliefs, it is no longer permissible to carry out the which are still surviving and affecting the POLYGAMY REQUIRED DIPLOMACY rites of human sacrifice which were at one lives of the people though many of the old time offered not only at the death of the Perhaps one ought not to regard the pos- customs are forbidden. It will take much king, but on every anniversary of this event. session of several hundred wives as a pri- tact and good judgment to reconcile the Slaves, wives, attendants, also sacred cattle, vilege, for there can be no doubt that many social, religious, and economic ideas of where the people were pastoral, were sacri- of the marriages were contracted in order Africans with the cultural background of ficed in large numbers so. that their spirits to set up a helpful alliance between the king those who have invaded African soil.

PUNTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicago Natur History Museum BU :tin Formerly um News

Published Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 NOVEMBER, 1947 No. 11 DELVING INTO UNWRITTEN HISTORY OF THE SOUTHWEST

By PAUL S. MARTIN and the total results of the expedition will furnished water for this stream—a spring CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY be later the Press. is still I published by Museum that flowing today. No houses oi The 1947 Southwest Archaeological Ex- Certain aspects of the work, however, can firepits were found. This is the farthesl pedition of the Museum returned to Chicago now be reported. north and at the greatest altitude (aboui from New Mexico in late September. Under Our work shows that the region under 7,000 feet) that Cochise materials have evei the leadership of the writer, for whom it study has been occupied more or less con- been discovered in New Mexico. was the fourteenth season of operations in tinuously for about 6,000 years. The next point of time in this long perioc this district, the work of other years was Pine Lawn Basin was first settled about of 6,000 years of occupation in the Pint continued. The area of operations is in 6,000 years ago by Indians who had no Lawn Basin about which we have a glimmei west central New Mexico, about of knowledge occurs about a.d. 500 ten miles southwest of Reserve At that time a Mogollon culture and about 100 miles north of Silver flourished that we call the Pin< City. The staff included Dr. John Lawn. Briefly, the Pine Lawr Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology, people lived on high mesas ir Mr. George Quimby, Curator of crude, shallow pit-houses, usee Exhibits in the Department of stone tools much like those of th< Anthropology, Dr. Ernst Antevs, Cochise people, and made potterj Mrs. Martha Perry, Miss Molly and practiced agriculture. These Allee, Mr. L. G. Johnson, and Mr. last two items are importam W. T. Egan. because they are accretions 01 The work of the expedition borrowings from a more advancec began early in May when Dr. group who may have lived in ad- Rinaldo arrived in New Mexico jacent Mexico. to undertake an intensive and ex- Then about the year A.D. 86( tensive hunt for ancient ruins and another civilization developed ii camp sites of the Mogollon Indians. the area and this is called Thre( In this survey, he was assisted for Circle. The Three Circle peopl( a week by Mr. E. B. Sayles of the also lived in pit-houses, but theL Arizona State Museum staff. tools of stone were somewhai The hunt for traces of ancient better than those of the Pine Lawi SOUTHWEST "APARTMENT HOUSE" ABOUT A. D. 900 villages and camp sites was ex- Period, and their pottery was mud Painting restoring six-room surface dwelling in the Reserve, New Mexico, tremely important and fruitful. superior in that it was handsomelj area as archaeologists of Museum expedition believe it must have appeared decorated. Furthermore, it was necessary from study of the fragmentary remains they have excavated during the because we wanted to obtain an summer of 1947. Reconstruction is by Mr. Gustaf Dalstrom, staff artist. A little later (about a.d. 900) i The walls are uncut boulders bound with mortar mud. idea as to when the Pine Lawn Anthropology. different group of Indians invadec Basin had been first occupied, by the Pine Lawn Basin. It seem; whom, and for what length of time. We knowledge of pottery or agriculture. We likely that they came from north of oui were desirous of knowing the origin of the call these early settlers Cochise. They area, from near what is now Gallup, Ne^ culture we had already investigated at the were the ancestors of the Mogollon Indians. Mexico. We call their culture the Reserve SU site. In short, we needed to ascertain The particular objects we found are assigned culture and it differed in some respect* the sequences of this locality and what to a phase of time called Chiricahua. It is from the others listed above. Stonewalled various cultures had flourished there so that probable that the Cochise people wandered surface houses containing eight to ten room; we can reconstruct the history of the into the Pine Lawn Basin from southern were erected. These contrasted sharpb Mogollon Indians who inhabited this area Arizona in search of water, because the with the pit-houses of former times. The centuries ago. Southwest was undergoing a severe drought pottery and tools of stone were likewise The search for all evidences of Indian about 6,000 years ago. different from those of preceding periods. occupation of the basin lasted seven weeks. What we actually found in the way of Thus, during the summer we discoverec Dr. Rinaldo covered more than 100 square evidence of a Cochise settlement consists of that the Pine Lawn Basin in New Mexicc miles in this work and discovered upwards stone tools—grinding stones, hand axes, and was occupied continuously for about 6.00C of 100 "sites" where man had once lived. scrapers—scattered along an ancient stream years. Our work has briefly illuminatec Much sifting and weighing of evidence bed, and buried at a depth ranging from four new scenes in this long span of time needs yet to be done in our laboratories, three to six feet. Apparently a spring Our future work will be directed toward; Page t CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 19i7

gaining more knowledge of the history of similar places of worship. It has only been Mogollon Indians caught the first beams of the area. The results of the survey show in comparatively recent times that man has the morning sun—a far gentler and more there are other civilizations remaining to ceased to regard the physical manifestations pleasant alarm clock than civilization's be studied. We desire to fill in as many of the universe as objects of veneration, and electric variety. gaps as possible so that students will have vestiges of such forms of worship still remain The orientation of the burials is certainly at their disposal finally a series of studies in many places. important. The sun in its daily journey which will touch upon every major time gradually drifts into unknown darkness. THEIR ALARM CLOCK period for the Pine Lawn Basin. Death has always been termed a journey Aside from the religious aspects, the into a dark and unknown land. The analogy— Sun Worship Indicated house orientation was a very practical one, was most popular during World War I for on chilly mountain mornings, everyone a dead comrade had merely "gone west." One interesting aspect of the culture of is thankful for the sun's heat—including The Mogollon Indians apparently had the early Mogollon Indians (about a.d. 500) shivering archaeologists! The houses of the parallel concepts. is the orientation of the houses and of the dead. The entry-way of almost every house faced east or southeast. It is therefore con- IN A EXHIBIT jectured that the sun played an important COSTUMES OF GUATEMALA SPECIAL role in the religious concepts of these Indians. A special exhibit of Guatemalan costumes perfection of their hand weaving. Each The evidence revealed by excavations at will be opened in Stanley Field Hall on village has its typical costumes, easily dis- SU site and at both Promontory site, November 1. These Indian costumes are tinguishable from the costumes of neighbor- Indian makes most prob- Mogollon villages, from a beautiful and representative collec- ing villages. As a result, the traveler in able the that ago hypothesis 1,500 years tion of Guatemalan textiles recently pre- Guatemala sees an amazing variety of color the ancient the sun. Mogollons worshiped sented to the Museum by Miss Florence and design, and at the weekly markets and In with extinct of dealing peoples great Dibell Bartlett, of Chicago. along the roads he can identify the villages the because of the age, evidence, effacing Miss Bartlett has for many years been from which the men and women come by effects of is slim. centuries, Everything interested in native Indian handicrafts, the costumes they wear. durable stone tools, pottery, perishes except especially weaving, and has collected ex- In the exhibit the color and variety of skeletal material, and the Indians' primitive Guatemalan weaving dwellings. are well represented. ENTRANCES FACE EAST The cotton and woolen materials from The orientation of the skeletons and pit- which the costumes are houses (circular ground pits, approximately made are woven on the feet in diameter and three feet twenty deep) belt or backstrap loom, led first us to suspect that these primitive which has one end fas- Indians the sun as a regarded deity. Ap- tened to a post and the houses proximately fifty early Mogollon other to a belt passing have been dug and thirty skeletons un- around the waist of the covered, and in every case the pit-house seated weaver. The entrance faces east while almost every correct tension on the skeleton faces west. There were few excep- warp threads is main- tions to this rule. tained by pulling back When people with a crude, primitive on the belt. The width culture take the time and effort to orient of cloth woven on a belt both their houses and their dead in such a loom is limited to about definite manner, the motive behind it must thirty inches, which is be significant. the span the weaver can Existing on a very low subsistence level, conveniently reach. In the Mogollon Indians must have felt acutely some regions wider the slightest fluctuation in Nature's bounty. cloth is woven on the foot or treadle loom of FEARED THE DARK GUATEMALAN COSTUMES European type. Four of ten carved manikins on which are some of Like all primitive peoples, the Mogollons mahogany displayed The most spectacular the native costumes of Guatemala presented to the Museum by Miss must have been aware of the fact that it is the full Florence Dibell Bartlett. In the center, Miss Dawn Davey of the Museum garment was the sun's that made rays things grow. Library staff demonstrates how one of the costumes might be adopted in blouse worn by women, They were happy in the light and warmth the current "new look" fashion development. called a huipil, which is of the sun's rays and cold and fearful in the ornamented with elabo- dark. This is a generalization that can be amples of them during her travels in Central rate and colorful geometric designs and the applied to virtually all primitive peoples. and South America, as well as in the South- figures of animals and birds. Decorated To the archaeologist, as well as to other west of the United States. She obtained belts, headbands and head cloths are also present-day scientists, the importance of the collection that she has now given the outstanding. At first glance the designs

the sun is well known. Without it, man Museum during a journey to Guatemala in appear to be embroidered, but they are could not exist. Thus the worship of the 1936. The costumes in the Museum exhibit actually brocaded; that is, they are woven sun causes not a flicker of the archaeologist's are draped over stylized figures of Guate- into the fabric so that the designs are com- eyelash. malan natives carved in mahogany. The plete when the material is taken from the Lest we scoff at the simple beliefs of the manikins also were presented to the Mu- loom. Embroidery is little employed in Mogollon Indians, we should remember that seum by Miss Bartlett. Guatemala except to ornament seams, hems our own ancestors were also sun worshipers, The Indians of highland Guatemala are and necklines. In some regions woolen belts and built Stonehenge in England, and other justly famous for the beauty and technical are embroidered. —D.C. November, 19U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

MY FIRST GRIZZLY Vernon Shaw Kennedy was a Chicago NOVEMBER MOVIES BY C. M. BARBER tea merchant. A Scot by birth, he had FOR CHILDREN traveled over much of the world. Hunting (Mr. Barber concludes his account of the The James Nelson and Anna Louise in India or Kodiak bear in Alaska chain incidents that the tiger strange of brought fine Foundation will continue its were old stories to him. He came to the Raymond grizzly bear skins from Chihuahua to the then autumn series of free Sierra Madre that fall with one Saturday morning Field Museum. The installment 50-pound first appeared programs for children through November. bear trap, some good rifles, and a fancy new last month.) The at 10:30 a.m. in the camera. He wanted to secure some Mexican programs begin James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. The next day I was out for deer for trap grizzlies and a few mountain lions to give to On the final program, November 29, as a bait. Climbing to the top of a low mesa I Chicago's natural history museum (then special feature, Anauta, a native of Baffin looked over the edge. Fifty yards away was Field Museum). Island, will appear personally to tell the a buck lying in the grass with his head high, At Colonia Garcia he hired a Mormon story of his native land. looking at me. Since I could see nothing guide, then traveled to the western rim of Children come but his head, I decided to risk a shot at it. the plateau. Thirty days of hard hunting may alone, accompanied or in from At the gun, the head dropped. Rushing there convinced him that game was too by adults, groups schools, clubs, community centers, etc. forward, I dropped my rifle, grabbed a horn scarce for any real success. He returned to with my left hand, and reached for my hunt- the Mormon colony for a fresh start. There, Following is an outline of the programs: ing knife to bleed the deer. At that instant through my chance contact with Mr. Smith, November 1 —Story of the Seashore he came alive, jerked free with one big jump. he learned of our success some forty miles Also a cartoon In two more jumps he was on and over the to the south. Kennedy wanted to photo- out of rifle I some so he set out to rim, sight. Grabbing my graph game; join us. November 8—Cavalcade of Marble followed fast. He cut across our trap line the second day. Also a cartoon I soon saw him standing with head down However, it took him another whole day to and very sick. A careful heart shot finished locate us at our camp. November 15—My Friend Flicka him. I then discovered that first shot I invited him to camp with us. Every my (Repeated by request) animal we had taken was had hit the burr of an antler, half severing measured and — it. The concussion had temporarily knocked preserved as a scientific specimen for study November 22 East of Bombay him out, then made him sick. After loading or mounting purposes. I hoped Mr. Also a cartoon the deer onto my saddle I reached for my Kennedy might purchase our entire catch. November 29—Story of Baffin Island pipe. It was gone. I searched the vicinity He was shown every skin and skull. and Its People for an hour. I went over my back track for That night I spread out a real camp some miles, but no luck. dinner. We had venison steaks broiled in a Told by Anauta, a native of Baffin Island skillet over the Mexican beans By the time I reached camp, I was really dry coals, hungry for a smoke. No good Mormon baked with fat bear meat, black coffee, and Change in Visiting Hours uses tobacco, though of course there are a dried peach sauce. We had brown gravy and a Dutch oven full of sour few that do smoke on the quiet. At Garcia big dough On November 1, winter visiting hours, 9 shortened with bear oil. After there was always the chance of meeting biscuits, a.m. to 4 p.m., go into effect at the Museum, some traveler from the U.S.A. I at once supper, Mr. Kennedy told us tales of hunting continuing until February 29. decided there were some items we needed tiger and Alaskan mountain sheep. After of his felt that he had in camp from the store, as I now explained hearing kills, we of and knew that he to my partners. Cluff gave me the eye. plenty courage must get no good photos here. Why not go nearer? be a dead shot. Said he, "What do we need besides a pipe Cluff and I will protect you." for you?" Fortunately, I could show him On the trap line next morning we ran into camera shots, too that both salt and coffee were low. good luck. As we topped a low saddle, we saw a grizzly in the first trap set in a small Giving Cluff the nod, we moved toward VISITORS FROM THE EAST dry bottom. He had only made a jump or the bear. Facing us, the bear watched Next morning, long before day, I was two before wrapping the trap chain around steadily but made no move. I felt pretty astride my best horse and on the trail to a sturdy oak sapling. Cluff and Kennedy silly walking toward that powerful brute. I Garcia forty miles away. It was a lonesome, covered me with their guns as I rode down have often wondered what I would have hard, day's ride. I went at once to Mrs. fairly close to be sure the bear was safely done if he had charged us, trap, tree, and McDonald's boarding house. She informed caught. His forefoot was in the trap. He all. We stopped the advance at about me she had four visitors from New York. seemed to know he was hopelessly trapped. 100 feet. Mr. Kennedy joined us. I sug- A Mr. Smith, a rich timber buyer, was their He made no move as I rode completely gested he lay down his rifle for better leader. around him, but he watched me very closely. use of the camera. He replied, "No doubt "Mr. Smith," said I, "I am down here you men know your bear, but I feel safer APPROACH WITH CAUTION collecting scientific specimens. I am in with a rifle in my hand." trouble." We left our horses out of sight on the ridge When the photos were all taken, I sug- "What is your trouble, young man? I will top and on foot approached the bear through gested he shoot the bear. With a single help any one I can that is in trouble." the open pine forest. Cluff and I had our heart shot he killed it instantly. This bear, I told him about the loss of my pipe. rifles all ready. Kennedy came along with a young but mature male, was very dark "I presume you have also lost your rifle and camera. At about one hundred in color, showing only a few grizzly tipped tobacco and matches." yards Kennedy called a halt. He said, "Mr. hairs. I assured him I had plenty of both. Barber, if the bear makes a supreme effort, After skinning the bear, we went on "Well," said he, "I hate to see a man don't you know that he might break a around the circle of traps. In one of these suffer. Now we have two pipes between trap spring and then charge?" we found a fine big mountain lion. Mr. the four of us—we can get by with one, so He tried to locate the bear on his finder Kennedy got good photos of the lion and here you are my boy, a present for you." but could barely see it. At twenty-one, then shot it. As we returned to camp I He handed me a well-colored corn-cob a man has too much courage, but very completed the sale. Mr. Kennedy bought pipe. I filled it at once and was happy again. little judgment. "Mr. Kennedy, you will our entire catch. Page k CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 191,7

SOUTHWEST REPTILE HUNT, THE LATEST IN SPORTS "behind the ears" after pinning it with a stick. This apt, if a little unscientific, in- By CLIFFORD H. POPE dication of the of seizure CURATOR, AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES point originated with the senior member of the party, our a chamber of commerce in Arizona advertises attractions of the instructor's grandmother, whose presence one of the claims of is to be overlooked. WHENstate, major distinction apt proved that this type of collecting can be This is the superb rattlesnake fauna—and the latest thing in sports, snake enjoyed even by grandparents with spunk. The remark is because it hunting! No other area of the earth boasts twelve different kinds of rattle- apt emphasizes the absolute necessity of grasping a rattler as snakes, and the only areas that even compete are adjacent New Mexico, close behind the head as possible; otherwise, southern California, and northern Mexico. it may turn and bite the restraining fingers. During my recent sojourn of seven weeks Arizona and New Mexico thus does the Farther on, a long-nosed snake was found. This is a harmless and beautiful red and in Arizona and New Mexico (New Mexican rattlers a double turn: it solves their housing black desert snake. On a problem and fills their bread basket. previous night we In New Mexico alone there are more than had seen tarantulas, horned toads, and a a hundred different kinds of rodents and gecko. This last is a remarkably soft- skinned lizard that walks about with several species of rabbits. The adults of slow, deliberate movements like those of a some are too large or formidable for the prowl- and holds its well off the snakes to eat, but the young of nearly all ing cat, body If looks out of on make dainty reptilian snacks. The lack of ground. anything place trees often forces the small mammals to a desert it is this gecko. It is never seen abroad hours because its nest in places easily reached by the snakes. during sunny delicate could not endure the intense Inhospitable as the desert may appear to body Field of five heat. We also found a leaf-nosed one Zoological Trip, 19U7) each the us, it is the home of a multitude of animals. snake, rattlesnakes found and caught by members of the desert reptiles that was known to A of my party represented a different species. New Sport science from few specimens before night it to be common. First, we found an Arizona prairie rattler Hunting snakes at night on the desert is collecting proved This, in a south of is the fate of most animal high, mesa-rimmed valley a unique and fascinating sport developed incidentally, sooner or later each one is Springerville in eastern Arizona; second, a in recent years by a few devotees. These rarities; proved Pacific rattlesnake at elevation of to be but rare the an 8,100 addicts, however few in number, have worked anything by discovery of its true habitat in this behavior. feet in the moist evergreen forests of the so intensively that virtual "schools" have or, case, Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson; The is done in an developed. hunting Snakes That Aren't a in third, Mohave rattler the desert near automobile. Minor points, astonishing to that a black-tailed rattler in I have made this motorized city; fourth, the layman, are debated with great vigor. may night the much drier mountains near Reserve, Just how fast should one drive? Should collecting sound very easy, but it is not. western a western There are the New Mexico; fifth, dia- the hunter use only paved roads, and if he many pitfalls: simply sighting animals is then there is mond-back resting in the shade beside a does should he keep his eyes fixed on the amazingly hard; cattle tank near Columbus, southern New pavement or should he scrutinize the road's the difficulty of mistaking for prey every one of the of Mexico, at 4,050 feet. shoulders? At what temperature and wind great variety objects lying

. The universal distribution the on the road. and and abund- velocity are most specimens to be found? Straws, sticks, stones, ance of could be domestic animal excreta all cause much species scarcely more fully The hazards of this sport are few if the confirmed. Those chamber of commerce worker confines his activities to the less- wear and tear on the brake and throat linings of the novice. are boasters might truthfully advertise, for ex- frequented roads where danger of collision Especially exasperating of discarded fan-belts— look like snakes ample, something this sort: "Eleven times from the rear is small: when the quarry is they as of rattlesnakes found in the even in Mr. Woodin that his many species sighted, there is little time for a cry of daylight says southeastern corner of Arizona as in is the the "Tally-ho!" or even a proper signal to a really nerve-shattering enemy hay entire truck on a When unfortunate state of New Jersey." Perhaps this car approaching from the rear. windy night. would help relieve over-crowded Tucson. We were introduced to this nocturnal enough to follow in the wake of such a truck without he is tantalized Mr. William H. Woodin, III, of sighting it, You'll See None sport by Probably the straws that it sheds. Tucson, who has become an expert. Start- by occasionally It does not follow that rattlers are fre- These look like snakes ing one night from the famous San Xavier but, dislodged by the of air from his often blow quently encountered by tourists in all parts Mission south of Tucson, we divided our gust car, ere of the Southwest because, throughout the collectors between two cars and headed away he has stopped and backed to what is fruitless more arid regions, snakes are seldom seen northward. The lead car had gone but a surely the proper point. A but the initiated. "initiated" I first on the road and then by any By short distance when its lights spotted the search, along it, leaves him doubtful of his mean those who have learned to hunt them Mohave rattler already mentioned. The sanity. at The is not far to seek: night. explanation driver stopped with a jerk that threw every- Our reconnaissance of reptile and am- the desert gets so warm during the day that one half off the seats. My chief collector phibian habitats in New Mexico and Arizona not even a snake can stand contact with the took us to Oraibi in the heart of the had little difficulty picking the snake up great hot soil, and therefore all of them seek either Hopi-Navajo Reservation of northeastern the shade of bushes or, more frequently, the Arizona. This arid plateau holds special cool depths of some rodent burrow. Need- interest for herpetologists because it is in less to say, the rattler is anything but wel- remote Hopiland that the annual snake come in a burrow where it may kill two dance, the Hopi prayer for rain, is held. birds with one stone by securing a meal at In this elaborate ceremonial, wisely staged the same time that it escapes the lethal heat. in late August when it is most likely to rain, A rattler released on hot desert sands must large snakes, both harmless and venomous, find refuge in a few minutes or perish. The are carried about with apparent recklessness enormous rodent and rabbit population of in the mouths of the dancers. We arrived November, 19^7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 too early in August for the dance, but one restricted our own interest to one tiny niche FIVE ADULT LECTURES of the Hopis promised to put us on the of this world and yet in two months we IN NOVEMBER mailing list for invitations in 1948. The scarcely scratched the surface. The per- Five more free illustrated lectures in the current press reports that we missed a formance of the little horned toad is a autumn course for adults remain to be double show: the 1947 prayer for rain was sample of what one may see. on afternoons at 2 :30 answered by a cloudburst that stranded given Saturday during Ghost-White and Elusive November in the James Theatre hundreds of tourists on the desert, the Simpson of the Museum. Of special interest is the roads of Hopiland being entirely without It was not long before we were again November 8 in "surface" and therefore impassable after a thrilled by the reptile life of the desert. lecture, "Archaeologists Dr. Paul S. the Mu- heavy downpour. This was in the White Sands of the Tularosa Action," by Martin, a seum's own Chief Curator of Anthropology, While walking about Oraibi, which in- Basin, broad, flat valley of south central in which he will tell of his latest finds during cidentally is the oldest continuously in- New Mexico. Here an ancient deposit of habited site in the United States, we found pure gypsum (plaster of Paris) constitutes a "horned toad" whose behavior would have the "white sands," which cover an area of about miles. These dunes been truly alarming had the reptile been a 350 square unique are free of in hundred times bigger. The little lizard (a vegetation places, sparsely with low desert in others. In reptile not even remotely related to the grown plants these less lizards toads, which are true amphibians) measured barren stretches, abound instead of colors only four inches from stem to stern, and, but, having conspicuous like "Mr. Five-by-Five," is almost as wide like individuals of the same species in the of the as long. Unlike that rotund human, the surrounding parts Southwest, they are or almost white like the lizard is very flat and its skin, especially in pale dazzling sands about This makes ex- the region of the head, is set with sharply them. them hard to find. Close examination pointed scales and spines. tremely showed that of three kinds seen in abundance A Great Bluffer one was so white that it could scarcely be detected it motionless. In the The individual in question, as if conscious when lay other the usual was evident of its grotesque appearance, puffed itself up, two, pattern FILMING EXPEDITION FOR LECTURE but its colors showed little contrast. stood high on its finger and toe tips, opened The Museum's cinetnatographer, Mr. Johsi W. its and to rock back and mouth, proceeded Selective Process Moyer (left) on field assignment with Archaeo- forth in a manner that clearly meant, "Look logical Expedition to the Southwest, makitig natural Presumably, over the thousands of years color films which will be shown with Dr. Paul S. out for me, I'm a tough guy!" The dark that the lizards have lived on the white Martin's lecture on Saturday, November 8. Dr. lining of the mouth, the wide gape from Rinaldo of the expedition is seen at right. surface, the darker individuals have been John which issued sharp hisses, and the crown of Note excavated human skull in foreground. weeded out by predators so that only the spines combined to enhance the ludicrous ones were left to It is in lighter reproduce. effect of a sight that even Alice Wonder- excavations of prehistoric sites in the South- not the belief of zoologists that this weeding land could not have dreamed. If we moved, west, conducted last summer. out process causes more pale lizards to be it wheeled to face us and, once, even charged In addition to telling of his most recent born; it only "selects" them among millions me. I was in hopes that it would squirt work, Dr. Martin will review the discoveries that hatch. The light specimens thus have blood out of its eye as some kinds of horned made in his fourteen seasons of research in an advantage and will in time predominate toads do, but it would not put on this part the same general area. and the paleness even become fixed. For- of the show. When I picked it up and put The dates, subjects and lecturers for tunately, these beautiful dunes, now part of a finger between its jaws they did not close; November are as follows: the White Sands National Monument, are at heart it was about as dangerous as being preserved intact with their remarkable Tweedledum and Tweedledee together. November 1 —Antarctic Adventure fauna and flora. Like most other reptiles, it was only a great Carl Eklund Upon leaving the dunes we had time to bluffer. Actually, the most formidable into the forested mountains to the go only November 8—Archaeologists in Action east of the Tularosa Basin. There, in the Dr. Paul S. Martin different world of the moist evergreen forests which rises on the slopes of Sierra Blanca, November 15—Hudson Bay Adventures to a height of 12,000 feet, we searched in C. J. Albrecht vain for the rarer of the two salamanders known to occur in New Mexico and Arizona. November 22—The Natural History of This was the second defeat of the trip: a Mosses few weeks earlier in Mexico, Mr. Charles M. Dr. William C. Steere Bogert of the American Museum of Natural I had made a History, New York, and November 29—Rams of the Rimrocks fruitless search of Chihuahua sand dunes for Cleveland P. Grant a hypothetical fringed-footed sand lizard. about this little creature is its scien- thing eastward on our return But, as we sped tickets are for admis- tific name: Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi. No necessary journey, these defeats only beckoned us to Few of the thousands of tourists who zoom sion to these lectures. A section of the return to the marvelous deserts and forests back and forth across our deserts think of Theatre is reserved for Members of the of our Southwest. each of whom is entitled to these dry, treeless regions as anything but Museum, for these "god-forsaken." This may be a reasonable two reserved seats. Requests is the seats should be made in advance point of view from a car speeding at 75 miles In Case 15, Hall 7 Southwest by or in an hour; the surrounding world of boundless archaeologist's most important method of telephone (WABash 9410) writing, is of seats will be held in the interest is reserved for those who tarry long computing dates. The method that and Member's name until 2:30 on the lecture enough to enter it. With difficulty we tree-ring dating. day. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 19i7

Chicago Natural History Museum the Indians so that he is especially familiar NOVEMBER LECTURE TOURS Founded by Marshall 1893 with the fauna and how to hunt in the jungle. Field, Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of RooseYelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 After some years at school in the United staff lecturers, are conducted every after- Telephone: WABash 9410 States, and foreign service in the Air Corps noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and during World War II, he is returning to certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES visit his parents who are missionaries in Peru. Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. Mr. also an Air Schroll, Corps veteran, all Sewell L. Avert Stanley Field are given, covering departments. Special Jr. accompanies him as helper and for experi- W. McCormick Blair Samuel Insull, subjects are offered on Wednesdays and Henry P. Isham Leopold E. Block ence. They plan to remain in Peru about BOARDMAN CONOVER HUGHSTON M. McBAIN Fridays (the Friday tours open with an Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell six months. lecture slides or films in Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall introductory and Howard W. Fbnton George A. Richardson the room on the second floor of the Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith meeting Marshall Field Albert H. Wbtten Miss Florence Dibell Bartlett Museum); a schedule of these follows: John P. Wilson Elected a Contributor Wed., Nov. 5—Smoke Tales—Unusual Uses OFFICERS Dibell a Life of Fire Stanley Field President Miss Florence Bartlett, (June Buehwald). Marshall Field First Vice-President Member of the Museum, was recently Albert B. Dick, Jr. Second Vice-President Fri., Nov. 7—Costumes from Guatemala— Samuel Insull, Jr. Tkird Vice-President elected a Contributor by the Board of Solomon A. Smith Treasurer (The new Florence Dibell Bartlett Col- Trustees in of her to the Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary recognition gifts lection of Textiles.) Illustrated introduc- John R. Millar Assistant Secretary Museum valued at more than $10,000. tion in Meeting Room (Harriet Smith). — THE BULLETIN NEW MEMBERS Wed., Nov. 12 Villains of the Animal EDITOR World (Lorain Farmer). The became Members Clifford C. Gregg Director the Museum following persons of Nov. 14—Plants That Go of the Museum during the period from Fri., Together- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Societies of the September 16 to October 15: Plant Tundras, Deserts, Paul S. Martin Curator Chief of Anthropology Swamps, Forests, and Mountains. Illus- Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany Contributors Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology trated introduction in Meeting Room Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology Miss Florence Dibell Bartlett (Marie Svoboda). MANAGING EDITOR Non-Resident Life Members Harte Public Relations Nov. 19—Medicinal Plants H. B. Counsel Mrs. Cornelius Osgood Wed., (Marie Svoboda). Associate Members Members are requested to inform the Museum — promptly of changes of address. David W. Kimball, Griffith Mark, Henry Fri., Nov. 21—Land of Chicago Geology B. Sincere, Holgar G. Swanson. of the Chicago Region. Illustrated intro- Sustaining Members duction in Meeting Room (Winona STAFF NOTES Mrs. John Knight Cosner). Annual Members Wed., Nov. 26—Feast Days and Fast Days Mr. Carl W. Hintz, Museum Librarian, William A. Carl H. Benson, Christiansen, —People and Animals Have Fasts and has been appointed Chairman of the Henry Cizinauskas, J. S. Clifford, Wallace Feasts (Miriam Wood). Librarians' Section of the American Associa- L. Cook, Charles G. Culver, C. B. Hart, Frank W. Miss Frances lone . — tion of Museums for 1948. . . Miss Jane Hughes, Fri., Nov. 28—From Cradle to Classroom Hutton, Julius Johnson, Harry Lasch, Sharpe, of Dixon, Illinois, a graduate of Training of Children the World Over. Howard Lipsey, William B. Lloyd, Jr., the University of Wisconsin, has been ap- Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room Albert G. McCaleb, A. T. Milbrook, Ben pointed as a guide-lecturer on the staff of Mills, E. J. T. Moyer, James P. Oliver, (June Buehwald). the James Nelson and Anna Louise Ray- Mrs- Stuyvesant Peabody, Mrs. Dorothy W. There will be no tour No- mond Foundation. . . . Two radio bradcasts Thursday, Radack, J. C. Tucker, Andrew L. Valentine, vember on account of the on tribal life in Portuguese West Africa were Lee B. Vastine, Charles Velvel, Carl J. 27, Thanksgiving given recently by Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Weitzel, James D. West, Emerson C. holiday, but the Museum will be open to Curator of African Ethnology. One was Whitney. visitors that day. over Station WLS and the other over WBBM on a coast-to-coast network. Dr. GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM fossils and 3 lithological samples, Virgin Hambly was called upon to appear because Islands; Arthur C. Price, Los Angeles, of the publication of his new book, Jamba is a list of some of the Following principal Calif.—a collection of invertebrate fossils, (The Elephant) Mr. Harry Chang- gifts received during the last month: California. non, Assistant Curator of Geology, and Department of Anthropology: Department of Zoology: Mr. R. K. Assistant Curator of Wyant, From: Mrs. Alice H. — Gregory, Chicago From: Maj. Howard T. Wright, United Economic last month Geology, participated 36 handwoven textiles and 2 costumed dolls, — States Army 308 insects and allies, Japan ; in the Tri-State Geological Field Conference Guatemala. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111.— held in various parts of Wisconsin. a bird John G. Shedd Department of Botany : specimen; Aquarium, — and From: O. D. Phillips, Belize, British Chicago 2 fish specimens, Amazon —a Collectors Leave For Peru Honduras—49 herbarium specimens, British Florida; Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago Honduras; Prof. Eizi Matuda, Escuintla, European water snake, and a lizard from in October Mr. Paul Scherer and Ark.—82 Early Mexico—117 herbarium specimens, Mexico; Haiti; Delzie Demaree, Johnston, Mr. Robert E. Shroll left by air from Miami Prof. J. B. McBryde, Denton, Tex.—118 specimens of fresh water clams, Arkansas. for Pebas, a well-known on the of Peru, port herbarium specimens, Texas; University Library: Amazon River. They have been commis- Texas, Austin—193 herbarium specimens, From: R. W. Bliss, and Carnegie Institu- sioned to collect New and Texas. mammals, birds, reptiles, Mexico, Mexico, tion of Washington, both of Washington, and fishes for the Museum. Department of Geology: D. C; Boardman Conover, Jose Cuatre- Mr. Scherer was born in Brazil and his From: Maurice Petit, St. Thomas, Virgin casas, Stanley Field, Henry W. Nichols, and boyhood was spent hunting and fishing with Islands—20 Upper Cretaceous invertebrate A. Wood, all of Chicago. November, 19U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

THE INSIDE STORY sleep. Some of the toes and fingers have The series now at the Museum, which is OF THE TARSIER tiny protruding claws and others flattened considerably more extensive than any other By HARRY HOOGSTRAAL forerunners of our fingers and toenails. To material available, will be studied not only ASSISTANT CURATOR OF INSECTS go to a more distant branch or to make by the staff but by numerous other anato- it be great if we could get progress over the ground, it stands up on mists and medical men in other parts of the WOULDN'Thalf a dozen tarsiers!" The speaker, its greatly elongated hind legs, which are country. Studies which will be under way Lieutenant Donald Heyneman, always an lengthened by an unusual elongation of two shortly concern themselves with the uro- optimist, was sitting in my tent in an aban- of the tarsal, or ankle, bones (from which genital system, dentition, embryonic de- doned rice field just outside Manila, helping velopment, the eye and retina, limb muscula- plan the Philippine Zoological Expedition ture, the brain, and the contents of the for the Chicago Museum. "I'll be happy stomach. As the presence of this series with half that number," I told him, and becomes more widely known, other special- secretly hoped for at least one. Six months ists will undoubtedly request material for later Don was traveling back to the States further study. with a serious case of malaria and I was in We knew before starting our Philippine and Mindanao heatedly telling Monobos work that Tarsius fraterculus, the peculiar Bila-ans not to tarsiers— bring me any more species inhabiting only the island of Bohol I had too already many. in the Visayan group of the Philippine are no references in There practically Islands, was usually found in bamboo the literature to the tarsier in its wild state clumps, but otherwise had no information and the several from known species, ranging on where to look for Tarsius carbonarius, the central Islands the Philippine through the Mindanao species. It was entirely a East Indies, have always been considered surprise when Arturo Castro, our hardest- rare. Yet the tarsier is re- fantastically working Filipino assistant, came running anatomists as a garded by -tremendously into camp one morning yelling at the top animal. It is one of man's important of his voice that he had gotten a tarsier, than the closest relations, closer even and in a rat trap at that. We were ending climb off monkeys, which are considered to our first month in Mindanao, and had been from the tarsier and on a separate branch camped during that time between 3,000 and both man on the "Tree of Life," though 8,000 feet elevation on Mt. McKinley in stock. stem from more primitive primate the Mt. Apo range. Tongue-like areas of Visitors to Brookfield where two TARSIER IN CAPTIVITY Zoo, abaca, the banana plant that is stripped for of the Mindanao Tarsius One of the tarsiers now living at the Brookfield specimens tarsier, its tough fiber and comes to us as Manila Zoo. The ears are partly folded hack, in the carbonarius, are now living, usually first strange manner peculiar to the tarsiers. (Photo- hemp, reached our 3,500-foot camp in a remark on their small size, which is no larger Catherine graph by Hoogstraal Walker). sheltered valley. Beside it was old second- than that of a medium-sized rat (they have an growth forest, and above it to the peak, their equally long tail, too) ; and secondly on peculiarity the generic name is derived), original forest and stunted mossy forest. strange appearance, which according to places its arms almost straight out or slightly Naturally we had kept our eyes open for particular fancies is a cross between that of bent at the elbow, and from its toe-tips tarsiers in each of these types of growth. a monkey and of a bat. Tarsiers are in a low so far that the jumps trajectory Castro's smoked-coconut baited line strictly nocturnal and during the daytime trap observer his head to see where the jerks at feet one sees a lightly mottled, slate-colored furry that week was about 3,600 around little beast landed. We have not measured little animal with almost naked, large, bat- old fallen logs at the edge of original and old its jump, but consider three to four feet to like ears, and a long tail, hairy only near the second-growth forest, and each morning he be a conservative estimate. Our guess, tip, clinging tightly to a branch with had sadly reported little or no catch. I had when they jumped from trees that were strangely human hands and feet. The face examined the line the day before the great being felled in Mindanao, might have been is like that of a chinless, low-browed man, catch and, judging it to be rather poorly even longer. without snout, but the eyes are remarkably enlarged and close together and occupy most BROAD STUDIES PLANNED of the front of the head. During the day- Anatomically the tarsier is an interesting time the iris is only a pinpoint, but as light combination of primitive and more advanced dims, the central circle enlarges until it characteristics, and specialized and un- occupies much of the eyeball. specialized characteristics. For instance, BALL-BEARING NECK many features of the brain, the number of vertebrae, and the viscera are primitive or The eyeballs are hardly if at all mobile, archaic, and relate the tarsier to other but the head can be turned an astonishing lemurs. The erect position, the general 160 or 170 degrees, just before it appears form of the skull and face, the aortic arches, that it will twist completely off its short and several features of the urogenital system neck. The tiny nose lies just below the are highly advanced, or anthropoid, in great eyes and above the wide, thin mouth, character. The specializations peculiar to which, when open, reveals a glistening set the tarsier for nocturnal vision, clinging, of needle-like, closely spaced teeth. and leaping fascinate not only the zoo As surprising as the round, peering head visitor but the anatomist, to whom these are the long, bony hands and feet, the palms characters offer many interesting problems. and soles of which have small fleshy pads ORIGIN OF TARSIER'S NAME and some of the and toes of which fingers For of the tarsier in its natural sur- photographs The peculiar tarsus that gives the names tarsier have roundings, see "Pangolins, Tarsiers, and Flying Lemurs greatly expanded disks, both modifica- and Tarsius to the small of the Philippines by Karl P. Schmidt, Chicago Philippine primate. tions for the animal's of a clutching mode Natural History Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 7, July, 1947. Compared to the tarsus of monkey (right). Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, I9i?

set, suggested that he move it to a more his isolated coconut plantation ever since disembarked at the wrong place, two days' promising location the next morning. that time, told us that William Joyce, the hard walk up the coast, and that Celestino son of another his foot in in the surf. We carefully combed our prize tarsier for veteran, who lived on the had injured landing east coast near the southern of I lacked almost all of and external parasites, of which it was singularly end Min- types preserving had once mentioned animals like a and Wharton lacked free, as were all the tarsiers we examined danao, collecting equipnent, tarsier on his and that this man would some of his In to later, and the whole camp kibitzed as Castro land, larger cages. reply nervously made up the skin and I tried to be available the next day. To this day I Joyce's instructions, his workers quickly live tarsiers Wharton's imagine which way the exacting mammalo- regret my skepticism when Joyce replied began to bring in for the next we have lots fabulous of which is gists in Chicago would want its strange legs morning, "Oh, yes, price $5 American, of little to than a and head arranged. We put the remarkable those animals on our place, come equivalent far more week's wages. with of arrived at the rate of ten to eyes in formalin, and then injected the down me and get some them." They twenty or a scurried remaining carcass with formalin for the We had just been joined by Charles more day, and we quickly around additional of bamboo Museum's Anatomy Division. All of the Wharton, another discharged soldier, who making cages and children to hunt 200 traps out were then reset where we had stayed in the Philippines to make urging grasshoppers at a and lizards and at supposed they might catch the most tarsiers, arrangements for handling monkeys for the penny apiece geckos a nickel for tarsier food. Tarsiers and our eyes were as large as a tarsier's as Infantile Paralysis Commission, and then apiece we intensified our hunt for them in the had decided to stay on for awhile and make were brought tied to the ends of poles, in baskets of all in tin forest. But we never found another much his fortune collecting animals for American woven descriptions, or in the shirt. above sea level or in original forest or old zoos. Chief Curator Karl P. Schmidt had cans, wrapped captor's second-growth forest. always much impressed us with one of his We had struck this spot in January, just pet maxims, that zoos should be a source of when dense thickets of low second-growth LIVE SPECIMENS CAPTURED much valuable scientific information con- trees were being cleared for miles up and When our Mt. McKinley operations ended down the coast, and the work was often a few weeks later we decided to warm up seriously interrupted as a cutter dashed and dry out with some lowland collecting after a tarsier and walked from one to ten at the northern end of Davao Gulf. While miles to claim his reward. My end of the there, a Moro brought in our second speci- porch on which we were quartered was men, this one alive, which he said was taken deemed most suitable for housing animals in a thicket near his field. At this time our and at night my sleep was fitful as more own collecting and the specimens brought than a hundred tarsiers loudly crunched in by Filipinos were so fruitful that we grasshoppers and lizards, and scampered could hardly care for everything properly, around in their fights. Their strong odor, and so I regretfully ordered that the second by which Bila-an and Monobo natives say tarsier become a victim of the "no pets or they can easily find tarsiers, did not improve wild animals" rule, though my popularity my sleep, and neither did the restless with the rest of the members was hardly twelve-foot python in a *ack under my increased by this action. cot or the flying lemurs scratching at their I dreamed of the Most Filipinos know nothing of the tarsier, cages. python crawling over but it did but from time to time, in reply to our con- me, when finally escape, it was done so that we did stant queries, one would tell of tarsiers in unspectacularly not know about it till we found the great abundance, and always they were in empty HANDS OF A TARSIER sack the next conscience is bamboo or low, thick, rather new second- morning. My the and clear I fear Wharton still me. growth forest. We were packing specimens Closeup view showing claws, fingernails though suspects pads at the fingertips as animal clings to a branch. for to the States and preparing shipment (Photograph by Catherine Hoogstraal Walker). 'tarsier market' crashes! to go back into the mountains when an The boat its third the unusually reliable Filipino told us that he hemp paid visit, cerning animals, and so we happily invited last for some a few and knew of an exact bamboo clump spilling time, days later, Wharton to attach himself to our group Wharton took his back to Davao over with tarsiers only a bumpy day's jeep purchases when we went to Joyce's place, and offered where he could handle them more ride from Davao City where we were at the City him our facilities and co-operation. Wharton I remained on to some for our time. It took absolutely no urging to get easily. get was able to purchase even more specimens collections and to into the forest and see Floyd Werner and Manuel Celestino to take go than he could conveniently handle when once where and how tarsiers lived. a couple of days' vacation from packing actually By we arrived, and it is a tribute to his tender this time the bottom had out of the specimens and supplies to look the bamboo dropped care of his wards that he was able to reach local since Wharton had clump over with our informer. Our third market, especially the States with thirty live ones. So far as of his of tarsier returned with them. Werner and used all money and much mine, we have been able to find out, only one pair and so fewer were offered for sale and those Celestino had been alternately banging at of tarsiers had previously been exhibited in at a third to a fourth of Wharton's the thick bamboo with a club and watching price. zoo—that in San an American Diego. Indeed, with own collections, these were for tarsiers to jump out. When, at last, one my still more than I could handle, did, it was quickly dispatched with .22 TEN TO TWENTY A DAY adaquately from shot. After tired themselves with this for it was some days before equipment they the to which our new friend Caburan, spot our lost the coast and still exertion they tried smoke and then cutting party up arrived, took us is marked in letters Joyce (it large before Oane could leave the bamboo, but no more tarsiers presented longer recuperating on some maps but consists of less than two themselves. said Celestino and join me. The area was rich Filipinos living nearby dozen houses), is only irregularly reached that had seen several the week in snakes and insects, and I had organized they only by small boats, but this week the hemp boat but had seldom seen wet an almost hundred-mile-wide search for before, any during was calling twice. I had sent Celestino and monkey-eating eagles, so time was well seasons, and the rains had just begun. Oafie on the first trip with most of the occupied though equipment was short. In December, an American veteran of the equipment. When Wharton and I arrived Spanish American War, who had lived on a few days later we found that they had (To be continued next month.)

PUNTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Chicago Natural History Museum BuifepriN Formerly MiyMyMAium News

Publislied Monthly for the Museum's Membership

Vol. 18 DECEMBER, 1947 No. 12

MEXICAN TEMPLE AND MARKET ACTIVITIES, A. D. 700-1500 By DONALD COLLIER hot lowlands came quetzal plumes, jaguar ment bordered by arcades that sheltered CURATOR OP SOUTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY skins, and amber. the merchants. The following description AND ARCHAEOLOGY Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, which of the market and the products sold there is A recently installed exhibit in the Hall after the Spanish conquest became Mexico taken from the account of Bernal Diaz, who of American Archaeology (Hall B) depicts City, was the largest Mexican city, with a took part in the conquest of the Aztecs the and commercial activities of the religious population of about 200,000. In the city in 1519: Indians who lived in Mexico from highland was a great plaza containing the market "When we arrived at the great market a.d. 700 to 1500. place and a stone temple on top of a trun- place we were astounded at the number of Among the ancient Mexicans, religion cated pyramid. The market was held every people and the quantity of merchandise it and trade were much more intimately con- five days. A ceremony was performed in contained, and at the good order and control nected than they are ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^_^^^^^^^_ tnat was maintained. in modern Western MID WtOOUCTS . . . Each kind of l *t~* life. Both types of ac- & , merchandise was kept j£", tivity centered in the by itself and had its at the fixed marked great plaza I place heart of each Mexican 9.'.-: out. . . . [There were] rjrj ..••.• city. Market days v dealers in gold, silver, were also feast days, ••i and precious stones, when ceremonies were t ii feathers, mantles, and held in the temples 1 \/ embroidered gnpH-s_

alongside the market . . . Next there wa place. A substantial TEMPLE AHD MARKET » other traders who M ANCIENT MEIICAM t« ii part of the articles sold great pieces of MUM 01 '"I *«* -v-,»v»Bet i of trade was used for cloth and cotton, and religious purposes. articles of twisted Merchants had their thread, and there were

own and de- . . . who deityr [vendors] peWIW *-™ers to EXHIBIT ON RELIGION AND TRADE AMONG THE ANCIENT MEXICANS sold cacao. . . . There designate lucky days were those who sold for beginning their trading journeys. the temple on market day, and offerings of cloths of hennequen, and ropes and the These Indians, the best known of whom flowers and food were made by vendors and sandals with which they are shod, which were the Aztecs, Toltecs, Zapotecs, and buyers to the patron god of merchants. are made from the same plant, and Mixtecs, lived by farming. They raised The market place was a large area of pave- sweet cooked roots, and other tubers corn, beans, squash, gourds, tomatoes, which they get from this plant, all were peppers, avocados, cotton, turkeys, dogs, kept in one part of the market in the and bees. The economy was sufficiently place assigned to them. In another part developed to permit a large number of there were skins of tigers and lions, of otters individuals to devote themselves to special- and jackals, deer and other animals and ized crafts. There were spinners and badgers and mountain cats, some tanned

weavers, potters, wood carvers, lapidaries, and others untanned. . . . metal workers, feather workers, and tool "[There were) those who sold beans and makers. Each region specialized in one sage and other vegetables and herbs in or more crafts. It was the products of these another part, and those who sold fowls, handicrafts— clothing and ornaments, tools cocks with wattles, rabbits, hares, deer,

and household utensils, luxury items and mallards, young dogs, . . . and let us also materials used in ceremonies—that formed mention the fruiterers, and the women who the basis of Mexican trade. Inter-regional sold cooked food, dough and tripe in their exchange of raw materials was also an own part of the market; and every sort of important part of trade. Highland materials ANCIENT MEXICAN MARKET SCENE pottery made in a thousand different forms such as obsidian, cochineal, and from great water jars to little these also jade, gold, A painting by Museum Artist Gustav Dalstrom, jugs, red ocher were widely exchanged. From the based on Aztec drawings in the Codex Florentino. had a place to themselves; then those who Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 191,7

sold honey and honey paste and other dain- to the nonspecialist the distinctive cast of life, but their mere retelling does not in- ties like nut paste, and those who sold lum- an alien culture has not often been attempted dicate the compelling interest they hold in ber, boards, cradles, beams, blocks and with success. In writing the fictional life the book. For it is the colorful pattern of

benches, . . . and the vendors of . . . fire- story of Jamba, a man of the Ovimbundu, Ovimbundu life against which the action

wood. Paper, . . . reeds scented with liquid- Dr. Hambly has made this attempt and has takes place that makes the events of Jamba's ambar, and full of tobacco, and yellow oint- done it successfully. Jamba is a book that days significant and gives the story its punch.

ments . . . are sold by themselves, and much should give pleasure to a large body of In recounting the life of Jamba, Dr. Hambly cochineal is sold under the arcades which readers. — has been able to show the distinctive cast are in the great market place. . . . There The Ovimbundu People of the Fog—are of Ovimbundu culture in a sympathetic and are also buildings where three magistrates a tribe that lives in the mist-covered country yet simply told, readable way. sit in judgment [over market disputes], and of central Angola, a Portugese possession in The book is based on Dr. Hambly's field

there are executive officers . . . who inspect West Africa. Jamba's life is anchored to observations of the Ovimbundu. The de- the merchandise. I am forgetting those who the small Ovimbundu village that is his scriptive details of the country and of village sell salt, and those who make the stone home, but the events of his life are not life have been seen by the author at first- [obsidian] knives, and how they split them confined to the limits of his own village. hand and not merely culled from other

. . — off the stone itself. . There are for sale As a boy, his mother's brother, Manu wise sources, so that these details have the solid axes of brass [bronze?] and copper and tin and strong as a mother's brother among the feel of authenticity. As the leader of the [sic], and gourds and gaily painted [lac- Ovimbundu should be—takes him on Frederick H. Rawson Expedition of the quered?] jars of wood. I could wish that I a rigorous journey to the neighboring Museum to West Africa, Dr. Hambly spent had finished telling of all the things which Vochokwe tribe to undergo the initiation a year conducting ethnological field work are sold there, but they are so numerous and rites into manhood that ancient custom among the Ovimbundu. of such different quality and the great demands. Back home again, Jamba becomes Among the other noteworthy features of market place with its surrounding arcades a skilled hunter and, after a number of Jamba is the attractive format. The type was so crowded with people, that one would vicissitudes, marries Miapa, the girl of his is clear and readable, the motifs that accom- not have been able to see and inquire about choice. pany the chapter headings are very well it all in two days." Later Jamba becomes a leader of caravans, done, and the book is enhanced by a colorful for the Ovimbundu were once renowned as and well-designed jacket. CHOCOLATE BEAN MONEY adventurous caravan traders whose journeys Alexander Spoehr The Aztecs had no currency, so that barter penetrated far into the African hinterland. Curator of Oceanic Ethnology was the usual means of exchange of goods. Then after the physical hardships of his However, cacao (chocolate) beans had a caravan years, Jamba is betrayed by a life- The Library of the Museum, containing standard value and served as money in long rival, Kandimba, who acts as an in- approximately 125,000 books and pam- equalizing exchanges. Ax-shaped copper former for the government. Jamba has phlets—the largest specialized reference plates were used in the same way. killed a decrepit slave to bring rain to his collection in the natural-history field west The facts set forth in this account have drought-stricken village. Kandimba tells of New York and Washington—invites the been presented in the exhibit by means of the white governor, and Jamba serves a general public to use its resources for study. paintings and models and the display of sentence on the coast at hard labor as a

some of the raw materials and finished penalty. In the last act of his eventful life, products that were exchanged in the market. Jamba, returned to his village and now an Streamlining in fishes is most perfectly The exhibit was designed by Mr. Gustav elder in his final years, slays his deceitful developed in forms that live in the open Dalstrom, artist in the Department of old rival Kandimba during a dance. sea, such as the , , swordfish, Anthropology, Mr. George I. Quimby, These are some of the episodes in Jamba's and marlin (examples in Hall O). Curator of Exhibits, Anthropology, and the writer. CHRISTMAS SHOPPING NEED BE NO BURDEN- HERE ARE TWO SUGGESTIONS TO MAKE IT EASY Books The burden of much Christmas shopping and preparing of many packages can be eased by using services Chicago Natural History (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are Museum offers: available in The Book Shop of the Museum. Mail orders accompanied by remittance are Gift Gifts promptly filled—The Book Shop pays the (1) Christmas Memberships (2) Museum Book Shop postage on shipments.) Send to the Director the name and The BOOK SHOP has books endorsed JAMBA. By Wilfrid D. Hambly. Pelle- address of the person to whom you wish for scientific authenticity by members of grini and Cudahy, Chicago, 1947. 246 to give a Museum membership, together the Museum staff, for both adults and pages. Price $2.75. with your remittance to cover member- children. You are invited to browse in ship fee or dues. The Museum will the BOOK SHOP during part of your Anthropologists are students of the life- handle all further details. For your con- next visit to the Museum. and customs of men the world over ways venience a CHRISTMAS GIFT MEM- Where desired, the BOOK SHOP will and have made it their special task to ex- BERSHIP ORDER FORM is enclosed. amine the cultures of the lesser-known handle mail and telephone (WABash An attractive Christmas card orders and will undertake all de- peoples of the world. These peoples, usually notifying 9410) the that tails in connection with and preliterate, often lead colorful and dramatic recipient through your generosity wrapping he has been elected a Member of the to the lives, whose examination affords the field dispatching gift purchases desig- Museum will be with nated with such forms anthropologist both pleasure and a wider sent, together recipients, together card or certificate and in- of of the season as the perspective on the ways of mankind. Yet membership personal greetings formation on the welding of anthropological field data membership privileges. purchaser may specify. into a popular literary form that conveys December, 19i7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3

SPECIAL EXHIBITION shrubby sea-fans, when viewed from above, EXPEDITION RETURNS OF BIRD PHOTOS turned out to be coralheads as high or higher FROM ADIRONDACK^ than oneself or to be towering trees of sea- A special exhibit of photographs of birds, Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of fans when one walked on the sea floor at a made both in their natural habitats and from Geology, who was accompanied on a geo- depth of twelve to fifteen feet. The en- temporarily captured specimens under studio logical expedition to the Adirondacks and chanting blue color of the water was lost, conditions for special studies, will be on neighboring regions by Mr. Harry E. however, for the light as seen within the display in Stanley Field Hall of the Museum Changnon, Assistant Curator of Geology, water is grayish-green and somewhat dim- from December 1 to 31. The photographs returned to his post at the Museum last even at noon when the sun's are the work of the Reverend John W. med, rays month. of at penetrate almost vertically. It is planned Baechle, C.PP.S., professor biology Dr. was responsible for the collection to utilize the observations in at Roy St. Indiana. producing Joseph's College, Collegeville, of igneous rocks, while Mr. Changnon For some Father armed the Museum novel exhibits of the life of years, Baechle, restricted himself to the of the sea. collecting physical with a fast camera and birdbanding equip- geology specimens. In addition to collecting has made a hobby of studying bird ment, specimens, Dr. Roy paid particular attention life in the Rensselaer, Indiana, area. He to the study of basic and ultra-basic igneous has banded more than birds and made 10,000 MERRY CHRISTMAS and rocks, which, he explained, are very similar photos of some 78 species caught in portrait HAPPY NEW YEAR to stony meteorites. Dr. Roy is in charge the bird sanctuaries on the campus. Like of the Museum's meteorite collection, and other Father Baechle aids The Museum will be closed on many birdbanders, his field studies of terrestrial rocks are a the in research on bird both Christmas and New Year's government migra- prelude to better understanding of the nature time of and other Day so that as many Museum tions, longevity, flight, and mode of of the meteorites. employees as possible will be able origin stony phases of bird life. Data cards for each to spend the holidays with their The specimens collected on this trip were banded bird are filed with the Fish and families. These are the only two restricted to selected types—only those that Wildlife Service in Washington. days in the entire year when the were needed for exhibits under preparation Father Baechle makes portrait photo- is not to visitors. Museum open and those that bore special features requiring graphs of each new species that he bands. further investigations were collected. All Some of these are in black-and-white; others specimens collected were tentatively sorted are in natural colors. His photographs are and identified in the field. They will now unusual, and many of them have been ex- MEETINGS OF A.A.A.S. be checked and catalogued. Some of them hibited in other museums and reproduced AT THIS MUSEUM will be added to the exhibits; others will go in nature magazines. into the institution's study collections. The American Association for the Ad- BERMUDA EXPEDITION vancement of Science will hold its 114th in this December 26 meeting Chicago year, Serves Children Dr. Fritz Curator of Inverte- 200,000 Haas, Lower to 31. Headquarters for the various sections and Mr. B. brates, Joseph Krstolich, Artist, and societies will be in the Congress Hotel, Hundreds of lectures on natural-history two months in Bermuda spent recently Palmer House, Stevens Hotel, and Sherman subjects are given each year in the schools studies for the of true-to- making production Hotel, and most of the meetings will use of Chicago by members of the staff of the life models of marine invertebrate animals. the facilities of these hotels. However, Museum's James Nelson and Anna Louise studied the creatures under They their some meetings will be held at Chicago Raymond Foundation for Public School natural conditions and collected specimens Natural History Museum, at the University and Children's Lectures. The Foundation for the Museum's reference collection. The of Chicago, and at kindred institutions. also provides tours, lectures, entertainments, months chosen were most because favorable, Gatherings scheduled for this Museum and other events within the walls of the of the calmness of the water. The Bermuda are as follows: Museum for close to 200,000 children a year. Biological Station for Research, on St. ) — l «lx-' December 29 t,n'

THE "INSIDE STORY" OF THE TARSIER examine the stomach contents, we injected the digestive system with adequate amounts By HARRY HOOGSTRAAL two tarsiers in the trees. of so that when the bodies are ASSISTANT CURATOR OF INSECTS nearby The local preservative people say that several are sometimes found dissected for anatomical studies, the stomach (Second and concluding installment.) in the same tree, and this is quite probably contents can be examined in volume. There times, hunting with a head- true. Only when their tree is cut or most are no small rodents in lowland Mindanao, has able to feed SEVERALlamp at night, I saw tarsiers hopping from violently disturbed do tarsiers jump during and though Wharton been branch to branch in the thick second-growth the daytime. If picked up by the nape, his captive specimens on small mice, I and twice saw them making long jumps on they open their mouth and will, if allowed, seriously doubt that wild Mindanao tarsiers feed rodents. I that the the ground. It is said locally that if one draw blood with their tiny but sharp, on doubt, too, which is in size to a makes a fire in the woods at night, tarsiers needle-like teeth. tarsier, equal medium- will gather around "to keep themselves sized rat, would be able to hold its own in a SILENT EXCEPT IN FIGHTING warm," but I did not test the veracity of fight with one. this story. Several of our observations of captive Almost all Filipinos who were acquainted In the course of a week's daytime hunting tarsiers should be mentioned—characteris- with tarsiers told us that they subsist over the area already covered by the local tics I failed to observe when watching or solely on carbon or burned wood, and the men, women, and children I found eighteen capturing tarsiers in the forest. When same story is quoted in the earliest published tarsiers, always tightly clutching slender fighting among themselves in crowded works about the Philippine tarsier. It is because of this that the cages, tarsiers often probably Mindanao carbonarius. I utter a single, loud, species was named urged shrill, high-pitched Wharton to place burned wood in the cages, but we were unable to detect interest trill, though they were any always silent when on the part of the tarsiers. in the surprised forest, POUNCE ON VICTIMS FOR FOOD and during three weeks of night hunt- Food is obtained by leaping upon it with all or for it one or ing, when I was sure fours reaching with two there were several hands, and unless the captive is too large it about, I did not hear is held in the hands and eaten, either on the the sound. In the ground or in a branch, but preferably the lizards so cages, when one is be- latter. Some taken were large ing bullied by another, that the tarsier actually had to crouch on the victim often backs them to keep them quiet enough to be eaten into a corner, stands without too much disturbance. The head is eaten up on its hind legs of lizards and insects always first, with its arms out and and as one end disappears the remaining is into under the upwards and fingers body moved position far apart, with a look mouth and the greedy crunching continues of frozen horror on unabated. One family of Bila-ans told us for its face, and remains they had kept a pair of captive tarsiers a rigidly in position for year, feeding them entirely on bits of meat. as long as half an hour. All of our evidence points to second- Some actually topple growth thickets as a most favorable place over and die at the for tarsiers to multiply even to the point end of this period. of abundance. Celestino at his collecting One would suppose, station about half-way betvpon Caburan after seeing such an and Davao City obtained about fifteen extreme example of specimens from pagan tribes who took fright, that even a them from similar locations there, and sleeping tarsier, when when Castro later visited the Sarangani greatly disturbed dur- Bay area of southern Mindanao he obtained ing the daytime in its an equal number from Bila-ans who were own haunts, would also clearing second-growth. display some activity, A Filipino colonel told us of a place on but all those noted the northeastern coast where tarsiers were TARSIER AND YOUNG in the forest were so abundant that they "could be picked out A painting made for Mr. Helen Grove, of Hoogstraal by Chicago absolutely docile un- of bamboo and small trees" with hardly a til handled, and then search. The Bohol species is known to trunks or branches from four to ten feet merely curled up as if frightened, unless inhabit a certain bamboo area, but we did above the ground, usually in dense, deeply given an opportunity to bite. not find any in an extensive bamboo grove shaded thickets, but three times surprisingly In an old reference it is stated that tarsiers near Todaya, at about 2,500 feet elevation openly exposed. When approached, there live under the roots of trees, but all those I on Mt. Apo, and the Bogobo people there, is usually a slight movement of the head, saw or inquired about came from branches who seldom if ever venture into the lowlands, though I did not see the great revolution of or upwards on the' slender trunks of trees. were unable to associate our descriptions which the head is capable; and always there The tarsiers' food, obtained of course with any animal they know. One of the is the peculiar almost fan-like opening and only at night, consists in large part of specimens purchased by Wharton from the closing of the ear and twitching of the ear. lizards and insects, probably mostly orthop- northern end of Davao Gulf was understood Three times I found a pair in the same tree, terous insects, beetles, and spiders. Rather to have been taken while hopping on the once a mother with a large baby and twice than injure the valuable internal organs to ground in a cornfield during the daytime, December, 19U7 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 but I am after that has an extensive collection of these convinced, investigation, pines, STAFF NOTES this is misinformation due to translation in superstitions, which we hope he will publish. various dialects and languages before reach- He tells us that most of them are from the ing him. islands of Bohol, Leyte, and Samar, and Mr. Harry Hoogstraal, Assistant Curator of Insects and leader of the recent The wasteful kaingan system of agricul- only one is from Mindanao, that from the Museum's to the will ture, widely practiced by pagan and Chris- northeastern corner. In southeastern Min- Zoological Expedition Philippines, in the of California tian Filipinos in Mindanao, appears to offer danao we were unable to discover any participate University African as much opportunity for the spread of the superstitions concerning these animals Expedition representative of this Museum. He will leave December 26 for tarsier. Small or even rather large areas among the wild tribes, though they have one and his will cover are cleared of original dipterocarpus forest, many regarding other birds and animals. year, explorations Africa from Cairo to will planted to corn, camotes, or other vegetables In northwestern Cotabato, where Werner Capetown. He assemble a collection of for for a few seasons, and then abandoned to took a party in December and January, insects this institution and will in the scrubby second growth (and tarsiers!). supersititions were so strong that the pagan engage research, results of which will be When these areas are clean-cut for coconut peoples actually refused to tell where published by the of California. ... safe or abaca plantations, tarsiers in them are tarsiers might be found. Werner did not University A flight to is Mr. S. endangered, for they are not only quickly obtain details about these superstitions, and Guam reported by Henry Assistant Curator of and captured, sometimes for food, at other none of his party was able to locate tarsiers Dybas, Insects, he has left that island steamer for the times as usually short-lived pets (or for the in that area. by Palaus where he is to participate in a co- rare museum expedition), but they probably Captive and pet tarsiers are not only operative expedition under the auspices of find less favorable conditions if they move fascinating creatures, but observation of

the Pacific Science Board. . . . Dr. Rainer to original forest or to grass land. them, especially at night, gives much in- Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, has At the present time, the human popula- sight into their peculiar habits. We have returned from field work in Switzerland, tion in Mindanao is not dense enough to promised to reserve our information on France, Italy, and Germany. . . . Mr. Colin threaten the tarsier. Though the govern- their "night life" for Lieutenant Wharton, C. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, spent ment is urging settling there, there is little and his report will appear elsewhere soon. several weeks last month collecting small pioneering spirit among the Filipinos. Fear mammals on a field in Arkansas. . . . of Moros in some areas and political unrest trip Mr. Orville L. of in others are great. The hope in some DECEMBER LECTURE TOURS Gilpin, Preparator that American would Fossils, in the Department of Geology, has quarters capital open Tours of under the of exhibits, guidance been Chief of large areas of Mindanao is apparently not appointed Preparator Fossils, staff are conducted every after- lecturers, to fill the caused the recent materializing. Some pressure is being ap- vacancy by noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and of Mr. James II. _ , t plied to abolish the kaingan system of resignation Quinn. certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, but of enforcement The Journal of Negro History has published agriculture, inability and tours Thursdays, Saturdays, general a of "Visual Aids to insures its survival for a long time to come directory Teaching are given, covering all departments. Special African the Mu- in of Mindanao. is Ethnology," compiled by large parts Lumbering are offered on and subjects Wednesdays seum's Curator of African Dr. so lucrative that it will become Ethnology, probably tours with an Fridays (the Friday open D. as of the more extensive in and Wilfrid Hambly, a member Mindanao, probably lecture slides or films in introductory and on African of the even more tarsier land. Committee Anthropology eventually provide the room on the second floor of the meeting Division of and the much will Anthropology Psychology, Along coast, second-growth a schedule of these follows: Mus=um); National Research Council. It lists the undoubtedly give way to coconut land, but — — sources of motion-picture material available inland, at least until adequate roads are Wed., Dec. 3 What Makes Us Human The of Harriet for the of studies of built and the cost of transportation is Story People ( Smith). presentation graphic African life and is intended as an aid to will an reduced, coconut hardly become Fri., Dec. 5—The Parade of Insects. Illus- those in charge of anthropological courses extensive crop. Abaca, or Manila hemp, trated introduction with color pictures in in universities and other schools. . . . Dr. can be grown successfully only under re- Meeting Room (Lorain Farmer). 1 Theodor Chief Curator of stricted forj-ijHons of soil and rainfall, and Just, Botany, Dec. 10—Fashions in Furs Wed., (June conducted a session of a seminar on "Con- so will never be too weighty a factor in the Buchwald). tinental at Northwestern reduction of numbers of tarsiers. Such Displacement" Dec. The Earth's Green Mantle. last month. Sessions on other matters are of interest to wildlife conserva- Fri., 12— University Illustrated introduction with still pictures phases of the subject are to be conducted tion groups, which are justifiably concerned in Meeting Room (Marie Svoboda). Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator with the protection of man's most fascinat- by — — of Zoology, and Mr. Bryan Patterson, ing living ancestor. Wed., Dec. 17 Christmas Greens Mistle- toe, Holly, and Evergreens (Miriam Curator of Paleontology. . . . Dr. Hugh C. FULLY FORMED AT BIRTH Wood). Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany, con- ducted a seminar on "Plants and People in Tarsier babies are born singly, fully Fri., Dec. 19—Reading the Earth's Diary. Bolivia" at Iowa State College, Ames, and formed and with their eyes open, though Illustrated introduction with color pic- tures in Room attended a conference of U. S. and Canadian their heads, hands, and feet are dispropor- Meeting (Winona Cosner). authorities on structure of corn plants, held tionately large. They remain clinging Dec. 24—Men of the Old Stone Wed., Age at St. Louis. monkey-like to their mothers till quite (Marie Svoboda). large. More than a dozen young are among Fri., Dec. 26—New Years' Festivities. Illus- our hundred or more specimens, the bulk of The prevalence of bathtubs in this country trated introduction with color pictures which were taken is regarded by the world as an index to during January. Ap- in Meeting Room (Harriet Smith). parently many females were pregnant; the America's high standard of living; but two Dec. 31—At Home in the Animal exact number will be determined when the Wed., ancient Roman bronze bathtubs, one in World (Jane Sharpe). preserved bodies are dissected at a later date. Stanley Field Hall and one in Edward E. The tarsier is regarded with great super- The Museum will be closed two Thurs- and Emma B. Ayer Hall (Archaeology of stition by a number of pagan Filipino tribes. days, December 25 and January 1, because Etruria and Rome, Hall 2), resemble very Professor J. Otley Beyer of the Department of the Christmas and New Year's Day closely in size, shape, and design the of Anthropology, University of the Philip- holidays. "typical American bathtub." Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 19i7

Chicago Natural History Museum beginning of World War II) forced Dr. Liu China, was prepared for publication. With Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 to flee to China; his collections were de- it, Dr. Liu takes his place as the principal Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 stroyed and his library was dispersed. authority in the world on the systematics Telephone: WABash 9410 To make a new start, after a conference and habits of Chinese amphibians. with his teachers at Yenching, Dr. Liu THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES applied to the Rockefeller Institution for a Lester Armour Marshall Field, Jr. fellowship for graduate study in the United BIRD GUIDEBOOK Sewell L. Avery Stanley Field W. McCorhick Blair Samuel Insull, Jr. States and spent the years 1933 and 1934 switchboard is a instru- Leopold E. Block Henry P. Isham The Museum busy at Cornell University, receiving the degree Boardman Conover Hughston M. McBain ment. People from all over Chicago and its Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell of Doctor of Philosophy. During this period Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall suburbs call to ask questions of all kinds or to W. Fenton George A. Richardson he spent the two summers in study in the Howard the of obtained Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith verify accuracy information Division of Reptiles at the Museum, and Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten elsewhere. Probably most of the questions John P. Wilson an extensive paper on the secondary sex are directed to the Department of Zoology, characters of frogs, one of the results of OFFICERS and the Division of Birds receives the largest his work, was published by the Museum. Stanley Field President number of these. Marshall Field First Vice-President Albert B. Dick, Jr. Second Vice-President CAUGHT IN ANOTHER INVASION So many questions relate to bird nesting Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vice-President Solomon A. Smith Treasurer and bird migration that it is obvious that the Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary With the aid of a growing number of is of the excellent John R. Millar Assistant general public unaware Secretary American friends, Dr. Liu again built up a 50-cent pamphlet, Birds of the Chicago personal library in his field of interest, this Region, by Edward R. Ford, Colin C. San- time by far the best in China. On his return THE BULLETIN born, and C. Blair Coursen, published in to China he took up teaching at Suchow EDITOR 1934 by the Chicago Academy of Sciences where he in a C. Gregg Director Ike Museum University, was again caught Clifford of and obtainable at the Museum Book Shop. Japanese invasion in 1937 and again forced CONTRIBUTING EDITORS This pamphlet gives the migration and to flee, with the total loss of his now ex- Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology nesting dates—early, average, and late—of Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany tremely valuable library and of his new Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology the birds that occur within a 50-mile radius collections. one of the Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology He became refugees of Chicago. It also gives the specific among the Chinese scholars who made the MANAGING EDITOR localities in which many of the common and circuitous to western H. B. Hartb Public Relatione Counsel long journey birds are likely to be seen, and tells where China, and at Chengtu found refuge (except rare birds have occurred. for recurrent from the Members are requested to inform the Museum bombings) Japanese Although this work is thirteen years old, promptly of changes of address. armies and opportunity to continue teaching it is still because the and research. authentic, migration and nesting habits of few species change The West China post proved most favor- appreciably. Interested persons would find NOTED CHINESE SCHOLAR able to collecting, and the transplanted in it the answers to questions that have been HONORED BY MUSEUM scholar spent every summer season in active puzzling them and keeping the Museum By KARL P. SCHMIDT field work, at his own expense, in the moun- switchboard busy. —E.T.S. chief curator of zoology tains that border the Tibetan plateau. He visited the dangerous country inhabited by Dr. Ch'eng-chao Liu, Professor of Zoology the wild Lolo tribes, the Tibetan plateau at West China Union University, Chengtu, War-Delayed Journals itself, and the country of was Research Mupin region (the China, recently appointed The backbone of any research library the giant panda) ; and he repeatedly collect- Associate in the Museum's Division of ed on Mt. Omei, famous in China as a consists of serial publications such as jour- in of his Reptiles, recognition outstanding sacred mountain. nals, transactions, reports, and proceedings. work on the amphib- In a recent the accessioned His collecting and field study were focused month Library ians and reptiles of of which 80 on the remarkable life histories of frogs, with 531 volumes, roughly per_eent China and of his now the adaptations of both adults and tadpoles would fall into this category. long-continued asso- to mountain torrents and to lowland quiet Journals delayed by the war continue to ciation and co-opera- streams and pools. It soon became evident arrive in blocks at a gratifying pace. Even tion with the Museum. that he had found a rich fauna in which the so, it will probably take years before all the Dr. Liu's personal description of numerous new species of gaps can be filled. Examples of this type of and scientific history salamanders and frogs was a necessary material recently received are: is most interesting, to the of life histories. preliminary study V. 10-14 and presents perhaps Societe des Africanistes. Journal. (1940- The good fortune of a grant from the 1944) an almost typical ex- Cultural Division of the State Department Royal Geographical Society of Australasia. South ample of the impact Australian Branch. Proceedings. V. 39-46 (1939- brought Dr. Liu to the United States in 1946) of war on Chinese September, 1946, and he brought collections Societe Lineenne de Lyon. Bulletin mensuel. V. 11-14 scholarship and of the (1942-1945) and manuscripts direct to Chicago Natural Chinese reaction to DR. C. C. LIU History Museum, where he was certain of the misfortunes of welcome from his colleagues in Chinese Odd Number of Rows on Corn Ears war. Dr. Liu, on his graduation from Yen- herpetological studies, Curator Clifford H. ching University in 1931, took Ordinary corn practically always has an (Peiping) Pope and the writer, and where he felt that a at the of even number of rows of In lowland teaching position University his projected account of the Amphibians grain. Mukden. He had become one of there is a small area where already of West China could best be completed. Bolivia, however, the best students of and ears of corn with an odd number of rows of amphibians reptiles During the succeeding year, a large manu- in and had to accumulate a as as ears with an even China, begun script, based on collections turned over to grain are common library of herpetology and to collect actively the Museum and on the remarkable series number. Some of the first ears to be col- in Manchuria. The Japanese invasion in of illustrations and water color paintings lected in this area are shown in the small 1931 (regarded by many as the actual accumulated in the eight years in West case next to Case 32 of Hall 25. December, 1947 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

AMERICA'S VANISHING factor. This factor, waxy, made corn a who did not share the Indian religious beliefs PLANT RESOURCES good source for an essential material. Later and superstitions concerning them. By HUGH C. CUTLER a similar waxy factor was found in sorghum, Gradually white men selected a few types CURATOR OF ECONOMIC BOTANY providing a sorghum plant source for adhe- of pop and sweet corn. From the progeny sives in addition to that of The passenger pigeon is frequently waxy corn. of a mixture of southern dent corn and These factors control mourned as the victim of man's greed. The that the inheritance northern flints they produced a new type of and of same disregard for our American resources expression characters in plants and dent corn. For a long time each farmer had in animals are called are his is depleting our stock of plant varieties, a genes. New genes own particular corn. However it was seldom. the charac- heritage more valuable than the passenger produced very When found that certain farmers had corn that ters controlled new are outstand- pigeon or even the old herds of buffalo. by genes produced well and that was not too hard for Case 14 in Hall 25 contains a collection ing, such changes are commonly called animals to chew nor so soft that it spoiled of corn varieties commonly grown ten to sports. However, the real term for such easily. Some of the types developed at the sudden is mutation. It is end thirty years ago. From year to year these changes applied of this period are shown in Case 14 of ears become more valuable because the Hall 25. varieties shown are quite rare and may The most famous of the varieties selected soon be lost. Actually, these varieties are by midwestern farmers was Reid's Yellow at present in the same situation as the Dent. There was always enough variation buffalo was a few decades ago. If prompt in the plants and ears so that many charac- measures are taken to preserve them, they ters were preserved. Most of the com- may still be saved from extinction. mercial hybrid seed is developed from When white men settled the Americas selections of Reid's Yellow Dent. they found many kinds of cultivated and Hybrid seed is a cross of highly selected wild plants that were useful to the Indians. but differing strains of corn. To produce Some of these plants were immediately the parents of the cross it is necessary to adopted by the new settlers. Others were select corn and to breed each plant with neglected. Some of the plants that were itself or with a sister plant until any hidden neglected could not live unless planted and deleterious characters are revealed and the cared for by man. These plants were lost plants are uniform. This breeding with and, even if the same variety of plant was close relatives or using the same plant as being grown in other regions, the stocks both male and female parent is called peculiar to any region in which the plant inbreeding, and the resulting plants are was abandoned were lost. called inbreds. Two different inbred strains Many plants are highly variable. In corn are then crossed to produce hybrid seed. this is readily apparent when red ears, white, This is known as a single cross. Since and yellow, sweet grains, pop, and dents are inbreds are weak plants and the seed is compared. These are all variations of the expensive to produce, most commercial main pattern of plants that we call corn, and hybrid seed is from double crosses. This is there are many other variations. Some- produced by crossing two single cross hybrid times the presence of a single variation will plants. make a plant more valuable than plants that GOLDEN BEAUTY DENT CORN VARIATIONS NEARLY WIPED OUT lack this character. Sweet corn, for example, Grown in central Illinois in 1902. would be of little use if it lost the single In the production of the inbred lines many factor that increases the sweetness of the not only to the very rare striking changes variations were discarded and an attempt grains. but also to many minute and scarcely was made to secure maximum uniformity noticeable ones which are more common. within the inbred strain. Thus we have — oV ADi.SSIVE ^^MJSW^SOURCE Since mutations appear so infrequently and nearly reached the end in our reckless pur- During the last war, when supplies of breeders need new gene materials for their suit of better crops. First we abandoned cassava for making vitally necessary adhe- work, there have been many attempts to those Indian varieties that possessed a sives could no longer be imported from the increase the rate at which mutations appear. wealth of variability but did not suit our East Indies, scientists discovered that the X-rays, heat, cold, and chemicals have been needs. Then we selected closely in the type of corn called waxy had a composition tried with some success, but the mutation remaining varieties and discarded any others that was suitable for the manufacture of rate is still very low and most mutations are that did not suit the ideal of the moment or adhesives. Previously, waxy corn had been harmful. For practical purposes, we must did not produce enough to satisfy the farmer. grown by plant breeders only as suitable still depend upon our natural reserves of Now we have taken a small number of these material for the study of inheritance. As the variability in living wild and cultivated selected ears and have inbred them so that a plants yielded much less grain than field plants, as genes are parts of living plants. single plant may be the sole ancestor, the corn, it was decided to transfer to a good mother, father, grandparents, great-grand- MANY VARIETIES DISCARDED field corn the single factor controlling the parents, of millions of other plants. Our waxy grain character. When white men began to plant Indian once great stock of variation in corn has Generally, plants are composed of an maize, they first tried the varieties that had vanished. almost random assortment of characters been grown by the Indians. Gradually they Samples of some products made from corn inherited from their parents. Thus in the selected those which best fitted their needs are exhibited in Halls 25 and 28. Most of progeny of crosses of waxy corn with com- and discarded the rest. Thus most of the these are made from one kind, the com- mercial field corn, there could be expected flour corns were soon abandoned because mercial hybrid field corn. This serves as some plants with the waxy character and the white invaders preferred wheat flour. an all-purpose corn. With the advance of many of the high yielding characters of the The flint corns were discarded in most areas industry and agriculture it is likely to field corn. Actually, after careful breeding because the whites seldom used the parched prove more economical to produce a variety and selection a plant was produced that corn which Indians relished. Brightly of corn especially suited for the production differed from field corn only by the waxy colored ears were of little value to Europeans of some particular material such as oil, wax, Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1H7 fiber or cellulose. Hybrid corn would pro- Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 32, No. 4. Cata- GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM vide a very small store of variations from logue of Type Specimens of Mammals in Following is a list of some of the principal which the best materials for plant-breeding Chicago Natural History Museum. By gifts received during the last month: could then be chosen. Colin Campbell Sanborn. Aug. 28, 1947. 88 1 halftone. Department of Anthropology: Corn is just one example of the destruc- pages, $1. From: Miss Florence Dibell tion of our of materials. Bartlett, stockpile breeding Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 20. The Chicago—3 Navaho blankets (late 19th When all the trees of one kind in any area Distribution A Southern of Leurognathus. century), Arizona and New Mexico; Aaron are destroyed, or even when only the best Appalachian Genus of Salamanders. By B. Mead (deceased) —26 dentalium shells are cut we lose some of the variations out, Clifford H. Pope and Nelson G. Hairston. used as medium of exchange, Puget Sound, in that that made it for the species possible October 6, 1947. 8 pages, 2 text figures. Northwest Coast; Mrs. Chauncey McCor- to live and to with other — plant compete $0.10. mick, Chicago 2 amulets of animal gods plants in that area. The same kind of tree (26th Dynasty or later), Egypt; Richard A. Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 21. The — from another region will not have all the Doubleday, Morgan Park, 111. a boy's Subspecies of Aralinga Acuticaudata. By same variations or the same combination of costume, Guatemala; Gradie Oakes, Chicago Emmet R. Blake and Melvin A. Traylor, —about 500 If we want to reforest an area we archaeological specimens genes. Jr. Oct. 1947. 8 20, pages. $0.10. (Archaic and Woodland types probably may lack plants with characters that could Botanical Series, Vol. 23, No. 5. Studies of ranging in time from A.D. 500 to 1600), increase the vigor of the tree, its rate of Central American Plants—VII. By Paul Kentucky. or its resistance to growth, disease, insects, C. Julian A. Standley and Steyermark. Department of Botany: and droughts. Growing inferior seedlings Oct. 22, 1947. 74 pages, 4 text figures. From: University of Texas, Austin—957 is slow and unprofitable. $0.75. herbarium specimens, Mexico; Prof. M. M. RECORD SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 22. Malaco- Lacas, Monterrey, Mexico— 125 herbarium logical Notes—V. By Fritz Haas. Oct. 27, specimens, Mexico. The Museum is a collection of preserving 1947. 18 8 text $0.35. pages, figures. Department of Geology: the variations in plants. Some of these are St. I.— shown in the exhibit cases and more are From: Maurice Petit, Thomas, V. 20 Upper Cretaceous invertebrate fossils and preserved in the study collections and the LAST CALL FOR ENTRIES 3 lithological samples, Virgin Islands; Dr. herbarium. These will serve as a record of OF NATURE PHOTOS Dugald E. S. Brown, St. George's West, the history of these plant species and as an Bermuda—48 invertebrate fossils, Bermuda. index of their present or past variability. All entries for the Third Chicago Inter- national Exhibition of Nature Department of Zoology: The Museum cannot preserve living Photography — at the on or before From: Philip D. Sang, River Forest, 111 material either as plants or as seeds. Seeds must be received Museum a fowl, 17. is Japanese long-tailed jungle Japan; must be considered as -living material as January The contest sponsored by Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago—21 crabs, 9 as can still be made to the Nature Camera Club of Chicago. Entry long they germinate lizards, 3 turtles, and an Indian otter; seeds forms are available by application either and grow. After a short time most Harold Trapido, Panama City— a snake, to the Museum or to Miss Louise K. Broman fail to germinate. In a few weeks elm seeds 4 lizards, and 5 frogs, Puerto Rico; Henry S. of the whose address is 6058 are no longer viable. Rubber tree seeds Camera Club, Dybas, Chicago— 1,508 insects and allies, retain their life for only a few months. South Troy Street, Chicago 29. United States and Palau Islands; W. E. Neb.—60 in- Under ordinary conditions even corn seeds The entries will be judged on January 24 Eigsti, Hastings, ectoparasitic sects and allies, Nebraska; Dr. E. C. are useless after eight or nine years. It is and 25. The public exhibition of the entries Williams, Chicago—37 ticks, Chicago; Leslie possible to prolong the life of seeds by keep- selected is scheduled for February 1 to 28, Hubricht, Battle Creek, Mich.—1,037 non- ing them in cold storage. Preservation in inclusive, in Stanley Field Hall of the marine shells, Michigan; Major Robert an of inert also Museum. atmosphere gases appears Traub, Washington, D.C.—2 bats and 8 to help. Unfortunately we know very little For those interested in submitting prints rodents, Mexico; William Brandt, Herrala, about the best way to maintain our stock (either black-and-white or color) or color Finland—20 moths, including 3 paratypes, of plant resources and no large scale attempt transparencies, a summary of the principal Europe and— Iran; Delzie Demaree, Jones- to conserve our rapidly diminishing supply conditions follows: boro, Ark. 100 fresh-water clam?, Ai-kansas ; New York Zoological Society, New York of variability has ever been made. This There will be two divisions, prints and transpar- in than four —2 of water sliould be studied the encies; entry fee (1 each. No more City pouch young opossum; problem really by be submitted in either division. entries may Miss Laura Brodie, Chicago—74 specimens government as part of its program to con- There are three classifications in each division: of and Animal life—animals, birds, insects, tracks, nests, snakes, lizards, frogs, salamanders, serve our national heritage, and by industry (A) etc. (no domestic animals). (P) Plant Life—flowers South Carolina, Virginia, and Texas; Henry continued formal trees, shrubs, fungi, etc as a safeguard to ensure the pro- (except arrangements), Van der Ann Mich.—35 (G) General—scenery, geological formations, etc Schalie, Arbor, duction of economically important raw Prints roust be on 16" x 20" mounts. They may fresh-water clams, Kentucky. materials. be any size up to that of the mounting. Each must be entirely the work of the individual contributor and Library: must show, on the back, title, classification, and B. maker's name and address. From: B. Benesh, Downey, 111.; Charles Technical Publications Issued Color slides or transparencies should not exceed Cory, Homewood, 111.; Modesto Chavez 3hi" x 4" and must show title and maker's name and Franco, Guayaquil, Ecuador; John Francis Each must be in the lower left-hand technical were address. spotted The following publications corner. Neylan, San Francisco; Karl P. Schmidt, recently issued by Chicago Natural History Immediately after judging, notification of accept- Homewood, 111., Dr. Austin L. Rand, will be sent each contributor. A will ances catalogue Ind.; and Harry Hoogstraal, Museum: be sent at the close of the exhibition. All accepted Chesterton, prints and slides will receive stickers. All contributors Mrs. Thomas Temple Hoyne, Dr. W. L. 19. Bulletin for a Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. A New will receive the Exhibition year. A and Miss H. Elizabeth all will be in the McAtee, Story, Guatemala number of accepted entries reproduced Genus of Botflies from. (Diptera Museum Bulletin, the P.S.A. Journal, and elsewhere. of Chicago. Acalypterae: Streblidae). By Henry S. Permission for such reproduction is presumed. Silver medals and ribbons will be awarded in the and L. Wenzel. 19, Dybas Rupert Aug. various print and slide classifications. All winners the Museum Bulletin for a and their 1947. 6 pages, 3 text figures. $0.10. will receive year, Rear-Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedi- names will be inscribed on the Myrtle R. Walgreen The Color Division of P.S.A. is awarding a tions to the south are Annual of the Director to the Board of plaque. polar regions repre- Report silver medal to a slide outstanding in its illustration in the Museum a habitat Trustees. By Clifford C. Gregg. Aug. 27, of complementary colors in nature and a second sented by group medal to a slide illustrating adjacent colors. a 1947. 140 5 22 text of emperor penguins (in Hall 20) and by pages, plates, The exhibition will be conducted in accordance of Weddell's seals figures. $1. with the recommendations of the P.S.A. group (Hall N).

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