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Codex calixtinus english pdf Continue The 12th century collection of manuscripts Details from the Codextinus Folio 4r, featuring St. James the Great Codex Calixtinus (also Compostellus) is the main witness of the 12th century Liber Sancti Jacobi, or The Book of St. James. This is a peodepigraph attributed to Pope Callikst II; its main author or compiler is called Pseudo-Callixtus, often identified with the French scientist Aimeris Pico. The most likely date of its compilation is the period 1138-1145. It was conceived as an anthology of background details and advice for pilgrims following the path of St. James to the shrine of st. James the Great, located in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia (Spain). The collection includes sermons, talks on miracles and liturgical texts related to St. Iakia, and a set of polyphonic music. It also contains descriptions of the route, works of art that can be seen along the way, and the customs of the local population. The history of the compilation of the Calixtinus Code precedes 1173 most likely takes place in the late 1130s to the early 1140s. This compilation is most likely due to the French scientist Aimerik Pico. Each of the five books is preceded by a pseudo-graphic letter attributed to Pope Callikst II (d. 1124). The annex contains a letter from Pope Innocent II (d. 1143) in which he presents Santiago's finished work. There are some suggestive clues at a later date of around 1160, but none of them make an impossible date around 1140. Miracles in Book II are told with their dates, between 1080 and 1135, so that the completion of the compilation can with some certainty be dated between 1135 and 1173, and most likely to the 1140s. , Codex Calixtinus is the archetype of the manuscript for the composite Liber sancti Jacobi. For this reason, the terms Liber sancti Jacobi and Codex Calixtinus are often used interchangeable. The historical content of the collection is the appearance of St. James as the patron saint for the fight against Islam in Iberia. It has also been suggested that the book was written in deliberately bad Latin and is in fact a kind of grammar book. The oldest copy of the Code, known as the Ripoll (after the monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll in Catalonia), was made in 1173 by the monk Arnaldo de Monte. This date serves as the term ante quem for Liber compilation (except for applications). Many later copies of the work exist. The Calixtinus Codex was long held in the archives of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela and was rediscovered there by the Jesuit scholar Padre Fidel Fita in 1886. The first edition of the text was prepared in 1932 Muir Whitehill, and published in 1944 in Spain Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient'ficas, along with the music-and-ological study of the House of Jermaine Prado O.S.B., and another on miniature illustrations by Jesus Carro Garcia. The book was stolen from her security case in the archives of the cathedral on July 3, 2011. The Spanish press suggested that the theft could have confused the administration of the cathedral because of weak security measures or an attempt to settle a personal or professional complaint. On July 4, 2012, the code was found in the garage of a former employee of the cathedral. The former employee, believed to be the intellectual author of the theft, and three other members of his family were detained and questioned until one of them disclosed the location of the code. In addition, several other items stolen from the cathedral were found in the former staff member's house. The Code appeared to be in perfect condition, but an in-depth analysis was needed to verify it. The former cathedral employee was found guilty of stealing the code and 2.4 million euros from the collection boxes, and in February 2015 was sentenced to ten years in prison. The composition of the Opening Letter, purportedly from Pope Calixte II, a copy of Santiago de Compostela consists of five volumes and two appendages, a total of 225 bilateral sheets every 295 × 214 mm. His oversized pages were cut during restoration in 1966. With a few exceptions, each folio displays one column of thirty-four lines of text. Book IV was torn apart in 1609, either by accident or by order of King Philip III, and it was restored during the restoration. Pope Callickst II's letter, which opens the book, occupies both the recto and verso of the first two sheets. The author, who claims to be Callixtus II, describes how he collected many testimonies of the good works of St. James, crossing the cruel foundations and provinces for fourteen years. He also describes how the manuscript experienced many dangers from fire to drowning. The letter is addressed to the very holy congregation of the Basilica of Clooney and Diego, Archbishop of Compostela. Book I: Book of Liturgy Anthology of liturgy. Book I is almost half of the entire code and contains sermons and sermons concerning St. James, two descriptions of his martyrdom and official liturgies for his veneration. His relative size and the information he contains about the spiritual aspects of the pilgrimage make him the heart of the code. The sermon veneranda Dies is the longest work in Book 1 and seems to have been part of the celebration of St. James's Day (July 25). It is dedicated to the life, death and translation of the remains of St. James; discusses the path to Compostela, both physically and spiritually; and celebrates blessings of the saint were given to pilgrims of the route, through Spain and through Galicia. Book II: The Book of Wonders de miraculis sancti Jacobi. Agiographic book II is a story about twenty-two miracles throughout Europe attributed to St. Iak, both during his lifetime and after his death. Recipients and witnesses of these miracles are often pilgrims. Book III: The Transfer of the Body of Santiago Liber de Translation corporis sancti Jacobi ad Compostellam. Book III is the shortest of the five books and describes the translation of the body of St. James from Jerusalem to his tomb in Galicia. He also talks about the custom started by the first pilgrims to collect souvenir sea shells from the Galician coast. The scallop shell is a symbol of St. James. Book IV: The Story of Charlemagne and Roland History of Karoly Magni and Rotoland. The main article: Historia Caroli Magni Book IV is attributed to Archbishop Reims Turpin and is commonly referred to as Pseudoturpine, although it is the work of an anonymous 12th century writer. It describes the arrival of Charlemagne in Spain, his defeat at the Battle of Rontsevo and the death of Knight Roland. He tells the story of how St. Jacob appeared in his dream to Charlemagne, urging him to free his grave from the Moors and showing him the direction the Milky Way follows. This association gave the Milky Way an alternative name in Spain camino de Santiago. The chapter also includes a story about Roland's defeat by the giant Saracen Ferragut. This widely publicized and multi-part book describing the legend of Santiago Matamoros or St. James Murslayer is seen by scholars as an early example of the Catholic Church's propaganda to attract recruits to the military order of Santiago. The Order was created to help protect church interests in northern Spain from The Moorish invaders. Military orders of the Middle Ages were closely associated with the Crusades. In later years, the legend became a kind of embarrassment in the depiction of St. James as a bloodthirsty avenger 800 years after his death. (quote is necessary) King Philip III ordered the removal of Book IV from the code and for some time to distribute it in a separate volume. Across northern Spain along the St James's Path, known as Camino France, most churches and cathedrals still have sculptures and chapels applauded by St. James Maverslayer. Today, this legend in northern Spain has a cultural and historical significance that is completely separate from any original intentions of the Catholic Church. Book V: A guide for traveller Iter pro peregrinis ad Compostellam. Book V is a set of practical tips for pilgrims informing them about where they should stay, the relics they should read, the sanctuaries they should visit, the bad food they should be wary of, and scammers, including, according to the author, other churches that claimed to hold relics of St. James. The book provides valuable information about the life of a 12th century pilgrim. He also describes the city of Santiago de Compostela and its cathedral. The popular appeal of Book V has made it the most famous, and it has been described as the first tourist guide. Among Basque scholars, this story is considered very important because it contains some of the earliest Basque words and phrases from the Postream period. In 1993, the Spanish section of the pilgrimage was added to the World Heritage List, describing it as a testament to the power of the Christian faith among people of all social classes. The French section joined the list in 1998, when UNESCO proclaimed the cultural and historical significance of the Unesco World Heritage sites of the Santiago de Compostela routes in France. The Music Three Parts of the Calixtinus Codex include Music: Book I, Appendix I and Appendix II. These passages are of great interest to music scholars as they include early examples of polyphony. The Codex contains the first known composition for three voices, the conductus Congaudeant catholici (Let all Catholics rejoice together); however, the extreme dissonance faced when all three voices came forward together led some scholars to suggest that this was not the original intention.
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