DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatial Analysis of Water Quality Parameters in Bhavani River

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spatial Analysis of Water Quality Parameters in Bhavani River Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesISSN: 0974-2115 Spatial Analysis of Water Quality Parameters in Bhavani River Janani K, V Gokulnath Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai *Corresponding author: E-Mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Due to rapid economic activity in lower Bhavani basin, there is an increase in the amount of contaminants discharged into the river. Not only were the industrial and also domestic wastes being discharged into the river affecting its quality to great extent. Hence water quality modeling is necessary to check whether the water quality is within the standards. This paper discuss the spatial variation in river water quality parameters of Bhavani River, Tamil Nadu. To analyse it samples were taken along the course (head, middle and tail) of the river. From the analysis it is evident that the salinity of river is varying from head to tail end of Bhavani River. KEY WORDS: Bhavani River, water quality, salinity. 1. INTRODUCTION Water, one of the basic needs of human, is getting depleted in quality and quantity. Water is vital for the existence of every living thing in this world. Water is harnessed for various purposes for the benefits of mankind like drinking, irrigation, municipal and industrial uses, hydropower generation, flood management, fish farming, navigation, ecological needs, recreation etc. Quantity depletion is mainly due to over-extraction of ground water due to increased population and reduced recharge of ground water. Quality depletion is due to industrial effluent discharged in river. The variability in quality of irrigation water is directly based on both types and amount of dissolved salts in that water. The domestic and industrial discharge is main sources for this salt and they follow the flow path of the water when it’s introduced in that water. Here attempt has been made to assess the irrigation water quality of Lower Bhavani Project distributaries. Location: The Lower Bhavani Project (LBP) is in Tamil Nadu. Bhavani River is the water source for LBP, it rises in the upper region of Nilgris in the Western Ghats. It is joined by twelve rivulets, which drain the southern Nilgiri slopes. The largest tributaries of the Bhavani River are West and East Varagar, which come from the Nilgiris. It is the major tributary of the Cauvery River and the second largest river in Tamil Nadu. The river is 217 kilometers long and flows through the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The drainage basin of this perennial river is spread over an area of 6,200 square kilometers, out of which, 87% is in Tamil Nadu, 9% in Kerala and 4% in Karnataka. The river mainly flows through Coimbatore and Erode districts of Tamil Nadu. The major towns situated on the banks of the river are Mukkali, Athikadavu, Koodappatti, Mettupalayam, Bhavanisagar, Sathyamangalam, Aapakudal, Gobichettipalayam, Aavudaiaaparai, Bhavani. Sample collection: The water samples were collected in two shift. During the first field visit, samples from tail reach are collected while during second time, from head and middle reach. Samples are collected in a criteria as nine samples for each distributor. Totally seven distributories were taken in which two from head reach (Kugalor and Kavindapadi), two from middle reach (Thindal and Poondurai) and three from tail reach (Anjur, Mangalapatti and Chennasamudram). Proper sampling procedure is adopted to collect samples, since these are the representative for the current ground water quality condition prevailing in that area. It is collected using plastic bottle which is rinsed with distilled water. Once the sample is collected the place, location, type and use of the well either open or bore is noted. Most of the samples were collected from bore well. Figure.1. Location of Bhavani Sub Basin in Cauvery Figure.2. Sampling location in each distributory of River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India LBP Analysing water quality: The collected samples will be analyzed for the level of water quality parameters and compared with general guide lines for drinking water by World Health Organisation (WHO). The water quality parameters are JCHPS Special Issue 6: November 2016 www.jchps.com Page 246 Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesISSN: 0974-2115 used for analyzing the water quality; pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Chloride, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Carbonates, Bicarbonates. The Table.1 shows the measured values of selected water quality parameters as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bi-carbonate and sulphate in the two different reaches of selected distributaries. Table.1. Sample Analysis Results S No HCO3 Cl SO4 Ca Mg Na K Head Reach 1 1.86 2.4 1.09 11 8.6 2.9 0.8 2 0.95 2.2 2.50 12 6.6 5.0 1.0 3 1.39 3.9 1.27 14 9.0 8.3 1.7 Middle Reach 4 3.68 3.6 4.90 14 4.9 7.2 2.5 5 2.81 4.6 0.98 15 9.4 9.2 1.8 6 3.90 5.2 2.81 14 14.6 6.9 2.6 Tail Reach 7 5.81 6.6 0.98 18 16.39 11.2 1.8 8 5.95 9.2 2.50 20 20.56 15.0 1.0 9 4.39 7.9 4.27 18 18.03 11.3 1.7 *All the values are in meq/l From the table it is clear that, concentration of salinity increases along the reach. But sulphate and potassium concentration is within the permissible limit for mostly all the samples. Apart from above parameters which are tabulated, some parameters like temperature and TDS of the samples are discussed below. The average temperature of irrigation water samples of the study area was 20°C and in the range of 18 to 23°C. In addition to above parameters, it is also important to consider the TDS in water, because many of the toxic solid materials may be imbedded in the water which may cause harm to the plants (Matthess, 1982). As EC and TDS values of groundwater are interrelated, both the values are indicative of saline water in absence of non-ionic dissolved constituents (Michael, 1992). The TDS values range from 420 to 1800 mg/l. It indicates that some values are quite unsuitable but some are suitable under some restrictions as the higher values exceeded 450 mg/l. 2. CONCLUSION According to the analyzed results, water quality of the Bhavani basin is in the range of good to bad. But most of the samples are within the good range other than the tail reach samples due to high pollution. According to the water analysis value the head and middle reach distributary has higher water quality than the tail reach distributary. REFERENCES Anant J Dhembare, Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dynaneshwar Dam Water, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India, Archives of Applied Science Research, 4 (1), 2012, 348-352. Darshana, Ashish Pandey, Manfred Ostrowski and R. P. Pandey, Simulation and Optimization for irrigation and crop planning, Journal of Irrigation Drain Enggineering, 61, 2012, 178-188. Dennis L. Corwin, James D. Rhoades, Jirka Simunek, Leaching requirement for soil salinity control: Steady-state versus transient models, Agricultural water management, 90, 2007, 165–180. Islam MS, and Shamsad SZKM, Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality of Bogra District In Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Agril. Res, 34 (4), 2009, 597-608. Javaid Afzal, David H. Noble and Weatherhead EK, Optimization Model for Alternative use of Different Quality Irrigation Waters, Journal of Irrigation Drain Enggineering, 118, 1992, 218-228. Mohammed Muthanna N, Quality assessment of tigris river by using water quality index for irrigation purpose, European Journal of Scientific Research, 57 (1), 2011, 15-28. JCHPS Special Issue 6: November 2016 www.jchps.com Page 247 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OCCASIO I AL PAPER O. 36 RECORDS of the ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY of INDIA
    MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION OCCASIO I AL PAPER o. 36 RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION OCCASIONAL PAPER No. 36 A SURVEY OF THE CAUVERY RIVER SYSTEM WITH A MAJOR ACCOUNT OF ITS FISH FAUNA BY K. C. Jayaram Zoological Survey C!! India, Oalcutta-700 016 AND T~ Venkateswarlu" M. B. Ragunathan S.kern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Madras 600 028 Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey. of India 1982 ® Copyright 1982, Government of India Published in August, 1982 PRICE: 1 nlana : Rs. 4~.OO Foreign : £ 6.00 $ 9,50 PRINTED ~N INDIA BY THB BANI PRESS, 16 HBMENDRA SBN STRBBT, CALCUTTA-700 006 AND PUBLISHED BY THB DIRBCTOR, ZOOLOGICAL SURVBY OP INDIA, CALCUTTA. RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Miscellaneous Publication Occasional Paper No. 36 1982 Pages 1-115 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 WORK PROGRAMME ... 1 AUTHORSHIP ASSIGNMENTS 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 THE CAUVERY RIVER 3 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION 5 TRIBUTARIES 5 COLLECTING STATIONS WITH ECOLOGICAL NOTES 7 MARGINAL AND AQUATIC BIOTA 18 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF CAUVERY FISHES 20 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT ••• 28 DISCUSSION 107 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 110 REFERENCES • • . , •• 112 INTRODUCTION Cauvery, Krishna and Godavary rivers constitute the major three ,1.er systems in South India. Geologically they are much older than die Oanga, Indus and Brahmaputra rivers of Northen India. The eco­ nomic prosperity of the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Kerala and Karnataka is closely intertwined with the water-supply and potentialities of these three rivers. Since historical times their. waters have been extensively utilised for agriculture, fisheries, irrigation and tllYigation purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Contextual Water Targets Pilot Study Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin, India
    CONTEXTUAL WATER TARGETS PILOT STUDY NOYYAL-BHAVANI RIVER BASIN, INDIA May 2019 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) 1 Bangalore, India This publication is based on the project report submitted to the Pacific Institute, USA as the result of the study on contextual water targets in the Noyyal-Bhavani river basin, India. Study duration: October 2018 to April 2019 Financial support: Pacific Institute, USA Additional financial support: World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF-India). Authors: Apoorva R., Rashmi Kulranjan, Choppakatla Lakshmi Pranuti, Vivek M., Veena Srinivasan Suggested Citation: R. Apoorva, Kulranjan, R., Pranuti, C. L., Vivek, M., and Srinivasan, V. 2019. Contextual Water Targets Pilot Study: Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin. Bengaluru. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE). Front-cover Photo Caption: Noyyal outflows from the Orathupalayam dam, which had become a reservoir of polluted water for years. Front-cover Photo Credit: Apoorva R. (2019) Back-cover Photo Caption: Untreated sewage in a drain flows towards the River Noyyal near Tiruppur city, Tamil Nadu Back-cover Photo Credit: Rashmi Kulranjan (2019) Acknowledgement: We are grateful to Mr. Ganesh Shinde from ATREE for his help and guidance related to land use classification and GIS maps in this project. We would like to thank all the participants of the project consultative meeting held in Coimbatore in March 2019 for sharing their ideas and contributing to the discussion. We are thankful to Ms. Upasana Sarraju for proofreading
    [Show full text]
  • Ruk$Rutrratu Stfffivtry
    ffifiSTffifrffTruK$rutrRAtuStfffivtrY KffiFffiffiY ffiffiffiffiffiffiH$TffiHtY t:R0tlt: rltst'Rtc't N fiARHATAKASTAT€ f \ll.{^;rRt$t}hilfttr..r Sffi' U()ltl[,.tl'rJftl'. nt'l t'Hil t' *-; l\s 01 \t,{ i-.L't*g hldl i firh *irfr I -{ f,i.iri$ hi 1i rIf,I'PIiR ir,,il,q.rri NI$TRB:T irr:anll:i l" l,i,.,.r.Lurit It n, ! l.r:u..)iil: I DISTRICTENVTRONMENT TMPACT ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY{DEIAA}, ERODE DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT ERODE DISTRICT CONTENTS Chapter Page No. 1. Introduction 01 2. Overview of mining activity 03 3. The list of Mining Lease details 04 4. Details of Royalty / Revenue received in last three years (2014-15 19 to 2016-17) 5. Details of production of sand / Bajari / minor minerals in the last 20 three years (2014-15 to 2016-17) 6. Processes of deposition of sediments in the rivers of the district 21 7. General profile of the District 26 8. Land utilisation pattern in the District 28 9. Physiography of the District 30 10. Rainfall data month-wise 32 11. Geology and Mineral wealth of the District 11.1. An outline on Geology of Tamilnadu 33 11.2. Geology of Erode District 35 11.3. Stratigraphy of the area 36 11.4. Mineral occurrences in Erode District 37 11.4.1 Rough Stone (Charnockite and Granite Gneiss) 38 11.4.2. Dimensional stone-Granite Varieties 40 11.4.3. Quartz and Feldspar 43 12. Conclusion and Recommendations 45 LIST OF PLATES Page No. Plate No. Plate1. A. Schematic diagram of process on meander bend 22 Plate1.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Management in the Noyyal River Basin a Situation Analysis
    WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE NOYYAL RIVER BASIN A SITUATION ANALYSIS Veena Srinivasan D. Suresh Kumar Pennan Chinnasamy Swati Sulagna D. Sakthivel P. Paramasivam Sharachchandra Lele ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Discussion Paper No. 2 February 2014 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment © Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) Published by Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment. February 2014. ISBN 10: 81-902338-7-4 ISBN 13: 978-81-902338-7-3 Citation: Srinivasan, V.a, D. Suresh Kumarb, P. Chinnasamya, S. Sulagnaa, D. Sakthivelb, P. Paramasivamb, S. Lelea. 2014. Water management in the Noyyal River basin: A situation analysis. Environment and Development Discussion Paper No.2. Bengaluru: Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment. a Centre for Environment and Development, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment b Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Corresponding author: [email protected] This publication is based on a collaborative effort between ATREE and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, as part of the research project titled Adapting to Climate Change in Urbanising Watersheds (ACCUWa), supported by the International Development Research Centre, Canada. WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE NOYYAL RIVER BASIN A SITUATION ANALYSIS Veena Srinivasan D. Suresh Kumar Pennan Chinnasamy Swati Sulagna D. Sakthivel P. Paramasivam Sharachchandra Lele Environment and Development Discussion Paper No. 2 February 2014 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment Authors Veena Srinivasan Swati Sulagna Veena Srinivasan is a Fellow in the Land, Water Swati Sulagna is a Senior Research Associate in the and Livelihoods Programme of the Centre for ACCUWa project at ATREE.
    [Show full text]
  • Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin, South India
    Setting Site Water Targets Informed by Catchment Context CASE STUDY: Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin, South India July 2020 Project Team Sonali Abraham, Tien Shiao, and Abigail Warner UN Global Compact CEO Water Mandate www.ceowatermandate.org Pacific Institute www.pacinst.org Recommended Citation Abraham, Sonali, Tien Shiao, and Abigail Warner. 2020. Setting Site Water Targets Informed by Catchment Context, CASE STUDY: Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin, South India. United Nations Global Compact CEO Water Mandate and Pacific Institute. https://ceowatermandate.org/site-targets-guide/. Cover Photo: © Sergei Gussev/Flickr Support This project was generously supported by the CEO Water Mandate-endorsing companies that have engaged in the initiative’s India-focused work: Gap Inc., Levi Strauss & Co., and PVH Corp. Setting Site Water Targets Informed by Catchment Context Case Study: Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin, South India ISBN: 978-1-940148-03-8 Table of Contents Background: Setting Site Water Targets Informed by Catchment Context ..........4 Case Study: Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin ........................................6 The Pilot ..................................................................6 The Noyyal-Bhavani River Basin .............................................7 Elements for Setting Site Water Targets ......................................8 Element 1: Water targets should respond to priority water challenges within the catchment ...................................................8 Element 2: The ambition of water targets should be informed
    [Show full text]
  • Erode District Disaster Management Plan - 2020
    Erode District Disaster Management Plan - 2020 1 Erode District Disaster Management Plan - 2020 CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Aims and Objectives of the District Disaster Management Plan: ➢ To engage in activities which may help in minimizing the damages caused by disasters in both urban and rural areas. ➢ To make endeavors towards creating awareness among the people about disasters and its consequences and to prepare them in advance to face such situations and to ensure their participation in the disaster mitigation plans. ➢ Existing institutional arrangements, interdepartmental linkages, role of NGOs, voluntary agencies and local communities so as to understand their capabilities to mitigate specific disasters which will also facilitate effective coordination in their activities in times of need. ➢ To act as an agency for the execution of disaster management schemes of the Government and the NGOs. ➢ To evolve information reporting and monitoring tools for preparedness, immediate response and damage assessment, keeping in view the socioeconomic conditions of urban and rural areas. 1.2. Authority for District Disaster Management Plan: In accordance with the ‘Section 30’ of the ‘Disaster Management Act, 2005’ Sub-Section (1) The District Authority shall act as the district planning; coordinating and implementing body for disaster management and take all measures for the purposes of disaster management in the district in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Authority and the State Authority. 1.3. Evolution of DDMP: Historically, emergency management and preparedness has been a reactive science. The District Magistrate who is the chief co-ordinator will be the focal point for coordinating all activities relating to prevention, mitigation and preparedness apart from his existing responsibilities pertaining to response and relief.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict in the Bhavani Areas
    1,700 mm3 of normal water supply in the LBP dam the actual realisation declined to 1,275 mm3 in 2001, 793 mm3 in 2002 and 368 mm3 in 2003. There was already a conflict of interest between farmers in the valley, the original settlers and the new command farmers of LBP. Old command farmers are entitled to 11 months water supply which they used for growing two or three paddy crops and annual crops like sugar cane, banana, etc, whereas the new ayacut farmers were only able to grow a single paddy or dry crop in a year. As long as water supply in the dam was adequate the conflict too was subdued. But supply was at an all time low in 2002 and water was not released to the new command area. This has prompted the new ayacutdars to file a case against the state in the high court seeking water supply for at least one crop. Their contention is that water should be provided for the second crop in the old settlement only after meeting the require- ments of the first crop in the new command as per the Government Order (number EQUITY, ACCESS AND ALLOCATION 2,274)issued as early as August 30, 1963. The court asked the Water Resources Organisation to arrive at a compromise formula for water sharing between the two Conflict in the Bhavani areas. The department prepared a plan on the basis of size of command area – 60 per An increase in population, unplanned expansion in the command cent of the available water was to be given area of the river Bhavani in Tamil Nadu and the growing domestic to the new ayacut (for irrigation of 80,000 ha) and 40 per cent to the old ayacut (about and industrial demand for water have intensified competition 20,000 ha).
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Industrial Wastewater Disposal on Surface Water Bodies in Kalingarayan Canal, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India T
    Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 4(4): 379-387 (2019) https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2019.040403 This content is available online at AESA Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science Journal homepage: www.aesacademy.org e-ISSN: 2456-6632 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Impact of industrial wastewater disposal on surface water bodies in Kalingarayan canal, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India T. Mohanakavitha1, K. Shankar2* , R. Divahar3, T. Meenambal4 and R.Saravanan5 1Assistant executive Engineer, Erode, Tamil Nadu, INDIA 2Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, ETHIOPIA 3Department of Civil Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Paiyanoor, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA 4School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Adama Science and Technology University, ETHIOPIA 5Department of Civil Engineering, MIET Engineering College, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, INDIA *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT Received: 12 November 2019 The Kalingarayan canal is crossing the major textile town Erode which is abundantly occupied Revised received: 03 December 2019 by textile units. Major streams carrying the untreated / semi treated industrial effluents are Accepted: 04 December 2019 mixed into the canal. However, the gradual introduction of a large number of new chemical compounds and the technologies has resulted in a much higher number of contaminants today. The original situation, which local intense pollution from a limited number of well-defined Keywords sources has been transferred into a situation with widespread contamination by a large varie- Kalingarayan canal ty of compounds from a multitude of sources. Continuous disposal of industrial effluents on Industrial effluents the canal, limited assimilate capacity of the canal and also leads to groundwater pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Bhavani River.Pdf
    KBA Profile: Bhavani River National Site Name Bhavani River English Name KBA delineation Catchment Focal area delineation No The Bhavani River is an east flowing river draining the Nilgiri Hills in Kerala and Tamil Nadu and is a tributary to the Cauvery River. The upper areas of the catchments are a mosaic of Shloa Site description forest, wattle and eucalyptus plantations, in the lower elevations it is mostly arecanut, banana and palm cultivation and urban areas. This KBA has three endemic species, 2 crabs and 1 shrimp. Management required at Yes catchment scale Management required at focal No area within catchment KBA Trigger Species Group Species Criterion1 Criterion2 Criterion3 Notes Fishes Barbodes bovanicus CR NA NA Endemic to the Moyar and Bhavani KBAs Devario Fishes EN 7054.488363 NA Endemic to the Moyar and Bhavani KBAs neilgherriensis Fishes Hemibagrus punctatus CR 14130.24971 NA Fishes Homaloptera menoni NA 8707.33726 NA Fishes Labeo potail EN NA NA Fishes Nemacheilus monilis NA 10632.57541 NA Nemacheilus Fishes NA 14677.50177 NA nilgiriensis Nemacheilus Fishes EN NA NA pulchellus Osteochilichthys Fishes NA 17719.15974 NA brevidorsalis Fishes Puntius arulius EN NA NA Fishes Puntius cauveriensis EN NA NA Burmagomphus Odonata NA 19768.56262 NA laidlawi Caconeura Odonata NA 15880.73167 NA gomphoides Chlorogomphus Odonata NA 18953.86679 NA campioni Odonata Epithemis mariae NA 32143.88717 NA Heliogomphus Odonata NA 2381.253912 NA kalarensis Odonata Idionyx nadganiensis NA 18734.76843 NA Odonata Idionyx nilgiriensis NA 4084.016725
    [Show full text]
  • Sigur Water Resources Project
    SIGUR WATER RESOURCES PROJECT Project Concluding Report by Keystone Foundation, Kotagiri Keystone Foundation, October 2007 1 Acknowledgments & Executive Summary The Sigur Water Resources Project was initiated in the plateau region of Sigur, in the Nilgiris district, in 9 villages in habited by marginalized indigenous communities. The project aimed at …. 2 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Acknowledgments Executive summary I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aims & Objectives M E T H O D O L O G Y 2.1 Approach 2.2 Collection of Secondary literature of the Sigur Plateau & Analysis 2.3 Collection of Socio Economic Data & Analysis 2.4 Collection of Physical data about drinking water & the Analysis 2.5 Data Reconciliation and Digitization for Maps. P H Y S I C A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F S I G U R 3.1 Relief & Drainage 3.2 Agro Climatic Conditions of Sigur 3.3 Soils 3.4 Geology 3.4.1 Literature Study of the geology of the region 3.4.2 Lithology and Structure 3.5 Forests and Wildlife 3.6 Occupation 3.7 Transport 4 W A T E R A S A R E S O U R C E 4.1Watersheds 4.2 Water Balance and Climatic classification 4.3 Study of Water Sources and Conservation Structures - Impressions from the Field 4.3.1. Springs 4.3.2 Wells 4.3.2.1 Kishore‟s well at Vazhaithottam 4.3.2.2 Dug Well at Chemmanatham 4.3.2.3 Dug Well at Moyar 4.3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter – Iii Agro Climatic Zone Profile
    CHAPTER – III AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE PROFILE This chapter portrays the Tamil Nadu economy and its environment. The features of the various Agro-climatic zones are presented in a detailed way to highlight the endowment of natural resources. This setting would help the project to corroborate with the findings and justify the same. Based on soil characteristics, rainfall distribution, irrigation pattern, cropping pattern and other ecological and social characteristics, the State Tamil Nadu has been classified into seven agro-climatic zones. The following are the seven agro-climatic zones of the State of Tamil Nadu. 1. Cauvery Delta zone 2. North Eastern zone 3. Western zone 4. North Western zone 5. High Altitude zone 6. Southern zone and 7. High Rainfall zone 1. Cauvery Delta Zone This zone includes Thanjavur district, Musiri, Tiruchirapalli, Lalgudi, Thuraiyur and Kulithalai taluks of Tiruchirapalli district, Aranthangi taluk of Pudukottai district and Chidambaram and Kattumannarkoil taluks of Cuddalore and Villupuram district. Total area of the zone is 24,943 sq.km. in which 60.2 per cent of the area i.e., 15,00,680 hectares are under cultivation. And 50.1 per cent of total area of cultivation i.e., 7,51,302 19 hectares is the irrigated area. This zone receives an annual normal rainfall of 956.3 mm. It covers the rivers ofCauvery, Vennaru, Kudamuruti, Paminiar, Arasalar and Kollidam. The major dams utilized by this zone are Mettur and Bhavanisagar. Canal irrigation, well irrigation and lake irrigation are under practice. The major crops are paddy, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, sunflower, banana and ginger. Thanjavur district, which is known as “Rice Bowl” of Tamilnadu, comes under this zone.
    [Show full text]
  • 3310 PART a DCHB the NILGIRIS.Pdf
    Census of India 2011 TAMIL NADU PART XII-A SERIES-34 DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK THE NILGIRIS VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS TAMIL NADU CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 TAMIL NADU SERIES 34 PART XII-A DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK THE NILGIRIS VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY Directorate of Census Operations Tamil Nadu 2011 THE BOTANICAL GARDEN, OOTY The Botanical Garden is one of the loveliest spot in Udhagamandalam. Started as kitchen garden which was given final shape by the Marquis of Tweeddale in the year 1847. Good maintenance and availability of variety of exotic and ornamental plants bestow on this garden, a unique position among the several gardens in India. Flowers and seedlings are available for sale in the Botanical Garden. There is a wood-hut (Log House) at the top from where panoramic view of Udhagamandalam can be had. The annual Spring Flower Club is held every year during May which attracts large number of tourists. The Botanical Garden has been maintained by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural Department since 1920. In the midst of the garden, just below the small lake, there is a fossil tree trunk of 20 million years old. DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK - 2011 CONTENTS Page Foreword i Preface iii Acknowledgements iv History and Scope of the District Census Handbook v Brief History of the District vi Highlights of the District - 2011 Census viii Important Statistics of the District - 2011 Census ix Analytical Note 1 Village and Town Directory 69 Brief Note on Village and Town Directory 71 Section -I Village Directory 77 (a) List of villages merged in towns and outgrowths at 2011 Census 78 (b) C.D.
    [Show full text]