321 a Juridical Chapter in the History of the Order
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The Masters of Calatrava and the Castilian Civil War 1350-1369
The Masters of Calatrava and the Castilian Civil War 1350-1369 BY JOSEPH F. O'CALLAGHAN Düring the third quarter of the fourteenth Century the bitter civil war between King Pedro the Cruel (1350-1369) and his half-brother, Count Enrique of Trastamara, tore the kingdom of Castile asunder, dividing its leaders and people, allowing no one the privilege of neutrality. Prominent among the participants in the conflict were the masters of the military Order of Calatrava who, together with the masters of Santiago and Alcäntara, ranked among the great men of the realm. As the war progressed, the king and his challenger endeavored to control magisterial elections and, through them, the immense resources that the Order of Calatrava possessed in the modern provinces of Ciudad Real, Jaen, Cordoba, Seville, and so forth. The consequence was schism within the Order, the diversion of its interest and wealth to domestic politics rather than the reconquest, and an increasing brutalization of life, typified by the execution of one master by Pedro and another by Enrique. Above all, the civil war pointed up the crown's growing awareness of the need to subject all the military Orders to effective royal control. ^ Juan Nünez de Prado At the time of Pedro the CruePs accession to the throne in March 1350 at the youthful age of sixteen years, Juan Nünez de Prado was the master of Calatrava. The illegitimate son of a knight named Carpintero and Bianca, senora of Las Huelgas and daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal (1248-1279), he was legitimated in 1313, on his mother's request, 2 by Pope Clement V, and entered the Order of Calatrava. -
The Patron Saints and Devotions of the Benedictine Military Orders (Portugal and Castile, 15-16Th Centuries)
The Patron Saints and Devotions of the Benedictine Military Orders (Portugal and Castile, 15-16th Centuries) Paula Pinto Costa1 Raquel Torres Jiménez2 Joana Lencart3 Abstract This paper studies hagiographic devotion in the seigniories of the military orders: the Orders of Avis and Christ in Portugal and of Calatrava in Castile. Applying a common methodology and using similar sources for all three cases, this paper analyzes the written testimonies of the orders’ devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary, as well as their veneration of the saints. These records were compiled from the visitations made to churches, hermitages, and confraternities between 1462 and 1539. The research was governed by two objectives: firstly, to construct a hagiographic overview of the selected territories by systematizing the data collected; and, secondly, to reflect on the typical devotional profile of the territories of the military orders as portrayed by the documentary evidence. Keywords Military orders; Calatrava; Avis; Christ; Hagiography; Medieval religiosity Resumo Este trabalho estuda a devoção hagiográfica nos senhorios das Ordens Militares de Avis e Cristo em Portugal, e de Calatrava em Castela. Usando metodologia e fontes comuns, são analisados testemunhos escritos da devoção a Cristo e à Virgem, bem como aos santos. Os visitadores compilaram estes registos durante as visitações às igrejas, ermidas e confrarias nos territórios dessas Ordens entre 1462 e 1539. Dois objetivos estão subjacentes a esta investigação: primeiro, construir uma visão hagiográfica geral dos territórios em estudo, sistematizando os dados coligidos e, segundo, refletir sobre as características específicas e o perfil devocional dos domínios das Ordens Militares. Palavras-Chave Ordens militares; Calatrava; Avis: Cristo; Hagiografia; Religiosidade medieval 1 Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Portugal. -
French Way by Bike from Leon
www.ultreyatours.com ULTREYA TOURS [email protected] +1 917 677 7470 FRENCH WAY BY BIKE FROM LEON Conquer the French Way with your bike. Cycle the French Way from León to Santiago de Compostela in 7 days and get your Compostela or Certificate of Achievement. If you go everywhere by bike, wish to experience as much of the Way as you can in a shorter time frame or simply want a new challenge all the while enjoying amazing accommodation and food, this is the tour for you. Cycling the Camino and covering more ground each day means each night you will sleep in the middle of a vibrant and historical town and you will get the opportunity of testing a few of Spain’s best hotels including the Paradores of León and Santiago de Compostela. PRICE & DATES FACT FILE Can be organized on request for any number of Accommodation Luxurious Manors & 3 to 5* participants on the dates of your choice - subject Hotels to availability and price fluctuations. Singularity Cycling trip €1680 per person Total Riding Distance 312 km Duration 8 days / 7 nights • Single room supplement: +€480 per room Starts Leon • Electric bike supplement: +€150 per bike Stops Astorga, Ponferrada, Valcarce, • Half-board supplement: +€150 per person Portomarin, Arzua • Discount for bringing your own bike: - €200 Ends Santiago de Compostela • Private Van Support during the cycling days: +€1500 per van • Extra night in Santiago: +€250 per room (dinner not included) FRENCH WAY BY BIKE INCLUDES of waterproof rear pannier, handlebar extensions, extensive tool kit, gel saddle and • En-suite -
Bartolomé De Las Casas, Soldiers of Fortune, And
HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Dissertation Submitted To The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Theology By Damian Matthew Costello UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio August 2013 HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew APPROVED BY: ____________________________ Dr. William L. Portier, Ph.D. Committee Chair ____________________________ Dr. Sandra Yocum, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Kelly S. Johnson, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Anthony B. Smith, Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________________ Dr. Roberto S. Goizueta, Ph.D. Committee Member ii ABSTRACT HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. William L. Portier This dissertation - a postcolonial re-examination of Bartolomé de las Casas, the 16th century Spanish priest often called “The Protector of the Indians” - is a conversation between three primary components: a biography of Las Casas, an interdisciplinary history of the conquest of the Americas and early Latin America, and an analysis of the Spanish debate over the morality of Spanish colonialism. The work adds two new theses to the scholarship of Las Casas: a reassessment of the process of Spanish expansion and the nature of Las Casas’s opposition to it. The first thesis challenges the dominant paradigm of 16th century Spanish colonialism, which tends to explain conquest as the result of perceived religious and racial difference; that is, Spanish conquistadors turned to military force as a means of imposing Spanish civilization and Christianity on heathen Indians. -
RUTAS TURISTICAS MONUMENTALES Ing. 2016
with decorated spandrels. This building was founded • Monastery and Church of Saint Clare: The VALENCIA BAROQUE CARAVACA THE XIX AND XX CENTURIES YECLA RENAISSANCE CARAVACA originally as a school and was formed by a church, construction of this Church started in 1609. It is the ESPAÑA JUMILLA cloister and several dependences for teachers and This is one of the richest periods in Caravaca’s church that was built close to Saint Bartolome Chapel. During the XIX Century, all the Military Orders At this time, with the conquest of Granada by the It has a Latin cross floor plan and its vaults are groined MURCIA students. The building was given a different use after history. Nevertheless, the first decades of the XVII disappear - like the Order of Santiago that was settled Catholic Kings and the end of the Muslim domain, the Jesuits expulsion. This church is today a place where in the transept, barreling in the centre aisle. in the town for so many centuries –, the Napoleonic Century were marked by epidemics that provoked a GRANADA MORATALLA town experienced a population and infrastructure Invasion, the expropriation of Church Lands that CALASPARRA Caravaca, City temporary displays and cultural performances are decrease in the population. During the XVIII Century, increase. They started to build important walls for the • Shrine (El Templete): its construction was started in CARAVACA shown, depending on Town Hall cultural events. provoked the extension of the Franciscans’ convent of ALICANTE Caravaca experience an increase in construction, an DE LA CRUZ MULA fortified villa, taking the main entrance as start point. -
Order of Calatrava (Carlos De Ayala) the Members of the Order Participated in All the Principal Battles During the Reconquest of Alan V
SUN 2008 – FROM HOLY WAR TO PEACEFUL CO-HABITATION – Military Orders: a general introduction 1 SUN 2008 – FROM HOLY WAR TO PEACEFUL CO-HABITATION – Military Orders: a general introduction 2 Order of Calatrava (Carlos de Ayala) The members of the order participated in all the principal battles during the reconquest of Alan V. Murray, ed. The Crusades. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006, pp. 199–201. the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. They suffered a severe defeat at Alarcos (1195) against the Almohads, which almost caused their disappearance as an institution. However, The oldest military religious order of Hispanic origin. they contributed decisively to the Christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), and formed The order was founded in 1158 in the fortress of Calatrava in what is now the province of a substantial part of the Christian army under Ferdinand III of Castile that, between 1230 Ciudad Real (Spain) by Abbot Raymond and a group of Cistercian monks from the monastery and 1248, managed to incorporate the whole of northern Andalusia into Castile. They were of Fitero in Navarre, who included one Diego Velázquez, a former knight who had been also active in the major campaigns against the Marīnids in the XIV century, in particular at brought up at the Castilian court. According to the chronicler Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, the battle of Salado (1340), and in the conquest of Granada by the “Catholic Monarchs,” archbishop of Toledo, Calatrava had been abandoned by the Templars because they Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, toward the end of the fifteenth century. -
Muslim and Jewish “Otherness” in the Spanish Nation-Building Process Throughout the Reconquista (1212-1614)
MUSLIM AND JEWISH “OTHERNESS” IN THE SPANISH NATION-BUILDING PROCESS THROUGHOUT THE RECONQUISTA (1212-1614) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY EVRİM TÜRKÇELİK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EUROPEAN STUDIES AUGUST 2003 ABSTRACT MUSLIM AND JEWISH “OTHERNESS” IN THE SPANISH NATION- BUILDING PROCESS THROUGHOUT THE RECONQUISTA (1212-1614) Türkçelik, Evrim M.Sc. Department of European Studies Supervisor: Assist.Prof.Dr. Mustafa Soykut August 2003, 113 pages In 1492, the Catholic Monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand conquered Granada, the last Muslim Kingdom in Spain, issued the edict of expulsion of Jews and charged Christopher Columbus to find out a western route to Indies who by coincidence discovered America. These three momentous events led to construction of Spanish national unity and of the Spanish world empire. In this study, what we are looking for is the impact of the first two events, the conquest of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews, on the formation of the Spanish national unity and the Spanish nationhood vis-à-vis Jews and Muslims in its historical context. In this study, the concept of nation-building would be employed not in economic but in political, religious and cultural terms. This study, by using the historical analysis method, found that centuries-long Muslim and Jewish presence in Spain and the Spaniards’ fight for exterminating this religious, cultural and political pluralism led to the formation of unitary Catholic state and society in Spain in the period under consideration. -
Hispanic Military Orders in the Middle Age: Image, Propaganda And
MIRATOR 13/2012 1 The Military Orders in Medieval Iberia Image, propaganda and legitimacy * Enrique Rodríguez-Picavea Research on Medieval military orders has considerably advanced in the last decades1, especially regarding the Iberian orders. However, there are some subjects that need further study. One of these subjects is that of the military orders' image, built up through propaganda to legitimise their political power. Existing studies explore this issue in part: chronologically or thematically.2 In this paper we analyse the images of all the medieval Iberian military orders. To explain the proposed subject we will begin, in the first place, by finding out what image did the contemporaries have of the military orders. Secondly we will examine the image military orders' dignitaries wanted to convey to society. Thirdly, we will consider the ceremonies of the masters and commanders as tools of propaganda intended to legitimate their power. Fourthly, we will approach the study of military orders' architecture as a symbol of their power. Finally, we will analyse the concern of military orders' dignitaries for posthumous fame and for the perpetuation of their memory. To attain the abovementioned objectives, the research has been carried out by combining sources of different nature such as chronicles, archival documents, architectural remains, funerary monuments, and iconographic images. * I wish to express my sincere thanks to Fe Saldaña Ruiz de Velasco for translating the text, and to Jesse Keskiaho for revising the translation. 1 For a general overview of these institutions see, for example, Alan Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries, University Toronto Press: London 1992; Malcom Barber ed., The Military Orders. -
History of Medieval Spain
UCC1: New Course Transmittal Form Department Name and Number Recommended SCNS Course Identication Prex Level Course Number Lab Code Full Course Title Transcript Title (please limit to 21 characters) Eective Term and Year Rotating Topic yes no Amount of Credit Contact Hour: Base or Headcount S/U Only yes no Repeatable Credit yes no If yes, total repeatable credit allowed Variable Credit yes no If yes, minimum and maximum credits per semester Course Description (50 words or less) Prerequisites Co-requisites Degree Type (mark all that apply) Baccalaureate Graduate Professional Other Category of Instruction Introductory Intermediate Advanced Rationale and place in curriculum Department Contact Name Phone Email College Contact Name Phone Email Rev. 10/10 Department of History EUH-4xxx: HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL SPAIN Professor: Dr. Florin Curta Office: 202 Keene-Flint Hall Phone: (352) 273-3367 E-mail: [email protected] COURSE SYLLABUS Course description The Middle Ages (ca. 500-1300) was a period of fundamental transformations in Spanish history. At the same time it was the only period between Antiquity and the modern age in which the Iberian Peninsula witnessed the most remarkable political, religious, cultural, linguistic, and ethnic diversity in its history. Such diversity creates serious problem of study, as during the Middle Ages, three or, occasionally more, Christian states existed at the same time, each with its own distinct history, culture, and institutions. In addition, one or more Muslim powers dominated the south. The inescapable importance of the Jewish and Basque communities adds to a bewildering richness and complexity of the cultural and religious mix. The medieval history of Spain has long been regarded as isolated from the mainstream of European development, but more than in any other period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain during the Middle Ages was linked to a vast region in Eurasia, from the banks of the Danube to the deserts of Arabia. -
The Granada Venegas Family, 1431-1643: Nobility, Renaissance and Morisco Identity
The Granada Venegas Family, 1431-1643: Nobility, Renaissance and Morisco Identity By Elizabeth Ashcroft Terry A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction Of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Thomas Dandelet, Chair Professor Jonathan Sheehan Professor Ignacio E. Navarrete Summer 2015 The Granada Venegas Family, 1431-1643: Nobility, Renaissance, and Morisco Identity © 2015 by Elizabeth Ashcroft Terry All Rights Reserved The Granada Venegas Family, 1431-1643: Nobility, Renaissance and Morisco Identity By Elizabeth Ashcroft Terry Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California-Berkeley Thomas Dandelet, Chair Abstract In the Spanish city of Granada, beginning with its conquest by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492, Christian aesthetics, briefly Gothic, and then classical were imposed on the landscape. There, the revival of classical Roman culture took place against the backdrop of Islamic civilization. The Renaissance was brought to the city by its conquerors along with Christianity and Castilian law. When Granada fell, many Muslim leaders fled to North Africa. Other elite families stayed, collaborated with the new rulers and began to promote this new classical culture. The Granada Venegas were one of the families that stayed, and participated in the Renaissance in Granada by sponsoring a group of writers and poets, and they served the crown in various military capacities. They were royal, having descended from a Sultan who had ruled Granada in 1431. Cidi Yahya Al Nayar, the heir to this family, converted to Christianity prior to the conquest. Thus he was one of the Morisco elites most respected by the conquerors. -
Alfonso X of Castile-León
CHURCH, FAITH AND CULTURE IN THE MEDIEVAL WEST Kennedy Alfonso X of Castile-León X of Alfonso Kirstin Kennedy Alfonso X of Castile-León Royal Patronage, Self-Promotion and Manuscripts in Thirteenth-Century Spain Alfonso X of Castile-León Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West The essential aim of this series is to present high quality, original and international scholarship covering all aspects of the Medieval Church and its relationship with the secular world in an accessible form. Publications have covered such topics as The Medieval Papacy, Monastic and Religious Orders for both men and women, Canon Law, Liturgy and Ceremonial, Art, Architecture and Material Culture, Ecclesiastical Administration and Government, Clerical Life, Councils and so on. Our authors are encouraged to challenge existing orthodoxies on the basis of the thorough examination of sources. These books are not intended to be simple text books but to engage scholars worldwide. The series, originally published by Ashgate, has been published by Amsterdam University Press since 2018. Series editors: Brenda Bolton, Anne J. Duggan and Damian J. Smith Alfonso X of Castile-León Royal Patronage, Self-Promotion, and Manuscripts in Thirteenth-Century Spain Kirstin Kennedy Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Alfonso as the planet-god Jupiter, with disciples. Libro de las formas & ymagenes, Escorial MS h.I.16, fol. 1r. ©Patrimonio Nacional Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 897 2 e-isbn 978 90 4854 138 6 doi 10.5117/9789462988972 nur 684 © K. Kennedy / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2019 All rights reserved. -
Around a Theme. the Female Community of the Order of St. James in Portugal: a Journey from the Late 15Th Century to the 16Th Century.1
Around a theme. The female community of the Order of St. James in Portugal: a journey from the late 15th century to the 16th century.1 Joel Silva Ferreira Mata Universidade Lusíada do Porto [email protected] Abstract The study of the religious women of the Order of St. James in Portugal during the period mentioned in the title of this paper is intended to show the way in which they observed the vows that they had taken when they donned their habits, how they lived inside the monastery, how they administered their property, how they related to civil society, and how they adapted to the new times brought by modernity. Although the Master of the order Dom Jorge, drew attention in the early 16th century to the fact that the doors of the monastery should not be opened to women who were not related to the male branch of the Order i.e. relatives of the friar-knights: daughters, wives or widows, documentation reveals that some of the religious women did not belong to the relatives of the members of the Order. Furthermore, it is interesting to understand the mechanisms that led to the donning of the habit. These women lived in a monastic house which was consecrated by the Monastery of Santos, although, over the course of the Middle Ages, they changed quarters at least twice. During the period covered by this study, they were always supervised by a woman belonging to the family of the Master Dom Jorge. With this study, we can gain a better knowledge of a community that existed in Portugal from the late 12th century onwards.