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Available online freely at www.isisn.org Bioscience Research Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973 Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 202017(SI-1): 168-178. OPEN ACCESS Floristic composition and species diversity of Sungai Udang Forest Reserve, Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia Sarah Abdul Razak1*, Mohamad Azani Alias2, Siti Nasuha Hamzah3, Muhammad Akif Asyraf1, Nurrunnuha Isa1 and Norshida Ismail4 1 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia 3 School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia 4 School of Animal Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia *Correspondence: [email protected] A study was conducted to determine the tree species composition and species diversity at Compartment 4 of Sungai Udang Forest Reserve, Malacca. A total of 1668 individual trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5 cm and above were found in the 25 plots in Sungai Udang Forest Reserve, Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia of which overall floristic composition consisted of 85 species belonging to 79 genera and 38 families. The most abundant family is the Euphorbiaceae with 224 individual trees, followed by Myrtaceae and Anacardiaceae representing 212 and 197 individuals, respectively. Based on the calculated Importance Value Index (IVi), Spondias cytherea (Anacardiaceae) was the most important species in the study area with an importance value index (IVi) of 23.9%. The second most important species in the study area was Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae) with an importance value index (IVi) of 22.8%, followed by Elateriospermum tapos (Euphorbiaceae) and Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) with an importance value index (IVi) of 17.2% and 13.0%, respectively. As for species diversity, the Shannon- Weiner Diversity Index (H’) for the whole 25 plots of the study area showed an index value of 3.67, while the Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) for the whole 25 plots showed an index value of 0.96. The H’ values and D values proved that the study plots are considered as obtaining a fairly high species diversity in comparison with many studies conducted at the tropical rainforests in Peninsular Malaysia. Keywords: Floristic composition; importance value index; species diversity; Sungai Udang Forest Reserve INTRODUCTION According to Zhu (1997), tropical rain forest lowland tropical forest plants is considered occurs mostly in valleys and on lower hills below complicated (Mohd Hasmadi et al. 2010). The 900 m altitude with a tropical moist climate due to forest in Malaysia has a high richness of tree flora a particular topography. The tropical rain forest which is due to high percentage of forest cover, appears as patches in local habitats and thus, Malaysia is considered as fortunate (Saiful & consisted of a mosaic pattern with montane Latiff, 2014). evergreen forests and semi evergreen forests. The environmental conditions of tropical The lowland tropical forest plants have extreme rainforests demonstrate high spatial variability and species diversity, very complex plant mosaic and tropical rainforests are considered the most involved time constraints, thus, the study on complex terrestrial ecosystems (Konishi et al. Sarah Abdul Razak et al. Diversity Of Sungai Udang Forest Reserve, Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia 2006). Forest values such as the biological (Khairil et al. 2014; Kwan & Whitmore, 1970; Li et diversity and ecological functions of forests cannot al. 2012; Millet et al. 2010; Saiful & Latiff, 2014). be protected by the plantation forest, thus, is The complex characteristics of floristic frequently criticized (Son et al. 2007). Changes in composition is due to several parameters of environmental conditions largely influenced the disturbance such as time, intensity and repetition growth of tropical secondary forest vegetation could affect regeneration of the original floristic (Romell et al. 2008). According to Adekunle composition and soil condition (Millet et al. 2010). (2006), the most important characteristics of A study by Munishi et al. (2007) stated that areas tropical rainforest ecosystem are species richness with excellent conditions to survive and reproduce and distribution. The number of tree species is far are favorable to the plants. Moisture, soil physical larger in tropical rainforest than in any other forest and chemical properties and other physical community regardless of the size of the plot. The characteristics of the landscape are factors that ecosystem that had been adversely affected and influence the growth of plants in a particular disturbed by the growing human population is environment. Distinct plant communities are the indicated by any low number of trees and species formation of an association between plants that encountered in the studied ecosystem. respond to the same environmental factors Ashton (2008) stated that the service value of equally. Sato (2009) concluded that environmental tropical lowland evergreen forests unequalled in changes might significantly impact the biodiversity any other terrestrial ecosystem is known as of subdominant species, even though such biological diversity or commonly abbreviated as changes do not show clear effects on dominant biodiversity. The lowland evergreen tropical rain canopy species or whole forest structure. Nizam forests are known as the only place to sequester et al. (2012) also suggested that the floristic more than half of the total diversity of the planet. patterns are influenced by the environmental Additionally, the biodiversity of the Sunda Shelf, gradients. The essential formula to protect and particularly Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra, is conserve forest habitats is by identifying second to the central and the Andean hinterlands environmental gradients such as abiotic of South America. Wan Razali (2012) added that conditions and major soil that influences the tropical forests and tropical savannas have a high vegetation patterns. amount of carbon stored in both vegetation and One of the reasons tropical rainforest was soil as compared with temperate forests and chosen in this study is because of its well-known temper ate grasslands. This indicated that the complex terrestrial ecosystem. Malaysia has a destruction of tropical ecosystems diminishes the tropical rainforest that is very rich with tree flora natural carbon sinks due to the fact that they act and biodiversity. However, the disturbing as an efficient carbon sinks and eventually help to destruction due to human impact faced by the mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. tropical rainforest could cause the depletion of the Several studies have indicated that depending on tropical rainforest in future. This has led to an certain conditions, forest ecosystems can act as abundant of research on the tropical rainforest important sinks or sources of carbon (Nykvist & and it is highly expected that this study could Sim, 2009). The tropical rain forest plants contribute more in understanding the tropical synthesize various chemicals as defense agents rainforest, thus, could be an advantage to the against pests, diseases and predators, thus, they tropical forest conservation and management. contain assorted resources of biologically and The aims of this study are to identify, chemically important components (Danial et characterize and classify the floristic composition al.2013). A logging cycle of 50 years is too short of the naturally distributed forest communities and to keep the species composition of primary forests to provide information on species diversity of the because 40-50 years is not enough time for a plant communities. Malaysian tropical forest to recover its original species composition after logging (Yamada et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2013). Previous studies have discovered that there Study Site are many important factors that could influence Floristic composition of the tropical trees was the floristic composition of a forest. Some of those obtained from a 135 acre of forest reserve at mentioned factors are environmental gradients, Sungai Udang, Malacca, Malaysia (2°19′N, anthropogenic pressure, topography and 102°8'E) (Fig. 1). The Sungai Udang Forest elevations, soil physical and chemical properties Reserve is a lowland dipterocarp forest and is Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(SI-1): 168-178 169 Sarah Abdul Razak et al. Diversity Of Sungai Udang Forest Reserve, Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia home to various flora and fauna. The area has a m to 90 m. rough topography and ranges in altitude from 10 Figure 1: (a) Map of Southeast Asia outlining the Peninsular Malaysia, (b) map of Peninsular Malaysia showing the location of the study site, and (c) map of the study site within the Sungai Udang Forest Reserve (Malacca, Malaysia). Triangulars indicate the locations of sampling plots in the study site. The data were collected within the boundary to be one of the driest areas in Malaysia. Mean of 20 hectares of forest reserve known as annual maximum and minimum precipitation is Compartment 4. Sungai Udang Forest Reserve recorded as 74% and 35% respectively. The was declared in 1987 to be a permanent forest relative humidity typically ranges from 54% to reserve area comprising the remaining 96% throughout the year. approximately 335 acres of land area. It is
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